INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY SERIES

General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor of Political Science and Inter­national Development Studies, and Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada

Recent titles include:

Pradeep Agrawal, Subir V. Gokarn, Veena Mishra, Kirit S. Parikh and Kunal Sen ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING IN EAST ASIA AND INDIA: Perspectives on Policy Reform

Solon L. Barraclough and Krishna B. Ghimire FORESTS AND LIVELIHOODS: The Social Dynamics of Deforestation in Developing Countries

Kathleen Barry (editor) VIETNAM'S WOMEN IN TRANSITION

Ruud Buitelaar and Pitou van Dijck (editors) LATIN AMERICA'S INSERTION INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY: Towards Systematic Competitiveness in Small Economies

Jerker Carlsson, Gunnar Kohlin and Anders Ekbom THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EVALUATION: International Aid Agencies and the Effectiveness of Aid

Steve Chan FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN A CHANGING GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY

Paul Cook and Frederick Nixson (editors) THE MOVE TO THE MARKET? Trade and Industry Policy Reform in Transitional Economies

0. P. Dwivedi DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION: From Underdevelopment to Sustainable Development

John Healey and William Tordoff (editors) VOTES AND BUDGETS: Comparative Studies in Accountable Governance in the South

Noeleen Heyzer, James V. Riker and Antonio B. Quizon (editors) GOVERNMENT-NGO RELATIONS IN ASIA: Prospects and Challenges for People-Centred Development

George Kent CHILDREN IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY

David Kowalewski GLOBAL ESTABLISHMENT: The Political Economy or North/ Asian Networks

Laura Macdonald SUPPORTING CIVIL SOCIETY: The Political Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Central America

Gary McMahon (editor) LESSONS IN ECONOMIC POLICY FOR EASTERN EUROPE FROM LATIN AMERICA

David B. Moore and Gerald M. Schmitz (editors) DEBATING DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE: Institutional and Popular Perspectives

Juan Antonio Morales and Gary McMahon (editors) ECONOMIC POLICY AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY: The Latin American Experience

Paul J. Nelson THE WORLD BANK AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: The Limits of Apolitical Development

Archibald R. M. Ritter and John M. Kirk (editors) CUBA IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM: Normalization and Integration

Ann Seidman and Robert B. Seidman STATE AND LAW IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: Problem-Solving and Institutional Change in the Third World

Tor SHines THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC REFORM IN ZIMBABWE: Continuity and Change in Development

John Sorenson (editor) DISASTER AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE HORN OF AFRICA

Howard Stein (editor) ASIAN INDUSTRIALIZATION AND AFRICA: Studies in Policy Alternatives to Structural Adjustment

Deborah Stienstra WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Sandra Whitworth FEMINISM AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

David Wurfel and Bruce Burton (editors) SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER: The Political Economy of a Dynamic Region

Security Problems and Policies in the Post-Cold War Caribbean

Edited by

1 orge Rodriguez Be ruff Professor, University of Puerto Rico

and

Humberto Garcia Mufiiz Visiting Professor, Rutgers University, New Jersey

First published in Great Britain 1996 by

MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-1-349-24495-9 ISBN 978-1-349-24493-5 (eBook)

DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-24493-5

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 978-0-333-63401-1

First published in the United States of America 1996 by

ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010

ISBN 978-1-349-24495-9

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Security problems and policies in the post-cold war Caribbean I edited by Jorge Rodriguez Beruff and Humberto Garcia Muniz. p. em.- (International political economy series) includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.

ISBN 978-1-349-24495-9

I. National security-Caribbean area. 2. Caribbean area­- Strategic aspects. 3. World politics- 1989- I. Rodriguez Beruff, Jorge. II. Garcia Muniz, Humberto. Ill. Series. UA609.S43 1996 355'.0330729-dc20 95-34284

CIP ------·--------------------

Editorial matter, selection and chapters I and 2 ©Jorge Rodriguez Beruff and Humberto Garcia Muniz 1996 Chapters 3- 12 © Macmillan Press Ltd 1996

A II rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written pem1ission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copymg issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WI P 9HE.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

10 9 8 7 6 05 04 03 02 01

5 4 00 99

3 98

2 97

I 96

Contents

List of Tables and Figure

Notes on the Contributors

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

Map of the Caribbean

1 Introduction: Challenges to Peace and Security in the Post-Cold War Caribbean Jorge Rodriguez Beruff and Humberto Garda Muniz

