Rachel Greene

Internet Art

232 illustrations, 174 in colour

RESET -

@ Thames Hudson world of art

Contents

Pre face 7

I n t r o d u c t i o n 8 The Internet's History and Pre-History 14; The Art-Historical Context for lnternet Art 19

C h a p t e r I Early l n t e r n e t A r t 31 Participation in Public Spaces 34; Russian lnternet Art Scene 36; NewVocabularies 39; Travel and Documentary Modes 45; Net.art 52; Cyberfeminism 62; Corporate Aesthetics 65; Telepresence 67

C h a p t e r 2 Iso la t ing t h e E lemen ts 73 Email-based Communities 73; Exhibition Formats and Collective

Projects 78; Browsers, ASCII, Automation and Error 84; Parody, Appropriation and Remixing 92; Mapping Authorship 103; Hypertext

andTextua1 Aesthetics 104; Remodelling Bodies 108; New Forms

of Distribution l 10; Sexual Personae I I I

C h a p t e r 3 T h e m e s i n l n t e r n e t A r t 119

lnfowar ondTactica1 Media in Practice 1 19; Turn ofthe Millennium,War and the Dotcom Crash 128; DataVisualization and Databases 132; Games 144; Generative and Software Art 152; Open Works 164; The Crash of 2000 168

C h a p t e r 4 Art f o r N e t w o r k s 173 Voyeurism, Surveillance and Borders 173; Wireless 1 80; E-commerce 184; Forms of Sharing 188; Video and Filmic

Discourses 191; Low-fi Aesthetics 200; 'Art for Networks' 206

Timeline 214 Glossary 214 Projects and Resources 21 6; Select Exhibitions 21 7; Festivals, Events and Venues 21 8; Mailing Lists 21 8 Select Bibliography 21 8 Illustration List 220 Index 222

Index

Page numbers in italic refer t o illustrations

0100l0111010l101.ORG 97.99. 100. 102. 133-34; Darko Mover 102, 100-2: Hybrids 99; Life-Shoring 132. 133, 134. 189; \\OfVOO3.772p7712~698~6986 99; viewemfstar67@yahoo.com 99

'01010I:Artin Technological Times' 129 7-1 1 77-78 Abrahams, Annie: I Only Have My Name 93 ada'web 15,56,58,60 Adigard. Erik: Timelocator 142 Adorno. Theodor W. 189 Adrian X, Robert 33 Aitken, Doug 60 AKSHUN: 73,440 Minutes ofkme Available

Now on eBay 183 Albert, Saul 152 Alexander, Amy 153; bOtimmiOn 135 Alkmis. Arvids: FormArt to URLArt 81 Alloway, Lawrence I I America Online 58.66, 130 Amerika, Mark: Grammatron 105 Anufriev, Sergei 37 Arcangel, Cory: Beige 20 1 : Data Diaries 200,

202 Ars Electronica 14.23.33.46.48, 119. 121-22,

125, 153 Art News 60 Artforum 24.60. 173 Ascott. Roy 33 Aselrneier. Barbara: Handshake 3 9 4 0 Atlantic Monthly 18 Australian Network for Ar t and Technology

130 Ayo, Damali 185-87; rent<-negro.com 185-86

Babbage. Charles 15 Backspace, London 14.33. 181 Baker, Rachel 78, 110; desktop for Desktop Is

82.83; Dot2Dot Porn 88; M r NetArt competition 77.78. 129; Plotfrom 206.209

Baldwin, Lew: Goodworld 201 Banff Center, Alberta 110 Banovich, Tamas 80 Barbie Liberation Organization 95 Barbrook, Richard 52 Barney, Matthew 11, 107, 191-92: Cremaster3

191 Barran Virginia 62 Bata~lle. Georges 189 Baudelaire. Charles 189 Baudrillard,jean 2627. 182 Baumgartel, Tilman 129 'Beauty and the East' conference 76,78 Bekey. George: TheTelegarden 68,69 Bell Labs 21.58 Benglis. Lynda 135; For Car1 Andre 135 Benjamin. Ben 66: Bingo skills-building seminar

and strategy workshop 66; Eorman 66; Superbad 67

Berger, Erich: TheTelegarden 68,69 Berners-Lee, Tim 19 Berry, josephine 104 Betts, Tom: QQQ 156, 157 Beuckman. Joe 20 1 Bickerton, Ashley 27 Billingham, Richard 38 Biggs, Simon: GreotWall of China 51 Blake, William 163 Blank,joachim 39 Bl~ssett, Luther 100, 102 Bonn,joseph 201

