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International Organization forStandardization[1]

ISO membership (see below)

Abbreviation ISO

Formation 23 February 1947

Type Non­governmental organization

Purpose International standardization

Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland

Membership 163 members[2]

Officiallanguages

English · French · Russian[3]

Website iso.org (http://iso.org)

International Organization for StandardizationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"ISO" redirects here. For other uses, see ISO (disambiguation).

The International Organization forStandardization (ISO) is an international standard­setting body composed of representatives fromvarious national standards organizations.

Founded on 23 February 1947, the organizationpromotes worldwide proprietary, industrial andcommercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva,Switzerland,[4] and as of 2013 works in 164countries.[5]

It was one of the first organizations granted generalconsultative status with the United Nations Economicand Social Council.

Contents

1 Overview2 Name and abbreviations3 History4 Structure

4.1 IEC joint committees4.1.1 ISO/IEC JTC 14.1.2 ISO/IEC JTC 2

5 Membership6 Financing7 International Standards and otherpublications

7.1 Document copyright8 Standardization process9 Products named after ISO10 Criticism11 See also12 Notes and references13 Further reading14 External links

Overview

ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is an independent, non­governmentalorganization, the members of which are the standards organization of the 164 member countries. It is theworld's largest developer of voluntary international standards and facilitates world trade by providing

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Plaque marking the building in Praguewhere the ISO's predecessor, the ISA, wasfounded.(Click to enlarge / read.)

common standards between nations. Nearly twenty thousand standards have been set coveringeverything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture and healthcare.[4]

Use of the standards aids in the creation of products and services that are safe, reliable and of goodquality. The standards help businesses increase productivity while minimizing errors and waste. Byenabling products from different markets to be directly compared, they facilitate companies in enteringnew markets and assist in the development of global trade on a fair basis. The standards also serve tosafeguard consumers and the end­users of products and services, ensuring that certified productsconform to the minimum standards set internationally.[4]

Name and abbreviations

The three official languages of the ISO are English, French, and Russian.[3] The name of theorganization in French is Organisation internationale de normalisation, and in Russian,Международная организация по стандартизации. According to the ISO, as its name in differentlanguages would have different abbreviations ("IOS" in English, "OIN" in French, etc.), the organizationadopted "ISO" as its abbreviated name in reference to the Greek word isos (ἴσος, meaning equal).[6]However, during the founding meetings of the new organization, this Greek word was not evoked, sothis explanation may have been imagined later.[7]

Both the name "ISO" and the logo are registered trademarks, and their use is restricted.[8]

History

The organization today known as ISO began in 1926 as theInternational Federation of the National StandardizingAssociations (ISA). It was suspended in 1942[9] duringWorld War II, but after the war ISA was approached by therecently formed United Nations Standards CoordinatingCommittee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new globalstandards body. In October 1946, ISA and UNSCCdelegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed tojoin forces to create the new International Organization forStandardization; the new organization officially beganoperations in February 1947.[10]

Structure

ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each onerepresenting one country. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss ISO's strategicobjectives. The organization is coordinated by a Central Secretariat based in Geneva.[11]

A Council with a rotating membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance,including setting the Central Secretariat's annual budget.[11][12]

The Technical Management Board is responsible for over 250 technical committees, who develop theISO standards.[11][13][14][15]

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ISO member countries with a national standards body and ISOvoting rights. Correspondent members (countries without a national standards

body). Subscriber members (countries with small economies).

Non­member countries with ISO 3166­1 codes.

IEC joint committees

ISO has formed joint committees with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to developstandards and terminology in the areas of electrical, electronic and related technologies.

ISO/IEC JTC 1

Information technology

Main article: ISO/IEC JTC 1

ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) was created in 1987 to "[d]evelop, maintain, promote andfacilitate IT standards".[16]

ISO/IEC JTC 2

Joint Project Committee – Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Commonterminology

ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 2 (JTC 2) was created in 2009 for the purpose of "[s]tandardizationin the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources".[17]

Membership

ISO has 163 national members,[2]out of the 206 total countries inthe world.

