Upload
lamnga
View
243
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 1
INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet
Ritu Dubey1, Priya Kumari2, Surabhi Sharan3, Sunita Mahato4
Student, Department of Information Technology
Jamshedpur Women’s College
ABSTRACT:
The “internet of things” refers to the concept that the internet is no longer just a global network for
people to communicate, but it is also a platform for devices to communicate electronically with the world
around them. Internet of Things (IoT) is a new revolution of the Internet or it can be said the expansion
of internet services. It provides a platform for communication between objects where objects can
organize and manage themselves. It allows objects to communicate between each other by using radio
frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor network (WSN), Zigbee, etc. This paper includes a brief
description of internet of things and it also defines various architectures and profiles some applications
that have the potential to make a striking difference in human life especially for the differently abled and
the elderly.
Keywords:Radio frequency identification, sensors, actuators.
[1] INTRODUCTION
Today the internet has become ubiquitous,
has touched almost every corner of the
globe, and is affecting human life in
unimaginable ways. We are now entering an
era of even more pervasive connectivity
where a wide variety of appliances will be
connected to the web. We are entering an
era of the “internet of things ” .The Internet
of Things (IoT) is the network of physical
objects, devices, vehicles, buildings and
other items which are embedded with
INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 2
electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to
collect and exchange data. IoT is defined as
a paradigm in which objects equipped with
sensors, actuators, and processors
communicate with each other to serve a
meaningful purpose. Different authors have
defined iot in many different ways.
Vermesanet al. defined internet of things as
simply an interaction between the physical
and digital worlds. The digital world
interacts with the physical world using a
plethora of sensors and actuators. Another
author Pena-Lopez et al defines internet of
things as paradigm in which computing and
networking capabilities are embedded in any
kind of conceivable object. In other words,
the internet of things refers to a new kind of
world where almost every object that we use
is connected to the internet. The iot allows
objects to be sensed or controlled remotely
across existing network infrastructure,
creating opportunities for more direct
integration of the physical world into
computer-based systems, and resulting in
improved efficiency, accuracy and economic
benefit in addition to reduce human
intervention.WhenIoT is augmented with
sensors and actuators, the technology
becomes an instance of the more general
class of cyber-physical systems, which also
encompasses technologies such as smart
grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation
and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely
identifiable through its embedded computing
system but is able to interoperate within the
existing Internet infrastructure. Experts
estimate that the IoT will consist of almost
50 billion objects by 2020.British
entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the
term in 1999 while working at Auto-ID Labs
(originally called Auto-ID centers - referring
to a global network of Radio-frequency
identification (RFID) connected objects).
Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced
connectivity of devices, systems, and
services that goes beyond machine-to-
machine communications (M2M) and covers
a variety of protocols, domains, and
applications. The interconnection of these
embedded devices (including smart objects),
is expected to usher in automation in nearly
all fields, while also enabling advanced
applications like a Smart Grid, and
expanding to the areas such as smart cities.
There are various devices such as sensors
and actuators that help in interacting with
the physical environment. The data collected
by the sensors has to be stored and
processed intelligently in order to derive
useful inferences from it. A sensor can be
any device;a mobile phone or even a
microwave oven can be considered as a
sensor as long as it provides inputs about its
current state. An actuator is a device that is
used to effect a change in the environment
such as the temperature controller of an air
conditioner. The storage and processing of
the data can be done on the edge of the
network itself or in a remote server. If any
preprocessing of data is possible, then it is
typically done at either the sensor or some
other proximate device. The processed data
is then typically sent to remote server. The
storage and processing capabilities of an iot
object are also restricted by the resources
available, which are often very constrained
due to limitations of size, energy, power,
and computational capability. Iot faces many
challenges like data collection and data
handling. There are other challenges like
communication because almost everything
in iot is wireless. The communication
between iot devices is mainly wireless
because they are generally installed at
geographically dispersed locations. The
Internet of Things finds various
applications in health care, fitness,
education, entertainment, social life,
energy conservation, environment
monitoring, home automation, and
transport systems. In all the application
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 3
areas, iot technologies have significantly
been able to reduce human effort and to
improve the quality of human life.
[2]ARCHITECTURE OF IOT
Different researchers have proposed
different architectures of iot.
