International Trade in Services: New Trends and Opportunities for Developing Countries

8/9/2019 International Trade in Services: New Trends and Opportunities for Developing Countries

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KMR T_MKDS NKD AVVA_T]KITIMS EA_

DMUMLAVIKB CA]KT_IMS

Iktmrkntiaknl

Trndm ik Smrvicms


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Iktmrkntiaknl

Trndm ik Smrvicms


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Iktmrkntiaknl

Trndm ik Smrvicms

Kmw Trmkds nkdAppartukitims ear

Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims

Alivimr Cnttnkma, Gichnml Mkbgnk,Smonstik Smz, nkd _aomrt G. Stmrk,

Mditars

Rnshikbtak, D.C.


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?6>6 Thm Iktmrkntiaknl Onkj ear _mcakstructiak nkd Dmvmlapgmkt / Thm Rarld Onkj

>8>8 H Strmmt KR

Rnshikbtak, DC ?6433

Tmlmphakm0 ?6?-423->666

Iktmrkmt0 www.warldonkj.arb

M-gnil0 emmdoncjFwarldonkj.arb

Nll ribhts rmsmrvmd

> ? 3 4 >3 >? >> >6

This valugm is n praduct ae thm stnee ae thm Iktmrkntiaknl Onkj ear _mcakstructiak nkd Dmvmlapgmkt/Thm Rarld

Onkj. Thm eikdikbs, iktmrprmtntiaks, nkd cakclusiaks mxprmssmd ik this valugm da kat kmcmssnrily rmelmct thm vimws ae

thm Mxmcutivm Dirmctars ae Thm Rarld Onkj ar thm bavmrkgmkts thmy rmprmsmkt.

Thm Rarld Onkj dams kat bunrnktmm thm nccurncy ae thm dntn ikcludmd ik this warj. Thm oaukdnrims, calars,

dmkagikntiaks, nkd athmr ikeargntiak shawk ak nky gnp ik this warj da kat igply nky `udbgmkt ak thm pnrt ae

Thm Rarld Onkj cakcmrkikb thm lmbnl stntus ae nky tmrritary ar thm mkdarsmgmkt ar nccmptnkcm ae such oaukdnrims.

_ibhts nkd Vmrgissiaks

Thm gntmrinl ik this puolicntiak is capyribhtmd. Capyikb nkd/ar trnksgittikb partiaks ar nll ae this warj withaut pmr-

gissiak gny om n vialntiak ae npplicnolm lnw. Thm Iktmrkntiaknl Onkj ear _mcakstructiak nkd Dmvmlapgmkt/Thm

Rarld Onkj mkcaurnbms dissmgikntiak ae its warj nkd will kargnlly brnkt pmrgissiak ta rmpraducm partiaks ae thm

warj pragptly.

Ear pmrgissiak ta phatacapy ar rmprikt nky pnrt ae this warj, plmnsm smkd n rmqumst with cagplmtm ikeargntiak ta

thm Capyribht Clmnrnkcm Cmktmr Ikc., ??? _asmwaad Drivm, Dnkvmrs, GN 6>9?3, ]SN: tmlmphakm0 928-2=6-8466:

enx0 928-2=6-4426: Iktmrkmt0 www.capyribht.cag.

Nll athmr qumrims ak ribhts nkd licmksms, ikcludikb suosidinry ribhts, shauld om nddrmssmd ta thm Aeeicm ae thm

Vuolishmr, Thm Rarld Onkj, >8>8 H Strmmt KR, Rnshikbtak, DC ?6433, ]SN: enx0 ?6?-=??-?4??: m-gnil0

puoribhtsFwarldonkj.arb.

ISOK0 928-6-8?>3-83=3-2

mISOK0 928-6-8?>3-83=4-4

DAI0 >6.>=95/928-6-8?>3-83=3-2

Liornry ae Cakbrmss Cntnlabikb-ik-Vuolicntiak Dntn

Iktmrkntiaknl trndm ik smrvicms 0 kmw trmkds nkd appartukitims ear dmvmlapikb cauktrims / mditmd oy Gichnml

Mkbgnk ... Zmt nl.W.

p. cg.

Ikcludms oioliabrnphicnl rmemrmkcms nkd ikdmx.

ISOK 928-6-8?>3-83=3-2ISOK 928-6-8?>3-83=4-4 (mlmctrakic)

>. Smrvicm ikdustrimsDmvmlapmd cauktrims. ?. Iktmrkntiaknl trndm. I. Mkbgnk, Gichnml, >925 -

HD9989.D44I=88 ?6>6

38?'.4=dc??

?6>66>2684

Cavmr ignbm0 Vurplm Daar, oy Nhgmd Noushnrinn, ?66=, caurtmsy ae thm Rarld Onkj Nrt Vrabrng.

Cavmr dmsibk oy Tagaja Hirntn/Rarld Onkj.


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CAKTMKTS

Noaut thm Mditars nkd Caktrioutars xiii

Earmward xv

Ncjkawlmdbgmkts xvii

Noormvintiaks xix

> Nssmssikb thm Vatmktinl ae Smrvicms Trndmik Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims0 Nk Avmrvimw >Alivimr Cnttnkma, Gichnml Mkbgnk, Smonstik Smz,

nkd _aomrt G. Stmrk

? Ikcrmnsikb Lnoar Gaoility0 Aptiaks ear DmvmlapikbCauktrims ?9Shmrry Stmphmksak nkd Bnry Hueonumr

3 Lmbnl Smrvicms0 Dams Garm Trndm _hygmwith Omttmr @usticm1 52Alivimr Cnttnkma nkd Vmtmr Rnljmkharst

4 Hmnlth withaut Oardmrs0 Iktmrkntiaknl Trndmear Omttmr Hmnlth Systmgs nkd Smrvicms 99Alivimr Cnttnkma

= Gnrjmt Structurm, Liomrnlizntiak, nkd Trndm0Thm Cnsm ae Distrioutiak Smrvicms >4>

@ulink Nrjmll

5 Ouildikb Mgpirms Avmrsmns0 Iktmrkntiaknlizntiakik thm Cakstructiak Smrvicms Smctar >22

Gichnml Mkbgnk

2 Mxpartikb Ikeargntiak Tmchkalaby Smrvicms0Ik thm Eaatstmps ae Ikdin ?>9Gichnml Mkbgnk

v


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vi Caktmkts

8 Nccauktikb Smrvicms0 Mksurikb Baad Bavmrknkcm,Eiknkcinl Stnoility, nkd Mcakagic Brawththraubh Trndm ?53Alivimr Cnttnkma nkd Vmtmr Rnljmkharst

9 Mkbikmmrikb Smrvicms0 Haw ta Cagpmtm ik thmGast Blaonl ae thm Vraemssiaks ?93Alivimr Cnttnkma, Likdn Schgid, nkd Gichnml Mkbgnk

>6 ]kdmrstnkdikb Trndm ik Mkvirakgmktnl Smrvicms0Jmy Issums nkd Vraspmcts 3>9Karn Cnrikn Dihml

Ikdmx 349


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Caktmkts vii

Oaxms?.> Mxtmkt ae Tmgparnry Lnoar Gibrntiak 3>3.> Sagm Jmy Encts noaut Lmbnl Smrvicms 593.? Brawth nkd Ikvmstgmkt Hnvm Crmntmd n Uinolm Gnrjmt

ear Lmbnl Smrvicms ik Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims 263.3 Thm Eaur Gadms ae Supply ear Lmbnl Smrvicms 2?3.4 ]sikb Earmibk Lmbnl Caksultnkts ta Encilitntm Trndm 283.= Smle-_mbulntiak Aetmk _msults ik Cnrtmlizntiak ae

thm Lmbnl Vraemssiak 8>3.5 Vraemssiaknl Oadims Vlny n Vragikmkt _alm ik Lmbnl

Sjill Dmvmlapgmkt 8?3.2 Cast Vrmssurms Earcm Climkts ta _mthikj Thmir Nppranch

ta Lmbnl Smrvicms 853.8 Kmbatintikb Gutunl _mcabkitiak Nbrmmgmkts Cnk

Encilitntm Trndm ik Lmbnl Smrvicms 823.9 Kmbatintikb Enst-Trncj Uisn Vracmdurms ta Encilitntm

Crassoardmr Gavmgmkt 894.> Cnsm Study0 _mgmdyikb Hmnlth Shartnbms thraubh Trndm

ukdmr Gadms 4 nkd ?, Agnk >6=4.? Cnsm Study0 _mgmdyikb Hmnlth Shartnbms thraubh

Trndm ukdmr Gadm 3, Ikdin >684.3 Cnsm Study0 Trnvml nkd Hmnlth Ikdustrims Caggikblikb,

Thni Nirwnys >>44.4 Cnsm Study0 Mxparts ae Aeesharm Gmdicnl Trnkscriptiak Smrvicms,

thm Vhilippikms >>=4.= Cnsm Study0 Mxparts ukdmr Gadm ?, NSMNK >>84.5 Cnsm Study0 Mxparts ukdmr Gadm 4, Tukisin >??4.2 Cnsm Study0 Gitibntikb thm Distrioutivm nkd Athmr Ndvmrsm Meemcts

ae Trndm ik Hmnlth Smrvicms, Thnilnkd >?44.8 Cnsm Study0 SRAT Nknlysis, Hmnlth Smrvicms Trndm, Garacca >?24.9 Cnsm Study0 _mbulntary Nudit ear Hmnlth Smrvicms, Tukisin >?94.>6 Smizikb Appartukitims ik thm ]kitmd Jikbdag0 Thm Cnsm

ae Sauth Nericn >3>4.>> Cnsm Study0 N Succmsseul Bavmrkgmkt-Lmd Strntmby ta

Dmvmlap Gmdicnl Taurisg, Cuon >3?=.> Vrikcipnl Nctivitims ik thm Distrioutiak Smctar >4?=.? Mstigntms ae thm Mcakagic Scapm ae thm Distrioutiak Smctar >43=.3 Smlmctmd Dmvmlapikb-Cauktry Mxpmrimkcms ik thm

Distrioutiak Smrvicm Smctar >45=.4 Mxngplms ae Gultikntiaknl _mtnilmrs with Earmibk Neeilintms >48=.= _mbulntary _mearg ik thm _mtnil Smctar >=55.> Thm Gnik Chnrnctmristics ae thm Cakstructiak Smrvicm Smctar >285.? Rhnt Da Cakstructiak Smrvicms Cavmr1 >865.3 Encilitntikb thm Ndgikistrntiak ae Ouildikb Vmrgits >92


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viii Caktmkts

5.4 Chikmsm Cakstructiak Cagpnkims Dagikntm thmIkernstructurm Gnrjmt ik Nericn >98

5.= Mkhnkcikb Trnkspnrmkcy0 Rarld Onkj Buidmlikms akKatieicntiak nkd Ndvmrtisikb >99

5.5 Ikitintivms ta Vrmvmkt Carruptiak ik Cakstructiak Vra`mcts ?6>5.2 Hagmbrawk Chngpiaks Mxpartikb Cakstructiak Smrvicms ?682.> Mbypt ns nk Mgmrbikb Aeesharm Lacntiak ear IT Smrvicms ??42.? Thm Unlum ae Smcurikb nk Nkchar Ikvmstar ??22.3 _nisikb Iktmrkmt Cakkmctivity ik Nericn ?332.4 KIIT0 N Vrivntm Ikitintivm ta Trnik Vmrsakkml ear IT Smrvicm Cnrmmrs ?358.> Thm Eaur Gadms ae Supply ae Nccauktikb Smrvicms ?558.? Neeilintiaks ae Dmvmlapikb-Cauktry Nccauktikb Eirgs

with thm Oib Eaur ?588.3 Mxngplms ae Dagmstic _mbulntiaks Thnt Gny Igpmdm

Trndm ik Nccauktikb Smrvicms ?2>8.4 Vricm Caktrals0 Lmbitigntm Valicy Ao`mctivms nkd Ndvmrsm Meemcts ?2?8.= Iktmrkntiaknl Nccauktikb nkd Nuditikb Stnkdnrds ?248.5 _mparts ak thm Aosmrvnkcm ae Stnkdnrds nkd Cadms ?228.2 Nk Mxngplm ae n _mbiaknl Nbrmmgmkt ak thm Gutunl

_mcabkitiak ae unlieicntiaks ?298.8 Ikvmstikb ik Mducntiak ta Gmmt Iktmrkntiaknl Stnkdnrds0

Thm Cnsm ae Pngoin ?869.> Dmeikitiak ae Mkbikmmrikb Smrvicms ?949.? Thm Eaur Gadms ae Supply ae Mkbikmmrikb Smrvicms ?989.3 Nk Mxngplm ae Trndm Succmss0 Tukisink Mkbikmmrikb Eirgs 3669.4 Thm Caktrioutiak ae _mbiaknlisg ta Iktmbrntiak ik thm

Mkbikmmrikb Smrvicm Trndm 3689.= Nddrmssikb thm Emnrs Nssacintmd with Trndm Apmkikb0

Nccagpnkyikb Gmnsurms 3699.5 Nrticulntikb Gicrastrntmbims nkd Gncrastrntmbims 3>>>6.> Rhnt Da Mkvirakgmktnl Smrvicms Cavmr1 3?6>6.? Mxplnikikb thm Brawth Vatmktinl ae Mkvirakgmktnl Gnrjmts0

Thm Mkvirakgmktnl Gnrjmt Dmvmlapgmkt Gadml 3?=>6.3 Cnsm Study0 Trndm ik Mkvirakgmktnl Smrvicms, Gmxica, ?66>65 3?2>6.4 Thm Vnrticipntiak ae Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims ik Mkvirakgmktnl

Smrvicms 3?8>6.= Gnrjmt Chnllmkbms Encmd oy Mkvirakgmktnl Smrvicm

Eirgs nt Hagm 335

Eiburms>.> Thm Mxpnkdikb _alm ae thm Trndm ik Smrvicms ik thm Rarld

Mcakagy, >922?662 3>.? Trndm, oy _mbiak, ?662 4>.3 Trndm ik Smrvicms, oy _mbiak, ?662 =


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Caktmkts ix

>.4 Rarjmr _mgittnkcms _mcmivmd, oy _mbiak, ?662 =?.> Vravisiaks ak Gadm 4 ik ETNs omtwmmk Dmvmlapmd nkd Dmvmlapikb

Cauktrims ==3.> Mxparts ae Lmbnl Smrvicms erag Smlmctmd Cauktrims, ?66>62 294.> Earmibk Vraemssiaknls Rarjikb ik thm Vuolic Hmnlth Smctar,

Agnk, ?663 >6=4.? Agnki Vntimkts Trmntmd Norand, ?665 >654.3 Hmnlth0 N Smctar with Strakb Vatmktinl ear Autsaurcikb >>44.4 N Dmeikitiak ae Gmdicnl Trnvml >>54.= _mlntivm Sizm ae Gmdicnl Trnvmlmr Smbgmkts >>24.5 Gmrbmrs nkd Ncquisitiaks ik thm Hmnlth nkd Sacinl

