International - journal of Library Science · ISSN No. 2319-992X • Impact Factor IIJIF (2017) 4.101 & Impact Factor PIF (2019) 4.650 6 GNIMS - International e-Journal of Library

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International

of Library Science- journale

ISSN No. 2319-992XImpact Factor IIJIF (2017) 4.101Impact Factor PIF (2019) 4.650

BusinessSchool

Volume No. 7Issue No. 2July - December 2019

Dr. Ajit Singh

Mr. Marc Goovaerts

Dr. A. Ganeshan

Dr. Debra Wallace

Mr. Pieter Lernout

Dr. Diljit Singh

Dr. Radhakrishnan Pillai

Dr. Subhash Chavan

Mr. Jagmohan Bhaver

Dr. Akhtar Parvez

Mr. Parage Warty

Dr. Dinesh Annappa Sanadi

Dr. Chandrashekhar D. Wani

Mr. B. K. Ahire

Prof. Dr. Jagtar Singh

Dr. Sandeep Bhavsar

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Director General, GNIMS Business School

Head Librarian, Hasselt (Bibliotheek Universiteit) Belgium

Director, Library, Prist University, Vallam, Tamil Nadu - 613 403.

Executive Director, Knowledge & Library Services, Baker Library,HarvardBusiness School, Boston, MA - 02163.

Librarian, Hasselt (Bibliotheek Universiteit) Belgium

Associate Professor, Deputy Dean (Postgraduate), University of Malaya,Kaulalampur, Malaysia

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International e-journal of Library Science

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International

of Library Science- journale

ISSN No. 2319-992XImpact Factor IIJIF (2017) 4.101Impact Factor PIF (2019) 4.650

BusinessSchool

Volume No. 7Issue No. 2July - December 2019

ISSN No. 2319-992X • Impact Factor IIJIF (2017) 4.101 & Impact Factor PIF (2019) 4.650

GNIMS - International e-Journal of Library Science • Vol. 7 • No. 2 • July - December 20192

: Contents :

About International e-Journal of Library Science 3

1. Citation Analysis of IASLIC Bulletin, 2005-2018 5Dr. Gurjeet Kaur Rattan and Prof. Dr. Jagtar Singh

2. Impact of Digitization on E-journals 15Mr. M. K Krishnan

3. Understanding Staff Perceptions of Workplace Technology : A Case Study of 29Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha Library of Punjabi University PatialaMr. Tarvinder Singh and Prof. Jagtar Singh

4. Exploitation of Social Networking Sites among the U. G. Students of 38Theem College of Engineering, Boisar, MaharashtraMr. Fakir Ashraf Shah Sattar Shah, Dr. Mrs. Shilpa Satish Waghchoure and Dr. Rajkumar Bhakar

5. Comparison of E- Resources with their Usage Statistics among 45Bharathidasan University & Madurai Kamaraj UniversityDr. KR. Senthilkumar, Mr. K. Balamani and Mr. M. Mohana

6. Forecasting in Libraries Towards Selecting The Books 52Mr. Chirag Sachdev

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3GNIMS - International e-Journal of Library Science • Vol. 7 • No. 2 • July - December 2019

About International e-Journal of Library Science :

International e-Journal of Library Science is a peer-reviewed Journal published twice a year in June, and December with ISSNNo. 2319-992X. The Journal has accredited with the Impact Factor by International Innovative Journal Impact Factor for 2016-17 is 4.101 and Impact factor by PIF for 2019 is 4.650.

International e-Journal of Library Science publishes articles from people who research, teach and apply various aspects oflibrary Science in their respective fields.

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1. CITATION ANALYSIS OF IASLIC BULLETIN, 2005-2018

Dr. Gurjeet Kaur Rattan

Deputy LibrarianBhai Kahn Singh Nabha Library, Punjabi University Patiala

[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Jagtar Singh Professor, Department of Library and Information

Science, and Professor In-charge, Bhai Kahn SinghNabha Library, Punjabi University Patiala

[email protected]

CITATION ANALYSISprovides the ability to track the work of authors,

the influence of papers and the trajectory of

research ideas by examining citation counts in key

research databases and online Sources

The present study is citation analysis of the journal IASLIC Bulletin for the period 2005-2018. The study indicatesand elaborates various parameters e.g. year-wise number of citations used by authors of this journal, authorshippattern of citations; format; chronological distribution and the number of e- citations. Core journals/mostpreferred journals have been identified with the help of ranked list of journals. It is found that Annals of Libraryand Information Studies is the most cited journal by the authors of this journal which contained about 6.08% ofthe total journal citations.

ABSTRACT :

Keywords :

Citation Analysis; IASLIC Bulletin; Electronic Resources; Core Journals

1. Introduction :

Bibliometric analysis provides information on the use of references/citations or literature in different documents.Analysis of citations called citation analysis describes the frequency of the journal title, format and age of theresources used, place of publication, language and frequency of the author. It is analyzed to study use trendswhich suggests the journals to be added the library collection. The increasing subscription cost of journals,



devaluation of Indian currency and stagnant library budgets are the factors that compelled our librarians toreduce their collection to the minimum. It is directly affecting the academic as well as research work in thecountry (Gaikwad and Khokale (2017).

Citation analysis being the traditional method of assessing research impact by examining an individual publicationby evaluating how often it has been cited in subsequent publications (Sarli, Dubinsky and Holmes, 2010). Thehighly cited documents have greater influence on the academic discipline than those are less cited (Lin &Cheng, 2010). Moreover, it is used to identify core journals and authors in a discipline (Meho, 2007).

The present study is a citation analysis of the ar ticles published in IASLIC Bulletin journal during 2005-2018.The first volume of this journal was published in 1956 and each volume of this journal includes ar ticles, bookreviews and letters but the scope of this study is limited to ar ticles only.