[2.1] Three- and Five-Layer
Architectures
The most basic architecture is three-layer
architecture. It was introduced in the
early stages of research in this area. It
has three layers, namely, the perception,
network, and application layers.
(i)The perception layer is the physical
layer, which has sensors for sensing and
gathering information about the
environment. It senses some physical
parameters or identifies other smart
objects in the environment.
(ii)The network layer is responsible for
connecting to other smart things,
network devices, and servers. Its features
are also used for transmitting and
processing sensor data.
(iii)The application layer is responsible
for delivering application specific
services to the user. It defines various
applications in which the Internet of
Things can be deployed, for example,
smart homes, smart cities, and smart
health.
The three-layer architecture defines the
main idea of the Internet of Things, but it
is not sufficient for research on IoT
because research often focuses on finer
aspects of the Internet of Things. That is
why, we have many more layered
architectures proposed in the literature.
Fig: Three layer architecture of iot
One is the five-layer architecture, which
additionally includes the processing and
business layers. The five layers are
perception, transport, processing,
application, and business layers. The role
of the perception and application layers
is the same as the architecture with three
layers. We outline the function of the
remaining three layers.
(i) The transport layer transfers the
sensor data from the perception layer to
the processing layer and vice versa
through networks such as wireless, 3G,
LAN, Bluetooth, RFID, and NFC.
(ii) The processing layer is also known
as the middleware layer. It stores,
analyzes, and processes huge amounts of
data that comes from the transport layer.
It can manage and provide a diverse set
of services to the lower layers. It
employs many technologies such as
databases, cloud computing, and big data
processing modules.
(iii) The business layer manages the
whole IoT system, including
applications, business and profit models,
and user`s privacy.
Application layer
Network layer
Perception layer
Business Layer
Application layer
INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 4
Fig: Five layer architecture of iot
[3]SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
All IoT applications need to have one or
more sensors to collect data from the
environment. Sensors are essential
components of smart objects. One of the
most important aspects of the Internet of
Things is context awareness, which is not
possible without sensor technology. IoT
sensors are mostly small in size, have low
cost, and consume less power. They are
constrained by factors such as battery
capacity and ease of deployment. Schmidt
and Van Laerhoven provide an overview of
various types of sensors used for building
smart applications.
3.1.Mobile Phone Based Sensors
First of all, let us look at the mobile phone,
which is ubiquitous and has many types of
sensors embedded in it. In specific, the
smartphone is a very handy and user
friendly device that has a host of built in
communication and data processing
features. With the increasing popularity of
smartphones among people, researchers are
showing interest in building smart IoT
solutions using smartphones because of the
embedded sensors. Some additional sensors
can also be used depending upon the
requirements. Applications can be built on
the smartphone that uses sensor data to
produce meaningful results. Some of the
sensors inside a modern smartphone are as
follows.
(1)The accelerometer senses the motion and
acceleration of a mobile phone. It typically
measures changes in velocity of the
smartphone in three dimensions. There are
many types of accelerometers. In a
mechanical accelerometer, we have a
seismic mass in a housing, which is tied to
the housing with a spring. The mass takes
time to move and is left behind as the
housing moves, so the force in the spring
can be correlated with the acceleration. In a
capacitive accelerometer, capacitive plates
are used with the same setup. With a change
in velocity, the mass pushes the capacitive
plates together, thus changing the
capacitance. The rate of change of
capacitance is then converted into
acceleration. In a piezoelectric
accelerometer, piezoelectric crystals are
used, which when squeezed generate an
electric voltage. The changes in voltage can
be translated into acceleration. The data
patterns captured by the accelerometer can
be used to detect physical activities of the
user such as running, walking, and
bicycling.
(2)The gyroscope detects the orientation of
the phone very precisely. Orientation is
measured using capacitive changes when a
seismic mass moves in a particular direction.
(3)The camera and microphone are very
powerful sensors since they capture visual
and audio information, which can then be
analyzed and processed to detect various
types of contextual information. For
example, we can infer a user’s current
environment and the interactions that she is
having. To make sense of the audio data,
technologies such as voice recognition and
acoustic features can be exploited.
Processing layer
Transport layer
Perception layer
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 5
(4)The magnetometer detects magnetic
fields. This can be used as a digital compass
and in applications to detect the presence of
metals.