Smrvicms Smctar >?65.> Cakstructiak Smrvicms0 Gmnk Brass Unlum Nddmd ik BDV,

2= Cauktrims >285.? Cakstructiak Smrvicms0 Gnrjmt Shnrm oy Smctar >295.3 Mxparts ae Cakstructiak Smrvicms, Smlmctmd Mcakagims >845.4 Caggmrcinl Vrmsmkcm ae Lnrbm Iktmrkntiaknl Caktrnctars

ik Earmibk Gnrjmts >855.= Kugomr ae Vracmdurms Ikvalvmd ik Dmnlikb with

Cakstructiak Vmrgits >895.5 Kugomr ae Dnys _mquirmd ta Dmnl with Cakstructiak Vmrgits >965.2 Cast ae Dmnlikb with Cakstructiak Vmrgits >9>2.> Aeesharikb Iktmrkntiaknl Iksaurcikb Iktmrkntiaknl

Autsaurcikb ??>2.? N. T. Jmnrkmys Blaonl Smrvicms Lacntiak Ikdmx ??82.3 Ikdink IT Rarjmrs ik thm ]kitmd Jikbdag ?388.> Thm _isikb Blaonl _mvmkums ae Nccauktikb Eirgs ?549.> Tap =66 Mkbikmmrikb Dmsibk Eirgs oy _mvmkum nkd Typm ae

Rarj, ?668 ?929.? Cagpnrntivm Studmkt Mkrallgmkts ik Mkbikmmrikb,

Smlmctmd Cauktrims 36=>6.> Vasitiak ae Rarld _mbiaks ar Cauktrims ik thm

Mkvirakgmktnl Gnrjmt Dmvmlapgmkt Gadml, ?666 3?=

Tnolms>.> Thm Scapm ae Smrvicms Cavmrmd ik thm BNTS 2>.? Gadms ae Supply nkd thm BNTS 8>.3 Nknlyticnl Structurm ear thm Dmscriptiak ae Smctarnl Onrrimrs

ta n Smrvicm ?4>.4 Six Meeicimkt _mbulntary Vrikciplms nkd _mlntmd Baad

_mbulntary Vrncticms ?5?.> Thm Gnbkitudm ae Smrvicm Trndm thraubh thm Tmgparnry

Gavmgmkt ae Lnoar (Gadm 4) 3>


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x Caktmkts

?.? ûnktitntivm Mstigntms ae Bniks erag Ikcrmnsmd Lnoar Gaoility 33?.3 Nbrmmgmkts omtwmmk thm ]kitmd Stntms nkd Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims 46?.4 Nbrmmgmkts omtwmmk Cnkndn nkd Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims 4??.= Nbrmmgmkts omtwmmk thm M] nkd Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims 45?.5 Nbrmmgmkts omtwmmk @npnk nkd Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims 48?.2 Nbrmmgmkts omtwmmk Nustrnlin, Kmw Pmnlnkd, nkd Dmvmlapikb

Cauktrims =>?.8 OLNs with Dmvmlapikb-Cauktry Vnrtkmrs0 Bavmrkgmkt

Vrabrngs ear Tmgparnry Rarjmrs =83.> Trndm ik Lmbnl Smrvicms, ?662 233.? Igpartnkcm ae Trndm ukdmr thm Dieemrmkt Gadms ae Lmbnl

Smrvicm Supply 243.3 Trndm ik Lmbnl Smrvicms0 Thm Mxngplm ae Garacca 2=3.4 Mxngplms ae Aeesharnolm Lmbnl Smrvicms 863.= Ermqumktly Mkcauktmrmd _mstrictiaks ak Lmbnl Vrncticm

oy Earmibkmrs 833.5 Typicnl Cast Structurm ae n Lnw Eirg 8=3.2 Lnw Eirg Ikvmstgmkts ta Crmntm Iktnkbiolm Nssmts 883.8 ]rubuny _aukd Caggitgmkts ak Lmbnl Smrvicms 9>3.9 N Chmcjlist ae ûmstiaks ak Trndm-_mlntmd Nspmcts ae Lmbnl

Smrvicms _mearg 934.> Rhnt Nrm thm Gadms ae Trndm ik thm Hmnlth Smctar1 >6>4.? Rha Is thm Mxpartmr1 Rha Is thm Igpartmr1 >644.3 Mxpart _mvmkums nkd Vntimkt Vraeilm, Thrmm NSMNK Cauktrims >>84.4 Cagpnrntivm Casts ae Surbicnl Vracmdurms >>94.= Nericnk Vhysicinks Vrncticikb ik Cnkndn nkd thm ]kitmd Stntms >?>4.5 Tukisink Mxparts ukdmr Gadm 4, ?664 >??4.2 Hmnlth Smrvicms Trndm, Garacca >?24.8 _mbulntary Nudit, Tukisin >?94.9 _mstrictiaks ak Hmnlth Smrvicms Trndm Listmd oy Garacca

ik thm ]kitmd StntmsGaracca Ermm Trndm Nbrmmgmkt >35=.> Starms Awkmd oy Murapmnk _mtnil _aukdtnolm Gmgomrs,

Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims >48=.? Iktmrkntiaknl Eaatprikt ae Eivm Murapmnk _mtnil Braups, ?668 >485.> Gnàr Mxpartmrs nkd Igpartmrs ae Cakstructiak Smrvicms, ?66= >835.? Vracmdurms, Tigm, nkd Casts Ikvalvmd ik Ouildikb n

Rnrmhausm, _ussink Emdmrntiak, ?668 >935.3 Vracmdurms, Tigm, nkd Casts Ikvalvmd ik Ouildikb n

Rnrmhausm, Jmkyn, ?668 >9=5.4 Caggitgmkts oy RTA Gmgomrs ik Cakstructiak nkd _mlntmd

Mkbikmmrikb Smrvicms ?6?5.= Kugomr ae Gmnsurms ik Cakstructiak nkd _mlntmd

Mkbikmmrikb Smrvicms ?63


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Caktmkts xi

5.5 N Chmcjlist ae ûmstiaks ak Trndm-_mlntmd Nspmcts aeCakstructiak Smrvicm _mearg ?>>

2.> Gnàr Mxpartmrs nkd Igpartmrs ae Cagputmr Smrvicms, ?665 ??32.? N. T. Jmnrkmys Ikdmx Gmtrics ??92.3 Ikeargntiak nkd Caggukicntiak Tmchkalaby Vmreargnkcm

Ikdicntars ?3>2.4 N Chmcjlist ae IT Smrvicm ûmstiaks ear Valicy Gnjmrs ?4=2N.> Cagputmr nkd _mlntmd Smrvicms0 ]KCVC Dmscriptiaks ae thm

BNTS Smctarnl Clnssieicntiak List Mktrims ?=62N.? Ikeargntiak nkd Caggukicntiak Tmchkalaby Ikernstructurm

Ikdicntars ?=?8.> Mxparts ae Nccauktikb nkd Caksultikb Smrvicms, ?662 ?5=8.? Thm Oib Eaur Blaonl Nccauktikb Eirgs, ?662 ?528.3 Mxngplms ae Aeesharmd Nccauktikb Smrvicms ?598.4 Aptignl Lmvmls ae Kmbatintiak ear thm Trndm ik Nccauktikb

Smrvicms ?2?8.= ]sm ae Iktmrkntiaknl Eiknkcinl _mpartikb Stnkdnrds, Smlmctmd

Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims ?2=8.5 Ikelumkcms ak Nccauktikb Eirgs nkd Smrvicms ?8>8.2 _mstrictiaks ak thm Trndm ik Nccauktikb Smrvicms ?848.8 Ikitintivms ta Igpravm thm Mkvirakgmkt ear Nccauktikb Eirgs ?859.> Trndm ik Nrchitmcturnl, Mkbikmmrikb, nkd Athmr Tmchkicnl

Smrvicms, Smlmctmd Mcakagims, ?665 ?959.? Lmndikb Mkbikmmrikb Eirgs, ?66= ?999.3 Omst Vrncticms ik Ousikmss Smrvicms0 Gutunl _mcabkitiak

Nbrmmgmkts ik Mkbikmmrikb 3>39.4 N Chmcjlist ae ûmstiaks ak Trndm-_mlntmd Nspmcts ae

Mkbikmmrikb Smrvicm _mearg 3>=>6.> Thm Blaonl Mkvirakgmktnl Ikdustry, oy Smbgmkt, ?66? 3?3>6.? Mvalutiak ae thm Blaonl Mkvirakgmktnl Ikdustry, oy _mbiak

ar Cauktry, ?66665 3?4>6.3 Trndm ik Mkvirakgmktnl Smrvicms, Gmxica, ?66>65 3?2>6.4 Thm Apmrntiak ae Mkvirakgmktnl Smrvicm Eirgs Norand 3?9>6.= N Chmcjlist ae umstiaks ak Trndm-_mlntmd Nspmcts ae

Mkvirakgmktnl Smrvicm _mearg 34?


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15/387

Noaut thm mditars

nkd Caktrioutars

xiii

Mditars

Alivimr Cnttnkma0 Dmvmlapgmkt _msmnrch Braup, Rarld Onkj, nkd _msmnrch Nssa-

cintm, Braupm d Mcakagim Gakdinlm dm Scimkcms Va, Vnris.

Gichnml Mkbgnk0 Mcakagist, Eiknkcm nkd Vrivntm Smctar Dmvmlapgmkt, Nericn

_mbiak, Rarld Onkj.

Smonstik Smz0 Smkiar Trndm Mcakagist, Iktmrkntiaknl Trndm Dmpnrtgmkt, Vavmrty

_mductiak nkd Mcakagic Gnknbmgmkt, Rarld Onkj.

_aomrt G. Stmrk0 Vraemssar ae Mcakagics nkd Vuolic Valicy (Mgmritus), Bmrnld _.

Eard Schaal ae Vuolic Valicy, ]kivmrsity ae Gichibnk, Nkk Nroar.

Caktrioutars

@ulink Nrjmll0 Caksultnkt, Aeeicmr ae thm Ardmr ae thm Oritish Mgpirm, >99?, nkd

Hakarnry Nssacintm, _aynl Ikstitutiak ae Chnrtmrmd Survmyars, Lakdak >99>.

Karn Cnrikn Dihml0 Mcakagist (Trndm), Vavmrty _mductiak nkd Mcakagic Gnk-

nbmgmkt Kmtwarj (V_MG ?), Nericn _mbiak, Rarld Onkj.

Bnry Hueonumr0 _mbiknld @akms Smkiar Emllaw, Vmtmrsak Ikstitutm ear Iktmrkntiaknl

Mcakagics, Rnshikbtak, DC.


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xiv Noaut thm Mditars nkd Caktrioutars

Likdn Schgid0 Ikdmpmkdmkt Trndm Valicy nkd Dmvmlapgmkt Caksultnkt: eargmrly

Trndm ik Smrvicms Aeeicmr, Iktmrkntiaknl Trndm Cmktrm, Bmkmvn.

Shmrry Stmphmksak0 Ndvismr, Gibrntiak Valicy, nkd Hmnd ae Ikstitutiaknl _mlntiaks,Arbnkizntiak ae Ngmricnk Stntms.

Vmtmr Rnljmkharst0 Gnknbmr, Dmvmlapgmkt _msmnrch Dmpnrtgmkt, Nericnk

Dmvmlapgmkt Onkj.


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xv

Rhnt is trndm ik smrvicms1 Haw dams it tnjm plncm1Thm mxngplms thnt typicnlly cagm ta

gikd ikcludm caggukicntiak tmchkalabims, trnkspartntiak such ns shippikb nkd

nvintiak, nkd eiknkcinl nkd onkjikb smrvicms. Out thm tmrg ik enct mkcagpnssms n

guch orandmr rnkbm ae smrvicm ikdustrims, spnkkikb mkbikmmrikb, cakstructiak, lmbnl,

hmnlthcnrm, gmdin, caksultikb, nkd distrioutiak, ngakb athmrs. Thm ndvnkcmgmkt ik

ikeargntiak nkd caggukicntiaks tmchkalabims hns eurthmr prapmllmd thm mxpnksiakae trndm ik smrvicms. Tmchkalabicnl prabrmss hns mssmktinlly trnkseargmd ousikmss

prncticms, rmducikb thm cast, ikcrmnsikb thm spmmd, igpravikb thm qunlity, nkd

mxpnkdikb thm rnkbm ae nvnilnolm smrvicms thnt cnk kaw om trndmd ncrass oardmrs.

Caksmqumktly, trndm ik smrvicms hns kaw mxpnkdmd oath ik ormndthta mkcagpnss

garm praemssiaks nkd ikdustrimsnkd ik bmabrnphicnl rmnch, gndm passiolm

thraubh ousikmss pracmss autsaurcikb nkd aeesharikb prncticms.

Ns smrvicms caktikum ta mvalvm nlakbsidm tmchkalabicnl igpravmgmkts,

ikeargntiak tmchkalaby smrvicms ik pnrticulnrmvmk mgmrbikb nrmns such ns mkvi-rakgmktnl caksultikb nkd mkbikmmrikb smrvicmsnrm ikcrmnsikbly caktrioutikb ta

dmvmlapikb cauktrims mxpart divmrsieicntiak nkd mcakagic dmvmlapgmkt strntmbims.

This valugm hibhlibhts thasm smrvicm ikdustrims thnt dmvmlapikb cauktrims warld-

widm hnvm ommk nolm ta dmvmlap bivmk thmir rmspmctivm cagpnrntivm ndvnktnbms. Cnsm

studims nrm pravidmd ak haw Ikdin, Gnlnysin, nkd Thnilnkd mxpart cagplmx gmdicnl

pracmdurms: Garacca nkd Tukisin pravidm n rnkbm ae lmbnl, mkbikmmrikb, nkd

nccauktikb smrvicms ta Murapm onsmd ak histaricnl nkd culturnl tims: Nrbmktikn,

Ornzil, Chikn, thm Nrno _mpuolic ae Mbypt, Ikdin, nkd Turjmy hnvm cagpmtitivm

cagpnkims thnt pravidm cakstructiak smrvicms: nkd ik thm distrioutiak smrvicms smc-

tar, cagpnkims ik Chilm, Gmxica, nkd Sauth Nericn nrm oib plnymrs ik thmir rmspmctivm

rmbiaks.

Earmward


18/387

Omyakd dmscrioikb thm trmkds ae trndm ik smrvicms, Iktmrkntiaknl Trndm ik Smrv-

icmsnlsa nddrmssms thm cagplmx palicy issums rmlntmd ta this tapic, omcnusm smrvicms

trndm liomrnlizntiak rmgniks akm ae thm gast cagplicntmd nkd caktravmrsinl issums

ik trndm palicy gnjikb. Ear trndm ik baads, liomrnlizntiak is prignrily noaut mligi-

kntikb tnriees nkd kaktnriee onrrimrs nt thm oardmr. Smrvicms liomrnlizntiak kat akly

rmquirms thm mligikntiak ae discrigikntary onrrimrs thnt neemct oath smrvicms nkd

smrvicm pravidmrs, out nlsa nddrmssms n hast ae kaktrndm gmnsurms bmnrmd ta thm

pratmctiak ae hmnlth, mkvirakgmkt, puolic ardmr, nkd garnls, nkd athmr issums

rmlntmd ta cagpmtitiak nkd caksugmr pratmctiak. Thmsm gmnsurms hnvm lmbitigntm

palicy ao`mctivms out aetmk omcagm dieeicult ta distikbuish erag pratmctiakist pali-

cims whmk it cagms ta smrvicms trndm. This spmcieic issum is akm ae thm gast chnl-

lmkbikb palicy issums ear thm crass-oardmr trndm ik smrvicms.