2. Review of Literature :

Different studies on citation analysis have been carried out. Few of these have been listed below:

Shokeen & Kaushik (2004) carried bibliometric study of Indian Journal of Plant Physiology published duringJanuary to December 2002. There were 61 ar ticles published in these issues with 1149 citations featuring2770 authors. 39% cited ar ticles were three authored. The average number of ar ticles published in each issuewas 15.25.

Mondal (2011) analysed 14318 citations of 106 doctoral dissertations in the field of physics submitted toGauhati University during 1963-2000. The results showed variations in use of references from one disciplineto another. Sometimes, citations were incomplete and inconsistent. It was revealed that joint authorship wasprevalent in all the disciplines of physics as compared to multiple authors. Average citations per thesis cameout to be 135.08. More than 72% citations were in journal form. Futurology discipline was found to be leastscattered among different journals. Half-life period of physics literature was found to be 12.62 years.

Jali et al (2014) studied the citation pattern of 36 PG dissertations in the subject of Oral Pathology & Microbiologysubmitted to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore. The basic purpose of this study was tofind out the current trends of the citations with the objective to identify the distribution, format of citations andtheir ranking by descriptive analysis. It was found that journals were most preferred form of citations (84.9%)followed by books and electronic resources whereas dissertations and conference proceedings were the leastused sources.

Amritpal and Rattan (2015) carried citation analysis of 17 doctoral theses in library and information sciencesubmitted to Punjabi University, Patiala till 2013. The findings of the research showed that journal citationswere the maximum (48.43%). More than 59% references were single authored. Out of 655 book citations49.77% were of Indian origin. Journal citations were more recent than book citations. College and ResearchLibraries was the most cited journal by the LIS researchers. Leimkuhler model was applied to test the Bradforddistribution and it was found that the law fitted well for the given data set.

Shah (2016) presented bibliometric analysis of 81 ar ticles published in the journal International Journal of



Agriculture Sciences during 2009-2014. The degree of collaboration of the journal ‘International Journal ofAgriculture Sciences’ was 0.8765. It indicated dominance of collaborative research over the individual effor t.More than 53% of the ar ticles were contributed by Indian authors and they used more international journalsthan Indian. Maximum references were used during the period 2001-2005. Journals were the most preferredform of references for writing research papers. Finally, a ranked list of journals was compiled in order toidentify core journals.

Heydari, Shekofteh and Kazerani (2019) aimed to assess highly cited ar ticles using altmetrics and citationsand find the relationship between them. The study consisted of all the highly cited ar ticles on surgeryindexed on the Web of Science. The analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and Spearman’scorrelation coefficient. More than 62 per cent had an altmetric score among the 1077 highly cited articles. Thehighest number of citations received was 1787, and the highest altmetric score was 2019. A positive andsignificant correlation was observed between the number of citations and the policy-making documents. Apositive but non-significant correlation was also observed between the number of citations and the number ofMendeley readers (r=0.02, P>0.05). A poor, negative and significant correlations were found between thenumber of citations and the overall altmetric score of the highly cited surgery ar ticles (r=-0.235, P<0.001).Altmetrics can only be used to complement citations and not replace them

3. Objective of Study :

The present study has been carried out with the following objectives

To find the year-wise distribution of ar ticles and citations

To analyze authorship pattern of citations

To discover format of citations

To find out the number/growth of electronic resources

To investigate chronological distribution of citations

To prepare a ranked list of journals in order to find out the most used journals by authors

4. Methodology :

The data has been collected manually from each ar ticle published in each volume of IASLIC Bulletin during2005-18. The data has been collected keeping in mind the objective of the study e.g. number of ar ticles, totalnumber of citations, different forms of citations, form of electronic citations and authorship pattern of citations.The data has been transferred to excel spread sheets. The resultant data is presented in the form of tables. Aranked list of journals has also been prepared in order to find out the most preferred journals by the authors ofthis journal.

5. Analysis and Discussions :

The number of ar ticles published and citations are 297 and 3618 respectively during the period under study.



Table 1: Year wise Distribution of Articles and Citations :

Year No. of Articles No of Citations % of Total Citations

2005 22 275 7.6

2006 21 214 5.91

2007 21 201 5.56

2008 21 177 4.89

2009 23 252 6.97

2010 28 284 7.85

2011 23 317 8.76

2012 23 296 8.18

2013 18 226 6.25

2014 22 244 6.74

2015 18 320 8.84

2016 16 218 6.03

2017 22 300 8.29

2018 19 294 8.13

297 3618 100

It is clear from table 1 that there is variation in the number of ar ticles published, and citations in each year of thejournal. Maximum articles i.e. 28 are published in 2010 whereas maximum citations (8.84%) are used by authors inthe year 2015. Average of citations per ar ticle is 12.18. It indicates that 12.18 citations are used by the authors ofthis journal to write an ar ticle.

Table 2 : Authorship Pattern of Citations :

Year 1 Author 2 Authors 3 Authors More than Information Total(%age) 3 Authors not Available

2005 144 37 11 5 78 275

2006 139 30 3 1 41 214

2007 115 58 7 2 19 201

2008 98 40 6 2 31 177

2009 144 44 10 5 49 252

2010 187 50 6 7 34 284



2011 158 69 18 14 58 317

2012 149 76 19 7 45 296

2013 97 53 24 7 45 226

2014 137 69 16 9 13 244

2015 162 66 28 15 49 320

2016 111 45 19 4 39 218

2017 149 74 23 11 43 300

2018 153 74 20 11 36 294

1943 785 210 100 580 3618 (53.7%) (21.7%) (5.81%) (2.76%) (16.03%) (100)

Authorship of documents cited has been analyzed to determine the percentage of single and multiple authors. Table2 shows the authorship pattern of 3618 citations of ar ticles under study. It is evident from the table that most of thecited works are by single author accounted for 53.7% of the total citations, followed by 2 author’s citations (21.7%),citations by 3 authors (5.81%) and more than 3 authors (2.76%). Authorship of 16.03% citations is not available.