Bookchin, Natalie: Criticism Curator Commodity Collector Disrnformation 7% desktop for Desktop Is 82;The Intruderl45, 14546

Boole, George 16 Borges. jorge Luis 145 Borthwick, John 58 Bosma, josephine 64,76.78,90, 129 Bourriaud, Nicholas 27 Brandon. Kayle 211 Brandon. Teena 113 Brecht. Bertolt 121 Brecht, George 20.201 Bremrer, Wayne 191 Bresson, Robert 115 Broeckmann, Andreas 54 Brooks, Sawad 80; Global City, for Soskia Sassen

158. 159. 160 Brucker-Cohen, jonah: Crank theweb 87.87;

Policestate 174, 175; Carnivore 17475 Brunner. Looks see c a I c Buckhouse, James Tap l76 Bull, Hank 33 Bunting. Heath 33.40,43,49-51. 5455, 77,

109-10, 129,211 ; AVisitor's Gurde to London 49-50; Biotech Hobbyist 10&9. 109; BorderXing 177, 177-78, 181; Communication Creates Conflict 49.50.50-5 l; Criticism Curator Commodity Coilector Disinformation 75; IDENTITISWAPDATABASE 210,211-12: King's Cmss Phone In 3435.35.36,50; -reodme.html (Own,Be Owned or Remain Invisible) 42-45,44,66, 104; The Status Pmject 211; SuperweedPmjen 108-10. 110

Bureau #Etudes 181-82; Lagard6re 179 Bureau of Inverse Technology 68, 184 Burnham. Jack 23-24 Bush. George W. 95 Bush, Vannevar 18, 104 Byron. Lord George Gordon 15

c a l c: communimage 165. l 6 6 6 7 C3 33,75,81, 103 Cage,john 21, 144, 157, 163; imaginary

Landscape Number 4 86 Cameron, Andy 52 Candy Factory 11416: Halbeath 115, 116: Think

The Same 115 Certeau, Michel de I20 Ch6ves Hugo 174 Cheang, Shu Lea 28, 190; BRANDON 1 1 1, 113;

Burn 2-3, 190, 190; Buy One Get One 107 Chicago, judy: The ~ inne rba r t~ 84 Chodzko, Adam: PmductRecall206.207 Chumakov see Likhosherst, Evgeni C-Level. Los Angeles 168 C N N 32,5455,97 Condon, Brody: Adam Killer 147; love-2.wad

(Veivet-Strike spray) 147 Connor. Maureen 27 Consume.net 180-81 Cornerhouse, Manchester 168 Cosic,Vuk 33.53-55.7&77.88,90,97, 129:

Netart per selCNN Interactive 53.5455, 5456.66: Deep ASC1188.89.90; Documenta Done 97.98,99. 102; Net Criticism luke Box 76.76, 129

Craighead, Alison see Thomson & Craighead Cramer. Florian 153 Crawford. Graham: Mirrorwound 112 Cream 130 Critical A r t Ensemble 109, 189; BioCom 109;

Flesh Machine 109; Society ofReproductive Anachmnisms 109

Cruijsen. Walter van der 54,90 CRUMB 130

Cuevas, Mlnerva 181; MejorVida Corporotioo !B,, Curtis, Cassidy: Alphabet Synthesis Machine 154,

155 Cutiri, Parangari: EpilepticWrus Patch 148

DailyTelegraph,The 43 Dainer. Michael: The Body ofMichae1 Dames 185 Daniels, Dieter 153 Davis, Douglas 35: Theworld's First Collaborative

Sentence 30 Davis, Paul 20 1 de Beer, Sue: Making Outwith Myself 192 De Geuzen: D.LZ208; Unmveiling Histories 139 Deck, Andy 16465; Glyphitr 164, 164-65 Decter. Joshua 45 Defoe, Daniel 49 Deleuze, Gilles 52, 57, 196 Dia Center for the Arts. New York 58, 196 Dietz, Steve 132 Digital Cities 58 Digital Media Lab, Ljubljana 53 'Documenta' 97, 175-77 Dominguez, Ricardo 121; Doiores from 10 to 10