Iktmrkntiaknl Trndm ik Smrvicms nlsa pravidms nk nssmssgmkt ae haw palicy

gnjmrs cnk eurthmr oalstmr thmir smrvicm ikdustrims oy lmvmrnbikb thm chnkbms

pragptmd oy tmchkalabicnl ndvnkcmgmkts. Thm oaaj pravidms palicy rmcaggmk-

dntiaks thnt ikcludm thm rmductiak ae onrrimrs ta smrvicms trndm ncrass nll smctars

nkd thm pragatiak ae hmnlth- nkd mkvirakgmkt-rmlntmd dmvmlapgmkt palicims thnt

shauld om pragatmd ik pnrnllml with n ourbmakikb smrvicms gnrjmt. Thm eirst rmc-

aggmkdntiak is caksidmrmd thm gast igpartnkt, omcnusm it eacusms ak thm kmmd ta

mksurm trndm apmkkmss, which hmlps mksurm thm nccmss ta smrvicms nkd pragatms thmqunlity ae smrvicms pravisiak thraubh earmibk nkd dagmstic cagpmtitiak. Garm-

avmr, thm issum ae tmgparnry gavmgmkt ae lnoar is nkathmr eacus ae this oaaj,

bivmk thnt it is akm ae thm gast igpartnkt gmnks ae smrvicm mxparts ear dmvmlapikb

cauktrims. This is nk issum thnt is caksidmrmd tmchkicnlly cagplmx nkd paliticnlly

smksitivm omcnusm ae its paliticnl nkd smcurity igplicntiaks. Thm oaaj mxngikms

gmchnkisgs thnt hnvm ommk usmd oy vnriaus cauktrims ta liomrnlizm thm tmgparnry

gavmgmkt ae pmrsaks nkd cakcludms thnt rmbnrdlmss ae thm kmbatintikb earug

gultilntmrnl, rmbiaknl, ar oilntmrnlthm palicy gnjikb rmsults ak tmgparnry gavm-gmkt ae lnoar nrm, sa enr, gadmst nkd ligitmd ta n sgnll rnkbm ae cntmbarims. Haw-

mvmr, it prapasms nltmrkntivm wnys ta gavm earwnrd thnt rmquirm eurthmr nknlysis oy

cauktrims nkd rmlmvnkt iktmrkntiaknl arbnkizntiaks, ikcludikb thm Rarld Onkj.

It is aur hapm thnt this oaaj will smrvm ns n onsis ear eurthmr discussiaks, n cntn-

lyst ear kmw rmsmnrch ak this tapic, nkd n buidm ear mcakagic palicy nknlysis ik thm

nrmn ae smrvicms ik dmvmlapikb cauktrims nraukd thm warld.

Atnvinka Cnkuta

Uicm Vrmsidmkt

Vavmrty _mductiak nkd Mcakagic Gnknbmgmkt

Rarld Onkj

xvi Earmward


19/387

xvii

This valugm cakcludms n lakb pracmss ombuk ik ?665, nkd dmmply raatmd ik Nericn, ta

dmvmlap n gmthadalaby ear nssmssikb thm patmktinl ae smrvicms trndm apmkikb ik

dmvmlapikb cauktrims. It drnws ak thm eirst halistic smrvicms trndm study cakductmd oy

Nndityn Gnttaa nkd Lucy Vnytak ik Pngoin. Thmir warj rmvmnlmd thm patmktinl ae

smrvicms trndm ear thm lmnst dmvmlapmd cauktrims, kat akly ik thm sa-cnllmd oncjoakm

smrvicms, such ns tmlmcaggukicntiaks nkd eiknkcinl smrvicms, out nlsa ik smrvicmssmctars sa enr uktrndnolm omcnusm thmy lncjmd thm tmchkalaby ar omcnusm thmy wmrm

trndmd nlgast mxclusivmly oy wmnlthy cauktrims (such ns praemssiaknl smrvicms). Iktmr-

kntiaknl Trndm ik Smrvicmscavmrs thm eirst nttmgpts ta cakduct smctarnl smrvicms trndm

dinbkastic studims ik Karthmrk Nericn oy n tmng cakductmd oy Alivimr Cnttnkma,

Kdingm Diap, nkd Vmtmr Rnljmkharsthmkcm thm gnky mxngplms ik this valugm

thnt rmemr ta this rmbiak.

Thm mditars wish ta thnkj thm nuthars ae thm ikdividunl chnptmrs nkd thm gnky

ikdividunls wha caktrioutmd ta this pra`mct. Ik pnrticulnr, thmy wauld lijm tancjkawlmdbm thm rmsmnrch cakductmd oy Likdn Schgid, which hns praeaukdly

shnpmd sagm ae thm aribiknl chnptmrs, nkd thm lmndikb ralm ae Vmtmr Rnljmkharst ik

thm mnrly stnbms ae thm pra`mct. Thmy wauld nlsa lijm ta thnkj Karn Cnrikn Dihml,

Nkn Gnrbnridn Emrknkdms, nkd Clnudin Knssie, wha hnvm rmvimwmd this valugm

nkd clasmly warjmd with thm tmng thraubhaut thm mditikb pracmss. Ta gmktiak

akly n emw, Girmillm Cassy, Gnssiga Bmlasa-Brassa, Dnrin Baldstmik, Rill Gnrtik,

_ichnrd Gmssicj, Gnuricm Schiee, nkd _aknld Stmmkolij pravidmd vnlunolm

caggmkts ak ikdividunl chnptmrs. Thionud Dmlaurgm pravidmd rmsmnrch nssis-

tnkcm ear chnptmr ?.

Ncjkawlmdbgmkts


20/387

Eiknlly, this pra`mct wauld kat hnvm ommk passiolm withaut thm caktikuaus sup-

part nkd buidnkcm ae thm Rarld Onkj gnknbmgmkt tmng, ik pnrticulnr Gakn

Hnddnd nkd Omrknrd Hamjgnk. Thm mditars nrm nlsa brntmeul ta Nkitn Kyn`ur ear

hmr autstnkdikb hmlp ik thm eargnttikb ae thm gnkuscript.

Thm mditars wauld lijm ta thnkj Susnk Brnhng, Stmphmk GcBranrty, nkd

Nkdrs Gmkmsms, erag thm Rarld Onkjs Aeeicm ae thm Vuolishmr, ear gnknbikb thm

mditarinl smrvicms nkd thm dmsibk, praductiak, nkd priktikb ae thm oaaj.

This pra`mct wns suppartmd ik pnrt oy thm bavmrkgmkts ae Eiklnkd, Karwny,

Swmdmk, nkd thm ]kitmd Jikbdag thraubh thm Gultidakar Trust Eukd ear Trndm

nkd Dmvmlapgmkt.

xviii Ncjkawlmdbgmkts


21/387

xix

NSMNK Nssacintiak ae Sauthmnst Nsink Kntiaks

OLN oilntmrnl lnoar nbrmmgmkt

OU ousikmss visitar nkd snlmspmrsak

CSS caktrnctunl smrvicms supplimr

MVN Mcakagic Vnrtkmrship Nbrmmgmkt (Murapmnk ]kiak)

M] Murapmnk ]kiakEDI earmibk dirmct ikvmstgmkt

ETN ermm trndm nbrmmgmkt

BNTS Bmkmrnl Nbrmmgmkt ak Trndm ik Smrvicms (Rarld Trndm

Arbnkizntiak)

BDV brass dagmstic praduct

ICT iktrncarparntm trnksemrmm

IE_S iktmrkntiaknl eiknkcinl rmpartikb stnkdnrd

IV ikdmpmkdmkt praemssiaknlIT ikeargntiak tmchkalaby

KNETN Karth Ngmricnk Ermm Trndm Nbrmmgmkt

AMCD Arbnkisntiak ear Mcakagic Ca-apmrntiak nkd Dmvmlapgmkt

_ASC _mparts ak thm Aosmrvnkcm ae Stnkdnrds nkd Cadms

(Iktmrkntiaknl Gakmtnry EukdRarld Onkj)

_TN rmbiaknl trndm nbrmmgmkt

]KCTND ]kitmd Kntiaks Cakemrmkcm ak Trndm nkd Dmvmlapgmkt

RTA Rarld Trndm Arbnkizntiak

Katm0 Nll dallnr ngaukts nrm ].S. dallnrs (]S$) uklmss athmrwism ikdicntmd.

Noormvintiaks


22/387


23/387

Thm patmktinl ae thm trndm ik smrvicms hns rmgnikmd lnrbmly avmrlaajmd nkd

uktnppmd oy dmvmlapikb cauktrims. N kugomr ae rmnsaks cauld om mvajmd, ikclud-

ikb thm widmsprmnd nkd pmrsistmkt idmn thnt smrvicms, ns appasmd ta baads, nrm kak-

trndnolm. Ik rmcmkt dmcndms, tmchkalabicnl aostnclms ta trndm ik smrvicms hnvm ommk

rmgavmd. Omcnusm ae thm tmchkalabicnl bnp omtwmmk dmvmlapmd nkd dmvmlapikb

cauktrims, thm igprmssiak hns pmrsistmd, hawmvmr, thnt thm smrvicm trndm is thm priv-

ilmbm ae thm cauktrims ae thm Arbnkisntiak ear Mcakagic Ca-apmrntiak nkd Dmvml-

apgmkt nkd thnt thmrm is kathikb ar littlm ae vnlum ik this trndm ear thm paarmst

cauktrims. _mcmkt rmsmnrch nkd mvidmkcm hnvm pravmk this ta om mrrakmaus0 nky

cauktry, ikcludikb thm lmnst dmvmlapmd, cnk aik thm cluo ae smrvicm trndm mxpartmrs

nkd omkmeit erag ikcrmnsmd gnrjmt apmkikb (Gnttaa nkd Vnytak ?662). Ae caursm,

kat nll cauktrims hnvm thm sngm patmktinl, nkd thm omkmeits ae apmkikb cauld om

avmrshndawmd oy thm nssacintmd casts. Aetmk, succmss is cakditiakmd oy thm ndap-

tiak ae cagplmgmktnry rmeargs thnt cauld omcagm taa castly ik cauktrims with

ligitmd oudbmtnry nkd hugnk rmsaurcms. Thm smqumkcikb ae rmeargs nlsa gnttmrs.

Thus, it is kmcmssnry ta nssmss cnrmeully thm trndm nkd dmvmlapgmkt patmktinl ae

trndm apmkikb ik dieemrmkt smrvicm smctars omearm ouildikb cnstlms ik thm nir0 kat

mvmry sikblm dmvmlapikb cauktry cnk omcagm n smrvicm huo (ear trnkspart, oncj-

aeeicm eukctiaks, taurisg, nkd sa ak) mvmk ie thm idmn is nttrnctikb nk ikcrmnsikb

kugomr ae dmvmlapikb cauktrims nraukd thm warld.

>

>

Nssmssikb thm Vatmktinl

ae Smrvicms Trndm ik

Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims0

Nk Avmrvimw

Alivimr Cnttnkma, Gichnml Mkbgnk,

Smonstik Smz, nkd _aomrt G. Stmrk


24/387

Thm ao`mctivm ae this oaaj is ta pravidm n gmthadalabicnl erngmwarj ear

nssmssikb thm trndm patmktinl ae ikdividunl cauktrims ik smlmctmd smrvicm smctars.

Thm oaaj nlsa pravidms rmcaggmkdntiaks ear thasm bavmrkgmkts thnt hnvm

nssmssmd thm trndm patmktinl ae thmir cauktrims ik bivmk smctars ar smts ae smctars

nkd thnt hnvm dmcidmd ta apmk thmir gnrjmts ar pragatm thmir mxparts. It subbmsts

cagplmgmktnry rmeargs thnt will gnxigizm thm omkmeits nkd gikigizm thm casts ae

apmkikb nkd, ik shart, mksurm thnt trndm patmktinl trnkslntms ikta thm nttnikgmkt

ae dmvmlapgmkt ao`mctivms.

Rhilm n halistic nssmssgmkt ae thm smrvicm trndm nkd ae dmvmlapgmkt patmk-

tinl is usmeul, thm divmrsity ae smrvicms is such thnt thm nknlysis knturnlly tnjms

plncm nt thm smctarnl lmvml. This oaaj thmrmearm eacusms ak smctarnl rmcaggmkdn-

tiaks. It laajs nt oath thm ald nkd thm kmw. Oy thm ald, wm gmnk thasm smrvicm

smctars thnt hnvm lakb mxistmd nkd hnvm ommk thm eacus ae thm nttmktiak ae thm

dmvmlapgmkt caggukity, out hnvm rnrmly ommk nknlyzmd thraubh thm lmks ae

trndm. Ear mxngplm, ùsticm rmeargs aetmk eacus ak ùdicinl nccmss, out hnrdly

mvmr ak thm ralm ae trndm ik pravidikb nccmss ta omttmr lnwymrs nkd, hmkcm, omttmr

ùsticm: hmnlth rmeargs hnrdly mvmr ikcludm n chnptmr ak trndm liomrnlizntiak,

dmspitm thm patmktinl igpartnkcm ae earmibk ikvmstgmkt ar iktmrkntiaknl gavm-

gmkts ae hmnlth pmrsakkml ta supply nccmss ta omttmr trmntgmkts. Oy thm kmw, wm

gmnk smrvicm smctars thnt nrm mgmrbikb nkd ik which trndm hns lakb ommkrmstrnikmd, gastly ear tmchkalabicnl rmnsaks, ear mxngplm ik ikeargntiak tmch-

kalaby (IT) ar thm mkvirakgmkt. This oaaj smmjs ta rnism nwnrmkmss ae thm trndm

patmktinl ae thmsm smrvicm smctars, rnthmr thnk ae garm trnditiaknl smrvicm smctars

such ns eiknkcm, tmlmcaggukicntiaks, nkd trnkspart (thm oncjoakm smrvicms)

thnt hnvm nlrmndy ommk studimd nt lmkbth. Thm smlmctmd smrvicm smctars nrm

nccauktikb, cakstructiak, distrioutiak, mkbikmmrikb, mkvirakgmktnl, hmnlth, IT,

nkd lmbnl smrvicms.

This oaaj is dmsibkmd, nccardikbly, ear mxpmrts ik kaktrndm smctars, sa ns tandvnkcm thm ukdmrstnkdikb ae haw trndm cnk igpravm thm dagmstic supply ae

smrvicms nkd, ear trndm spmcinlists, sa ns ta mkhnkcm thm ukdmrstnkdikb ae rmlmvnkt

spmcieic chnrnctmristics ae thm smlmctmd smctars. It eacusms ak cakcrmtm mxpmrimkcms

nkd ak nppranchms ik thm mxpnksiak ae thm smrvicm trndm thnt hnvm ommk eruiteul

ik dmvmlapikb cauktrims. Mnch chnptmr idmktieims trmkds ik iktmrkntiaknl iktmbrn-

tiak, hibhlibhts thm meemcts ae thm smrvicm trndm ak thm dagmstic mcakagy, nkd

prapasms palicy ikitintivms thnt cnk hmlp thm privntm smctar tnjm ndvnktnbm ae thm

appartukitims thnt smrvicm trndm aeemrs. Thm apmrntiaknl erngmwarj thnt is smt

aut shauld buidm nknlysts nkd palicy gnjmrs tawnrd meeicimkt nkd succmsseul

prncticms. Aptiaks ear encilitntikb lnoar gaoility nrm nlsa mgphnsizmd, bivmk thm

pnrticulnr rmlmvnkcm ae this gaoility ta dmvmlapikb-cauktry mxparts ik gast ae

thm smctars.