Part I The Role of the External Powers

vii

viii

xi

xiii

xiv

13

2 US Military Policy towards the Caribbean in the 1990s 15 Humberto Garda Muniz and Jorge Rodriguez Beruff

3 French Presence and Strategic Interests in the Caribbean 32 Michel Louis Martin

4 Britain and the Commonwealth Caribbean 62 Paul Sutton

5 Canada and Caribbean Security H. P. Klepak

81

Part II Regional Actors and the Security Environment 97

6 National Security, Narcotics Control and the Haitian Military 99 MichelS. Laguerre

7 Cuba's Security in the 1990s 121 Isabel Jaramillo Edwards

8 The US-Cuba Strategic Game 143 Anthony P. Maingot

9 Strategic Military Interests and Puerto Rican Self-determination 155 Jorge Rodriguez Beruff

v

vi Contents

Part III Drugs and Migration as Security Problems 179

10 Caribbean Manifestations of the Narcotics Phenomenon 181 lvelaw L. Griffith

11 The Geopolitics of Caribbean Migration Ramon Grosfoguel

12 Coast Guards and Boat People Michael A. Morris

Index

201

225

245

List of Tables and Figure

TABLES

6.1 Drug seizures in Haiti (selected years) 6.2 Drug seizures in Florida from vessels associated

with Haiti (selected years) 6.3 Availability of drugs in Haiti

FIGURE

6.1 Center for Information and Coordination (CIC)

vii

102

102 104

108

Notes on the Contributors

Jorge Rodriguez Beruff Professor at the University of Puerto Rico. Author of Los Militares y el poder (1983), Polftica military dominaci6n (1988), co-editor of Conflict, Peace and Development in the Carib­bean (1991), editor of Cuba en crisis, perspectivas econ6micas y polfticas (1995) and numerous scholarly articles on Puerto Rico, US policy and the Caribbean. His current research focuses on the impact of the Sec­ond World War in Puerto Rico.

Isabel Jaramillo Edwards Senior Researcher in the Interamerican Relations Department at the Center for the Study of the Americas, Havana, Cuba. Has been visiting scholar in the Center for International Relations at American University and in the Department of Puerto Rican and Hispanic Caribbean Studies, Rutgers University. She is an expert on Cuban and regional security issues about which she has published widely and is presently researching inter-American security problems.

Ivelaw L. Griffith Assistant Professor in the Political Science De­partment at Florida International University and Director of research project on drugs and security in the Caribbean funded by the MacArthur Foundation. Expert on regional security issues. Author of The Quest for Security in the Caribbean (1993), editor of Strategy and Security in the Caribbean (1991) and numerous other publications. He is currently editing a volume on democracy and human rights in the Caribbean.

Ramon Grosfoguel Assistant Professor in the Sociology Department at SUNY-Binghamton and senior researcher of the Fernand Braude! Center. Currently, he is a Rockefeller Foundation Fellow at the Center for Puerto Rican Studies in Hunter College-CUNY where he is writing a book on colonial Caribbean migrations to the metropoles.

H. P. Klepak Professor of Latin American military and diplomatic history at the Royal Military College of Canada and Director of Secu­rity Programmes at the Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FO­CAL). Has also served as strategic analyst with the Department of National Defence, taught at the College Militaire Royal de Saint-Jean and undertaken research on the impact of Spain's entry into NATO.

Vlll

Notes on the Contributors ix

He publishes widely on international security affairs, especially regional conflicts, Canadian defence policy and Latin American security.

Anthony P. Maingot Professor of Sociology at Florida International University and editor of Hemisphere. Distinguished Caribbeanist. Has published extensively on Caribbean social, political and international relations issues, including on regional security. He was a member of the Constitutional Reform Commission of Trinidad, 1971-4. His most recent book is The United States and the Caribbean (1994).

Michel S. Laguerre Professor of Afro-American Studies, University of California at Berkeley. Anthropologist and expert on Haiti. Author of Voodoo and Politics in Haiti (1989) and editor of The Complete Haitiana, A Bibliographical Guide to Scholarly Literature, 1900-1980 (1982). His most recent book is The Military and Society in Haiti (1993).