(5)The GPS (Global Positioning System)
detects the location of the phone, which is
one of the most important pieces of
contextual information for smart
applications. The location is detected using
the principle of trilateration. The distance is
measured from three or more satellites (or
mobile phone towers in the case of A-GPS)
and coordinates are computed.
(6)The light sensor detects the intensity of
ambient light. It can be used for setting the
brightness of the screen and other
applications in which some action is to be
taken depending on the intensity of ambient
light. For example, we can control the lights
in a room.
(7)The proximity sensor uses an infrared
(IR) LED, which emits IR rays. These rays
bounce back when they strike some object.
Based on the difference in time, we can
calculate the distance. In this way, the
distance to different objects from the phone
can be measured. For example, we can use it
to determine when the phone is close to the
face while talking. It can also be used in
applications in which we have to trigger
some event when an object approaches the
phone.
(8)Some smartphones such as Samsung’s
Galaxy S4 also have a thermometer,
barometer, and humidity sensor to measure
the temperature, atmospheric pressure, and
humidity, respectively.
We have studied many smart applications
that use sensor data collected from
smartphones. For example, activity detection
is achieved by applying machine learning
algorithms to the data collected by
smartphone sensors. It detects activities such
as running, going up and down stairs,
walking, driving, and cycling. The
application is trained with patterns of data
using data sets recorded by sensors when
these activities are being performed.
Many health and fitness applications are
being built to keep track of a person’s health
continuously using smartphones. They keep
track of users’ physical activities, diet,
exercises, and lifestyle to determine the
fitness level and give suggestions to the user
accordingly. Wang et al. describe a mobile
application that is based completely on a
smartphone. They use it to assess the overall
mental health and performance of a college
student. To track the location and activities
in which the student is involved, activity
recognition (accelerometer) and GPS data
are used. To keep a check on how much the
student sleeps, the accelerometer and light
sensors are used. For social life and
conversations, audio data from a
microphone is used. The application also
conducts quick questionnaires with the
students to know about their mood. All this
data can be used to assess the stress levels,
social life, behavior, and exercise patterns of
a student.
Another application by McClernon and
Choudhurydetects when the user is going to
smoke using context information such as the
presence of other smokers, location, and
associated activities. The sensors provide
information related to the user’s movement,
location, visual images, and surrounding
sounds. To summarize, smartphone sensors
are being used to study different kinds of
human behavior and to improve the quality
of human life.
[3.2] Medical Sensors
INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 6
The Internet of Things can be really
beneficial for health care applications. We
can use sensors, which can measure and
monitor various medical parameters in the
human body. These applications can aim at
monitoring a patient’s health when they are
not in hospital or when they are alone.
Subsequently, they can provide real time
feedback to the doctor, relatives, or the
patient. McGrath and Scanaillhave described
in detail the different sensors that can be
worn on the body for monitoring a person’s
health.
There are many wearable sensing devices
available in the market. They are equipped
with medical sensors that are capable of
measuring different parameters such as the
heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, body
temperature, respiration rate, and blood
glucose levels. These wearable include
smart watches, wristbands, monitoring
patches, and smart textiles.
Moreover, smart watches and fitness
trackers are becoming fairly popular in the
market as companies such as Apple,
Samsung, and Sony are coming up with very
innovative features. For example, a smart
watch includes features such as connectivity
with a smartphone, sensors such as an
accelerometer, and a heart rate monitor.
Another novel IoT device, which has a lot of
promise are monitoring patches that are
pasted on the skin. Monitoring patches are
like tattoos. They are stretchable and
disposable and are very cheap. These
patches are supposed to be worn by the
patient for a few days to monitor a vital
health parameter continuously. All the
electronic components are embedded in
these rubbery structures. They can even
transmit the sensed data wirelessly. Just like
a tattoo, these patches can be applied on the
skin. One of the most common applications
of such patches is to monitor blood pressure.
A very important consideration here is the
context. The data collected by the medical
sensors must be combined with contextual
information such as physical activity. For
example, the heart rate depends on the
context. It increases when we exercise. In
that case, we cannot infer abnormal heart
rate. Therefore, we need to combine data
from different sensors for making the correct
inference.
[3.3] Neural Sensors
Today, it is possible to understand neural
signals in the brain, infer the state of the
brain, and train it for better attention and
focus. This is known as neurofeedback. The
technology used for reading brain signals is
called EEG (Electroencephalography) or a
brain computer interface. The neurons inside
the brain communicate electronically and
create an electric field, which can be
measured from outside in terms of
frequencies. Brain waves can be categorized
into alpha, beta, gamma, theta, and delta
waves depending upon the frequency.