ISO has three membershipcategories:[2]

Member bodies are nationalbodies considered the mostrepresentative standardsbody in each country.These are the only membersof ISO that have votingrights.Correspondent membersare countries that do nothave their own standardsorganization. Thesemembers are informedabout ISO's work, but donot participate in standards promulgation.Subscriber members are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, butcan follow the development of standards.

Participating members are called "P" members, as opposed to observing members, who are called "O"members.

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Financing

ISO is funded by a combination of:[18]

Organizations that manage the specific projects or loan experts to participate in the technicalwork.Subscriptions from member bodies. These subscriptions are in proportion to each country's grossnational product and trade figures.Sale of standards.

International Standards and other publications

See also: List of International Organization for Standardization standards

ISO's main products are international standards. ISO also publishes technical reports, technicalspecifications, publicly available specifications, technical corrigenda, and guides.[19][20]

International standardsThese are designated using the format ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[­p]:[yyyy] Title, wherennnnn is the number of the standard, p is an optional part number, yyyy is the year published, andTitle describes the subject. IEC for International Electrotechnical Commission is included if thestandard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation withASTM International. yyyy and IS are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard and mayunder some circumstances be left off the title of a published work.

Technical reportsThese are issued when a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a differentkind from that normally published as an International Standard,[19] such as references andexplanations. The naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except TRprepended instead of IS in the report's name.For example:

ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security ManagementISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation — Metadata for constructiondocumentation

Technical and publicly available specificationsTechnical specifications may be produced when "the subject in question is still under developmentor where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement topublish an International Standard". A publicly available specification is usually "an intermediatespecification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC maybe a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization".[19] Byconvention, both types of specification are named in a manner similar to the organization'stechnical reports.For example:

ISO/TS 16952­1:2006 Technical product documentation — Reference designation system — Part1: General application rulesISO/PAS 11154:2006 Road vehicles — Roof load carriers

Technical corrigendaISO also sometimes issues "technical corrigenda" (where "corrigenda" is the plural of

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corrigendum). These are amendments made to existing standards due to minor technical flaws,usability improvements, or limited­applicability extensions. They are generally issued with theexpectation that the affected standard will be updated or withdrawn at its next scheduledreview.[19]

ISO guides

These are meta­standards covering "matters related to international standardization".[19] They are namedusing the format "ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title".For example:

ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabularyISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for bodies operating product certification

Document copyright

ISO documents are copyrighted and ISO charges for most copies. It does not, however, charge for mostdraft copies of documents in electronic format. Although they are useful, care must be taken using thesedrafts as there is the possibility of substantial change before they become finalized as standards. Somestandards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and, via the U.S. National Committee, theInternational Electrotechnical Commission) are made freely available.[21][22]

Standardization process

A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with theproposal of new work within a committee. Here are some abbreviations used for marking a standardwith its status:[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]

PWI – Preliminary Work ItemNP or NWIP – New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal (e.g., ISO/IEC NP 23007)AWI – Approved new Work Item (e.g., ISO/IEC AWI 15444­14)WD – Working Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC WD 27032)CD – Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 23000­5)FCD – Final Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC FCD 23000­12)DIS – Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC DIS 14297)FDIS – Final Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC FDIS 27003)PRF – Proof of a new International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC PRF 18018)IS – International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818­1:2007)

Abbreviations used for amendments:[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]

NP Amd – New Proposal Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 15444­2:2004/NP Amd 3)AWI Amd – Approved new Work Item Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14492:2001/AWI Amd 4)WD Amd – Working Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO 11092:1993/WD Amd 1)CD Amd / PDAmd – Committee Draft Amendment / Proposed Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC13818­1:2007/CD Amd 6)FPDAmd / DAM (DAmd) – Final Proposed Draft Amendment / Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC14496­14:2003/FPDAmd 1)FDAM (FDAmd) – Final Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818­1:2007/FDAmd 4)PRF Amd – (e.g., ISO 12639:2004/PRF Amd 1)Amd – Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818­1:2007/Amd 1:2007)

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Other abbreviations:[27][28][30][31]