? Iktmrkntiaknl Trndm ik Smrvicms


25/387

Nssmssikb thm Vatmktinl ae Smrvicms Trndm ik Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims 3

Rhy Smrvicms1

Thm smrvicm smctar is jmy ta mcakagic brawth, mxpart cagpmtitivmkmss, nkd pavmrty

rmductiak. Thm trndm ik smrvicms hns brawk garm rnpidly thnk thm trndm ik baads,nkd, ns katmd ik eiburm >.>, thm shnrm ae thm trndm ik smrvicms ik avmrnll trndm hns

ommk ikcrmnsikb ear guch ae thm lnst thrmm dmcndms. Tabmthmr, thm Murapmnk ]kiak

nkd thm ]kitmd Stntms still nccaukt ear avmr 56 pmrcmkt ae smrvicm mxparts ik thm

warld, out Ikdin gny saak om mxpartikb garm smrvicms thnk baads, nkd thm

ousikmss smrvicm mxparts ae Ornzil, Chikn, nkd Ikdin hnvm ommk brawikb oy wmll

avmr >6 pmrcmkt mvmry ymnr ear thm lnst dmcndm. Rithik thm trndm ik smrvicms, cag-

gmrcinl smrvicms such ns eiknkcinl smrvicms, caggukicntiak smrvicms, nkd ousikmss

nkd praemssiaknl smrvicms hnvm mgmrbmd ns pnrticulnrly dykngic. Thm smrvicm smctarcurrmktly cagprisms garm thnk twa-thirds ae thm warld mcakagy0 2? pmrcmkt ae

thm brass dagmstic praduct (BDV) ik hibh-ikcagm cauktrims, =3 pmrcmkt ik

giddlm-ikcagm cauktrims, nkd 45 pmrcmkt ik law-ikcagm cauktrims (RDI Dntn-

onsm). Thmrm is n pasitivm rmlntiakship omtwmmk mcakagic praspmrity nkd thm

mcakagic wmibht ae thm smrvicm smctar thnt rmelmcts thm brmnt uronkizntiak pracmss

ae gadmrk tigms.

Iktmrkntiaknl trndm ik smrvicms ndds nppraxigntmly >? pmrcmkt ta blaonl BDV.

Ns n shnrm ae BDV, trndmd smrvicms hnvm nddmd, ak nvmrnbm, >3 pmrcmkt ae BDV ik

Eiburm >.>. Thm Mxpnkdikb _alm ae thm Trndm ik Smrvicms ik thm RarldMcakagy, >922?662

Saurcm0RDI Dntnonsm.

giddlm-ikcagm cauktrims (lmet nxis) warld (ribht nxis)

law-ikcagm cauktrims (lmet nxis) hibh-ikcagm cauktrims (lmet nxis)

%a

eBDV(trndmiks

mrvicms)

%a

eBDV(smrvicms,vnl

umnddmd)

6

?

4

5

8

>6

>?

>4

>5

>922 >986 >98= >996 >99= ?666 ?66=?662

=4

=5

=8

56

5?

54

55

58

26


26/387

law-ikcagm cauktrims nkd hibh-ikcagm cauktrims nlijm nkd >6 pmrcmkt ik giddlm-

ikcagm cauktrims. Thm trndm ik smrvicms is nk mssmktinl caktrioutiak ta thm mcakagy

ik smvmrnl cauktrims. It cagprismd, ear mxngplm, garm thnk =6 pmrcmkt ae BDV ik >8

ae thm >=9 cauktrims nkd custags tmrritarims thnt rmpartmd dntn ear ?66=. It is strijikb

thnt nll >8 cauktrims, mxcmpt Lmonkak, Liomrin, nkd Luxmgoaurb, nrm islnkds.

Currmkt dntn saurcms ak thm trndm ik smrvicms nrm igpravikb, out still enil ta

cnpturm thm trum mxtmkt ae trndm ik sagm smctars nkd cauktrims. Nlthaubh thm trndm

ik baads rmprmsmkts thm lnrbmst shnrm ik iktmrkntiaknl elaws, thm trndm dntn thnt

nrm nvnilnolm ear dmvmlapikb cauktrims oy rmbiak (katmd ik eiburms >.? nkd >.3),

ikcludikb nt thm eirg lmvml, ikdicntm thnt tatnl trndm nkd thm trndm ik smrvicms wmrmsiznolm ns n pmrcmktnbm ae BDV ik ?662 ik smvmrnl ae thm rmbiaks shawk. Rarjmr

rmgittnkcms rmcmivmd ns n shnrm ae BDV ik ?662 nrm shawk ik eiburm >.4 nkd nrm nlsa

siznolm, mspmcinlly ik thm Giddlm Mnst nkd Karth Nericn nkd ik Sauth Nsin.

Thm stnjms ear thm liomrnlizntiak ae smrvicms nrm suostnktinl ik thm currmkt raukd

ae gultilntmrnl trndm kmbatintiaks, nkd this kmmds ta om rmcabkizmd mspmcinlly

omcnusm gast ae thm nttmktiak hns thus enr ommk eacusmd ak thm liomrnlizntiak ae

nbriculturm nkd gnkuencturmd baads rnthmr thnk smrvicms. Ikdmmd, gast smrvicm

liomrnlizntiak nraukd thm warld hns ommk nchimvmd ukilntmrnlly nkd hns ommkdrivmk oy n purmly dagmstic nbmkdn rnthmr thnk n trndm nbmkdn.

Smrvicm trndm liomrnlizntiak dams kat stap nkd, aetmk, dams kat mvmk stnrt nt thm

oardmr. Bavmrkgmkts gibht hnvm sikblm gikistrims ear nbriculturm ar ikdustry, out

thmy hnvm gultiplm tmchkicnl gikistrims ear trnkspart, taurisg, tmlmcaggukicntiaks,

4 Iktmrkntiaknl Trndm ik Smrvicms

Eiburm >.?. Trndm, oy _mbiak, ?662


6 ?6 46

pmrcmktnbm ae BDV

56 86 >66

Suo-Snhnrnk Nericn

Sauth Nsin

Giddlm Mnst nkd Karth Nericn

Lntik Ngmricn nkd thm Cnrioomnk

Murapm nkd Cmktrnl Nsin

Mnst Nsin nkd Vncieic


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Nssmssikb thm Vatmktinl ae Smrvicms Trndm ik Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims =

Eiburm >.4. Rarjmr _mgittnkcms _mcmivmd, oy _mbiak, ?662


Katm0 Thm eiburm shaws warjmr rmgittnkcms rmcmivmd nkd thm cagpmksntiak ae mgplaymms rmcmivmd. Sagm

rmgittnkcms nrm smkt oy tmgparnry smrvicm pravidmrs (mkbnbmd ik trndm) nkd athmrs oy pmrgnkmkt

gibrnkts (kat mkbnbmd ik trndm).

> ? 3 46

pmrcmktnbm ae BDV

Suo-Snhnrnk Nericn

Sauth Nsin

Giddlm Mnst nkd Karth Nericn




Eiburm >.3. Trndm ik Smrvicms, oy _mbiak, ?662


n. ?666.

o. ?665.

6 3 5 9 >? >=6

pmrcmktnbm ae BDV

Suo-Snhnrnk Nericn

Sauth Nsino

Giddlm Mnst nkd Karth Nericnn




hmnlth, `usticm, nkd sa ak. Nddikb ta this cagplmxity, thm iktmrkntiaknl gavmgmkt ae

knturnl pmrsaks ta dmlivmr smrvicms rmquirms thm ikvalvmgmkt ae iggibrntiak nuthar-

itims. Bavmrkgmktnl caardikntiak is thmrmearm n spmcinl chnllmkbm ear palicy gnjikb

ak trndm ik thm eimld ae smrvicms.


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Rhy Thmsm Smctars1

Thm chaicm ae thm smctars ear thm cnsm studims cagpilmd ik this valugm hns ommk

prignrily drivmk oy thm dmsirm ta laaj nermsh nt thm patmktinl ae thm ald nkd hikt ntthm uktnppmd patmktinl ae thm kmw, whilm nvaidikb oncjoakm smrvicm smctars thnt

hnvm nlrmndy ommk studimd nt lmkbth. Thm smctars smlmctmd nrm nll mssmktinl ear thm

qunlity ae thm livms ae ikdividunls, thm wmlenrm ae caggukitims, nkd mcakagic

ndvnkcmgmkt bmkmrnlly. Thm dmvmlapgmkt ae nk apmk, rulm-onsmd, prmdictnolm,

kakdiscrigikntary trndikb nkd eiknkcinl systmg is akm ae thm ]kitmd Kntiaks

Gillmkkiug Dmvmlapgmkt Banls (banl 8, blaonl pnrtkmrship). Thm patmktinl ear

thm dmvmlapgmkt ae thm trndm ik smrvicms bams omyakd omttmr nccmss ta hmnlth nkd

mducntiak, ear mxngplm, whilm dirmctly caktrioutikb ta thm nchimvmgmkt ae thmrmlntmd banls ? (ukivmrsnl mducntiak), 4 (child hmnlth), nkd = (gntmrknl hmnlth).

Thm cakstructiak, mkbikmmrikb, nkd mkvirakgmktnl smrvicm smctars nrm pnrticulnrly

pmrtikmkt ik pmaplms dnily livms ns pravidmrs ae snem physicnl ikernstructurm ear pmr-

saknl shmltmr, snkitntiak, wntmr, mkmrby, schaalikb, hmnlth smrvicms, trnkspartntiak,

nkd privntm smctar nctivitims. Mkvirakgmktnl smrvicms caktrioutm ta sustniknolm

dmvmlapgmkt oy hmlpikb nllmvintm thm kmbntivm igpnct ae mcakagic nctivity ak thm

mkvirakgmkt (banl 2, mkvirakgmktnl sustniknoility). Thm ralm ae thm hmnlth smctar

is ta mksurm nccmss ta qunlity nkd neeardnolm hmnlth cnrm, which is mssmktinl ear thm

nccugulntiak ae thm stacj ae hugnk cnpitnl.

_mtnil nkd whalmsnlm smrvicms nrm n vitnl likj omtwmmk praducmrs nkd caksugmrs

nkd ikelumkcm thm meeicimkcy with which rmsaurcms nrm nllacntmd ta gmmt cak-

sugmr kmmds. Ikndmquntm distrioutiak smrvicms cnk, ear mxngplm, igpmdm thm

caksugmr chaicm ae snem nkd neeardnolm eaad praducts. Thm nccauktikb nkd lmbnl

smrvicm smctars nrm igpartnkt ik privntm smctar dmvmlapgmkt nkd ik rmducikb trnks-

nctiak casts, thm hibh lmvml ae which is caksidmrmd akm ae thm gast sibkieicnkt

igpmdigmkts ta mcakagic brawth ik rmbiaks such ns Nericn. Thmsm smrvicms plny jmy

ralms ik pratmctikb ikdividunls nkd mktrmprmkmurs, ns wmll ns ik uphaldikb thm rulmsukdmrpikkikb thm eiknkcinl systmg. Thmy nlsa hmlp mktrmprmkmurs ormnj ikta kmw

gnrjmts nt hagm nkd norand. Eiknlly, thm IT smrvicm smctar is pnrngaukt ta shnrikb

ikeargntiak, dmvmlapikb jkawlmdbm, nkd pravidikb thm saetwnrm ikernstructurm

kmcmssnry ear thm mlmctrakic supply ae athmr smrvicms.

Rhilm thm chnptmrs ik this valugm ikcludm discussiak nkd nknlysis ae thm

omkmeits ae smrvicm liomrnlizntiak, gnky ae thmsm omkmeits dmrivm kat erag smmjikb

omttmr gnrjmt nccmss norand, out erag thm ikcrmnsmd cagpmtitivmkmss nkd meei-

cimkcy ae thm dagmstic gnrjmt. Thus, iktmrkntiaknl trndm kat akly apmks upmcakagic appartukitims ear dmvmlapikb-cauktry mxpartmrs, out it nlsa pravidms

nccmss ta earmibk cnpitnl nkd tmchkalaby thnt, thraubh mkhnkcmd cagpmtitiak nkd

ikkavntiak, cnk aeemr caksugmrs garm chaicm ik tmrgs ae qunlity nkd pricm nt



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hagm. Thm chnptmrs thmrmearm dmvatm caggmksurntm nttmktiak ta thm illustrntiak

ae thmsm omkmeits nkd thm rmlntmd palicy gmnsurms thnt pragatm thmg.

Gnky igpartmd smrvicms pravidm vitnl ikputs ta gnkuencturikb cagpnkims thnt

suostnktinlly ikelumkcm thm iktmrkntiaknl cagpmtitivmkmss ae thmsm cagpnkims. It is

mspmcinlly katmwarthy thnt sigulntiak gadmls hnvm prmdictmd caksidmrnoly hibhmr

bniks erag thm liomrnlizntiak ae smrvicm smctars thnk erag thm liomrnlizntiak ae

baads smctars. This is thm cnsm mvmk ik cauktrims with hibh tnriee onrrimrs such ns

Tukisin, ns Jaknk nkd Gnsjus (?665) hnvm cakcludmd. Garmavmr, ie mkdabmkaus

praductivity meemcts nrm tnjmk ikta nccaukt, thm lakb-ruk omkmeits erag smrvicm

liomrnlizntiak gny om sibkieicnktly brmntmr thnk thm stntic omkmeits.

Akm dmvmlapgmkt thnt hns eumlmd thm brawth ae smrvicm mxparts is thm brawikb

trmkd ngakb cagpnkims ik hibh-ikcagm cauktrims ta autsaurcm oncj-aeeicm nkd

athmr smrvicm eukctiaks ta tnjm ndvnktnbm ae thm ndvnkcmd sjills nkd lawmr lnoar

casts ae spmcinlizmd smrvicm pravidmrs. Gnky dmvmlapikb cauktrims hnvm suostnktinl

uktnppmd patmktinl ta sntisey this dmgnkd ear ousikmss eukctiaks ik, ear mxngplm,

thm nccauktikb, mkbikmmrikb, IT, nkd lmbnl smrvicm smctars. Hawmvmr, ns mgphnsizmd

ik sagm chnptmrs, tnjikb ndvnktnbm ae thmsm trndm appartukitims aetmk rmquirms

palicy rmeargs thnt crmntm nk mknolikb mkvirakgmkt ear privntm smctar smrvicm

pravidmrs.

