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Internationalisation - Challenges & Opportunities
An Australian Perspective
Gavin Sanderson
“We all need some foundation on which to stand; the question is how extreme and unchangeable is our formulation of what this foundation is” (Said 1995, p. 333).
“A major challenge facing universities as they pursue the project of internationalising tertiary education is how to engage with an emerging politics of resentment in Australia, while they attempt to develop an organisational culture defined by multiculturalism and transnational relations” (Singh 1998, p. 12).
Key dimensional concepts
Globalisation
Internationalisation
Nationalisation/ism
Locating the Australian context using imagery
Cartoonists’ images play an important role to “remind us of our hatred of boongs, chows, japs, wogs, poms and migrants in general” (King 1983)
Locating the Australian context using imagery
(circa 2000)
Conceptualising globalisation
Compression of space & time
Global village
Distant actions have local effects
Ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes
One Atmosphere, One Economy, One Law, One Community
Conceptualising globalisationHeld, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., and Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations: Politics, economics, culture. Cambridge, Polity.
“ … a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions – assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact – generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise of power.” (p.16, bold added)
Conceptualising globalisation
The world is going in one of three directions:
1/ Hyperglobalists – everything’s changing
2/ Sceptics – nothing’s changing
3/ Transformationalists – elements of 1/ & 2/ but trajectory is unclear
Conceptualising globalisation
Top down – evil / unethical / undesirable?
Bottom up – good / ethical / desirable?
Relationship betweenG11n & I18N
I18N is a reflection of G11N
I18N is an agent of G11N
Internationalization is changing the world of higher education, and globalization is changing the world of internationalisation. (Knight 2004, p. 5).
Conceptualising internationalisation
Weak – superficial
Appadurai’s “weak” and “strong” internationalisation
Strong – deep engagement and commitment
Kokusaika
The Japanese word ‘kokusaika’ means a process of “self-change” or “self-reform”. For the Japanese, ‘kokusaika’ implies that they change something about themselves due to international influences (Horie 2002).
Conceptualising internationalisation
Working definition (mid-1990s to 2003/4):
“The process of integrating an international / intercultural dimension into the teaching, research and service functions of the institution” (organisation focus)
Jane Knight’s organisational “process” approach
Updated working definition (2004)
“The process of integrating an international, intercultural, or global dimension into the purpose, functions or delivery of post-secondary education” (sector focus)
A representation of the depth and breadth dimensions of the reach of internationalisation in Knight’s (2004) definition (Sanderson, 2006)
Intercultural, international, and global flows of technology, economy, knowledge, people, values and ideas
National level
Sector level
Institution level
Breadth dimension of the reach of internationalisation
Depth dimensionof the reach of
internationalisation
A representation of the actual extent of the depth and breadth dimensions of the reach of internationalisation (Sanderson, 2006)
Intercultural, international, and global flows of technology, economy, knowledge, people, values and ideas
Individual level
National level
Sector level
Institution level
Regional level
Global level
Breadth dimension of the reach of internationalisation
Faculty/Department level
Depth dimension of the reach of
internationalisation
Supranational level
Within-institution level
Limits of Knight’s (2004) depth
dimension
ReferencesHorie, M. (2002). The internationalisation of higher education in Japan in the 1990s: A reconsideration. Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 43(1), 65-84.
King, J. (1983) A cartoon history of Australia. Adelaide, Savvas Publishing.
Knight, J. (1999). Internationalisation of higher education. In H. de Wit & J. Knight (Eds.), Quality and internationalisation in higher education (pp. 13-28). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization remodelled: definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8(1), 5-31.
Said, E. (1995) Orientalism; western conceptions of the orient. London, Penguin Books.
Sanderson, G. (2006) Examination of a profile of the ideal lecturer for teaching international students. Adelaide: Flinders University
Singh, M. (1998) Globalism, cultural diversity and tertiary education. Australian Universities Review, 41 (2), 12-17