Based on the type of wave, it can be inferred
whether the brain is calm or wandering in
thoughts. This type of neurofeedback can be
obtained in real time and can be used to train
the brain to focus, pay better attention
towards things, manage stress, and have
better mental well-being.
[3.4] Environmental and Chemical
Sensors
Environmental sensors are used to sense
parameters in the physical environment such
as temperature, humidity, pressure, water
pollution, and air pollution. Parameters such
as the temperature and pressure can be
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 7
measured with a thermometer and
barometer. Air quality can be measured with
sensors, which sense the presence of gases
and other particulate matter in the air.
Chemical sensors are used to detect
chemical and biochemical substances. These
sensors consist of a recognition element and
a transducer. The electronic nose (e-nose)
and electronic tongue (e-tongue) are
technologies that can be used to sense
chemicals on the basis of odor and taste,
respectively. The e-nose and e-tongue
consist of an array of chemical sensors
coupled with advance pattern recognition
software. The sensors inside the e-nose and
e-tongue produce complex data, which is
then analyzed through pattern recognition to
identify the stimulus.
These sensors can be used in monitoring the
pollution level in smart cities, keeping a
check on food quality in smart kitchens,
testing food, and agricultural products in
supply chain applications.
[3.5] Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID)
RFID is an identification technology in
which an RFID tag (a small chip with an
antenna) carries data, which is read by a
RFID reader. The tag transmits the data
stored in it via radio waves. It is similar to
bar code technology. But unlike a traditional
bar code, it does not require line of sight
communication between the tag and the
reader and can identify itself from a distance
even without a human operator. The range
of RFID varies with the frequency. It can go
up to hundreds of meters.
RFID tags are of two types: active and
passive. Active tags have a power source
and passive tags do not have any power
source. Passive tags draw power from the
electromagnetic waves emitted by the reader
and are thus cheap and have a long lifetime.
There are two types of RFID technologies:
near and far. A near RFID reader uses a coil
through which we pass alternating current
and generate a magnetic field. The tag has a
smaller coil, which generates a potential due
to the ambient changes in the magnetic field.
This voltage is then coupled with a capacitor
to accumulate a charge, which then powers
up the tag chip. The tag can then produce a
small magnetic field that encodes the signal
to be transmitted, and this can be picked up
by the reader.
In far RFID, there is a dipole antenna in the
reader, which propagates EM waves. The
tag also has a dipole antenna on which an
alternating potential difference appears and
it is powered up. It can then use this power
to transmit messages.
RFID technology is being used in various
applications such as supply chain
management, access control, identity
authentication, and object tracking. The
RFID tag is attached to the object to be
tracked and the reader detects and records its
presence when the object passes by it. In this
manner, object movement can be tracked
and RFID can serve as a search engine for
smart things.
For access control, an RFID tag is attached
to the authorized object. For example, small
chips are glued to the front of vehicles.
When the car reaches a barricade on which
there is a reader, it reads the tag data and
decides whether it is an authorized car. If
yes, it opens automatically. RFID cards are
issued to the people, who can then be
INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 8
identified by a RFID reader and given
access accordingly.
The low level data collected from the RFID
tags can be transformed into higher level
insights in IoT applications. There are many
user level tools available, in which all the
data collected by particular RFID readers
and data associated with the RFID tags can
be managed. The high level data can be used
to draw inferences and take further action.
3.6. Actuators
Let us look at some examples of actuators
that are used in the Internet of Things. An
actuator is a device, which can effect a
change in the environment by converting
electrical energy into some form of useful
energy. Some examples are heating or
cooling elements, speakers, lights, displays,
and motors.
The actuators, which induce motion, can be
classified into three categories, namely,
electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic
actuators depending on their operation.
Hydraulic actuators facilitate mechanical
motion using fluid or hydraulic power.
Pneumatic actuators use the pressure of
compressed air and electrical ones use
electrical energy.
As an example, we can consider a smart
home system, which consists of many
sensors and actuators. The actuators are used
to lock/unlock the doors, switch on/off the
lights or other electrical appliances, alert
users of any threats through alarms or
notifications, and control the temperature of
a home (via a thermostat).