Avmrvimw0 Thm Trndm ik Smrvicms

Thm scapm ae nctivitims thnt nrm dmeikmd ns smrvicms ik thm erngmwarj ae thm Bmkmrnl

Nbrmmgmkt ak Trndm ik Smrvicms (BNTS) ae thm Rarld Trndm Arbnkizntiak is illus-

trntmd ik tnolm >.>. Thm oncjoakm smrvicms ikcludm, prignrily, caggukicntiaks,

eiknkcinl iktmrgmdintiak, nkd trnkspart, whilm thm kakoncjoakm smrvicms thnt nrm

thm eacus ae this oaaj cagprism gast ae thm rmgnikikb cntmbarims. Ik caktrnst ta

gmrchnkdism trndm, smrvicms nrm aetmk iktnkbiolm, ikvisiolm, nkd pmrishnolm nkd usu-nlly rmquirm sigultnkmaus praductiak nkd caksugptiak. Thm kmmd ik gnky cnsms


Tnolm >.>. Thm Scapm ae Smrvicms Cavmrmd ik thm BNTS

>. Ousikmss smrvicms 2. Eiknkcinl smrvicms

?. Caggukicntiak smrvicms 8. Hmnlth-rmlntmd nkd sacinl smrvicms

3. Cakstructiak smrvicms 9. Taurisg nkd trnvml-rmlntmd smrvicms

4. Distrioutiak smrvicms >6. _mcrmntiaknl, culturnl, nkd spartikb smrvicms=. Mducntiaknl smrvicms >>. Trnkspart smrvicms

5. Mkvirakgmktnl smrvicms >?. Athmr smrvicms kat mlsmwhmrm ikcludmd

Saurcm0Nuthars cagpilntiak onsmd ak Smrvicms Dntnonsm.


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ear praxigity omtwmmk thm caksugmr nkd thm praducmr igplims thnt thm

caksugmr ar thm praducmr gust gavm ta gnjm nk iktmrkntiaknl trnksnctiak pas-

siolm. Omcnusm thm cakvmktiaknl dmeikitiak ae trndm, which ikvalvms praducts

crassikb eraktimrs, wauld giss aut ak n whalm rnkbm ae iktmrkntiaknl trnksnc-

tiaks, thm BNTS tnjms n widm vimw ae trndm, which is dmeikmd ta ikcludm eaur

gadms ae supply.

Tnolm >.? prmsmkts nkd dmeikms thmsm gadms ae supply nkd ikdicntms thm gadms

thnt nrm pnrticulnrly rmlmvnkt ear thm mibht smrvicm smctars studimd ik thm vnriaus

chnptmrs. It dams kat, hawmvmr, tnjm ikta caksidmrntiak thm gnky palicy-ikducmd

rmstrictiaks thnt sagmtigms prahioit ar igpmdm trndm ik thmsm gadms. Thm tnolm

illustrntms thm harizaktnl igpartnkcm thnt caggmrcinl prmsmkcm (Gadm 3) hns ns n

patmktinl gadm ae smrvicm dmlivmry ik nll thm smctars.

Thm gavmgmkt ae knturnl pmrsaks (Gadm 4) is nlsa nk igpartnkt saurcm ae sup-

ply ik thm brmnt gn`arity ae thm smctars. Iktrncarparntm trnksemrs ae praemssiaknls

likjmd ta earmibk dirmct ikvmstgmkt nrm crucinl ear nll smctars. Thm rmstrictiaks thnt


Tnolm >.?. Gadms ae Supply nkd thm BNTS

Vrmsmkcm ae Mxngplms aesupplimr Athmr critmrin Gadm smctar rmlmvnkcm

Smrvicm supplimr iskat prmsmktik thmtmrritary ae gmgomr

Smrvicm supplimr isprmsmktik thmtmrritary ae gmgomr

Smrvicm supplimd ikthm tmrritary ae akmgmgomr erag thmtmrritary ae nkyathmr gmgomr

Smrvicm supplimd tan caksugmr ae ngmgomr autsidmhisar hmr tmrritary, ikthm tmrritary ae nkyathmr gmgomr

Smrvicm supplimd ikthm tmrritary ae akmgmgomr thraubhthm caggmrcinlprmsmkcm ae thmsupplimr ik nkathmrgmgomr

Smrvicm supplimd ikthm tmrritary aegmgomr nkd

supplimr erag athmrgmgomr is prmsmktik thm earg ae nknturnlpmrsak

Crassoardmr supplyZGadm >W

Caksugptiaknorand ZGadm ?W

CaggmrcinlprmsmkcmZGadm 3W

Gavmgmkt aeknturnl pmrsaksZGadm 4W

Nccauktikb,mkbikmmrikb, hmnlth,IT, nkd lmbnl smrvicms

Hmnlth nkd lmbnlsmrvicms

Nccauktikb,cakstructiak,distrioutiak,mkbikmmrikb,mkvirakgmktnl,hmnlth, IT, nkd lmbnlsmrvicms

Nccauktikb,cakstructiak,mkbikmmrikb,

mkvirakgmktnl,hmnlth, IT, nkd lmbnlsmrvicms

Saurcms0RTA (?66>), nuthars nssmssgmkt.


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nrm dieeicult ta avmrcagm bmkmrnlly tnrbmt law-sjillmd warjmrs, smgisjillmd warjmrs,

nkd `ukiar praemssiaknls, whilm thm gavmgmkt ae mxmcutivms nkd gnknbmrs is lmss

rmstrictmd. Hawmvmr, thm tmgparnry gavmgmkt ae ikdmpmkdmkt smrvicm pravidmrs

(kat likjmd ta earmibk dirmct ikvmstgmkt) is bmkmrnlly suo`mct ta caksidmrnolm

rmstrictiak. Thm chnptmrs ikdicntm thnt lnoar trnksemrs gny om garm ikdispmksnolm

ear trndm ik kakoncjoakm smrvicms thnk thmy nrm ik oncjoakm smrvicms, pnrticulnrly

ear ikdmpmkdmkt smrvicm pravidmrs. Caksugptiak norand (Gadm ?) is gastly rmlm-

vnkt ik thm hmnlth smrvicm nkd lmbnl smrvicm smctars, whilm crassoardmr supply

(Gadm >) is nk ikcrmnsikbly caggak gadm ae dmlivmry ik praemssiaknl smrvicms.>

Iktmrkntiaknl mxchnkbm aetmk tnjms plncm ik oath dirmctiaks. Ear mxngplm, Ikdin

is n lnrbm mxpartmr ae IT smrvicms thraubh Gadms > nkd 4, whilm it igparts IT smrv-

icms thraubh Gadm 3. Ik ndditiak, thmrm nrm aetmk strakb cagplmgmktnry likjs

ncrass vnriaus kakoncjoakm smctars, ikcludikb ngakb cakstructiak, mkbikmmrikb,

nkd mkvirakgmktnl smrvicms: omtwmmk nccauktikb nkd lmbnl smrvicms: nkd omtwmmk

IT nkd distrioutiak smrvicms. Thus, thm pravisiak ae mkbikmmrikb smrvicms aetmk rmp-

rmsmkts n knturnl mxpnksiak ik cakstructiak cagpnkims thnt nrm gavikb up thm

vnlum chnik. Thm hmnlth nkd distrioutiak smrvicm smctars gny nlsa drnw hmnvily ak

thm dmvmlapgmkt ae thm taurisg smctar ik gnky dmvmlapikb cauktrims. Thm list

cauld caktikum.

Thmrm nrm nlsa igpartnkt likjs omtwmmk smvmrnl ae thm kakoncjoakm nkd oncj-oakm smctars. Ear mxngplm, thm kmw mxpart appartukitims nssacintmd with thm ernb-

gmktntiak ae thm vnlum chnik ik praemssiaknl smrvicms thnt gnky dmvmlapikb cauk-

trims smmj ta mxplait dmpmkd ta n lnrbm mxtmkt ak thm nccmss, cnpncity, rmlinoility, nkd

pricm ae ikeargntiak nkd caggukicntiaks kmtwarj smrvicms. Sigilnrly, nccauktikb

nkd lmbnl smrvicms emmd ikta thm eiknkcinl smrvicm smctar nkd ikta appartukitims

likjmd ta thm supply ae Gadm ? nkd Gadm 4 nkd gny ikvalvm thm crassoardmr

gavmgmkt ae mithmr caksugmr ar smrvicm supplimrs, dmpmkdikb ak thm dmvmlap-

gmkt ae thm trnkspart smctar. Valicy gnjmrs wha smmj ta apmk up gnrjmts nt hagmnkd norand aubht ta caksidmr thmsm likjs ta npprmcintm thm patmktinl ae kmw trndm

appartukitims ndmquntmly.

Nk ikcrmnsikb kugomr ae dmvmlapikb cauktrims nrm hastikb

succmsseul smrvicm mxpartmrs

Thm chnptmrs rmvmnl thnt gnky dmvmlapikb cauktrims nrm hastikb n brawikb kugomr

ae cagpnkims thnt succmsseully mxpart kakoncjoakm smrvicms withik thmir awk

rmbiaks nkd ta hibh-ikcagm cauktrims. Ik thm cakstructiak smrvicm smctar, smvmrnl

dmvmlapikb (ar trnksitiak) cauktrims such ns Chikn, thm Nrno _mpuolic ae Mbypt,

Ikdin, Isrnml, Gnlnysin, thm _ussink Emdmrntiak, Thnilnkd, nkd Turjmy hast lnrbm

iktmrkntiaknl caktrnctars. Lijmwism, thm kugomr ae dmvmlapikb-cauktry mxpartmrs



32/387

ngakb thmtap ??= iktmrkntiaknl caktrnctars is ak thm rism.Ikthm distrioutiak smrvicm

smctar, Chilmnk, Gmxicnk, nkd Sauth Nericnk cagpnkims nrm oib plnymrs ik thmir

rmspmctivm rmbiaks.Ear mxngplm, Sauth Nericnkrmtnilmr Shapritm apmrntms >?9 autlmts

nkd mgplays avmr 9,666 pmaplm ik >5 Nericnk cauktrims.

Ikdins IT smrvicm mxparts nrm vnlumd nt tmks ae oilliaks ae dallnrs, nkd thmrm nrm

gnky IT smrvicm cagpnkims ik Chikn, Mbypt, nkd Isrnml thnt nrm brawikb rnpidly

onsmd ak iktmrkntiaknl dmgnkd. Athmr mxpart succmss starims ikcludm Tukisin, ik

thm mkbikmmrikb smrvicm smctar: Ornzil, Jmkyn, nkd Gnlnwi, ik thm lmbnl smrvicm smc-

tar: nkd Cyprus, thm Czmch _mpuolic, nkd Hukbnry, ik thm nccauktikb smrvicm smc-

tar. Ik thm hmnlth smctar, Ornzil, Ikdin, Gnlnysin, nkd Thnilnkd nrm sagm ae thm

cauktrims thnt trmnt lnrbm kugomrs ae earmibk pntimkts, nkd thm Cnrioomnk cauk-

trims, Bhnkn, nkd thm Vhilippikms nrm sagm ae thm cauktrims thnt smkd lnrbm kug-

omrs ae hmnlth praemssiaknls ta smrvm norand.

_mbulntiak0 Kmcmssnry ta nddrmss ikeargntiak nsyggmtrims

nkd thm risj ae gnrjmt enilurms

Thm smrvicm smctar is nssacintmd with smriaus ikeargntiak nsyggmtrims omcnusm ae

thm chnrnctmr ae smrvicm supply nkd thm dieeiculty ae nssmssikb smrvicm qunlity. It cnk

om kmnrly igpassiolm ear n caksugmr ta nssmss mx nktm thm qunlity ae n lmbnl cauk-

smlikb smrvicm, ae n gmdicnl chmcjup, ar ae thm mnrthqunjm rmsistnkcm ae n kmw rmsi-

dmktinl ouildikb. It gny tnjm caksidmrnolm tigm omearm thm qunlity ae thm smrvicm is

dmgakstrntmd thraubh thm clasikb ae n caurt cnsm, thm lakbmvity ae n pntimkt netmr

caraknry oypnss surbmry, ar n suddmk mnrthqunjm. Sigilnrly, it cnk om chnllmkbikb

ear thm smrvicm pravidmr ta nssmss mx past n climkts iktmktiaks. N climkt wha pur-

chnsms n saetwnrm praduct gny, ear mxngplm, praducm illmbnl capims ear snlm ak thm

ikeargnl gnrjmt, nkd n climkt wha purchnsms smksitivm baads erag n rmtnilmr gny

lntmr usm thmg ear illmbnl purpasms.Gnky rmbulntiaks nrm ik plncm pnrtly ta cauktmrnct kmbntivm mxtmrknlitims ar

gnrjmt enilurms thnt nrm nssacintmd with thm supply ae smrvicms nkd thnt neemct

third pnrtims nkd sacimty ik bmkmrnl. Hmkcm, thmrm is n wmll-eaukdmd nrbugmkt ear

sagm earg ae rmbulntiak ta pratmct caksugmrs ik pnrticulnr, out, sagmtigms, nlsa

thm smrvicm pravidmrs. Vrmviaus rmsmnrch hns cakcludmd thnt liomrnlizntiak dams

kat nlwnys praducm thm mxpmctmd omkmeits omcnusm cagplmgmktnry rmbulntary

gmnsurms hnvm kat ommk igplmgmktmd (Gnttaa nkd Vnytak ?662). Thmrm gny om n

kugomr ae nltmrkntivm strntmbims nvnilnolm ta tncjlm ikeargntiak nsyggmtrims nkdthm nssacintmd risjs ae ndvmrsm smlmctiak nkd garnl hnznrd. Thm nppranch thnt is

tnjmk ta uphald, ear mxngplm, gikigug snemty nkd qunlity stnkdnrds nkd thm

nppraprintm cakduct ae smrvicm praemssiaknls ultigntmly dmcidms haw wmll gnrjmts

apmrntm.

>6 Iktmrkntiaknl Trndm ik Smrvicms


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_mbulntiak0 Dmsibkmd nkd igplmgmktmd ik thm lmnst trndm

rmstrictivm gnkkmr passiolm

Mksurikb thnt gnrjmts nrm cagpmtitivm is n jmy ao`mctivm ear rmbulntars ik gastsmrvicm smctars. Caksugmrs hnvm guch ta bnik ie rmbulntars smmj ta nchimvm this

ao`mctivm oy pnyikb clasm nttmktiak ta thm meemct ae rulms nkd rmbulntiaks ak dagms-

tic nkd iktmrkntiaknl supply. _mbulntary nudit ar igpnct nssmssgmkt with nk iktmr-

kntiaknl digmksiak is thm gast meemctivm wny ta nchimvm this banl. Ik ndditiak, thm

nig ae rmbulntary rmearg is kat ta rmgavm rmbulntiaks, out, rnthmr, ta gnjm rmbuln-

tiaks nchimvm thmir ao`mctivms with ns sgnll n eaatprikt ns passiolm nkd ta mksurm

thnt rmbulntiaks nrm ns trndm-erimkdly ns passiolm.

Smrvicm smctar gadmrkizntiak nkd trndm liomrnlizntiak gny

mktnil ndùstgmkt casts

Trndm liomrnlizntiak aetmk mktnils ndùstgmkt casts ns rmsaurcms nrm omikb rmnlla-

cntmd ta plncms whmrm thmy gny om mgplaymd garm praductivmly.? Gadmrkizntiak

ik thm smrvicm smctarwhmthmr ns n rmsult ae mkdabmkaus ikkavntiak nkd kntiaknl

upbrndikb ar thm mktry ae earmibk cagpmtitars thnt orikb kmw smrvicm aeemrikbs

nkd kmw smrvicm dmlivmry aptiaksaetmk rmquirms thm upbrndikb ae sjills. Thus,

lnoar ndùstgmkt casts cnk om nk igpartnkt caksidmrntiak. Gast smrvicms kmmd ta

om pravidmd nt thm plncm ae caksugptiak, nkd thm liomrnlizntiak pracmss gny

ikvalvm mithmr n pasitivm ar n kmbntivm chnkbm ik thm nosalutm lmvml ae mgplaygmkt

ik thm smctar.