136; SWARM I21 Dove. Tony 28 Druckrey. Tlm 45 Duchamp, Marcel 19,95,97, 157

Experiments in A r t and Technology 19,21.58 eBay 185-86.21 1 Eckert, John Presper 16 Eisenstein. Adele 54 Eisenstein, Sergei 36 Electronic Disturbance Theater 121-22, 125;

FloodNet 120. 126-27 Engelbart, Douglas 17 Espenshied. Dragan 196,200; Zombie and

Mummy 196, 198-99 etoy 65, 120. 125-27 Export, Valie: Touch Cinema 133-34, 134 Eyebeam. New York 168, 181

Faces 48,78 Feinberg, jonathan: Alphabet Synthesis Machine

154, 155 Feingold. Ken 2B;Jqjunkmon 29 F~elds, Ken 100; Bodieslnc. 108 Fiodorov.Vladimir 37 Flash Art 60 Fletcher, Harrell: Learningto LoveYou More

2014,204 Fleury, Sylvie 27 Flint, James 4 3 4 5 Foucault, Michel 149-50 Frampton, Hollis 156 Freitas. Nathan: Bodies Inc. 108, 108 Frelih, Luka 53.90 Freyer,john D.:AllMy bfe for Sale 182, 185 Frohne. Ursula 55. 134 Fry, Benjamin: Anemone 141, 143; Valence 141,

143, 144 Fuller, Buckminster 24 Fuller. Matthew 84-86. 124. 136. 153, 156;

Text FM 209 Fusco, Coco: Dolores fmm l 0 to 10 136 Futurefarmers 137; Communicuhure 167: Pharrn

&Finances 137; TheyRule 137, 138

Galanter. Philip 152 Galloway.Alexander 129-31 Galloway. Kit 33; Electmnic Cof6 22-23.23;

Satellite Arts Project 23 Garcia. David 51. 120 Garnett, Joy: The Bomb Pmjea 46,4647 Gates, Bill 153

Gees, Johannes 165; communimage 165, 16667, 168

Gentner, Steven: TheTelegarden 68.69 Gillette, Frank 24; Wipe Cycle 24, 25 Gitman, Yuri: Noderunner 179 Goldberg, Ken: TheTelegarden 68.69 Gomez de Llarena, Carlos: Noderunner 179 Gompem, Jeff 113 Gonzaies-Torres. Felix 27 Gordon, Douglas: 24 Hour Psycho 90 Goriunova. Olga 153 Green, Colin 84 Gran Fury 121 Grether, Reinhold 126 Group Z. Belgium: Home 5 8 Grubinger, Eva: Netzbikini 64-65 Guattari, Fel~x 52.57, 196 GuerrilloTelevision 24 Guggengeim Museum, New York I l l , 129

Haacke. Hans 24, 135 Haase. Armin: Hondshoke 3 9 4 0 Haddock. Jon 192 Hailey, Peter 27.56; Superdream Mutation 56;

Eiploding Cell 61 Haraway, Donna 64 Harger. Honor see Radioqualia Hamood, Graham 122, 136, 165; London.pl 160,

163, 163; Text FM 209; Uncomfortoble Proximity 170, 171

Heemskerk Joan 4 0 4 1 Heide. Axel: Unmovie 193 Heimerdinger, lsabeli 27 Hertz. Garnet: Desktop for Desktop Is 82.83 Hill. Gary 27 Hiller, Susan: Dedicated to the Unknown Artists 46 Hoberman, Perry 28 Holmer. Brian 181-82 Holzer, Jenny 27,58,60; Please Change Beliefs

58,59 Hopper. D r Grace Murray 16 Howard Wise Gallery, New York 24 Huber, Felix Stephan: Arctic Circle DoubleTravel

48,49 Huffman, Kathy Rae 4749; Siberron Dea147.

