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Internet publishing
HTML (XHTML) language
Petr Zámostnýroom: A-72aphone.: 4222e-mail: [email protected]
Essential HTML components
Element<p>Element example</p>
Start tagElement contentEnd tag
„content-less elements“HTML 4.01: no closing needed <br>XHTML: elements must be closed <br />
Element can contain another elementsWell-formed documents
Essential HTML components
AttributeExample
Link <a href=“somewhere.html">somewhere else</a>
More detailed element specificationMust be placed in starting element bracketsValue must be enclosed in ""
Element may have more attributesAttributes order is arbitrary
Essential HTML componentsCharacter entities
Characters difficult to enter via keyboardHTML reserved characters
<, >, &Example
&entity_name;> >< <& &“ "Nonbreaking space
&#character_unicode_number;← ←Й Й
Essential HTML components
Entities defined by XHTMLhttp://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml-lat1.enthttp://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml-symbol.enthttp://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml-special.ent
Entity given by number in UNICODE table -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode
Character listingshttp://alanwood.net/unicode/
In order to display properly, the characters must be supported by the browser as well as they must be included in specified font
XHTML page structure<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>...</title></head><body>
...</body>
</html>
XML declarationDocument type definition – standardCore dokument
XML declaration<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
Specifies the XML version and encoding for applications working at the XML levelIt is not mandatory, but it is automatically included by some editorsIt can cause problems in some MSIE installationsRecommendation: don not use it/delete it
Document type definition
Transitional<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
Strict<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
Frameset<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">
Document type definition
Specifies the standard used for writing the documentLists elements that are allowed in the document and their nesting
Core document – <html> element
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head>...</head><body>...</body>
</html>
Must contain the namespace declarationxmlns=http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtmlIf it is missing it should work safely only in no other namespaces are used
Head element content<head>
<title>Example</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="Keywords" content="HTML, XHTML" /><meta name="Authors" content="Petr Zámostný" />
</head>
<title>Name of the page displayed in the browser window caption
<meta>Document metadata
Usually they are not interpreted by browsers, used e.g. for fulltext search robotsException: document type and encoding info<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
body element content<body>
textelements
</body>
Text and formatting instructionsDefault behavior
Consecutive spaces, tabs, line-breaks are rendered as single space
Block and inline elements
Examples of elements (rehearsing)
Block<p> <h1>…<h6> <pre><div><hr><dl> <ul> <ol><table><form>
Inline<a> <img> <map> <br> <script> <sub> <sup><span><em> <strong> <code> <cite> <dfn> <samp> <kbd> <var> <abbr><i> <b>
Standard attributes
Can be used for all elements except base, head, html, meta, param, script, style atitleMore simply: they can be used in all visual elements
Standard attributes
class – specifies class (group) the element belongs toid – assigns unique identifier to the elementstyle – can be used to directly set element style in CSSAll attributes above are used for application of styles and dynamic behavior
title – specifies element tooltip
Language attributes
For all elements except base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param a scriptdir – can have values ltr | rtl and controls the text direction (left-to-right, right-to-left)lang – document language
Text structure elements
div – sectionp – paragraphspan – inline blockbr – line-break (content-less <br />)
Text structure (example)<body>
<div id=“section1"><p>1st paragraph</p><p>2nd paragraph</p></div>
<div id=“section2"><p>3rd paragraph</p><p>4th <span>paragraph</span> of<br />text broken into 2 lines</p></div>
</body>
