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Internet History
©Richard L. Goldman
July 2, 2002
ARPA• Advanced Research Project Agency
• Also know as DARPA
(Defense Advanced Research Project Agency)
• 1958 U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) formed ARPA in response to Soviet launch of Sputnik and the fear of Soviet domination of space.
ARPANET• Advanced Research Project Agency Network
• Developed to:• Exchange data between research and government agencies
• Withstand catastrophic damage (hurricanes, nuclear strike, etc.)
• Interconnect different types of networks
• First nodes:1. Aug 1969 – University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)
2. Oct 1969 – Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
3. Nov 1969 – University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB)
4. Dec 1969 – University of Utah
#1 UCLA
#2 SRI
#3 UCSB
#4 Utah
NCP
• Network Control Protocol
• 1970 – Completed the first Host-to-Host protocol used by ARPANET (called NCP)
• NCP was based on the new and powerful concept of packet switching.
• 1971 – First e-mail application was written by Ray Tomlinson at BBN Technologies
• 1972 – Tomlinson upgraded and released user-friendly e-mail application
• 1973 – E-mail accounts for 75% of ARPANET traffic
• BBN – Bolt, Beranek and Newman; the last names of the three founders of BBN Technologies
TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• 1973 Developed to replace NCP
• 1978 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) released
• 1983 TCP/IP Implemented as ARPANET standard
• TCP/IP architecture was first proposed by Bob Kahn at BBN and further developed by Kahn and Vinton Cerf and others at Stanford– Vinton Cerf was involved in much of the development of the
Internet and has been called “The father of the Internet”
UNIX version 4.2BSD
• UNIX is a derivation of UNICS – UNIplexed Information and Computing System – (UNICS is a pun on its predecessor MULTICS - Multiplexed
Information and Computing System – Unix was not originally envisioned to be a multi-tasking operating system)
• 1983 – The Berkley Software Distribution version of UNIX was released (UNIX 4.2BSD)
• 4.2BSD incorporated support for TCP/IP
DNS
• Domain Name System
• A global directory structure to resolve IP addresses to domain names
• 1985 – DNS started
• Six large domains were named:
– edu (education)
– gov (government)
– mil (military)
– com (commercial)
– org (organization)
– net (network resources).
NSFNET
• National Science Foundation Network
• 1986 – National Science Foundation created high speed Internet backbone (56Kbps)
Internet
• 1990 – ARPANET name is dropped and replaced with Internet.
WWW
• World Wide Web
• 1991 – WWW Released by CERN
CERN (Conseil Europeen pour le Recherche Nucleaire) is an international research institute in Geneva, Switzerland
• Tim Berners-Lee developer
InterNIC
• Internet Network Information Center
• 1993 – InterNIC was created to provide Internet domain name registration services
Mosaic
• 1993 – First web browser• Allowed GUI browsing of the Internet• Freeware
ISOC
• Internet Society
• 1992 – Founded as the umbrella Internet organization.
• 1995 – Took over control from U.S. Government
• Non-governmental organization, made up of more than 100 organizations and thousands of individuals
• Its international mission to foster global cooperation and coordination on Internet technologies
• It serves as a global clearinghouse for Internet related information
ICANN
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
• 1998 – Assumed management of domain names and addresses, DNS, and protocols
• Includes three supporting organizations:
ASO – Address Support Organization
DNSO – Domain Name Support Organization
PSO – Protocol Support Organization
• The actual registration is of domain names is performed separate organizations (Registrars)
IP (IPv6)
• 2000 – Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) deployed on Internet backbone
• Improvement include:– Increases the number if IP addresses
– Improved routing capabilities
– Network autoconfiguration
• Designed to coexist with IPv4
Internet History ReviewDate Event Significance
1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik
1969 ARPANET created First internetwork
1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol
1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET
1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol
1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol
1983 UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX
1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution
1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone
1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change
1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks
1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names
1993 Mosaic released First GUI based browser
1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet
1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS
2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses
Common Internet History TermsARPAARPANETDoDSRIUCSBNCPTCPIPHTTPDNSISOCICANNInterNICMosaicRay TomlinsonBob KahnVinton CerfTim Berners-Lee
Advanced Research Project AgencyAdvanced Research Project Agency NetworkDepartment of DefenseStanford Research InstituteUniversity of California Santa BarbaraNetwork Control ProtocolTransmission Control ProtocolInternet ProtocolHypertext Transport ProtocolDomain Name SystemInternet SocietyInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and NumbersInternet Network Information CenterFirst browserE-mailTCP/IP“Father of the Internet”World Wide Web
Internet History Quiz - DatesDate Event Significance
ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik
ARPANET created First internetwork
NCP completed First host-to-host protocol
E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET
IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol
TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol
UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX
DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution
NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone
ARPANET to Internet Name change
WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks
InterNIC created Manages domain names
Mosaic released First GUI based browser
ISOC took control Privatization of Internet
ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS
IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses
Internet History Quiz – Dates AnswersDate Event Significance
1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik
1969 ARPANET created First internetwork
1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol
1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET
1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol
1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol
1983 UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX
1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution
1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone
1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change
1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks
1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names
1993 Mosaic released First GUI based browser
1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet
1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS
2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses
Internet History Quiz - EventsDate Event Significance
1958 Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik
1969 First internetwork
1970 First host-to-host protocol
1972 Allowed e-mail on ARPANET
1978 Allowed all host to use common protocol
1983 Required all host to use common protocol
1983 Added TCP/IP to UNIX
1984 Allowed name to address resolution
1986 Established high speed backbone
1990 Name change
1991 Allowed the use of hyperlinks
1993 Manages domain names
1993 First GUI based browser
1995 Privatization of Internet
1998 Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS
2000 Autoconfiguration & more addresses
Internet History Quiz – Events AnswersDate Event Significance
1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik
1969 ARPANET created First internetwork
1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol
1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET
1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol
1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol
1983 UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX
1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution
1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone
1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change
1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks
1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names
1993 Mosaic released First GUI based browser
1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet
1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS
2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses
Internet History Quiz - SignificanceDate Event Significance
1958 ARPA formed
1969 ARPANET created
1970 NCP completed
1972 E-mail app released
1978 IPv4 released
1983 TCP/IP as standard
1983 UNIX 4.2BSD released
1984 DNS introduced
1986 NSFNET backbone
1990 ARPANET to Internet
1991 WWW Released
1993 InterNIC created
1993 Mosaic released
1995 ISOC took control
1998 ICANN created
2000 IPv6 on backbone
Internet History Quiz – Significance AnswersDate Event Significance
1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik
1969 ARPANET created First internetwork
1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol
1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET
1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol
1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol
1983 UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX
1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution
1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone
1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change
1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks
1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names
1993 Mosaic released First GUI based browser
1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet
1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS
2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses
Internet History Quiz – Events & SignificanceDate Event Significance
1958
1969
1970
1972
1978
1983
1983
1984
1986
1990
1991
1993
1993
1995
1998
2000
Internet History Quiz – Events & Significance AnswersDate Event Significance
1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik
1969 ARPANET created First internetwork
1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol
1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET
1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol
1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol
1983 UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX
1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution
1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone
1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change
1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks
1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names
1993 Mosaic released First GUI based browser
1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet
1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS
2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses
