International workshop WASTE WATER REUSE: from research to knowledge and technology transfer in

the Mediterranean region

The FAO-Italy project (GCP/RAB013/ITA) on the use of treated waste water in forestry and agroforestry systems of arid zones.

Potenza, Italy, 29 - 30 April 2013

Global context of the project

The Italian ministry of foreign Affairs funded FAO project GCP/RAB/013/ITA:

The objective is to establish four demonstration sites to show the advantage of reuse of treated

waste water in forestry and Agroforestry (In Algeria, Tunisia , Egypt and Morocco)

The specific objective in the context of Morocco

The installation of ferti-irrigation plant by treated wastewater for the preservation and rehabilitation of the green belt of Marrakech city ( peri-urbain agroforestery)

With collaboration with the university of Basilicata, Italy

Moroccan Partners collaborating in the project

Haut Commissariat des Eaux et Forêts

Régie Autonome de Distribution d’Eau et D’eléctricité (RADEEMA)

University Cadi Ayyad Marrakech

Principals realized steps in the project Progress in Morocco

First visit of the representative of FAO to differents potentiel partners to be involved in the project

Organisation by FAO of a Workshop in November 2012 in Marrakech to discuss the fAO project with partners

and stakeholders

Visit (2 months) of Moroccan student-engineer from Marrakech to the University of Basilicata

Main recommandations of Novembre 2012 workshop in

Marrakech

Better Implementation of the RADEEMA

Visit of General representative of FAO in Morocco.

Elaboration of a draft of Protocol agreement between the Moroccan partners

Role of the university Cadi Ayyad

The aim of the project is to Study the feasibility of using treated wastewater by a specific treatment (preserve nutrients) and to reuse it in ferti irrigation for Agro-forestry;

The participation of UCAM : Technical studies, contribution to the design, installation and monitoring of fertigation system;

In the following, we will present the design project and the study of availability of raw water for ferti-irrigation;

Selection of the study site III

Figure 2 : The study site (H.C.E.F.L.C.D)

The study site

WWTP of Marrakesh

Oued Tensift

The ferti-irrigation plant for the green belt of Marrakech constraints and futures development

Technical studies Done by the Univ. Cadi Ayyad in collaboration with the UniV. Basilicata

Agronomic Study and assessment of crop needs;

Design of irrigation system and WWTP for ferti-irrigation in Marrakech with collaboration with Univ. Basilicata

Collection of climate data for the studied site

Collection of data for studies

I

II

Physical and chemical characteristics of WWTP of Marrakech;

Climate analysis for the green belt in Marrakech

III Determining of the study site;

IV Soil analysis of the study site;

Marrakech Aerobic WWTP with sludge digestion and methane production for energy

co-generation

Physical and chemical characteristics of WWTP of Marrakech I

Parameters Nominal Values average Inputs Maximum values

Daily flow (m³/d) 90 720 110.374 178.100

Peak hourly flow (m³/h) 7 704 7.395 13.075

BOD5 concentration (mg/l) 640 480 638

BOD load (kg/d) 58 100 53.197 76.305

SS concentration (mg/l) 584 426 766

SS load (kg/d) 53 000 46.936 91.614

Table 1 : Current load input to WWTP of Marrakesh (SDAL)

Physical and chemical characteristics of WWTP of Marrakech I

Parameters Nominal Values average Inputs Maximum values

Daily flow (m³/d) 90 720 110.374 178.100

Peak hourly flow (m³/h) 7 704 7.395 13.075

BOD5 concentration (mg/l) 640 480 638

BOD load (kg/d) 58 100 53.197 76.305

SS concentration (mg/l) 584 426 766

SS load (kg/d) 53 000 46.936 91.614

Table 1 : Current load input to WWTP of Marrakesh (SDAL)

Physical and chemical characteristics of WWTP of Marrakech I

Parameters input STEP Primary

Treatment Secondary Treatment

Tertiary Traitment

pH 7,89 7,59 8,05 8,20

Conductivity 1964,43 1790,71 1641,71 1623,71

SS (mg/l) 346,86 82,67 11,15 53,79

DBO5 (mg/l) 550 325 20,4 6 98%

DCO(mg/l) 825,29 488,43 34,87 29,93 96%

NTK (mg/l) 83,76 65,71 15,96 15,26

83% NTK

NO3 (mg/l) 0,00 0,83 5,61 6,13

NO2 (mg/l) 0,00 0,00 0,65 0,58

PT (mg/l) 10,35 8,09 4,96 5,36

PO4 (mg/l) 6,83 6,16 4,68 5,05

Table 2 : The physicochemical characteristics of wastewater in Marrakesh WWTP

Climate analysis of green belt of Marrakesh I

Source of climate data parameters:

These are series ies of daily observed data (for the period 1998 - 2011) (Saada):

Average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature,

Cumulative monthly and annual rainfall,

Wind speeds,

Relative humidity,

Climate data analysis II

Table 3 : Temperature, rainfall and evapo-transpiration in Marrakesh ( 1998 – 2011)

Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

M 19,05 20,49 23,57 25,78 29,21 33,80 37,50 36,64 32,25 27,97 22,64 19,79

m 4,04 5,90 8,15 10,54 13,35 16,54 18,83 18,97 16,68 13,54 8,27 5,40

P (mm) 22,87 28,8 20,86 19,61 14,97 2,85 1,33 4,88 6,82 23,31 33,13 18,5

ETo (mm/month) 60,00 77,10 110,70 132,90 150,60 176,40 189,00 176,70 143,70 105,90 72,60 54,30

Figure1 : Graphical representation of T, P et ETo (1998-2011)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

M

m

P (mm)

Evap mm/month

Soil analysis of the study site IV

Parameter Unit Analysis results Texture S.1 S.2 S.3 S.4

Clay % 7,39 7,82 7,60 9,10 Fine Silt % 8,80 28,07 31,54 36,92

Coarse silt % 18,38 23,23 17,21 28,19

Coarse sand % 37,30 23,30 24,88 14,70

Fine sand % 28,14 17,58 18,77 11,09

Table 4 : Soil texture analysis

The soil texture is Sandy-loam, it contains approximately 60-65% of sand;

Soil analysis of the study site IV

Parameter Unit Analysis results pH 7,49 8,49 8,77 7,61

Humidity % 0,07 0,16 0,13 0,19

Conductivity µs/cm 165,00 366,00 446,00 284,00

C. organic % 0,75 0,63 0,88 1,89

Organic matter % 1,30 1,08 1,52 3,25

NTK % 0,09 0,10 0,11 0,42

Ratio C/N 8,12 6,43 7,86 4,53

Total Phosphorus mg/g 3,38 0,75 0,59 1,92

Assimilable phosphorus mg/g 0,08 0,03 0,02 0,05

Table 5 : Physicochemical characteristics of Soil

The pH is relatively high with a low organic matter content (1-3%). This soil contains on average 0.18% of total nitrogen, C/N ratio is less than 10 indicates that the soil is mineralized with low organic matter reserves .

Agronomic study and evaluation of crops needs

ETc = Kc*ET0 ETc : Crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions [mm d-1],

Kc: Crop coefficient [dimensionless],

ET0: Reference crop evapotranspiration [mm d-1],

1 Evapotranspiration

Figure 4 : Evapotraspiration process

Agronomic study and evaluation of corps needs

2 Net irrigation requierment : NIR

NIR: Net irrigation requirements; ETc: Crops evapotranspiration; Peff: Effective rainfall;

GIR: Gross irrigation requirements; NIR: Net irrigation requirements; eff: Efficiency of the irrigation system;

NIR = ETc – Peff

GIR = NIR/eff

3 Gross irrigation requierment : GIR

Agronomic study and evaluation of crops needs

Table 6 : Crops water requirement

4 Crops water requirement

Sept Oct Nov Déc Jan Fèv Mars Avril Mai Juin Juil Aout ET0 (mm) 143,70 105,90 72,60 54,30 60,00 77,10 110,70 132,90 150,60 176,40 189,00 176,70 Rainfall 6,82 23,31 33,13 18,50 22,87 28,80 20,86 19,61 14,97 2,85 1,33 4,88 Olivier

Kc 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 ETc 100,59 74,13 50,82 38,01 42,00 53,97 77,49 93,03 105,42 123,48 132,30 123,69

Water requirement mm/month

93,77 50,82 17,69 19,51 19,13 25,17 56,63 73,42 90,45 120,63 130,97 118,81

Date Palms Kc 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 ETc 129,33 95,31 65,34 48,87 54,00 69,39 99,63 119,61 135,54 158,76 170,10 159,03

Water requirement mm/month

122,51 72,00 32,21 30,37 31,13 40,59 78,77 100,00 120,57 155,91 168,77 154,15

Tamarix spp Kc 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80

ETc 114,96 84,72 58,08 43,44 48,00 61,68 88,56 106,32 120,48 141,12 151,20 141,36 Water requirement

mm/month 108,14 61,41 24,95 24,94 25,13 32,88 67,70 86,71 105,51 138,27 149,87 136,48

Olive tree water requirement : 817 mm/y Date palms water requirement : 1106 mm/y Tamarix spp water requirement : 962mm /y

Design of irrigation system

1 Description of irrigation system:

The perimeter of 10 hectares, composed of five section

( 2.5 hectares) extensible to 10ha A storage tank, the water will be injected to the distribution network via a pumping station; The system is designed to irrigate alternatively different sections;

Design of irrigation system

2 Irrigation network

The irrigation pilot in Marrakesh is designed taking into account the flowing parameters:

Plantations density 10m x 10 m (100 pt / ha);

Amount of water supply per day and per hectare :

20 m3/day/ ha;

Number of drippers for each plant: 2 < Drippers < 4 ;

Distance between each dripper : 0.7 at 1.4 m;

Flow rate in dripper : 6 at 16 liter/hour;

Length of watering time: 4 at 2 h / day;

Design of the irrigation system

2 Irrigation network

Simplified scheme of irrigation system

Scheme of irrigation system in AUTOCAD

Figure 5: Simplified scheme of irrigation system

Conception and design of irrigation system 2 Irrigation network

Figure 6 : irrigation network

Design of irrigation system and WWTP in Marrakesh

Design of irrigation system

3 Caracteristic sof storge tank

The utility of this storage tank is to satisfy the water demand is generally higher than the availability of resources during the peak periods ensuring regular operation of the system during this period;

Characteristics of the storage tank: Optimizing the volume of storage tank we proposed a basin of 200 m3 that will ensure the total need of 10 ha, playing on the irrigation schedule alternatively with two plot 1,5ha each day.