Headings<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1><h2>Heading 2</h2><h3>Heading 3</h3><h4>Heading 4</h4><h5>Heading 5</h5><h6>Heading 6</h6>
</body>
Formátting<body><p><em>emphasized text</em></p><p><strong>strong printed text</strong></p>
<p><b>bold text</b></p><p><i>italics</i></p>
<p>text<sub>subscript</sub></p><p>text<sup>superscript</sup></p>
<p><code>monospace font</code></p>
<pre>Preformatted textA B C1 2 34 5 6</pre></body>
Lists<body><h1>Unordered list</h1>
<ul><li type="disc">kolečko</li><li type="circle">kroužek</li><li type="square">čtvereček</li>
</ul>
<h1>Ordered list</h1><ol type="a">
<li>item 1</li><li>item 2</li><li>item 3</li>
</ol>
<h1>Definition list</h1><dl><dt>HTML</dt><dd>HyperText Markup Language</dd><dt>XML</dt><dd>eXtensible Markup Language</dd></dl>
</body>
Graphicsimg – inserts imageAttributes
src – URL of image filealt – alternative text
For users that cannot/does not want to display images
height, widthEnables the browser get image dimensions before they are actually downloaded – speeds up document displayCan be used to resize images ….. But there are better ways to do it
Graphics (příklad)<body><hr />
<img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-xhtml10"alt="Valid XHTML 1.0!" height="31"width="88" />
</body>
Tables
Tables are created hierarchically by following elementstable – table
tr – rowtd – cellth – heading cell
Tables
Important attributes of table elementbordercellspacingcellpaddingframe, rules
Tables
<table summary="anotace tabulky" border="1"><tr><th>záhlaví sloupce 1</th><th>záhlaví sloupce 2</th>
</tr><tr><td>buňka 1</td><td>buňka 2</td>
</tr><tr><td>buňka 3</td><td>buňka 4</td>
</tr></table>
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p01.html
Table borders<table border="0">
<caption>Bez okraje</caption><tr><td>1. buňka</td><td>2. buňka</td></tr><tr><td>3. buňka</td><td>4. buňka</td></tr>
</table> <br />
<table border="1"><caption>S okrajem</caption><tr><td>1. buňka</td><td>2. buňka</td></tr><tr><td>3. buňka</td><td>4. buňka</td></tr>
</table> <br />
<table border="1" frame="void"><caption>Vnější okraj tabulky</caption><tr><td>1. buňka</td><td>2. buňka</td></tr><tr><td>3. buňka</td><td>4. buňka</td></tr>
</table> <br />
<table border="1" rules="none"><caption>Vnitřní okraj tabulky</caption><tr><td>1. buňka</td><td>2. buňka</td></tr><tr><td>3. buňka</td><td>4. buňka</td></tr>
</table> <br />
<table summary="anotace tabulky" border="1">
<caption>Sklizeň ovoce</caption><thead>
<tr><th></th><th>Hrušky</th><th>Jablka</th>
</tr></thead><tfoot>
<tr><th>Celkem</th><td>25</td><td>17</td>
</tr></tfoot><tbody>
<tr><th>Petr</th><td>10</td><td>10</td>
</tr><tr>
<th>Pavel</th><td>15</td><td>7</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
Structuring
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p02.html
Table dimensions<table border="1">
<caption>Implicitní chování</caption><tr>
<td>1. buňka</td><td>2. trochu větší buňka</td>
</tr></table>
<table border="1" width="500"><caption>Pevná šířka</caption><tr>
<td>1. buňka</td><td>2. trochu větší buňka</td>
</tr></table>
<table border="1" width="80%"><caption>Šířka v % okna</caption><tr>
<td>1. buňka</td><td>2. trochu větší buňka</td>
</tr></table>
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p03.html
Table alignment<table border="1" width="100%">
<caption>Vodorovné zarovnání</caption><tr><td align="left">buňka zarovnaná vlevo </td></tr><tr><td align="right">buňka zarovnaná vpravo </td></tr><tr><td align="center">buňka zarovnaná na střed </td></tr><tr><td align="justify">buňka zarovnaná do bloku </td></tr></table> <br />
<table border="1" width="100%"><caption>Svislé zarovnání</caption><tr height="50"><td valign="top">buňka zarovnaná nahoru </td></tr><tr height="50"><td valign="middle">buňka zarovnaná na střed </td></tr><tr height="50"><td valign="bottom">buňka zarovnaná dolů </td></tr><tr height="50"><td valign="baseline">buňka zarovnaná na základní čáru</td></tr>
</table> <br />
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p04.html
Merging cells<table border="1">
<tr><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td></tr><tr><td>buňka</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2">expandovaná
buňka</td><td>buňka</td></tr><tr><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td></tr><tr><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td></tr>
</table><br />
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p05.html