47,49 Hyde. Adam see Radioquaiia

IIOID 4 84-87; TheWeb Stalker 78.85.8+88, 131, 153,206

Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston 48 Institute of Contemporary Art, London 23, l l0 IntellrgentAgent 14. 129 Irational.org 49; Cultural Terrorism Agency

110

Jackson. Sheiley 105; TheBody 105 Jardine, Alice 64 jarman, Mervin: Container 125 Jarrett. Alex: Confluence 175 Jayakrishnan, Sumant 181 Jay-Z 201 jeremijenko, Naralie 135-36; Biotech Hobbyist

108-9, 109; Livewire 68, 70, 7&71 Jeron, Karl Heinz: Hondshoke 3 9 4 0 Jevbratt, Lira 13941; I:1(2) 13941. 140-41 Jewish Museum. New York 23 Jobs. Steve 17 Jodi.org 40-41,77-78,92,99:

asdfg.jodi.org 92; http:11404.jodi.org 6,92; http:llwrongbmwserjodi.org 86; http:ll-.jodi.org 40.41; SOD 151; *Yeeha 74

Johns. Jasper 21 johnson, Paul: Green v2.0 146

Johnson. Ray 23 Joselit, David 23, 27, 188, 201, 205 Joyce, James 186 Julesz, Bela 20 July. Miranda: Learning to LoveYou More 2014,

204

Kafka, Franz 51. 151 Kanarek. Yael 106-7: World ofAwe 1064. 107 Kaprow, Allan: 18 Hoppenings in 6 Ports 20,20 Karasic. Carmin: FloodNet 120, 12627 Kasseipunk: Samurai:remix 87 Kaulmann, Thomax 153 Kerouac, jack 49 King. Augusta Ada 15 King, J. J. 149 Klayman. Meltnda: Anime Norr-Ployskins 148;

Sushi Fight 148 Kluver, Billy 21 Kogo, Takuji 115-16; EntangledSimile 115. 117;

loyful 115, 116; Mouchette 114. 115; What on InterestingFinger Let Me Suck It 115. 117

Kozloff, Max 40 Krajewska, Elka 193; 47 Seconds 193, 195;

54:06 193 Kruger, Barbara 27

Lamuniere. Simon 97 LAN: Tmcenoizer 213 Lattanzi, Barbara 15456; HFCrkicolMass 156 Leary, Clover: Gay Gamete 96 Legrady, Miklos: Krematorium 128 Levin. Golan 160; Alphabet Synthesis Machine

154. 155; Axis 162;Yearbook Pictures 155 Levine. Sherrie 27;AfterWalker Evans 97 LeWitt, Sol 157, 163 Liaiina, Olia 33, 36, 55, 99, 103-5. 129, 196,

200,211;AgathaAppears 1034, 103. 105; IDENTITISWAPDATABASE 210,211-I2 My Boyfrrend Came Back From the War 36,37. 105; Will-N-Testoment 106, 1054Zombie andMommy 196. 198-99

Likhosherst, Evgeni 37 Liu. Victor: Children ofthe Bureoucmts of the

Revolution I5Z; Delter 194 Lombardi, Mark 137 London, Barbara: Stir-Fry:AVideo Curator's

Dispatches from China 61 Lovink. Geert 51, 53.76. 120. 127. 189 Luetgert, Sebastian: textz.com 188, 189, 206

Maciunas, George 51 Mandiberg, Michael 185; AfierSherrieLevine.com

191; AfierWalkerEvons.com 191; Shop Mandiberg 184. 185

Manovich. Lev 36.80.99. 138-39. 145 Mapping Contemporary Capitalism 181 Markovic, lgor 54 Marx, Karl 15 Mauchly.John 16 McCoy. Jennifer and Kevin: Every Shot Every

Episode 192 McLean, Alex 153 McLuhan, Marshall 21.24.77 McShine, Kynaston 23 Medical Hermeneutics: h p t y Icons 37 Medosch. Armin 188. 190 Merhi, Yucef: Maximum Security 174 Miles, Adrian 196; Bergen Sky 195, 196; Desktop

Doco 196 Mill, John Stuart 15 Mongrel 122-25; BlockLash 150-51, 151; Colour

Separation 124; Herltage Gold 122, 123. 124; Linker 165; Nation01 Heritage 122-24; Natural Selection 13M7 ; Nine(9) 165. 168. 169:

Rehearsal ofMemory 122; Uncomfortable Proximity 170, 171

Mori, Mariko 56;AngelPoint 57 Morley, Malcolm 27 Morris. Rosemary: TheTelegorden 68,69 Mouchette 113-15; Mouchette 114, 113-15 Mould, Trina, aka Baker, Rachel: DotZDot Porn

88 MTAA (Mark River and Tim Whidden):

Random Access Mortality 144. 144 Murtaugh, Michael: Unravelling Histories 139 Murthy, Prema 113-14; Bindigirl 112, 113-14;