Table 3 : Format of Citations :

BK=Books; BKCH=Book chapters; CP=Conference Proceedings; DICT/ENCY=Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias;JLS=Journals; RPT=Reports; THS=Theses; WS=Websites; OTH=Others



A total of 297 ar ticles published in this journal produced 3618 citations. The documents cited are placed into 9categories: Books; Book chapters; Conference Proceedings; Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias; Journals; Reports; Theses;Websites; and Others. Journals (45.94%) are the most cited sources followed by web sites (18.79%), books (15.5%);Conference Proceedings (9.4%) and so on as reflected in table 3. The findings are in conformity with the previousstudies (Jali et al, 2014; Amritpal and Rattan, 2015 and Shah, 2016) indicating journal is the first preference by theauthors of this journal.

Table 4 : Year-wise Distribution of Electronic Citations :

Year Electronic Citations Total Citations % of Electronic Citations

2005 91 275 33.09

2006 32 214 14.95

2007 32 201 15.92

2008 34 177 19.21

2009 78 252 30.95

2010 68 284 23.94

2011 109 317 34.98

2012 63 296 21.28

2013 12 226 5.31

2014 33 244 13.52

2015 100 320 31.25

2016 70 218 32.11

2017 89 300 29.67

2018 130 294 44.22

941 3618 26.01

The authors of this journal have second preference for web sites but overall electronic sources include much morethan this. It includes electronic form of journals, books, dictionaries/encyclopedias and so on. The year-wise use ofelectronic sources is shown by table 4. There is variations in the use of electronic sources in each year. The highestuse of electronic sources i.e. 44.22% is in 2018 and minimum 5.31% in the year 2013. Overall, trend of using theelectronic resources is increasing. It increased from 33.09% in the year 2005 to 44.22% in the year 2018 but theoverall use of electronic sources is 26.01%.



Table 5: Chronological Distribution of Citations :

Period Number of Citations % of Citations

Before 1949 58 1.6

1949-1958 20 0.55

1959-1968 70 1.94

1969-1978 125 3.46

1979-1988 217 6

1989-1998 526 14.54

1999-2008 1343 37.12

2009-2018 617 17.05

NA 642 17.74

3618 100

Chronological distribution or age of citations is used to determine the currency of material cited in the documents.Table 5 indicates that most of the material (37.12%) used by authors is published during 1999-2008. More than17% of documents used are publishing during 2009-18, 14.54% publishing during 1989-98, 6% during 1979-88,3.46% during 1969-78, 1.94% during 1959-68, 0.55% during 1949-58 and 1.6% before 1949. The date of publicationof 17.74% documents is not available. The study shows that the material used is not very recent.

Table 6 : Ranked List of Journals Cited :

Table 6 depicts the ranked list of journals in the field of library and information science. The Annals of Library andInformation Studies is ranked 1st among the ranking of journals. It is the most used journal by the authors of thisjournal. It has been cited 101 (6.08% ) times, followed by IASLIC Bulletin 94 (5.66%) times; ILA Bulletin andDESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology both cited 50 (each 3.01%) times; Scientometrics 48(2.89%) times; SRELS Journal of Information Management and JASIST both 43 (each 2.59%) times; LibraryPhilosophy & Practice 39 (2.35%) times; Journal of Documentation 36 (2.17%) times; College and Research Libraries34(2.05%) times and Library Management cited 32 (1.93%) times. The first eleven journals form about 1/3rd of thejournal citations, therefore these are the core journals or most used journals by the authors of this journal.

No. of Name of Journal Number of Rank %age of C u m .Journals. Times Cited articles %age of