A sophisticated example of an actuator used
in IoT is a digital finger, which is used to
turn on/off the switches (or anything which
requires small motion).
[4] APPLICATIONS OF IOT
According to Gartner, Inc. (a technology
research and advisory corporation), there
will be nearly 26 billion devices on the
Internet of Things by 2020. ABI Research
estimates that more than 30 billion devices
will be wirelessly connected to the Internet
of Things by 2020. As per a recent survey
and study done by Pew Research Internet
Project, a large majority of the technology
experts and engaged Internet users who
responded—83 percent—agreed with the
notion that the Internet/Cloud of Things,
embedded and wearable computing (and the
corresponding dynamic systems) will have
widespread and beneficial effects by 2025.
As such, it is clear that the IoT will consist
of a very large number of devices being
connected to the Internet. In an active move
to accommodate new and emerging
technological innovation, the UK
Government, in their 2015 budget, allocated
£40,000,000 towards research into the
Internet of Things. The British Chancellor of
the Exchequer George Osborne posited that
the Internet of Things is the next stage of the
information revolution and referenced the
inter-connectivity of everything from urban
transport to medical devices to household
appliances.
Integration with the Internet implies that
devices will use an IP address as a unique
identifier. However, due to the limited
address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3
billion unique addresses), objects in the IoT
will have to use IPv6 to accommodate the
extremely large address space required.
Objects in the IoT will not only be devices
with sensory capabilities, but also provide
actuation capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks
controlled over the Internet). To a large
extent, the future of the Internet of Things
will not be possible without the support of
IPv6; and consequently the global adoption
of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 9
for the successful development of the IoT in
the future.
The ability to network embedded devices
with limited CPU, memory and power
resources means that IoT finds applications
in nearly every field. Such systems could be
in charge of collecting information in
settings ranging from natural ecosystems to
buildings and factories, thereby finding
applications in fields of environmental
sensing and urban planning.
On the other hand, IoT systems could also
be responsible for performing actions, not
just sensing things. Intelligent shopping
systems, for example, could monitor specific
users' purchasing habits in a store by
tracking their specific mobile phones. These
users could then be provided with special
offers on their favorite products, or even
location of items that they need, which their
fridge has automatically conveyed to the
phone. Additional examples of sensing and
actuating are reflected in applications that
deal with heat, electricity and energy
management, as well as cruise-assisting
transportation systems. Other applications
that the Internet of Things can provide is
enabling extended home security features
and home automation. The concept of an
"internet of living things" has been proposed
to describe networks of biological sensors
that could use cloud-based analyses to allow
users to study DNA or other molecules. All
these advances add to the numerous list of
IoT applications. Now with IoT, you can
control the electrical devices installed in
your house while you are sorting out your
files in office. Your water will be warm as
soon as you get up in the morning for the
shower. All credit goes to smart devices
which make up the smart home. Everything
is connected with the help of Internet.
However, the application of the IoT is not
only restricted to these areas. Other
specialized use cases of the IoT may also
exist. An overview of some of the most
prominent application areas is provided
here. Based on the application domain, IoT
products can be classified broadly into five
different categories: smart wearable, smart
home, smart city, smart environment, and
smart enterprise. The IoT products and
solutions in each of these markets have
different characteristics.
[4.1] MEDIA
In order to hone the manner in which the
Internet of Things (IoT), the Media and Big
Data are interconnected, it is first necessary
to provide some context into the mechanism
used for media process. It has been
suggested by Nick Couldry and Joseph
Turow that Practitioners in Media approach
Big Data as many actionable points of
information about millions of individuals.
The industry appears to be moving away
from the traditional approach of using
specific media environments such as
newspapers, magazines, or television shows
and instead tap into consumers with
technologies that reach targeted people at
optimal times in optimal locations. The
ultimate aim is of course to serve, or convey,
a message or content that is (statistically
speaking) in line with the consumer's
mindset. For example, publishing
environments are increasingly tailoring
messages (advertisements) and content
(articles) to appeal to consumers that have
been exclusively gleaned through various
data-mining activities.