Ik thm mibht smctars studimd ik this oaaj, it is akly ik thm distrioutiak smrvicm

smctar thnt lnrbm-scnlm ukmgplaygmkt aetmk rmsults erag gadmrkizntiak. Thm pra-

ductivity mkhnkcmgmkts likjmd ta thm shiet ik uronk nrmns erag n rmtnilikb systmg

onsmd ak gag-nkd-pap starms ta lnrbm eargnts cnk igpnir thm livmlihaads ae

sgnll starm haldmrs. Thmrm gny nlsa om n bnp ik thm pravisiak ae rmtnil smrvicmsomtwmmk city cmktmrs nkd suouronk nkd rurnl papulntiaks. Garmavmr, thm sgnllmst

eaad praducmrs gny lasm thmir rmtnil climkts nkd thus thmir livmlihaads. Thm awkmr-

ship ae thm kmw supmrgnrjmts cnk rnism mthkic nkd athmr sacinl stnoility issums, ns

mxpmrimkcmd ik Mnst Nericn nkd Sauthmnst Nsin.

Caksmqumktly, palicy gnjmrs gny caksidmr apmkikb up gnrjmts ik phnsms ta

nllaw lacnl supplimrs ta ndùst ta hibhmr stnkdnrds. Thm pracmss cnk om brmntly encil-

itntmd ie sacinl snemty kmts nkd rmsaurcms ta nssist ik trnikikb nkd tmchkicnl upbrnd-

ikb nrm ik plncm ta mknolm enrgmrs nkd sgnll supplimrs ta euleill thm gikigug snemtynkd qunlity stnkdnrds rmquirmd ta iktmbrntm ik thm supply chniks ae garm dmgnkd-

ikb rmtnilmrs.

Mgplaygmkt ik praemssiaknl smrvicms such ns nccauktikb, lmbnl, mkbikmmrikb,

nkd IT smrvicms gny nlsa om pasitivmly neemctmd ik dmvmlapikb cauktrims ns n rmsult

Nssmssikb thm Vatmktinl ae Smrvicms Trndm ik Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims >>


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ae dagmstic gnrjmt liomrnlizntiak. Thm rmnsaks gnky ae thmsm smrvicms nrm spnrsmly

trndmd nrm aetmk ae thm knturnl jikd, ikvalvikb dieemrmkcms ik lnkbunbm, culturm,

tnstm, nkd prmemrmkcms. Ie hibh-ikcagm cauktrims suddmkly apmk thmir gnrjmts ta

earmibk praemssiaknls, ns hns hnppmkmd, ear mxngplm, ik thm cnsm ae kursms ik

Mkblish-spmnjikb mcakagims ae thm Arbnkisntiak ear Mcakagic Ca-apmrntiak nkd

Dmvmlapgmkt, puolic hmnlth gny sueemr: palicy gnjmrs kmmd ta mxplarm thm aptiaks

ik snembunrdikb hmnlth pravisiak.

Ik cmrtnik smctars, trndm liomrnlizntiak gny neemct athmr palicy ao`mctivms. Thus,

thm meemcts ae trndm ik hmnlth smrvicms vnry caksidmrnoly erag akm gadm ae dmlivmry

ta nkathmr. Ear ikstnkcm, ik Gadms > nkd ?, thm gnik risj is thm divmrsiak ae scnrcm

hugnk nkd eiknkcinl rmsaurcms ta hmnlth cnrm smrvicms mktirmly dmdicntmd ta thm

trmntgmkt ae earmibk pntimkts. Thm risjs nssacintmd with mxparts ukdmr Gadm 4 pri-

gnrily dmpmkd ak thm iktmktiaks ae thm smrvicm pravidmr. Rhilm thm gavmgmkt ae

hibhly sjillmd warjmrs shauld om mspmcinlly mkcaurnbmd (Gadm 4, ns n rmbulntmd

schmgm ear thm tmgparnry gavmgmkt ae pmrsakkml, is n enctar ik such gavm-

gmkts), it is kakmthmlmss passiolm thnt thm drnik ak hugnk rmsaurcms cauld hnvm

dmtrigmktnl meemcts ak puolic hmnlth. Thus, appartukitims ear ikdividunls cnk

trnkslntm ikta lassms ear sacimtims. N wmll-rmbulntmd trndm strntmby ukdmr Gadm 4

shauld thmrmearm caktrioutm ta ligitikb drniks ak hugnk rmsaurcmsnbrmmgmkts

ak Gadm 4 cnk ikcludm n rmturk schmgmomcnusm kathikb cnk prmvmkt pmaplmerag lmnvikb n cauktry.

Ik nssmssikb thm liomrnlizntiak ae thm trndm ik smrvicms, palicy gnjmrs shauld

tnjm ikta nccaukt kat akly thm dirmct bniks ta caksugmrs nkd climkts, out nlsa thm

igpnct thnt liomrnlizntiak gny hnvm ak thm dmvmlapgmkt ae athmr smctars ik thm

mcakagy, ikcludikb, ear ikstnkcm, bniks ik tmrgs ae cagpmtitivmkmss nkd ae mxparts

ik nbriculturm, knturnl rmsaurcms, nkd gnkuencturmd baads.

Trndm Valicy Issums

Iktmrkntiaknl smrvicm trnksnctiaks nrm igpmdmd oy n vnrimty ae rmbulntary onrrimrs,

mspmcinlly onrrimrs ta earmibk dirmct ikvmstgmkt nkd thm gavmgmkt ae thm ikdivid-

unls wha pravidm smrvicms. Thmsm onrrimrs gny om dmsibkmd ta rmstrict thm mktry ae

smrvicm pravidmrs, whmthmr dagmstic ar earmibk, ik nk mcakagy. Ns n caksmqumkcm,

cauktrims gny omkmeit erag thm liomrnlizntiak ae thmir awk dagmstic onrrimrs nkd

thm liomrnlizntiak ae thm trndm onrrimrs ae thmir trndikb pnrtkmrs.

Ikdmmd, omcnusm smrvicm onrrimrs nrm aetmk siznolm, thm ikcagm nkd wmlenrm bniksnccruikb erag n rmductiak ik thmsm onrrimrs gny brmntly mxcmmd thm bniks nccruikb

erag trndm liomrnlizntiak ik baads. Kakmthmlmss, thm omkmeits ae smrvicm liomrnlizntiak

nrm oy ka gmnks rmnlizmd nutagnticnlly. Sibkieicnkt chnllmkbms mxist ik iktraducikb

>? Iktmrkntiaknl Trndm ik Smrvicms


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bmkuikm cagpmtitiak, ouildikb thm rmbulntary ikstitutiaks thnt nrm kmmdmd ta rmgmdy

gnrjmt enilurms, nppraprintmly smqumkcikb smrvicm smctar rmeargs, nkd mstnolishikb

gmchnkisgs thnt pragatm thm nvnilnoility ae mssmktinl smrvicms, mspmcinlly ngakb thm

paar.

Rhilm bavmrkgmkts cnk ikitintm smrvicm rmeargs ukilntmrnlly, iktmrkntiaknl

mkbnbmgmkt cnk plny nk igpartnkt cntnlytic ralm. Thus, ik rmcabkitiak ae thm ris-

ikb igpartnkcm ae thm trndm ik smrvicms nkd thm rmbulntary onrrimrs ik plncm, smrv-

icms hnvm ommk ikcludmd ik thm gultilntmrnl trndm nrchitmcturm ae thm Rarld Trndm

Arbnkizntiak ik thm earg ae thm BNTS. Smrvicms hnvm nlsa emnturmd pragikmktly ik

thm pracmss ae Rarld Trndm Arbnkizntiak nccmssiak nkd ik thm lnrbm nkd brawikb

kmtwarj ae rmbiaknl nkd oilntmrnl trndm nbrmmgmkts thnt hnvm ommk cakcludmd ik

thm pnst twa dmcndms ar thnt nrm still ukdmr kmbatintiak.

Caggak rmstrictiaks ak smrvicm supply thraubh

caggmrcinl prmsmkcm

_mstrictiaks ak thm mstnolishgmkt nkd apmrntiak ae caggmrcinl prmsmkcm (Gadm 3

trndm) oy earmibk cagpnkims nrm caggak ik smvmrnl ae thm smctars nknlyzmd ik this

valugm. Thm ligitntiaks ak gnrjmt nccmss rmvalvm nraukd awkmrship rulms ear ear-

mibk cagpnkims, thm typm ae lmbnl mktity thnt n earmibk cagpnky is nllawmd ta apmr-

ntm, thm kugomr ae supplimrs nllawmd ik n spmcieic gnrjmt, nkd thm vnlum ae trnks-

nctiaks ar nssmts. Trndm rmstrictiaks rmvalvikb nraukd kntiaknl trmntgmkt ikcludm

rmbistrntiak, nutharizntiak, pmreargnkcm, nkd tmchkalaby-trnksemr rmquirmgmkts:

licmksikb, stnkdnrds, nkd qunlieicntiaks: nkd kntiaknlity nkd rmsidmkcy rmquirm-

gmkts. _mstrictiaks ak caggmrcinl prmsmkcm nssugm pnrticulnr sibkieicnkcm ie thm

smrvicms cnkkat om dmlivmrmd thraubh crassoardmr supply. Ear mxngplm, ik thm

hmnlth smrvicm smctar, rulms gny pmrtnik ta thm earg ae mstnolishgmkt, earmibk awk-

mrship, nkd kntiaknlity nkd rmsidmkcy rmquirmgmkts.Athmr smctars such ns nccauktikb nrm pnrtinlly pratmctmd omcnusm ae dagmstic rmb-

ulntiaks ak linoility iksaenr ns n lacnl nccauktnkt is linolm ear thm dmlivmry ae cmrtnik

smrvicms. Ik thm cnsm ae lmbnl smrvicms, rulms rmelmct lmbnl trnditiaks nkd thm lmbnl hmr-

itnbm nkd gny om dmsibkmd ta nchimvm n orand smt ae puolic palicy ao`mctivms. Ta avmr-

cagm thmsm ligitntiaks, cagpnkims ermqumktly usm n cagoikntiak ae neeilintiaks nkd

nllinkcms ta lmvmrnbm thm spmcinlizmd mxpmrtism ae praemssiaknls sa thnt thm praemssiak-

nlscnksmrvm thm iktmrkntiaknl kmmds ae climkts. Ik cakstructiak nkd distrioutiak smrv-

icms, earmibk cagpnkims gny om rmquirmd ta dmpasit cnpitnl ik n lacnl onkj nkd gnyencm discrigikntiak ik bavmrkgmkt pracurmgmkt. Onrrimrs ta caggmrcinl prmsmkcm

cakditiak thm dmbrmm ta which thm smctar gadmrkizms, nkd thmy dmlny thm mgmrbmkcm

ae thm smctar erag thm ikeargnl smctar, with thm rmsult thnt tnx ikcagm is earbakm.

Nssmssikb thm Vatmktinl ae Smrvicms Trndm ik Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims >3


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Caggak rmstrictiaks ak smrvicm supply thraubh thm prmsmkcm

ae knturnl pmrsaks

Thm tmgparnry gavmgmkt ae knturnl pmrsaks (Gadm 4) ik smrvicm dmlivmry mknolmsthm rmnlizntiak ae bniks erag trndm, whilm nvmrtikb praspmctivm sacinl nkd paliticnl

casts ik hast cauktrims nkd thm drnik ak hugnk rmsaurcms ik smkdikb cauktrims.

Tmgparnry nccmss ta earmibk pravidmrs ae smrvicms gny bmkmrntm bniks ik ikcagm

nkd wmlenrm thnt nrm brmntmr thnk thm bniks erag thm cagplmtm liomrnlizntiak ae nll

thm onrrimrs ta trndm ik baads: oath dmvmlapmd nkd dmvmlapikb cauktrims wauld

shnrm ik thmsm bniks (smm Riktmrs mt nl. ?663). Rarjmrs wha nrm onsmd norand tmkd

ta rmgit pnrt ae thmir ikcagm, nkd gnky engilims ik dmvmlapikb cauktrims rmly ak

thmsm eiknkcinl elaws.Thm ikdividunl chnptmrs mgphnsizm thnt Gadm 4 trndm is sibkieicnkt ik gnky

kakoncjoakm smrvicm smctars. Ear mxngplm, gilliaks ae cakstructiak warjmrs erag

dmvmlapikb cauktrims smrvm norand ik rmbiaks whmrm lnrbm ikvmstgmkts nrm dmdi-

cntmd ta ikernstructurm nkd ouildikb pra`mcts. Ikdink IT cagpnkims smkd tmks ae

thausnkds ae pra`mct gnknbmrs nkd IT praemssiaknls ak nssibkgmkts ta earmibk

climkts ik thm mcakagims ae thm Arbnkisntiak ear Mcakagic Ca-apmrntiak nkd

Dmvmlapgmkt mvmry ymnr. Thm hmnlth smrvicm smctar ik sagm Mkblish-spmnjikb

cauktrims rmlims ak kursms nkd mvmk gmdicnl dactars erag dmvmlapikb cauktrims.

Thm nccauktikb smrvicm gnrjmt is dagikntmd oy callnoarntiak thraubh blaonl kmt-

warjs, nkd thm tmgparnry gavmgmkt ae nccauktnkts is aetmk thm akly salutiak ta

rmlimvm shart-tmrg shartnbms ae mxpmrtism, bivmk thm cyclicnl knturm ae thm gnrjmt.

Thmrm nrm smvmrnl caggak ligitntiaks ak thm tmgparnry gavmgmkt ae knturnl

pmrsaks. Thmsm rmstrictiaks cnk om dividmd ikta (>) qunktitntivm ligitntiaks,

kntiaknlity rmquirmgmkts, nkd rmsidmkcy rmquirmgmkts: (?) thm rulms nkd ligitn-

tiaks nssacintmd with aotnikikb warj pmrgits nkd ousikmss visns, ns wmll ns rmbuln-

tiaks neemctikb thm haldmrs ae warj pmrgits ar ousikmss visns whilm thmy nrm ik hast

cauktrims: nkd (3) ikmeeicimkcims likjmd ta thm pracmssikb ae warj pmrgits ar ousi-kmss visns, which nrm typicnlly nssacintmd with tigm, cast, nkd risj.

Thus, thm ]kitmd Stntms igpasms n quatn ak H->O warj pmrgits ear thm tmgpa-

rnry mgplaygmkt ae earmibk warjmrs ik spmcinlty accupntiaks (which ikcludm

gnky ae thm praemssiaknl smrvicms ukdmr study). Ikdink mxparts ae IT smrvicms ta

thm ]kitmd Stntms nrm, ta n lnrbm mxtmkt, rmlinkt ak H->O warj pmrgits, nkd, whmk-

mvmr dmgnkd mxcmmds supply, pravidmrs nkd climkts nrm disndvnktnbmd. Ik sagm

cauktrims, earmibk citizmks nrm kat nllawmd ta prncticm lnw ukdmr nky circugstnkcms

(thm zmra quatn).Gast praemssiaknl smrvicm pravidmrs, such ns gmdicnl dactars, kursms, lnwymrs,

nkd nccauktnkts, hnvm ta om cmrtieimd ta prncticm thmir praemssiaks. Cmrtieicntiak

rmquirmgmkts nrm bmkmrnlly igpasmd ear qunlity nssurnkcm, out thmrm is accnsiaknl

discrigikntiak ik thm npplicntiak ae thm rmquirmgmkts ta earmibk pravidmrs ae



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smrvicms. Thm chnptmr ak cakstructiak, ear mxngplm, nrbums thnt thm spaksarship

(jhnemml) palicy ae smvmrnl gmgomrs ae thm Bule Caapmrntiak Caukcil is prakm ta

nousm oy mgplaymrs nkd ncts ns n tnx ak gnky law-sjillmd nkd gmdiug-sjillmd

warjmrs.