articles

1 Annals of Library and Information Studies 101 1 6.08 6.08

2 IASLIC Bulletin 94 2 5.66 11.74

3 ILA Bulletin 50 3 3.01 14.75



4 DESIDOC Journal of Library and 50 3 3.01 17.76Information Technology

5 Scientometrics 48 4 2.89 20.65

6 SRELS Journal of Information Management 43 5 2.59 23.24

7 JASIST 43 5 2.59 25.83

8 Library Philosophy and Practice 39 6 2.35 28.18

9 Journal of Documentation 36 7 2.17 30.35

10 College and Research Libraries 34 8 2.05 32.4

11 Library Management 32 9 1.93 34.33

12 Electronic Library 27 10 1.63 35.96

13 International Information and Library Review 20 11 1.2 37.16

14 Library Trends 20 11 1.2 38.36

15 Herald of Library Science 20 11 1.2 39.56

16 University News 20 11 1.2 40.76

17 Journal of Information Science 18 12 1.08 41.84

18 Library Herald 18 12 1.08 42.92

19 D-lib Magazine 16 13 0.96 43.88

20 Library Quarterly 16 13 0.96 44.84

21 Library Review 16 13 0.96 45.8

22 Journal of Library and Information Science 15 14 0.9 46.7

23 Program: Electronic Library 15 14 0.9 47.6and Information System

24 Journal of Academic Librarianship 15 14 0.9 48.5

25 Current Science 14 15 0.84 49.34

26 Information Processing and Management 14 15 0.84 50.18

27 Aslib Proceedings 12 16 0.72 52.9

28 Library Hi Tech 12 16 0.72 51.62

29 Malaysian Journal of Library 11 17 0.67 52.29

30 Libri 10 18 0.6 52.89



31-33 Three journals cited 9 times 27 19 1.63 54.52



40-49 Ten journals cited 6 times 60 22 3.61 60.83

50-60 Eleven journals cited 5 times 55 23 3.31 64.14

61-72 Thir teen journals cited 4 times 52 24 3.13 67.27

73-98 Twenty six journals cited thrice 78 25 4.69 71.96

99-155 Fifty seven journals cited twice 114 26 6.86 78.82

156-507 Three hundred fifty two journals cited once 352 27 21.18 100

1662 100

6. Findings :

The highest number of ar ticles and citations are contributed in the year 2010 and 2015 respectively. Theauthors of this journal preferred to work in isolation with 53.7% citations by single author. Maximum citationsare journals citations with 45.94%. More than 1/4th of the citations are in electronic form. It is observed that theauthors still prefer print resources as compare to electronic resources but overall trend of using electronicresources is increasing The literature cited in the journal is not very recent as 37.12% of the citations are fromthe period 1999-2008. The ranked list of journals reveals that Annals of Library and Information Studies isranked first among the ranking list with 101 (6.08%) journal citations. On an average 12.18 citations per ar ticleis not encouraging for a country with a growing number of library and information science professionals

7. Conclusion :

IASLIC Bulletin is well known and old journal in the field of Library and Information science but to give itscholarly credibility, its name should be changed to IASLIC Journal of Library and Information Studies. Thisstudy may help libraries in their budget planning to judiciously use their funds for collection developmentespecially journals.

References :

• Amritpal Kaur & Rattan, G. K. (2015). Citation analysis of library and information science theses submitted toPunjabi University, Patiala. Professional Journal of Library and Information Technology, 5(2), 92-101.

• Gaikwale, D. C & khokale, R. V. (2017). Citation analysis of Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge: A study ofcitation pattern. Int. Res. J. of Science & Engineering, 5 (2), 11-17. Retrieved from http://oaji.net/ar ticles/2017/731-1502207982.pdf

• Heydari, Sh., Shekofteh, M. & Kazerani, M. (2019). Relationship between altmetrics and citations: A study on



the highly cited research papers. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 39 (4), 169-174.Retrieved from https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/djlit/ar ticle/view/14204/7124

• Jali, K. P., et al. (2014). Citation analysis of oral pathology and microbiology postgraduate dissertations submittedto Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru. Journal of Educational Research & Medical Teacher,2(1), 25-8

• Lin, T. Y., & Cheng, Y. Y. (2010). Exploring the knowledge network of strategic alliance research: A co-citationanalysis. International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 8(2), 152-160.

• Meho, L. I. (2007). The rise and rise of citation analysis. Physics World, 20(1), 32-36.

Mondal, A. K. (2011). Citation pattern of doctoral dissertations in physics submitted to the Gauhati University,Guwahati, 1963-2000: A bibliometric study. (Doctoral Thesis). Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/18150

• Sarli, C. C., Dubinsky, E. K. & Holmes, K. L. (2010). Beyond citation analysis: A model for assessment ofresearch impact. Journal of Medical Library Association, 98(1), 17-23. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2801963/pdf/mlab-98-01-17.pdf

• Shah, S. M. (2016). A bibliometric analysis of International Journal of Agriculture Sciences (2009-2014).Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(2), 151-157. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/dell/Downloads/1614-4384-1-PB%20(2).pdf

• Shokeen, A., & Kaushik, S.K. (2004). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology: A citation analysis. Annals of Libraryand Information Studies, 51(3), 104-107. Retrieved from http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/researchjournals/rejour/annals/annals2k4/ann_sep04.asp



2. IMPACT OF DIGITIZATION ONE-JOURNALS

Mr. K Krishnan

Assistant Librarian, Centre for Management DevelopmentThiruvananthapuram – 695 014, Kerala

[email protected]

ABSTRACT :

This paper explains the impact of digitization on e-journals and also how the Digital Resources are kept/preserved in present day libraries. ie., digital libraries. In short, digital documents are easy to access and it canalso be accessed remotely. In other words, Digital libraries are called Virtual Libraries. Electronics journals aredigitized ones and they are always available digitally.

Keywords :

Electronic Journals, Digitization, Digital Resources, Electronic Resources,

Introduction :

What is E-JOURNALS?

Different folks might have a different impression on the term “Electronic Journals”. They are, sometimes, referred to“E-Publishing”, “E-Serials”, “Online Journals”, “Web Journals” or “Electronic Periodicals”. What is an electronicjournal? McMillan defined it as any serial produced, published, and distributed nationally or internationally via electronicnetworks such as Internet etc. It simply define as a digital periodical dedicated to publishing, on the Internet, ar ticles,essays, and analyses that have been read and commented upon initially by a select group of editors and reviewers, tomeet a certain arbitrary standard of excellence (as determined by the editors) for a given discipline addressed by thejournal itself. The medium distinguishes an electronic scholarly journal from its print counterparts but the process ofdeveloping content for both print and electronic peer-review scholarly journals is generally the same. The digitalmedium allows the editorial process to occur at a faster pace than in print by providing authors with informationquickly to revise and otherwise modify their work to meet editorial standards. That electronic medium, in addition,allows for some experimentation in the ways in which authors and their audiences react, although many electronicjournals fail to take advantage of these opportunities for debate and discussion. Electronic serials may be definedvery broadly as any journal, magazine, e’zine, webzine, newsletter or type of electronic serial publication which isavailable over the Internet. Within this broad definition, the titles can be electronically accessed using different



technologies such as the World Wide Web (WWW), gopher, ftp, telnet, email or listserv. Of course, vir tually allmodern electronic journals are mostly available via the Web.