Michel Louis Martin Professor at the University of Antilles-Guyane in Guadeloupe and Director of the Centre for Geopolitical and Inter­national Analysis. He is an expert on strategic and military issues and has published extensively on France and Africa as well as on Carib­bean issues. Member of the Inter-University Committee on Armed Forces and Society. Co-editor of Etudes caraioeenes, societe et politique (1991). Editor of La Carai"be politique et internationale: Bibliographie politologique (1990).

Michael A. Morris Professor of Political Science, Clemson Univer­sity, Clemson, South Carolina, and Fellow at the Institute of Inter­national Relations, Santiago de Chile. Author of Caribbean Maritime Security (1994) and numerous scholarly books and articles on mari­time security and naval issues.

Humberto Garcia Muniz Associate Researcher at the Institute of Caribbean Studies, University of Puerto Rico. Former editor of the Caribbean Monthly Bulletin. Expert on regional security issues, mainly US military policy and the Commonwealth Caribbean. Author of La estrategia de Estados Unidos y Ia militarizaci6n del Cari'be (1988), co-editor of Bibliograj{a Militar del Caribe (1992). His latest article is 'El bufete corporativo en el Caribe: el Archivo Peynado & Peynado de Ia Republica Dominicana y su importancia para los estudios cari­beiios', Bolet{n del Centro de Investigaciones Hist6ricas.

X Notes on the Contributors

Paul Sutton Professor at the University of Hull, England. Expert on Caribbean affairs and British Caribbean policy. Author of numerous articles on Caribbean security issues. Editor of Europe and the Carib­bean (1991), and co-editor of Modern Caribbean Politics (1992).

List of Abbreviations

ABDF ACS APEC AUTEC BDF BFB CANF CARIB CAN CARICOM CBI CBI-2 CIC CICAD CLO DEA DFA DoD DOM-TOM EC EPIC FARC FEDER/FEOGA/FSE FIDOM FMSC FOCAL FTA G-3 GAC GATT HEWD HIDTA IAEO IMET

INCB INM

Antigua-Barbuda Defence Force Association of Caribbean States Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center Belize Defence Force British Forces Belize Cuban American National Foundation Canada's Technical and Assistance Programme Caribbean Community Caribbean Basin Initiative (1983) Caribbean Basin Initiative (Second Phase) Center for Information and Coordination Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission Central Liaison Office Drug Enforcement Administration Departements Fran9ais d' Amerique Department of Defense Departements d'outre mer/Territoires d'outre mer European Community El Paso Intelligence Center Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia European Structural Funds Investment Funds of Overseas Territories Foreign Military Sales Credit Program Canadian Foundation for the Americas Free Trade Agreement Group of Three (Mexico, Colombia & Venezuela) Guyana Airways Corporation General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Health, Education and Welfare Department High Incidence Drug Traffic Area International Atomic Energy Organisation International Military Education and Training Program International Narcotics Control Board International Narcotics Matters

xi

xii

INS JTF LANTCOM MAP NAFTA NATO NORAD OAS OCCEG OECS OPBAT RAF ROTHR RSS SLOCs SOUTH COM ssu TAAF UN UNDCP UNDP UNFDAC US AID WEU WIGS

List of Abbreviations

Immigration and Naturalisation Service (US) Joint Task Force US Atlantic Command Military Assistance Program North American Free Trade Agreement North Atlantic Treaty Organisation North American Air Defence Agreement Organisation of American States Cooperation and External Guyanese Office Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Operation Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Revolutionary Armed Forces Relocatable Over the Horizon Radar Regional Security System Sea lanes of communications US Southern Command Special Service Unit French Austral and Antarctic Lands United Nations United Nations Drug Control Programme United Nations Development Programme United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control US Agency for International Development Western European Union West Indian Guardship

Acknowledgements

Chapter 2 is a slightly revised version of an article which appeared in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 533 (May 1994), pp. 112-24. Thanks are extended to the Editor and publishers.

The co-editors would like to express their appreciation for the sup­port they received from the Department of Social Science, General Studies Faculty, University of Puerto Rico and the Department of Puerto Rican and Hispanic Caribbean Studies, Rutgers University (New Bruns­wick). We also wish to thank all the distinguished colleagues who contributed chapters to this book for their patience and assistance.

xiii

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