Daily requirements during the peak months (for 10 ha): 200 m3 /day.

Irrigated area every day: 3 ha (two plots of 1.5 ha)

Number of days of autonomy irrigation during the peak months 3 days.

Tank volume: 200 m3.

Conception and design of WWTP

The WWTP plant designed to ensure the needs of water for 10 ha,

according to the climatic and agronomic studies the plant must provide a total volume water at last 200m3/day;

The WWTP will be installed in a simple way that will allow to collect water easily (primary and secondary treatment); as shown in the following scheme (fig.7);

1 Modified scheme for WWTP- Marrakesh

Conception and design of WWTP

1 Modified scheme for WWTP- Marrakesh

Primary

Treatment

Pretreatment

Secondary

Treatment

Tertiary

Treatment

RSF Rapid Sand Filter

Settling tank Disinfection tank

Modified WWTP

Marrakesh WWTP

Figure 7 : Modified scheme for WWTP in Marrakesh

Conception and design of WWTP

1-a Settling tank

Raw water flow per day is 200 m3

Detention period is 2h

Volume of tank = Flow x Detention period

volume of tank 25 m3

Assume depth of thank 2 m

Surface area 12,5 m2

Volume of cylinder : Volume of cylinder = π x (Radius)² x h = π.r².h

The Radius

Radius 2,0 Diameter 4,0

Diameter = 4m

hight = 2m

hight ‘= 0.5m

Figure 8 :Simplified scheme of settling tank

Table 7 : Characteristics of Sedimentation tank

Conception and design of WWTP

1-b Rapid sand filter

Design a rapid sand filter to treat a flow Qm 200 m3/day

Allowing filtered water for backwashing: Q_Bw 0,5%

Time used for backwashing per day T_Bw 0,25 hours

Assume the rate of filtration 10 m/h

Number of Filters 1

Total filtered Water m3/h 12,76

Area of filter m2 1,28

The high and diameter of RSF Hypothesis High of filter h (m) 1,50

Diameter D = A/h D(m) 0,85

D= 1m

h= 1.5m

Design parameters :

Result of dimensioning :

Figure 9 : Simplified scheme of RSF

Table 8: Characteristics of rapid sand filter

Conception and design of WWTP

1-c Desinfection tank

Table 9 : Characteristics of disinfection tank

Volume of disinfection tank

Vdis Volume of disinfection tank (m3)

Qm Average flow (m3/h) 12,5

RT Retention Time (h) 0,5 A.N Vdis (m3) 6,25

The disinfection tank volume = 6,25 m3

Assumed depth of disinfection tank 2m including 0.5 m of safety

Hypothesis

Hp h = 1,5

Length L = 2,5

Area of unit (m2) S = V/h Area of Disinfectant tank 4,2

length (m) Width of Disinfectant tank 2,02

Conception and design of WWTP

1-c Desinfection tank

l= 2 m

L = 2.5m

D = 0.35 m

Figure 10 : Simplified scheme of disinfection tank

Economic study basing on this conception

Estimated costs

Taking into account the low budget available, , we will start with only an experimental field of 2.5 ha. An extension to 10 ha could come after ;

The estimated cost of the irrigation system integrates all the steps of the future network, namely, excavation, conduit installation, the location of

the pumping stations, equipment, installation of the storage tank;

The calculation of the estimated cost suppose that all plants will be constructed in situ.

The cost of the adduction realization is also estimated but without

Estimated costs

Total T.T.C (10ha)

Irrigation system 52 120,80 DH

Adduction system 11 500,00 Dhs

WWT system 445 000,00 Dhs

Total 508 620,80 Dhs 63 577 ,6 Dollars

Estimed costs of the project :

Constraints and futures development

• Technical contraints/ needs :

- Need of a detailed technical study , to be realised by Service provider company (request of RADEEMA).

- Need of geotechnical study about how to link the Marrakech WWTP to The pilot of ferti-irrigation site.

- Exploitation of the system

Determinig of the study site III

Figure 2 : The study site (H.C.E.F.L.C.D)

The study site

WWTP of Marrakesh

Oued Tensift

Constraints and futures development

• Institutional needs :

- Waiting for progress of the convention between all the implemented institutions?

- Who is doing what? Responsabilities of each partner?

- Scientific perspectives : In waiting the pilot installation UCA will do experimentation on laboratory scale

Thank You http://www.fao.org/forestry/tww/80069/en/

Distribution of different kind of wastewater treatment technologies existing in Morocco

(Makhokh and Bourziza, 2011)

The Largest aerated lagoons in Morocco (Oujda City)

Wastewater treatment and reuse project of Benslimane City (El Haite, 2010)