Review of Literature :

1. J K Vijayakumar & Manju Vijayakumar (2001) in this paper tries to describe the Advantages of E-journals interms of Accessibility, Speed distribution and production, Subscription Cost, Multimedia Capabilities, Internaland External Links etc and also tries to find out the Technological, Socio-cultural and Economic Barriers. Theissues like Refereeing, Copyright and Licensing, Longevity and Storage and recent trends in E-journal publicationand its implication on Academic Libraries in selection and acquisition, Cataloguing, archiving, user’s access,training and support to staff and users are discussed in this paper.

2. Barbara De Felice explains the nature of the information in scholarly electronic journals and the use made of thatinformation needs to be better understood by academic librarians seeking to serve faculty and students effectively.This paper is based on the results of an investigation of web accessible scholarly journals undertaken atDartmouth College, and emphasizes the challenges to library user services. Scholarly electronic journals aredifferent from print journals in form and access mode, and vary far more than print journals. However, the roleof the scholarly journal has not changed with the form. User requirements for ease of access and reliability ofcontent are still important considerations. By actively working with the providers of electronic journals, librarianshave the opportunity to influence the development of this mode of scholarly communication in a direction thatis beneficial to scholarship.

3. Richard D. Llewellyn, Lorraine J. Pellack and Diana D. Shonrock explains that journals that are publishedexclusively in electronic format present an innovation in the way that scientific information is communicatedto the research community. Significant concerns remain regarding the impermanence of materials in electronicformats and the use of innovative features of electronically formatted material. It has taken some time for the e-only journals to become integrated into scientific information systems, indexed by major services, appear inlibrary catalogs, or cited by other researchers. This ar ticle surveys the current place of the e-only journal withinthe information system.

Objectives of the Study :

• To find out the advantages and disadvantages on the use of electronic journals.

• To point the implications in preserving the electronic materials in digital format.

• To arrive at a conclusion that the electronic journals are more flexible in use than the print editions.

• To measure the cost effectiveness in the use of electronic journals.

• To ascertain relevance and importance of electronic journals.

Nature of the Electronic Journal :

Scholarly print journals are fairly consistent in form and content, so users can transfer knowledge of how to use onetitle to others. In contrast, scholarly electronic journals on the web exhibit a great deal of variability in all aspects, from



access mode to content. It is often difficult to tell what sections of a print journal are available in the electronic form.New journals that have attempted to truly change the nature of the journal are far fewer in number than the printmimics, and show even more variation.

How a journal is ordered, how access is controlled, and what services the publisher supplies also vary. Once a journalwas ordered, there are large inconsistencies in the reliability of access to a title or issue; access problems are alsodocumented by Harter and Kim(9). These factors made it impossible to ensure that the journals ordered for theDartmouth test would be easy to locate and use, and were the root of some of the problems that discouraged users.

Scholarly electronic journals currently or will soon include these forms :

• Print mimic: replica of a print journal, with all the same sections, issue and page numbers, and often includinga picture of the cover. The information can be downloaded or printed, but not fur ther manipulated in any way.The majority of currently available commercial electronic journals are in this form.

• Selected sections: not all sections of the print journal are available, although the electronic journal is considereda full text product. Examples are journals from the American Chemical Society and JAMA, which only includeresearch ar ticles, and exclude book reviews and news reports.

• Enhancements to the ar ticles: text that is not in the print version, along with the print ar ticle; an example isScience Online.

• Supporting material: tables, graphs and data that are not in the print version of the ar ticle. Some of this hasbeen traditionally issued on microfiche by society publishers such as the Geological Society of America andAmerican Chemical Society.

• Individual ar ticles: ar ticle by ar ticle publishing, instead of journal issue publishing; an example is The ChicagoJournal of Theoretical Computer Science.

• Brief extracts: table of contents and abstracts only in the web version, with full ar ticles available later on CD-ROM as an archive, such as the Geological Society of America provides.

User Reactions to Web Journals :

One goal of the Dartmouth Web Journals Test was to understand how faculty and students would learn about webjournals and how they would react to using electronic journals via the web. All the electronic journals subscribed toduring the test were listed on a web page. At the end of the test period, there were 108 titles listed on the web page.

From the web page, users had the option of giving feedback by filling out a questionnaire or sending an e-mailmessage. The hope was that many of those accessing the page for the first time would respond regarding the journalsthey used. However, only nineteen people filled out the questionnaire and one sent a general e-mail question from thepage. Other users sent e-mail notes or talked to individual librarians, usually with complaints about not being able toaccess a particular title that was listed on the page. Follow-up interviews with selected faculty members were held,covering their use of electronic journals and how the library might make that use easier.

Few people found the web page as their own. Most responses were from faculty who had been contacted personally



by a librarian, had read a notice in a newsletter, or had received an e-mail message sent to their department. Mosttitles in the test were also available in print. In some cases, the users sought out the web journals because a printissue was at the bindery or at a remote location. As the test progressed, some journals were also listed in theDartmouth College Library Online Catalog, with active URLs pointing to the web test page.

Most faculty liked the idea of electronic journals, even those who did not use any, or who had technical problemsconnecting to the journals and printing ar ticles. The convenience of remote access to electronic journals was cited asthe major positive feature. Some faculty, including those who did not find any titles they wanted to use on the webpage, felt it was important that the library was paying attention to electronic journals, regardless of the usefulness ofthe titles.

Many complained that reading from the screen was awkward, and they could not use the material in the way theywanted. All the features of a useful electronic journals system listed by Olsen, Bishop, Stewart and others (13-15), donot currently exist, although these are needed to make electronic journals more compelling to use than print. A typicalstatement was :

I think computer journals offer a lot more flexibility in terms of being able to connect from where I want to be insteadof the library, but it’s also a pain because reading from the computer screen does not allow for taking notes orunderlining.