Fakeshop 112; Mythic Hybrid 197 Museum of Modern Art, New York 23.61 Museum of Modern Am, San Francisco 23, 129 Mute 14

Nakamura, Motomichi 192-93; Bcc 192-93, 193

Napier, Mark 100; Digital Londfill 99, 100,164; Riot 1OI;The Shredder 100, 101, 102

Negroponte, Nicholas 23 Nelson. Theodor 18,23. 104 Nectime 14.51-53.62.64.75-76, 104, 120,

127 Next 5 Minutes 33.75, 120 Nideffer, Robert 108; Bodies Inc. I08 Niss. Millie: Self-help 186 Noll. Michael 20 Novo. Teresa Alonso see c a I c Nullpointer 156 Nunn. Sam 137 NYC Wireless 181

Obadike, Keith 18546; Blackness for Sole 18546, I85

October 73 Old Boys Network 14 0n.Josh 137; Communiculture 167; Pham &

Finances 137; They Rule 137, 138 Onesandzeroes: Unmovie 193 Ono, Yoko 20.51.94.201 Oursler, Tony 27;ludy 28

Paesmans, Dirk 40-41 Pagano, Scott: EphemerolTextures 196 Paik. Nam June 9.206; MagnetN24,25;

ParticipationTV9, 9, 24.86.164 Paperrad: Homepage 203; New sponson'page

203 Paul, Christiane 129, 144, 15657, 163 Peljhan, Marko 175-76;Makmlob 175-76 Pepperstein, Pavel 37 Peretd. Chelsea 205; Black People Love Us 205 Perecti,Jonah 204-6: Black People Love Us 205 Pierce, Julianne 62 Pierre-Davis, Richard 124. 150-51; BlockLash

150-51, 151 Plant. Sadie 62 Pocock, Philip: Arctic Circle DoubleTmvel48.49;

Unmovie 193 Pollock. Jackson 20, 100 Pope. Simon 84,206 Postmasters Gallery, New York 14, 79-80.

131, 173 Prince, Richard 27

Rabinowitz. Sherrie 33; Electronic Cafe 22-23, 23; Satellite Arts Project 23

Rodical Sofwore 10, 24 Radical Software Group (RSG): Carnivore 174,

175 Radio Taxis: TaxiArt 15 Radioquaiia: Free Rodio Linux206.207;

Frequency Clock 110, 189

Raindance Corporation 24 Rainer, Yvonne 21 Rauschenberg, Robert 21 Reichardt, jasia 23 Rhizome.org 7, 14,39.48,53, 5657, 113, 128,

130, 154 Richter, Gerhard I I Rimini. Francesca da 62 River. Mark see MTAA Roberts. Sonya 148 Rolling Stone 52 Rosler, Martha 13% The Bowery inTwo

Inadequate Descriptive Systems 135 Ross, David 73.95 BTMark 92,94-95. 121, 122. 125. 127. 185; The

Twelve Days ofChrrsunas 12627; Untitled 94 Runme.org 153-54, 154 Ryan, Paul 24

Samyn, Michail: Zuper 66, 67 Santarromana, Joseph: TheTelegorden 68.69 Sawon. Magda 80, 173 Scher. Julia 28.60 Scheiderbauer, tOmi see c a I c Schleiner, Anne-Marie 14648: Anime Noir-

Playskins 148 Schmitt, Kass: Choose 79.83; Mr. Net.Art

competition 77 Schneider, I n 24; Wipe Cycle 24.25 Scholz, Trebor: 79 Doys 128, 128 Schultz, Pit 52, 54.76.153 Selbo, Vivian: Vertical Blonking Interval 60 Sennert, Roger: Burn 2-3, 190, 190 Serra. Richard 135; Props 135 Shamberg, Michael 24 Shaw, Jeffrey 28, 192 Sherman, Cindy 27; Untitled Film Still 29 Shikata,Yukiko 190 Shulpin,Alexei 36-39,41, 54-55.77.81.83.97,

65. 153. Form Art 80.81.83. Desktop Is 81. 81.83. Hot Ptcturer 3639.38. Lnk X 4243. 43, 104: 386 DX 111 . 111

Sijbring. Rieksee De Geuzen SimonJr,John:Everylcon 91, 91.92. 141. 152 Slater, Howard 181 Smithson. Robert 100 Sneiting, Femke see De Geuzen Sollfrank, Cornelia 78.8344; Femole Eitension