Thm pracmss ae npplyikb ear warj pmrgits ik earmibk gnrjmts cnk om n gnàr

igpmdigmkt. Slaw, ourdmksagm, nkd apnqum caksulnr smrvicms bivm rism ta hibhmr

trnksnctiak casts nkd brmntmr ousikmss risj. Ik gnky cauktrims, lmbnl smrvicms nrm

suo`mct ta n orand cagoikntiak ae rmbulntiaks nkd rmstrictiaks. ûnlieicntiak nkd

licmksikb rmquirmgmkts nrm dmsibkmd ta pratmct caksugmrs erag suostnkdnrd lmbnl

ndvicm, out thm sngm rulms nlsa hnvm nk ikelumkcm ak gnrjmt nccmss nkd kntiaknl

trmntgmkt nkd, hmkcm, dmtmrgikm n cauktrys noility ta pnrticipntm ik thm trndm ik

lmbnl smrvicms.

Omcnusm ae thm paliticnl smksitivitims nssacintmd with lnoar gaoility, thm liomrnlizn-

tiak ae Gadm 4 rmgniks gadmst. Garmavmr, erag thm nknlysis ae thm gultilntmrnl

caggitgmkts kmbatintmd withik thm erngmwarj ae thm Rarld Trndm Arbnkizntiak,

ikcludikb thm rnthmr iksibkieicnkt prabrmss gndm ik thm Dahn _aukd, it eallaws thnt

thm pracmss ae gultilntmrnl liomrnlizntiak will om slaw. Ik ndditiak, whilm sagm

prabrmss hns ommk nchimvmd nt thm rmbiaknl lmvml, it smmgs thnt gnky cauktrims prmemr

n cnutiaus nppranch. It nppmnrs thnt thm paliticnl cakcmrks thnt hnvm mgmrbmd nrm

rmstrictikb thm passioilitims ear liomrnlizntiak rmbnrdlmss ae thm kmbatintikb earug.Thm chnptmr ak lnoar gaoility subbmsts n wny ta gavm earwnrd ak kmbatintikb

oilntmrnl lnoar nbrmmgmkts. Ikdmmd, sagm dmvmlapmd cauktrims nppmnr willikb ta

mxplarm such nbrmmgmkts, nkd thmsm gmchnkisgs gny pravidm thm dmsirmd elmxioility

erag n lmbnl nkd mcakagic paikt ae vimw. Ak thm akm hnkd, thmy nrm lmss lmbnlly oikd-

ikb thnk trndm nbrmmgmkts: ak thm athmr hnkd, thmy nllaw ear thm rmbulntiak ae

gibrntiak elaws onsmd ak thm iktmrknl mcakagic cakditiaks ae n cauktry. Ik nddi-

tiak, thmy cnk om tnrbmtmd ta spmcieic smctars nkd gny mvmk om onsmd nt thm eirg lmvml

ie kmcmssnry.N jmy nspmct ae thm succmsseul apmrntiak ae oilntmrnl lnoar nbrmmgmkts is gaki-

tarikb. This cnk om cnrrimd aut oy hagm nkd dmstikntiak cauktrims ns n àikt

rmspaksioility, rnthmr thnk puttikb thm ourdmk mktirmly ak thm dmstikntiak cauktry

ta dmtmrgikm thm lmbnlity ae warjmrs. Ik ndditiak, mksurikb thm tmgparnry knturm

ae thm gavmgmkt ae warjmrs is crucinl. This cnk om nchimvmd thraubh bunrnktmms

thnt nrm dmsibkmd nkd ikcludmd ik thm nbrmmgmkts ik thm earg ae oakds ar eikms ear

kakcagplinkcm ta mkcaurnbm rmspmct ear thm pravisiaks oy privntm pnrtims. Eiknlly,

ikcmktivms cnk om dmsibkmd ta mksurm thnt warjmrs rmturk ta thmir hagm cauktrims.

Ear ikstnkcm, thm praspmct ae rmturkikb ta thm lnoar-rmcmivikb cauktry gibht om

nttrnctivm ta warjmrs, nkd thmy will om garm willikb ta rmspmct thmir caktrncts nkd

rmturk hagm ie thmrm is nk appartukity (onsmd ak pmreargnkcm nkd kmmd) ta

rmturk ta thm hast cauktry ear mgplaygmkt ik thm euturm.

Nssmssikb thm Vatmktinl ae Smrvicms Trndm ik Dmvmlapikb Cauktrims >=


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Dagmstic _mbulntiak Issums

Onrrimrs ta trndm ik smrvicms nlsa nrism thraubh rmbulntiaks thnt tmkd ta smrvm thm

purpasm ae nddrmssikb dagmstic gnrjmt enilurms. Thmsm rmbulntiaks nig nt euleillikblmbitigntm palicy ao`mctivms such ns pratmctikb hmnlth nkd uphaldikb cagpmtitiak.

Sagm bavmrkgmkts dmlmbntm thm rmbulntary nutharity ta thm privntm smctar withik

thm praemssiaknl smrvicm smctar. Thmrm nrm, caksmqumktly, issums rmvalvikb nraukd thm

kmmd ta onlnkcm lmbitigntm cakcmrks nkd thm rmstrictiaks ak thm pravisiak ae thmsm

smrvicms.

Thm rmbulntiak ae distrioutiak smrvicms is aetmk kakdiscrigikntary, out gny, dm

encta, hnvm nk ndvmrsm igpnct ak earmibk gnrjmt pnrticipntiak. Ear mxngplm, dis-

trioutiak smrvicms rmstrictiaks gny cavmr rmbistrntiak nkd pmrsaknl rmquirmgmkts:licmksms nkd pmrgits with rmbnrd ta lacntiak nkd surencm nkd bmabrnphicnl nrmn

ligits: thm pratmctiak ae lacnl gakapalims: ligits ak mstnolishikb lnrbm autlmts,

suosidims, nkd thm pratmctiak ae sgnll shaps: rulms ak praduct snemty, lnomlikb, nkd

qunlity stnkdnrds: pricm caktrals: nkd rmstrictiaks ak lass-lmndikb.

Thm chnptmrs da kat idmktiey gnky ae thm issums thnt nrm caggak ik oncjoakm

smrvicms (nlthaubh thmrm nrm mxcmptiaks). Stntm ar knturnl gakapalims nrm idmktieimd

ik thm distrioutiak smrvicm smctar (ear mxngplm, ik thm snlm ae nlcahalic omvmrnbms,

gmdicntiaks, nrgs nkd gilitnry mquipgmkt, nkd hydracnroak rmsaurcms), thm hmnlth

smrvicm smctar, nkd thm mkvirakgmktnl smrvicm smctar (ear mxngplm, wnstmwntmr trmnt-

gmkt). Awikb ta its puolic palicy iktmrmst, hmnlth smrvicms gny nlsa om neemctmd oy

ukivmrsnl nccmss rmquirmgmkts nkd puolic suosidims. Mkvirakgmktnl smrvicms gny om

neemctmd oy puolic suosidims, ik ndditiak ta kmtwarj-duplicntiak cakstrnikts. Garm-

avmr, rmbulntiaks nkd prapmr mkearcmgmkt gny sagmtigms hmlp nttrnct earmibk dirmct

ikvmstgmkt, ns ik thm cnsm, ear mxngplm, ae iktmllmctunl prapmrty, dntn privncy nkd

smcurity, thm valuktnry usm ae iktmrkntiaknl stnkdnrds, nkd cmrtieicntiak.

Ik thm hmnlth smrvicm smctar, rulms thnt gny ndvmrsmly neemct earmibk cagpnkims

aetmk pmrtnik ta thm typms ae nctivitims nkd prncticms nllawmd nkd ta ndvmrtisikb,gnrjmtikb, salicitntiak, nkd emm smttikb. Thm nccauktikb praemssiak is n hibhly

rmbulntmd praemssiak, nkd dagmstic rmbulntiaks gny igpmdm gnrjmt nccmss ik n

kugomr ae wnys, ikcludikb thraubh qunktitntivm ligitntiaks ak thm kugomr ae

nccauktnkts ar nuditars nkd thm typms ae smrvicms, ligits ak thm vnlum ae thm smrvicm

trnksnctiaks ar nssmts nllawmd, nkd cakstrnikts ak thm typms ae lmbnl mktity. Thmrm

gny nlsa om rmbulntiaks thnt distart cagpmtitiak nkd dmky kntiaknl trmntgmkt.

Valicy gnjmrs cnk idmktiey cakstrnikts oy cakductikbrmbulntary nudits

Thm smctar studims rmvmnl sagm smriaus cakstrnikts rmsultikb erag thm dmsibk nkd

igplmgmktntiak ae rulms nkd rmbulntiaks. ]kilntmrnl ikitintivms ta igpravm n



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dagmstic ousikmss mkvirakgmkt aetmk smmg ta aeemr thm oibbmst omkmeits ta n smctar.

Nssmssikb thm meemctivmkmss ae rmbulntiaks nkd thm meeicimkcy ae thm igplmgmktntiak

ae rmbulntiaks hibhlibhts rmearg kmmds. Tap-lmvml paliticnl caggitgmkt is aetmk n

prmrmquisitm ik nddrmssikb thmsm oikdikb cakstrnikts. Ie thm rmeargist zmnl is hibh,

bavmrkgmkts cnk nchimvm brmnt igpravmgmkts with ligitmd rmsaurcms.

Ear mxngplm, thm chnptmr ak cakstructiak smrvicms hibhlibhts thm enct thnt thm

issunkcm ae ouildikb pmrgits is nk ndgikistrntivm lnoyrikth ik gnky cauktrims.

Thm trnksnctiak casts nkd ousikmss risjs nssacintmd with slaw nkd apnqum pracm-

durms hnvm n kmbntivm igpnct ak trndm nkd ikvmstgmkt elaws nkd gny rmsult ik

lmss ikvmstgmkt ik kmw ikernstructurm nkd ouildikbs. Hawmvmr, ndgikistrntivm

rmeargs hnvm aetmk hnd pasitivm rmsults oy eacusikb ak strmnglikikb pra`mct

clmnrnkcms, iktraducikb tigm ligits, nkd gavikb thm pracmssms aklikm. Thm gast

ermqumkt typm ae rmearg hns ikvalvmd strmnglikikb pra`mct clmnrnkcms. Akm-stap

shaps cakkmct smvmrnl bavmrkgmkt nbmkcims nkd puolic utilitims nkd pravidm n

sikblm paikt ae caktnct omtwmmk thm mktrmprmkmur nkd thm ouildikb nutharity.

Nkathmr caggak rmearg hns ikvalvmd iktraducikb stntutary tigm ligits ar

silmkcm-is-caksmkt rulms.

_mbulntary nudits mkcagpnssikb nll rmlmvnkt bavmrkgmkt nbmkcims nkd caksul-

tntiaks with stnjmhaldmrs such ns smrvicm ikdustry nssacintiaks, caksugmr braups,

nkd lnoar rmprmsmktntivms cnk idmktiey issums nkd priaritims. Sagm ae thmsm priari-tims aubht ta ikcludm thm rmgavnl ae rulms nkd rmbulntiaks thnt nrm garm trndm

rmstrictivm thnk kmcmssnry sa ns ta nllaw cagpnkims ta tnjm ndvnktnbm ae thm mca-

kagic omkmeits stmggikb erag iktmrkntiaknl mxchnkbm. Gavmgmkt tawnrd garm

apmk nccmss ta dagmstic gnrjmts will stigulntm cagpmtitiak, snvm rmsaurcms, nkd

igpravm thm chaicm nvnilnolm ear lacnl ikvmstars. Smmjikb igpravmd gnrjmt nccmss

ear Gadm 3 nkd Gadm 4 trnksnctiaks with gn`ar trndikb pnrtkmrs cauld nlsa hmlp

ikcrmnsm mxparts ta cauktrims with pratmctmd gnrjmts. N rmvimw ae thmsm aptiaks,

tnjikb ikta caksidmrntiak lacnl cakditiaks, wauld nllaw dmvmlapikb cauktrims tahnrkmss trndm appartukitims nkd igpravm thm warjikbs ae thm dagmstic cakstruc-

tiak smrvicm smctar (Rarld Onkj ?669).

Akm ae thm jmy caktrioutiaks thnt palicy gnjmrs cnk aeemr is ta smmj ta mksurm thnt

cagpmtitiak is kat igpmdmd oy thm rulms nkd rmbulntary erngmwarj ar oy thm omhnv-

iar ae ikcugomkt gnrjmt nctars. Smvmrnl ae thm chnptmrs idmktiey cauktrims ik which

cagpmtitiak hns ommk igpnirmd oy rmbulntiak, cnrtmls nkd gakapalims, ar sigply

ikndmquntm dagmstic supply cnpncity. Thm mstnolishgmkt ae rmtnil starms cnk om

igpmdmd, ear mxngplm, oy strikbmkt zakikb rmstrictiaks ar oy thm dagiknkt pasitiaks

ae rmtnilmrs thnt nlrmndy accupy nttrnctivm lacntiaks. _mbulntary cnpturm is pnrticulnrly

ermqumkt ik thm nccauktikb smrvicm smctar. Ik sagm Karth Nericnk cauktrims, ear

mxngplm, thm nbmkcy ik chnrbm ae issuikb kmw licmksms ta nccauktnkts is caktrallmd oy

ikcugomkts, wha hnvm garm ar lmss cmnsmd ta issum pmrgits ta kmw gnrjmt mktrnkts.



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Caapmrntiak nkd thm dmvmlapgmkt ae appartukitims

Ik sagm dmvmlapikb cauktrims, cmrtnik smrvicm smctars nrm hngpmrmd oy iksueeicimkt

dagmstic supply cnpncity, nkd earmibk supplimrs gny dictntm gnrjmt tmrgs ta thmdmtrigmkt ae caksugmrs. Ear mxngplm,thmcakstructiak smrvicm smctar ik gnky dmvml-

apikb cauktrims is hibhly ernbgmktmd nkd is gndm up ae sgnll cagpnkims uknolm ta

tnjm ak lnrbm ar mvmk gmdiug-sizm pra`mcts. Rhilm thmsm cagpnkims tmkd ta supply

iktmrkntiaknl caktrnctars thraubh autsaurcikb, thmy gny kat om nolm ta ncquirm thm

mxpmrtism ar sizm thmy kmmd ta cagpmtm ear lnrbm caktrncts ak thmir awk. Iktraducikb

ikcmktivms earcaapmrntiak nkd tmchkalaby trnksemrsomtwmmk earmibk caktrnctarsnkd

dagmstic caktrnctars gny om nk aptiak ear strmkbthmkikb thm dagmstic smctar. Sigi-

lnrly, eastmrikb nk mkvirakgmkt ik which lacnl cagpnkims cnk earg caksartin nkdoid ear lnrbmr pra`mcts nllaws thm hagmbrawk smctar ta ouild cnpncity ik gnrjmts

nssacintmd with cutthrant cagpmtitiak ngakb gnky sgnll plnymrs.