On the other hand, a few people recognized the flexibility that the electronic format provides, and noted that it wasuseful to select and print needed sections. However, this statement from a computer literate young mathematicsresearcher probably best sums up faculty opinion about the problems with current web journals :

Use of electronic journals will continue to be driven by need for specific information or a particular citation. This wasclear from the follow-up interviews. Some faculty did not respond to requests for feedback because there was notsufficient content in terms of time period, topics or titles covered in the journals on the test page. It was simply notworth their time to look at the journals without a need for information that could be filled by doing so.

A recurring theme from the faculty was that they feel overwhelmed by the number of ar ticles that they think theyshould read. Therefore, any system that causes them to take more time to acquire what they need will not help them.No users commented on the ability to search for material in the text of electronic journals, although this is a clearadvantage of web journals over print. There is not yet a significant body of electronic journals available from any onesource, and faculty are aware of the advantages of using index and abstract services.

In the interviews about electronic journals, faculty indicated that they like the idea of CD-ROM format for journals assubstitutes for their personal subscriptions to print journals. They like the reliability the CD-ROMs represented oversome of the web journals. The web journals in the test, unlike print or even CD-ROM journals, had a variety ofrequirements for the software and hardware needed to support access, searching, and printing, and were not alwaysavailable due to server, password or subscription problems.

Libraries need to use a variety of methods to inform users about the existence of electronic journals. Some facultyliked the idea of having a web page where all web journals subscribed to by the library are listed, and some indicated



that signs in the print journal stacks would be useful. Relying solely on online catalogue records for information aboutelectronic journals would not be adequate.

Feedback from users confirms the importance of the three “dimensions of effective use”, Connectivity, Content andUsability, as described by Covi and Kling(16). Without these in place, users will not see the advantages of usingelectronic journals over print. Libraries have a role in providing resources and services that support these dimensions.

User Services Challenges :

The user services challenges and opportunities provided by electronic scholarly journals identified in the test include:

• How to inform users of the existence and features of useful electronic journal. The faculty interviewed on thistopic listed multiple ways this could be done, such as posting notes in the print journals stacks, having accessto a web page maintained by the library, and having links from the online catalogue to the journal web site.

• How to relate these journals to other information sources;

• The kinds of training faculty, students and staff need to effectively search, view, download, print and/or manipulateinformation from the electronic journals;

• How to give users information they need before going to a journal’s web page, such as the latest issue orposted ar ticle, and what software they will need to print or download what they want.

• How to make electronic journals time-saving for faculty.

Many features predicted to take advantage of current technologies have not been implemented in full production,such as the ability to manipulate data or rotate molecules. Other features unique to the electronic environmenthave been implemented or are under development. Some of these will lead to more effective and integrated useof electronic journals by researchers. For example, the American Mathematical Society has created hyperlinksbetween their electronic journals and MathSciNet. The Journal of Biological Chemistry has hyperlinks fromcited references to other electronic journals.

Advantages of Electronic Journals :

The speed advantage of E-journals facilitates elimination of printing and mailing by easily integrating the authoringand publishing systems. It also establishes network communication among authors, referees, editors and even theusers. Portability also increases and facilitates prompt annotation and commentary by the worldwide scholar community.Articles can be put on the Web as soon as they are ready, without having to wait maybe months for a space in ajournal issue. The American Chemical Society put ar ticles on their Web site “as soon as publishable” which can be upto 11 weeks before print. This all means that the information is much more up-to-date than can be achieved withpaper.

Accessibility :

Access for a particular ar ticle or a journal is not bounded with time/period and place/geographic constraints, in caseof e-journals. We can search and retrieve even large collections of material simultaneously and instantly. Any sourceof information — whether a journal ar ticle, a newspaper story, a magazine, database, or a primary source document— can be important. The easier the access to these sources, the more likely the sources will be used for the users.



It is for this reason — improved access (meaning quicker publication, desktop access, improved search and retrievaltools, and perhaps lower cost) — that electronic publishing takes on real significance. Libraries can have onlineaccess to it and can download or print the full or selected ar ticles. People worry that with information converted todigital formats, scholars in Third World countries will be disadvantaged, but it has been argued that it is far cheaper forthese researchers to get one computer with Internet access than to subscribe to many journals, so electronic journalswill be a tool for “fur ther breaking down the barriers to democratic research”. For any researcher, availability from adesktop computer means a significant increase in accessibility, particularly for those who do not work within easyreach of the library and it is also keen on the fact that entire archives will be available, several people can read an issueat once, and they cannot go missing. Also different layers of access can be given to different people with little extraeffor t, e.g. different levels of subscription allowing access to abstracts only, or full multimedia. Search ability is one ofthe core advantages of a digital format and it is argued that the easier it is to find research, the fewer duplicatedexperiments there will be, resulting in less wasted time.

Subscription Cost :

The steep hikes in number of print journals and the subscription prices for them to make the shrinking budgets ofacademic libraries even smaller. In their excellent review of the development of scholarly publishing in the UnitedStates, Tenopir and King present evidence showing that the average institutional price of a scholarly journal subscriptionhas increased from $39 in 1975 to $284 in 1995, a factor of 7.3 in just twenty years. Based on these figures, Tenopirand King conclude that: “It is clear that traditional scholarly publishing is in serious economic difficulty”. Generalinflation and increase in size (more pages per issue, more issues per volume, more volumes per year) of the journals,account for only 52 percent of the price increase. This phenomenon, also known as the “serials pricing crisis” in thelibrary community, has, indeed, advanced to a stage where one might seriously doubt the economic viability of thepresent printed system of scholarly communication. Electronic journals, as distinct from electronic versions of printedjournals, seem to offer at least a partial solution. Stevan Harnad, founder of Psycoloquy, one of the first electronicjournals, claims that electronic publishing leads to a cost saving of 70 percent, since in a purely electronic environment,only two cost categories remain: peer review and editing, while Whisler argues that only a 20% saving can be madeas distribution costs are a low proportion of the final journal price, and even that saving will be eaten up by extra costscaused by new features. Jill Taylor-Roe of Newcastle University library mentioned that her library would attain 20% oftheir total journal budget for e-journals by the end of the current fiscal year.