TR – Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC TR 19791:2006)DTR – Draft Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC DTR 19791)TS – Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/TS 16949:2009)DTS – Draft Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/DTS 11602­1)PAS – Publicly Available SpecificationTTA – Technology Trends Assessment (e.g., ISO/TTA 1:1994)IWA – International Workshop Agreement (e.g., IWA 1:2005)Cor – Technical Corrigendum (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818­1:2007/Cor 1:2008)Guide – a guidance to technical committees for the preparation of standards

International Standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by aprocess with six steps:[25][32]

Stage 1: Proposal stageStage 2: Preparatory stageStage 3: Committee stageStage 4: Enquiry stageStage 5: Approval stageStage 6: Publication stage

The TC/SC may set up working groups (WG) of experts for the preparation of a working drafts.Subcommittees may have several working groups, which can have several Sub Groups (SG).[33]

Stages in the development process of an ISO standard[24][25][26][29][32][30]Stagecode Stage Associated

document name Abbreviations Description ·Notes

00 Preliminary Preliminary workitem PWI

10 Proposal New work itemproposal NP or NWIP · NP Amd/TR/TS/IWA

20 Preparatory Working draft ordrafts

AWI · AWI Amd/TR/TS · WD · WDAmd/TR/TS

30 Committee Committee draftor drafts

CD · CD Amd/Cor/TR/TS · PDAmd(PDAM) · PDTR · PDTS

40 Enquiry Enquiry draft DIS · FCD · FPDAmd · DAmd (DAM) ·FPDISP · DTR · DTS (CDV in IEC)

50 Approval Final draft FDIS · FDAmd (FDAM) · PRF · PRFAmd/TTA/TR/TS/Suppl · FDTR

60 Publication InternationalStandard ISO · TR · TS · IWA · Amd · Cor

90 Review95 Withdrawal

It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start ofa standardization project, for example a standard developed by another organization. ISO/IEC directivesallow also the so­called "Fast­track procedure". In this procedure a document is submitted directly for

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approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or as a final draftInternational Standard (FDIS) if the document was developed by an international standardizing bodyrecognized by the ISO Council.[25]

The first step—a proposal of work (New Proposal) is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technicalcommittee (e.g., SC29 and JTC1 respectively in the case of Moving Picture Experts Group ­ ISO/IECJTC1/SC29/WG11). A working group (WG) of experts is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of aworking draft. When the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified, some of the working groups(e.g., MPEG) usually make open request for proposals—known as a "call for proposals". The firstdocument that is produced for example for audio and video coding standards is called a verificationmodel (VM) (previously also called a "simulation and test model"). When a sufficient confidence in thestability of the standard under development is reached, a working draft (WD) is produced. This is in theform of a standard but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a working draft issufficiently solid and the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution tothe problem being addressed, it becomes committee draft (CD). If it is required, it is then sent to the P­members of the TC/SC (national bodies) for ballot.

The CD becomes final committee draft (FCD) if the number of positive votes is above the quorum.Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the technical content.When it is reached, the text is finalized for submission as a draft International Standard (DIS). The textis then submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a period of five months. It isapproved for submission as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two­thirds majority of the P­members of the TC/SC are in favour and not more than one­quarter of the total number of votes cast arenegative. ISO will then hold a ballot with National Bodies where no technical changes are allowed(yes/no ballot), within a period of two months. It is approved as an International Standard (IS) if a two­thirds majority of the P­members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one­quarter of the totalnumber of votes cast are negative. After approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into thefinal text. The final text is sent to the ISO Central Secretariat, which publishes it as the InternationalStandard.[23][25]

Products named after ISO

The fact that many of the ISO­created standards are ubiquitous has led, on occasion, to common use of"ISO" to describe the actual product that conforms to a standard. Some examples of this are:

Many CD images end in the file extension "ISO" to signify that they are using the ISO 9660standard file system as opposed to another file system—hence CD images are commonly referredto as "ISOs". Virtually all computers with CD­ROM drives can read CDs that use this standard.Some DVD­ROMs also use ISO 9660 file systems.Photographic film's sensitivity to light (its "film speed") is described by ISO 6, ISO 2240 andISO 5800. Hence, the film's speed is often referred to as by its ISO number.As it was originally defined in ISO 518, the flash hot shoe found on cameras is often called the"ISO shoe".