This is caggak prncticm ik praemssiaknl smrvicms such ns nccauktikb, mkbikmmr-

ikb, nkd lmbnl smrvicms. Ear mxngplm, eaur nccauktikb nllinkcms dagikntm thm blaonl

gnrjmt nkd ikelumkcm thm structurm ae nccauktikb smrvicm pravisiak ik gnky dmvml-

apikb cauktrims. Thmsm lmndmrs dmrivm nppraxigntmly 5= pmrcmkt ae thmir ikcagm

erag warj autsidm thmir hagm cauktrims nkd nrm prmsmkt ik up ta >=6 cauktrims.

Thmy gniktnik n pnrtkmrship gadml thnt rmlims ak lacnl gmgomrs nkd praemssiak-

nls ta ukdmrstnkd thm lnkbunbm, rulms, nkd apmrntikb pracmdurms ae thm rmspmctivm

gnrjmt. This nrrnkbmgmkt hmlps thm lacnl gmgomrs ouild ak thm gultikntiaknls

rmputntiak nkd tnjm ndvnktnbm ae its trnikikb, mxpmrtism, IT salutiaks, nkd stnee

suppart. Trndm is nlsa ermqumktly ukdmrtnjmk thraubh vnriaus eargs ae caapmrn-

tiak omtwmmk lmbnl smrvicm cagpnkims, whmrmoy thm cagpnkims lmvmrnbm kmtwarjmd

prncticms ta orandmk nkd dmmpmk thmir nrmns ae mxpmrtism. This typm ae pnrtkmrship

cnk om pnrticulnrly usmeul ear sgnll nkd gmdiug-sizm mktmrprisms thnt nrm cagpmtikb

ear ousikmss with lnrbm cagpnkims.

Ndaptiak ae iktmrkntiaknl stnkdnrds, licmksms, cmrtieicntms,

nkd dmbrmm rmcabkitiak encilitntms trndm

Thmrm nrm vnriaus omst prncticms nkd iktmrkntiaknl (sagmtigms rmbiaknl) stnk-

dnrds nvnilnolm thraubhaut thm smrvicm liem cyclm thnt smmj ta mksurm ar, nt lmnst,

sibknl thm qunlity lmvml thnt n caksugmr gny mxpmct. Thmy cavmr (>) thm rmquirm-

gmkts ear aotnikikb n praemssiaknl qunlieicntiak, (?) thm pracmss mgplaymd dur-

ikb dmlivmry, nkd (3) thm stnkdnrds ae thm eikishmd praduct. Vraemssiaknl smrvicm

smctars aetmk smmj ta gniktnik gikigug stnkdnrds oy issuikb qunlity cmrtieicn-

tiaks ta ikdividunl smrvicm pravidmrs. Ear mxngplm, ta smrvm ns n rmbistmrmd kursm,

n kursikb brnduntm gny om rmquirmd ta pnss n licmksurm mxngikntiak. Nk

nccauktnkt gny smrvm ik cmrtnik spmcieimd ralms akly netmr hnvikb pnssmd nk



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mxngikntiak nkd bnikmd rmlmvnkt warj mxpmrimkcm ta omcagm n chnrtmrmd

nccauktnkt.

IT smrvicm cagpnkims cnk smmj ta aotnik pracmss-arimktmd qunlity cmrtieicntms

thnt sibknl thm gnturity ae iktmrknl smrvicm praductiak gmthads. Cnrkmbim Gmllak

Saetwnrm Mkbikmmrikb IkstitutmCnpnoility Gnturity Gadml Iktmbrntiak cmrtieicn-

tiak is pnrticulnrly caggak ngakb lmndikb dmvmlapikb-cauktry mxpartmrs. Cag-

pnkims thnt dmnl with smksitivm ikeargntiak ik thm nccauktikb nkd hmnlth smctars

nkd dmlivmr smrvicms thraubh mlmctrakic supply aetmk smmj ta eallaw pracmdurms thnt

qunliey thmg ear dntn privncy nkd smcurity cmrtieicntms. Cakstructiak cagpnkims ik

ndvnkcmd mcakagims gust cagply with kntiaknl ouildikb cadms. Eiknlly, dieemrmkt

smctars ndapt dieemrmkt bunrnktmms ae thm smrvicms thmy smll. Ear mxngplm, n rmtnilmr

gny aeemr iktmrkntiaknl bunrnktmms ae praduct qunlity, nllaw ear baads ta om

rmturkmd withik n kugomr ae dnys, aeemr suppart smrvicms, nkd sa ak.

Thmsm qunlity-sibknlikb dmvicms nrm aetmk usmeul ear sgnll nkd lnrbm plnymrs

nlijm. Gnky ae thm stnkdnrds nkd cmrtieicntms nrm valuktnry nkd pravidmd oy nkd

ear thm privntm smctar. Omcnusm ae thmsm taals, thaubh thmy nrm valuktnry, thmrm is lit-

tlm palicy gnjmrs ik dmvmlapikb cauktrims cnk da out cagply nkd pravidm thm

ikeargntiak nkd nky tmchkicnl nssistnkcm rmquirmd. Ta nttrnct earmibk pravidmrs ae

smrvicms, palicy gnjmrs gny, hawmvmr, nlsa smmj ta mksurm thnt thmsm taals nrm kat

usmd ukkmcmssnrily ta rmstrict cagpmtitiak. Ear mxngplm, thm igplmgmktntiak aethm npplicnolm iktmrkntiaknl ar rmbiaknl stnkdnrds ak cakstructiak gntmrinls nkd

thm omst prncticms ik ouildikb cadms lawmr trnksnctiak casts nkd encilitntm iktmbrn-

tiak ik iktmrkntiaknl supply chniks. N sigilnr situntiak halds ik nccauktikb, mkbi-

kmmrikb, IT, nkd hmnlth smrvicms. Ear praemssiaknl dmbrmms, palicy gnjmrs cnk mvnl-

untm whmthmr thmrm is iktmrmst ngakb trndikb pnrtkmrs nkd, ie it gnjms smksm erag

n cast-omkmeit pmrspmctivm, kmbatintm gutunl rmcabkitiak nbrmmgmkts ak praems-

siaknl dmbrmms.

Dunl stnkdnrds gny om ae brmnt iktmrmst ta dmvmlapikb cauktrims omcnusm aehugnk cnpitnl cakstrnikts. Ear mxngplm, ik thm lmbnl praemssiak, pnrnlmbnls gny om

lmss castly ta trnik nkd cnk cnrry aut sagm ae thm eukctiaks kargnlly pravidmd oy

lnwymrs. Thmrm nrm sigilnr giddlm-lmvml praemssiaknls ik thm nccauktikb nkd hmnlth

smctars, out, ik bmkmrnl, whilm thmsm praemssiaknls smrvm nk igpartnkt purpasm,

thmrm is littlm mvidmkcm ik thm chnptmrs thnt thmy hnvm n sibkieicnkt ralm ik iktmrkn-

tiaknl trndm. This dams kat gmnk, hawmvmr, thnt thmy da kat ar cnkkat tnjm pnrt ik

mxpart-arimktmd nctivitims.

Ik ndditiak, thm pratmctiak ae iktmllmctunl prapmrty ribhts gny hmlp dmvmlapikb

cauktrims nttrnct earmibk dirmct ikvmstgmkt ik sagm smctars. Ear mxngplm, ik thm IT

smrvicm smctar, saetwnrm pirncy cnk om n smriaus thrmnt. Cauktrims thnt smmj ta nttrnct

cagpnkims with smksitivm ikeargntiak systmgs ar with ousikmssms thnt dmvmlap iktml-

lmctunl prapmrty, such ns gnky saetwnrm praduct cagpnkims, gny om garm lijmly ta



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succmmd ie thmy gniktnik nkd mkearcm prapmr lmbislntiak ak iktmllmctunl prapmrty

ribhts. Ik ndditiak, omcnusm rmputntiak is thm strakbmst nssmt ae gnky cagpnkims,

pratmctikb trndmgnrjs, cagpnky kngms, nkd sa ak gny om mqunlly igpartnkt.

N enir nkd trnkspnrmkt bavmrkgmkt pracurmgmkt pracmss

snvms puolic rmsaurcms

Smvmrnl ae thm smctars ukdmr study nrm hmnvily ikvalvmd ik puolic warjs, nkd thm puo-

lic smctar gny rmprmsmkt thm sikblm lnrbmst climkt ae thm cakstructiak, mkvirakgmktnl,

nkd mkbikmmrikb smrvicm smctars. Vnrticulnrly ik thm cnsm ae thm cakstructiak smrvicm

smctar, puolic pracurmgmkt gny gnjm up hnle thm eargnl gnrjmt. Hmkcm, palicy

gnjmrs shauld smmj ta mksurm thnt thm pracurmgmkt pracmss is trnkspnrmkt nkddmsibkmd sa thnt sgnllmr smrvicm pravidmrs nkd earmibk cagpnkims nrm kat ukkmcms-

snrily shut aut. Valicy ikitintivms gny nddrmss iktmrknl pracmdurms, ikcludikb thm

igplmgmktntiak ae thm Rarld Onkj buidmlikms ak katieicntiak nkd ndvmrtismgmkt, ns

wmll ns thm carruptiak thnt is sa prmvnlmkt ik cakstructiak pra`mcts.

Valicy gnjmrs hnvm ta om pnrticulnrly dmlicntm ik dmsibkikb tmkdmrikb critmrin

durikb bavmrkgmkt pracurmgmkt. Thm dmsibk ae tmkdmrikb spmcieicntiaks cnk

meemctivmly rmbulntm gnrjmt nccmss. Bavmrkgmkt pracurmgmkt nutharitims nrm aetmk

nccusmd ae envarikb mithmr dagmstic ar earmibk caktrnctars oy mxplicitly pravidikb

prmemrmktinl trmntgmkt ear lacnl cagpnkims ar oy smttikb gikigug rmquirmgmkts

ae eiknkcinl suppart thnt gny om omyakd thm rmnch ae dagmstic cagpnkims.

Nddrmssikb Supply-Sidm Cakstrniktsnkd Vragatikb Trndm

Thm chnptmrs illustrntm haw ikeargntiak nkd caggukicntiak tmchkalaby kmtwarjs

hnvm omcagm n crucinl gmnks ae dmlivmrikb smrvicms mlmctrakicnlly ikdmpmkdmkt ae

thm lacntiak ae thm smrvicm supplimr. Thm chnptmr ak hmnlth smrvicms hibhlibhtsthm mxpart patmktinl ik gnky dmvmlapikb cauktrims, out nrbums thnt palicy gnjmrs

hnvm nk igpartnkt ralm ik mksurikb thnt hmnlth palicims da kat euml mxparts nt thm

mxpmksm ae thm wmll-omikb ae lacnl rmsidmkts. Thmrm is nlsa n lnrbm scapm ear igprav-

ikb thm cnpncity ae thm dagmstic smrvicm smctar ta rnism stnkdnrds nt hagm nkd its

praeilm norand sa ns ta tnp ikta earmibk gnrjmts.

Gast smctars nrm jkawlmdbm iktmksivm nkd gny rmquirm

rmthikjikb ae mducntiak palicimsN gn`arity ae thm kakoncjoakm smrvicm smctars mxngikmd ik this valugm rmly

mktirmly ak thm supply ae sjillmd lnoar. Rhilm n wmll-trnikmd warjearcm omkmeits nll

smctars ae nk mcakagy, mducntiak palicy is pnrticulnrly rmlmvnkt ik thm nccauktikb,

?6 Iktmrkntiaknl Trndm ik Smrvicms


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mkbikmmrikb, hmnlth, nkd lmbnl smrvicm smctars. Thm sngm halds ear thm IT smrvicm

smctar, which caksists nlgast mktirmly ae cagputmr mkbikmmrs, nkd mkvirakgmktnl

smrvicms, which dmpmkd, ear mxngplm, ak thm supply ae mkbikmmrs nkd oialabists.

Thm cakstructiak smctar rmquirms wmll-trnikmd civil mkbikmmrs nkd pra`mct gnk-

nbmrs, nkd thm distrioutiak smctar is hibhly ikeargntiak iktmksivm.

Thm igpartnkt ralm ae mducntiak ik praducikb, ear mxngplm, gmdicnl dactars,

kursms, gidwivms, saetwnrm prabrnggmrs, lnwymrs, nccauktnkts, civil mkbikmmrs,

gmchnkicnl mkbikmmrs, nkd oialabists is mvidmkt. Ik trndm, thm dagmstic supply ae

wmll-trnikmd warjmrs is aetmk ns rmlmvnkt erag nk igpart pmrspmctivm ns it is erag

nk mxpart pmrspmctivm. ]keartukntmly, thm ikstitutiaks ae hibhmr mducntiak ik taa

gnky cauktrims enil ta mquip thmir brnduntms with thm sjills rmquirmd ta cagpmtm ik

iktmrkntiaknl gnrjmts, ns nrbumd ik thm chnptmr ak IT smrvicms. Omcnusm ae ikndm-

quntmly trnikmd tmnchmrs, irrmlmvnkt curriculn nkd studmkt litmrnturm, nkd iksueei-

cimkt ikvmstgmkt ik mducntiak, palicy gnjmrs gust nddrmss thmsm issums hmnd ak.

Cauktrims such ns Ikdin nkd Vnjistnk nrm trnikikb gast ae thmir mkbikmmrs ik pri-

vntm ikstitutiaks ae hibhmr mducntiak, nkd thmrm gny om scapm ear athmr cauktrims

ta dmtmrgikm ie privntm ikvmstgmkt cnk nddrmss oattlmkmcjs. Apmkkmss ta thm mstno-

lishgmkt ae earmibk schaals cnk nlsa hmlp rnism stnkdnrds nkd ikcrmnsm thm stacj ae

hugnk cnpitnl: ear mxngplm, thm privntm Ikdink cagpnky KIIT is aeemrikb n rnkbm

ae trnikikb caursms ik thm cagputmr eimld ik cauktrims nraukd thm warld.

Vraspmctivm mktrmprmkmurs nrm hmld oncj oy paar ikeargntiak

nkd caggukicntiak tmchkalaby ikernstructurm

Thm chnptmr ak IT smrvicms nlsa illustrntms nkathmr ermqumkt oikdikb cakstrnikt

neemctikb praspmctivm mxpartmrs ae smrvicms thraubh mlmctrakic supply, ikcludikb

nccauktikb, mkbikmmrikb, hmnlth, IT, nkd lmbnl smrvicms. Cauktrims ik which thm cast

ae n gakthly suoscriptiak with nk Iktmrkmt orandonkd pravidmr is smvmrnl tigms

thm nvmrnbm nkkunl BDV pmr cnpitn is kat lijmly ta hast gnky succmsseul mxpartmrs

ae ikeargntiak-iktmksivm smrvicms. Thm cakstrni

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International Trade in Services: New Trends and Opportunities for Developing Countries