Multimedia and Interactive Capabilities :

Besides the traditional plain text, tables, figures and graphics other innovative ways of presenting research results canbe supported by Multimedia capabilities. The rapid turnaround time means that ar ticles can be read, commented onby the journal’s readers, and amended much more quickly than can be done with print. The ease with which e- mailcan be sent, or forms filled in means that there could be much greater feedback through the Web. Rather than justrecreate a print journal in exact format, which many of the commercial publishers are doing, advantage should betaken of all the possibilities of the Web to add value, for example by using animation, vir tual reality and interactivemathematical charts. Also a large amount of supporting data can be linked to from the ar ticle if the reader wanted tolook more deeply into the results. The idea of a “living ar ticle” which could show the results of an ongoing experiment,



frequently updated is relevant here.

Internal and External Links :

Hypertext and hyper media enable linkage among sections within an ar ticle and among articles in journals and otherelectronic resources. Links are not a superficial feature of the Web, nor are they simple add-on features for e-journals. Links have the power to alter the character of journals fundamentally, most obviously in the development of“distributed publishing” or “networked publishing” in which users can find items of interest irrespective of the publisher.Links are important for users by providing faster, more direct access to more information and for librarians by supportingmore effective information retrieval, especially from large archives, and can help with identified user phenomena suchas “successive search episodes”. Links are the mainstay of the hypertext format, and should be exploited. Not onlycan papers link to those they have cited, but also with a bit of effor t, they can be linked to those that cite them. Theintrinsic value of the links [to be] nearly as great as the content itself. The three main link types are citation links-linking on references in papers, backward and forward, in time, keyword links- indexing links for individual journals orcollections of journals links to dictionaries or glossaries, and PDF links- enables Open Journal links, say citation orkeyword links, to be added to documents in PDF format in the same way as they are for HTML.

Disadvantages :

Problems in managing e-publications for academic libraries and their users include

• Providing access that matches the technological capabilities of both library and user

• Providing access that satisfies the profit motive of commercial e-publishers

• Collection development planning that requires knowledge of the electronic delivery mechanisms, as well as thesubject content of e-publications

• Archiving e-publications in ways that avoid problems with e-media degradation

Including the high initial cost and lack of standardization, there are some factors which might hinder libraries fromutilizing e-journals such as Technological Barriers- network dependency, Screen quality of graphics and photos,archiving etc, Economic Barriers- in terms of expense for equipment to display, print etc, Internet charges, thecomplicated pricing schemes of publishers and some Socio-culural Barriers.

Problems for E-Journal Access and Usage :

Electronic journals open up many exciting opportunities and potentials for research and academic libraries. The e-journals have some merits and demerits. (Islam & Chowdhury, 2006). However, some main problems and issues areenumerated below, which were found regarding e-journals:

a) Increase Allocation of Funds and Subscribe more e-journals :

Increase the allocation of funds for subscribing more e-journals as the cost of e-journal subscription is increasingday by day and among those the current issues are more costly than back issues. Subscribe more e- journalsin order to cover all the subjects content of the university.

b) Increase the Bandwidth of Internet Connection and Numbers of Computers :

Bandwidth for Internet connection and numbers of computers for users must be increased. It will ensure the



faster internet access and usage of e-journals. As a result, the download time will be minimized.

c) Establish more consortia or buying clubs :

Take an initiative to establish more consortia or buying clubs participating all public universities as well assome private universities, which will not only ensure e- journal subscription at reduced a cost, but also gives asuitable platform to share knowledge, conduct joint survey and training program.

d) Arrange training program or workshops :

Authority should arrange the training program or workshop on e-journal in order to increase awareness amongthe users and to inform them about the search interface, sophisticated retrieval skills and techniques of e-journals, together with some computer fundamental skills.

e) Faculty members should encourage students to use e-journals :

It is a recognized fact that most of the students rely on books and handouts. Faculty members should encouragestudents in the class room to read more journals and conference proceedings to keep them up-to-date andsuitable for the age.

f) Appoint more information professionals with ICT skills :

There is also a need of information professionals capable of supporting users in access to not only e-journalsbut also to all types of e-resources. Most of the information professionals have no adequate training on e-resources. Therefore, appropriate training should be arranged for them, as well as some expert informationalprofessionals with information and communication technology (ICT) skills should be appointed immediately toaccelerate the use and access of e- journals.

g) Receive users’ suggestions or opinions for subscribing new e-journals :

Users’ opinions or suggestions could help the information professionals for subscribing the most essential andmost important e-journals. Therefore, receive information and suggestions from the faculty members and thestudents about the subscription of new e- journals.

Electronic Only Journals :

Our first challenge was to determine a definition of the term e-only journal for our study and identify the current e-onlyjournals available. To accomplish this we felt that we must initially agree on a definition of e-only journals as acceptedin the literature. There is a great deal of ambiguity about the use of the terms electronic or online journals in theliterature. There is no single agreed upon term for journals published only in electronic/online format versus theelectronic/online version of a print publication. Existing literature on electronic journals either does not make thedistinction or is primarily concerned with the electronic counterpart of print.