Criticism

With the exception of a small number of isolated standards,[21] ISO standards are normally not availablefree of charge, but for a purchase fee,[34] which has been seen by some as too expensive for small opensource projects.[35]

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The ISO/IEC JTC1 fast­track procedures ("Fast­track" as used by OOXML and "PAS" as used byOpenDocument) have garnered criticism in relation to the standardization of Office Open XML(ISO/IEC 29500). Martin Bryan, outgoing Convenor of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 WG1, is quoted as saying:

I would recommend my successor that it is perhaps time to pass WG1’s outstandingstandards over to OASIS, where they can get approval in less than a year and then do a PASsubmission to ISO, which will get a lot more attention and be approved much faster thanstandards currently can be within WG1.

The disparity of rules for PAS, Fast­Track and ISO committee generated standards is fastmaking ISO a laughing stock in IT circles. The days of open standards development are fastdisappearing. Instead we are getting 'standardization by corporation'.[36]

Computer security entrepreneur and Ubuntu investor, Mark Shuttleworth, commented on theStandardization of Office Open XML process by saying "I think it de­values the confidence people havein the standards setting process," and Shuttleworth alleged that ISO did not carry out its responsibility.He also noted that Microsoft had intensely lobbied many countries that traditionally had not participatedin ISO and stacked technical committees with Microsoft employees, solution providers and resellerssympathetic to Office Open XML.

When you have a process built on trust and when that trust is abused, ISO should halt theprocess... ISO is an engineering old boys club and these things are boring so you have tohave a lot of passion … then suddenly you have an investment of a lot of money andlobbying and you get artificial results. The process is not set up to deal with intensivecorporate lobbying and so you end up with something being a standard that is not clear.[37]

See also

American National Standards InstituteAP (Associated Press) Stylebook.Brazilian National Standards OrganizationDeutsches Institut für Normung, theGerman Institute for Standardization.BSI GroupBureau of Indian StandardsCanadian Standards AssociationCountries in the International Organizationfor StandardizationEuropean Committee for StandardizationGOST, a set of technical standardsmaintained by the Euro­Asian Council forStandardization, Metrology andCertification.Institute of Environmental Sciences andTechnologyInterface 2010, the Interface Marketing

ISO divisionsISO/TC 37 "Terminology and otherlanguage and content resources", afundamental ISO standardizationcommittee.ISO/TC 68TC 46/SC 9ISO/TC 211ISO/TC 215ISO/TC 223

StandardizationStandards AustraliaStandards organizationTerminology planning policyThe International Customer Service InstituteInternet Engineering Task Force

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Supplier Integration Institute.International Classification for StandardsInternational Electrotechnical CommissionInternational healthcare accreditationIEEE Standards AssociationInternational Telecommunication UnionList of International Organization forStandardization standards

Notes and references

1. The three official full names of the ISO can be found at the beginning of the foreword sections of the PDFdocument: "ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary"(http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_iec_guide_2_2004.pdf) (PDF). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20110721233751/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_iec_guide_2_2004.pdf) (PDF) fromthe original on 21 July 2011.

2. "ISO members" (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso_members.htm). International Organization forStandardization. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20150209160543/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso_members.htm) from theoriginal on 9 February 2015.

3. "How to use the ISO Catalogue" (http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/how_to_use_the_catalogue.htm).ISO.org. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20071004225623/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/how_to_use_the_catalogue.htm) from the original on 4 October 2007.

4. "About ISO" (http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm). ISO. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20071004201243/http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm) from the original on 4October 2007.

5. The number of membre working countries an be found on the first page of the report. "Annual Report 2013"(http://www.iso.org/iso/annual_report­2013.pdf) (PDF). ISO. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

6. "About ISO ­ Our name" (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about.htm#2012_aboutiso_iso_name­text­Anchor).ISO. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919212143/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about.htm#2012_aboutiso_iso_name­text­Anchor) from the original on 19 September 2012.