The media industries process Big Data in
a dual, interconnected manner:
targeting of consumers (for
advertising by marketers)
Data-capture
INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 10
Thus, the internet of things creates an
opportunity to measure, collect and
analyze an ever-increasing variety of
behavioral statistics. Cross-correlation of
this data could revolutionize the targeted
marketing of products and services. For
example, as noted by Danny Meadows-
Klue, the combination of analytics for
conversion tracking withbehavioral
targeting has unlocked a new level of
precision that enables display advertising
to be focused on the devices of people
with relevant interests. Big Data and the
IoT work in conjunction. From a media
perspective, Data is the key derivative of
device inter connectivity, whilst being
pivotal in allowing clearer accuracy in
targeting. The Internet of Things
therefore transforms the media industry,
companies and even governments,
opening up a new era of economic
growth and competitiveness. The wealth
of data generated by this industry (i.e.
Big Data) will allow Practitioners in
Advertising and Media to gain an
elaborate layer on the present targeting
mechanisms used by the industry.
[4.2] Environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring applications
of the IoT typically use sensors to assist
in environmental protection by
monitoring air or water quality,
atmospheric or soil conditions, and can
even include areas like monitoring the
movements of wildlife and their habitats.
Development of resource constrained
devices connected to the Internet also
means that other applications like
earthquake or tsunami early-warning
systems can also be used by emergency
services to provide more effective aid.
IoT devices in this application typically
span a large geographic area and can
also be mobile.
[4.3] Infrastructure management
Monitoring and controlling operations of
urban and rural infrastructures like
bridges, railway tracks, on- and
offshore- wind-farms is a key
application of the IoT. The IoT
infrastructure can be used for monitoring
any events or changes in structural
conditions that can compromise safety
and increase risk. It can also be used for
scheduling repair and maintenance
activities in an efficient manner, by
coordinating tasks between different
service providers and users of these
facilities. IoT devices can also be used to
control critical infrastructure like bridges
to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT
devices for monitoring and operating
infrastructure is likely to improve
incident management and emergency
response coordination, and quality of
service, up-times and reduce costs of
operation in all infrastructure related
areas. Even areas such as waste
management can benefit from
automation and optimization that could
be brought in by the IoT.
[4.4] Manufacturing
Network control and management of
manufacturing equipment, asset and
situation management, or manufacturing
process control bring the IoT within the
realm on industrial applications and
smart manufacturing as well. The IoT
intelligent systems enable rapid
manufacturing of new products, dynamic
response to product demands, and real-
time optimization of manufacturing
production and supply chain networks,
by networking machinery, sensors and
control systems together.
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 11
Digital control systems to automate
process controls, operator tools and
service information systems to optimize
plant safety and security are within the
purview of the IoT. But it also extends
itself to asset management via predictive
maintenance, statistical evaluation, and
measurements to maximize reliability.
Smart industrial management systems
can also be integrated with the Smart
Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy
optimization. Measurements, automated
controls, plant optimization, health and
safety management, and other functions
are provided by a large number of
networked sensors.
[4.5] Energy management
Integration of sensing and actuation systems,
connected to the Internet, is likely to
optimize energy consumption as a whole. It
is expected that IoT devices will be
integrated into all forms of energy
consuming devices (switches, power outlets,
bulbs, televisions, etc.) and be able to
communicate with the utility supply
company in order to effectively balance
power generation and energy usage. Such
devices would also offer the opportunity for
users to remotely control their devices, or
centrally manage them via a cloud based
interface, and enable advanced functions
like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on
or off heating systems, controlling ovens,
changing lighting conditions etc.). In fact, a
few systems that allow remote control of
electric outlets are already available in the
market, e.g., Belkin'sWeMo, Ambery
Remote Power Switch, Budderfly,
Telkonet'sEcoGuard, WhizNets Inc., etc.
Besides home based energy management,
the IoT is especially relevant to the Smart
Grid since it provides systems to gather and
act on energy and power-related information
in an automated fashion with the goal to
improve the efficiency, reliability,
economics, and sustainability of the
production and distribution of electricity.
Using Advanced Metering Infrastructure
(AMI) devices connected to the Internet
backbone, electric utilities can not only
collect data from end-user connections, but
also manage other distribution automation
devices like transformers and reclosers.
[4.6] Medical and healthcare systems
IoT devices can be used to enable remote
health monitoring and emergency
notification systems. These health
monitoring devices can range from blood
pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced
devices capable of monitoring specialized
implants, such as pacemakers or advanced
hearing aids. Specialized sensors can also be
equipped within living spaces to monitor the
health and general well-being of senior
citizens, while also ensuring that proper
treatment is being administered and assisting
people regain lost mobility via therapy as
well. Other consumer devices to encourage
healthy living, such as, connected scales or
wearable heart monitors, are also a
possibility with the IoT. More and more
end-to-end health monitoring IoT platform
are coming up for antenatal and chronic
patients, helping one manage health vitals
and recurring medication requirements.