8344.84 Soros Centers for Contemporary Ar t 48 Soros Foundation 53 Soros, George 45 Spiegel. Malex see c a I c Spiller, Teo: I was a Soldier on Kosovo 128 Sporn, Silke see c a I c Staehle. Wolfgang 56.56. 119; Untitfed 172. 173 Stalbaum. Brett 121; FloodNet 120, 12627 Starrs, Josephine 62,64 Stehle. Gregor: Unmovie 193 Steinbach. Haim 27 Stern. Eddo 149; Sheik Atrack 149. 149;

Summons to Surrender 149 Stevens,James 180-81 Stewart, Susan 46 Stocker, Gerfried 119 Sutter, Carl: TheTelegorden 68,69 Sutton. Gloria 21 Switch 129 Syndicate .14,51.56, 127

Takagi, Tetsu: What on Interesting Finger Let Me Suck It 115. 117

Tangential University 181 Tate Britain, London 129 Tate Modern, London 129. 177

Tate Online 170 Tel Quel 73 Telepolis 14.48.57.90, 188 Tema Celeste 102 Thau. Dave: Timelocotor 142 Theatricum Anatomicum. Amsterdam I13 THING,THE 14, 39, 53,56,56,57-58, 126, 154 Thomson & Craighead: Dot-Store 188, 187;

Trigger Happy 149. I50 Thomson, Jon see Thomson & Craighead Trrne 24 Tiravanija, Rirkrit 27: Community Cinema for o

Quiet Interseaion (ofter Oldenburg) 26 Toywar 95, 119, 12628, 144 Tribe, Mark 57. 128 trunamii.net 17677: olpho 3.3 176: olpho 3.4

176-77; 3.0 177 Tsutaya, Gaku: ThinkThe Same 115 Tudor, David 21 Turbulence.org 130 Turing. Alan 16 Turner. Renee see De Geuzen

University of Openness. The 181 Utterback, Camille: Linescape.cpp 160, 160

VanDerBeek. Stan 20-21,21; Movie-Drome 20-21.21,87

Vesna, Victoria 108; Bodies Inc. 108. 108 Viewpoint Data Labs 108 Viola, Bill 27 VNS Matrix 62, 64; A Cyberfemin~st Manifesto for

the 2lst Century62.63: Cortex Crones 63

Waag Society. Amsterdam 14.88, 130, 165 Wagenaar, Akke: The Hiroshima Project 4 6 4 7 Walker A r t Center, Minneapolis 14.91, 132 warchalking.org: Worchalking Pocket Cord 178 Warhol. Andy 21.55; ScreenTesn 55 Wark. McKenzie 52, 189 Wattenberg, Martin 160; Connection Study 161 Watts, Robert 20 Web Stolker.The see I/O/D 4 Webopedia 189 Wei, Woon Tien see tsunamii.net Weibel. Peter 31, 192 Weil, Benjamin 58,60, 175 Weiner, Lawrence 60 Weinkove, Michael: Tolkaoke 205 Whidden, Tim see MTAA Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

129. 156 Wiegley. Jeff TheTelegorden 68,69 Wild~ng. Faith 62 Wilson, Robert 26 Wired 52 Wisniewski. Maciej 131-32; Instant Places

131, 132; Netomot 131 Wohlgemuth. Eva 47.49; Siberian Dea147.

47.49 Won. Brian: Communiculture 167 Woolf. Virginia 32 Word 58 Wozniak Steve 17 Wray. Stefan 121; FloodNet 120, 126-27 W W W A r t Award Jovo Flosh for 'Flashing' 72;

award for 'Research in Touristic Semiotics' 72

W W W A r t Centre. Moscow 41

Yes Men. The 153 yippieyeah Design: Burn 2-3. 190, 190 Yokokoji. Matsuko 124 Yong, Charles Llm Yi see tsunamii.net Young, La Monte 95,201

YOUNG-HAE CHANG HEAVY INDUSTRIES 105. 114. 116: Halbeath 115. 116: Halfheed Apache 105, 105; Rain on the Seo 104, 105

Zanni, Carlo: Londscope, Untitled Nopster (olios) 118

Zedillo, Ernest 121 ZKM (Center for Ar t and Media). Karlsruhe

14,23, 129. 192.200 Zuiiiga, Ricardo Miranda: 1000 Icons 197 Zuse, Konrad 16-17