7. "Friendship among equals" (http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf) (PDF). ISO. (page20)

8. "ISO name and logo" (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm). ISO. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919222138/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm) from theoriginal on 19 September 2012.

9. "A Brief History of ISO" (http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~mbsclass/standards/martincic/isohistr.htm). University ofPittsburgh.

10. Friendship among equals ­ Recollections from ISO's first fifty years(http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf) (PDF), International Organization forStandardization, 1997, pp. 15–18, ISBN 92­67­10260­5, archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20121026060448/http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf)(PDF) from the original on 26 October 2012

11. "Structure and governance" (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm). InternationalOrganization for Standardization. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919222955/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm) fromthe original on 19 September 2012.

12. "Council"(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010). International Organization for Standardization. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20121103211437/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010) from the original on 3 November 2012.

13. "Technical committees"

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13. "Technical committees"(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm). InternationalOrganization for Standardization. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919220258/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm) from the original on 19 September 2012.

14. "Who develops ISO standards?" (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who­develops­iso­standards.htm). International Organization for Standardization. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919212351/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who­develops­iso­standards.htm) from the original on 19 September 2012.

15. "Governance of technical work"(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm). InternationalOrganization for Standardization. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919222005/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm) from the original on 19 September 2012.

16. "ISO/IEC JTC 1" (http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home). International Organization for Standardization.Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20111215062549/http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home) from the originalon 15 December 2011.

17. "ISO/IEC JPC 2 Joint Project Committee ­ Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources ­ Commonterminology"(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141). International Organization for Standardization. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20121006120431/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141) from the original on 6 October 2012.

18. "General information on ISO" (http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm).ISO. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20071005105014/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm) from the original on 5 October 2007.

19. The ISO directives are published in two distinct parts:"ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the technical work"(http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir­1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf) (PDF). ISO/IEC.2012. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20120613062832/http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir­1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2012."ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards"(http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiec­dir2%7Bed6.0%7Den.pdf) (PDF). ISO/IEC.2011. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20111016080553/http://iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiec­dir2%7Bed6.0%7Den.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2011.

20. ISO. "ISO/IEC Directives and ISO supplement" (http://www.iso.org/directives). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20050423234219/http://www.iso.org/directives/) from the original on 23 April2005.

21. "Freely Available Standards" (http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/). ISO. 1 February2011.

22. "Free ANSI Standards"(http://web.archive.org/web/20070403014457/http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp).Archived from the original (http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp) on 3 April 2007.

23. "About MPEG" (http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm). chiariglione.org. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20100221015546/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm) from the originalon 21 February 2010.

24. ISO. "International harmonized stage codes"(http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm#s90). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm#s90) from the original on 12 August 2007.

25. ISO. "Stages of the development of International Standards"(http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm) from the original on 12 August 2007.

26. "The ISO27k FAQ ­ ISO/IEC acronyms and committees"

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Further readingJoAnne Yates and Craig N. Murphy, "Coordinating International Standards: The Formation of the ISO"(http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf) (PDF). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20100922210249/http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf)(PDF) from the original on 22 September 2010. MIT Innovations and Entrepreneurship Seminar Series, Fall2006 (http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/index2006.html).Kuert, Willy (1997). "Friendship Among Equals ­ Recollections from ISO's first fifty years"(http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf) (PDF). ISO. Archived

26. "The ISO27k FAQ ­ ISO/IEC acronyms and committees"(http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms). IsecT Ltd. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20051124081445/http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms)from the original on 24 November 2005.

27. ISO (2007). "ISO/IEC Directives Supplement — Procedures specific to ISO"(http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf) (PDF). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20120112093253/http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf) (PDF)from the original on 12 January 2012.

28. ISO (2007). "List of abbreviations used throughout ISO Online"(http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm) from the original on 12 August 2007.

29. "US Tag Committee Handbook"(http://www.sae.org/exdomains/standardsdev/global_resources/US%20TAG%20Committe%20Handbook%206March2008.doc) (DOC). March 2008.

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