Distinct advantages over similar products
from the US and Europe are cost-
effectiveness and personalization for chronic
patients. Doctors can monitor the health of
their patients on their smart phones after the
patient gets discharged from the hospital.
[4.7] Building and home automation
IoT devices can be used to monitor and
control the mechanical, electrical and
electronic systems used in various types of
buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial,
institutions, or residential). Home
INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 12
automation systems, like other building
automation systems, are typically used to
control lighting, heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, appliances, communication
systems, entertainment and home security
device to improve convenience, comfort,
energy efficiency, and security.
[4.8] Transportation
The IoT can assist in integration of
communications, control, and information
processing across various transportation
systems. Application of the IoT extends to
all aspects of transportation systems, i.e. the
vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or
user. Dynamic interaction between these
components of a transport system enables
inter and intra vehicular communication,
smart traffic control, smart parking,
electronic toll collection systems, logistic
and fleet management, vehicle control, and
safety and road assistance.
[5] IOT AND EVOLUTION OF
ELDERLY CARE
A rise in the aging population puts a lot of
pressure on the healthcare industry to
provide the necessary care and this
population is forecast to double globally by
2030, and many other countries are already
struggling with providing in-person care.
The internet of things is one solution to
provide in-person care and decrease the cost
of this care and boost its quality.
Efficient care
The use of cloud technology in the
healthcare industry is improving how
professionals deliverelderly care. By
integrating devices with cloud technologies,
practitioners can easily provide personalized
services to seniors. Cloud based iot allows
efficient communication between different
systems. A doctor can access the data from
heart monitor and see the progress of a
patient without leaving the office. The care
team can check oxygen levels, blood sugar,
or heart rhythms any time of day.
Reduces cost of elder care
Elderly care results in numerous expenses
for the government, and it is expected that
they will keep increasing. The surge in the
aging population may result in 75 percent
more senior citizens in need of nursing care
from 1.3 million in 2013 to 2.3 million in
2030. However with the help of
technologically advanced gadgets, aged
individuals can live comfortably at home
with minimal need of nursing.Doctors are
now capable of monitoring their patients
remotely, meaning seniors don’t have to
move to the doctors.
Communication
Communication channels are critical to
aging individuals. People still want to feel
cared by their loved ones in their old age.
The internet of things has changed how
seniors communicate with the people in their
lives. Now mobile devices have video call
capabilities among other functions, which
allow people to stay in touch.
Communication is, particularly fundamental
for individuals with mobility issues.
Caregivers also capitalize on the latest
communication technologies to help with
the monitoring of their patients. A nurse can
aerially contact a relative and give
instructions about how to check blood sugar.
Peace of Mind
Persons with mobility challenges or
diminished memory are particularly t high
risks of accidents. There are home systems
such that monitor movement. Such systems
are effective for aging persons with mobility
such as those who have arthritis. Arthritis is
one of the major causes of disability among
seniors and its caring has become a
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469
Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 13
fundamental part of elder care. Iot allows
seniors to live a better quality of life even
with some kind of disability.
The possibilities are endless when it comes
to using iot to improve aged care.
Technological advances are being used to
improve the standard of medical care,
security, and convenience for the aging
population.
[6]CONCLUSION
The future of iot is virtually unlimited due to
advances in technology and consumer`s
desire to integrate devices such as smart
phones with household machines.In
conclusion, IoT represents the next
evolution of the Internet. Given that humans
advance and evolve by turning data into
information, knowledge, and wisdom, IoT
has the potential tochange the world as we
know it today—for the better.While the
current technologies make the concept of
IoT feasible, a large number of challenges
lie ahead for making the large scale real
world deployment of IoT applications. In the
next few years, addressing these challenges
will be a powerful driving force for
networking and communication research in
both industrial and academic laboratories.
[7]REFERENCES
https://www.sap.com/india/solution/i
nternet -of-things.hml
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/
I/internet-of-things.html
https://www.hindawi.com
https://www.ibm.com
https://iotevolutionworld.com