In their discussion of the definition of e-journal, they go on to provide a smattering of similar definitions from thecurrent literature. They quote a 1999 article by Sparks who states that “Some consider any communication viaelectronic medium to be electronic publishing — but electronic publishing and e-journals are not synonymous.”Jones and Cook (2000) go on to state “another type of journal that is not an e-journal is the ‘dual’ publication.” These



are web sites that provide information about ar ticles in the printed journal. These sites are mainly intended to directthe reader to the printed journal or to promote document delivery of ar ticles. Often there is not an actual electronicversion of these ar ticles. Murray and Anthony (1999) called these pages “webverts.” Quinn (1999) states that “theterm ‘electronic journal’ refers to exclusively electronic publications, that is, those Internet-based journals with noprint counterpart.” Harrod’s Librarians’ Glossary and Reference Book (Prytherch 2000) defines “electronic journal”as “Strictly a journal in which all aspects of preparation, refereeing, assembly and distribution are carried outelectronically.”

Access to Electronic Only Journals :

What are the issues that will inevitably control the use of e-only journals? The literature seems to focus on four:economics, access, legitimacy, and instant interaction. “The explosion of e-journals has resulted from two convergingforces: economics and advances in networked information technology” according to Jones and Cook (2000). Theydescribe how increasing costs of journals from traditional print publishers have affected journal purchasing by academiclibraries and how some of the lower costs of “e-journals” can help solve this problem. Harter (1998) states that, “totransform scholarly communication as some have predicted or even to have a measurable impact on it, e-journalsmust become an integral part of the scholarly process. Authors must read and contribute to e-journals. They must beinfluenced or affected by the findings reported, so as to build or modify their own research and scholarship on thecontent of e-journal ar ticles. Only if this occurs can e-journals be said to have an impact on scholars and researchersin the disciplines they serve.”

Quinn (1999) examined the current state of “electronic journal” indexing in the social sciences; rather than looking atspecific journals, he investigated and documented vendor-indexing policies for electronic journals. He stated, “Indexingwill play a crucial role in helping electronic journals gain acceptance into the mainstream of academic research.Indexing service providers seem to be waiting for cues from scholars, publishers and librarians before taking significantsteps in this direction.” He found there were a number of issues related to use—or the lack of use—of electronicjournals by librarians, faculty and students. These included::

Availability

Full-text searching Accessibility and stability

Price

Text mutability and authority

Speed of publication

Article length

Media and hyperlinks

Lack of standardization

Citation

Quality

Permanence



Critical mass and index/abstract coverage

Libraries are the major archive of journals for most scientific researchers and must be involved in providing accessto e-only journals. Fosmire and Young (2000) described library access to free “electronic journals,” in all subjectfields. This included links on library web pages, coverage by major indexing services and whether or not they werecataloged in OCLC. Fosmire and Young found that “mere existence of free scholarly e- journals does not automaticallymean that libraries should provide access to them. On some level, the journals need to be of good quality and useful.In general libraries state...that e-journals undergo the same selection process as print journals.” Some of thesefactors included:

• Importance of the periodical, as indicated by its inclusion in standard lists,

• Importance of periodicals subject matter in relation to the university’s educational goals,

• Inclusion in the periodical in indexes and abstracts,

• Authoritativeness as reflected by recommendation or criticism,

• Reputation and standing of the publisher, and

• Price.

Harter (1996) mentions that in 1968 R.K. Merton said, “Citations are a fundamental part of the scholarly communicationprocess. They reflect the reward system of science and technology and have been called the currency of scholarship.”Therefore, Harter’s approach was to determine citation counts with the assumption that citations reflect influence orimpact. We are also using citations to measure the use of e-only journals by scientists. Our ar ticle examines theextent to which scientific e-only journals are becoming part of the main stream scholarly research process asdemonstrated by their inclusion in standard indexing tools, library catalogs, and citation in research journals.

Pricing of e-only journals :

Data gathered on the occurrence of subscription pricing showed that when comparing free versus paid subscriptions

85% (122 of 144) of the titles provide free access:

114 free to all

6 free but require registration

2 free to individuals, but request institutions to subscribe

122 Total with free access

22 require paid subscriptions

An additional trend discovered during the duration of our study is that several titles have been acquired by majorcommercial print publishers, such as Springer, who now charge for access. A growing number of e-only journals arerequiring subscriptions or user registration. Many publishers offer free access for a year or so and then institutesubscription pricing. For the purposes of this study, if a title was free for a trial period and then began to require asubscription, the title was counted as a subscription title.



One symbol of the growing trend to “legitimize” e-only journals is demonstrated by the acceptance of the use ofISSNs by publishers. Only 20 titles (14%) in our study do not have ISSNs (Table 1, Column C). In most cases, theseISSNs are prominently displayed on the home page of the e-only journals, just as it is printed on the back/front coverof print journals. This seems to confirm the publishers’ intent to treat these journals as serious scholarly publicationsby conforming to established standards.

Indexing of e-only Journals :

Access to journal ar ticles has been traditionally facilitated by their appearance in the subject indexes for their fields.Our survey of the indexing service vendors found that many of the criteria listed by Quinn (1999) are still beingmentioned by indexing service personnel as reasons for or against indexing “e-journals.” Some challenges cited byindex publishers included :

Lack of notification that a new issue had been published,

Irregularity of publication in general,

Lack of page numbers, and

Instability of URLs.

One of the vendor representatives, who asked not to be identified, stated “we have slightly stricter guidelines forselecting electronic journals in that we require more evidence of stability and regularity.” Zoological Record staff notedthat it is often difficult to decide if an “e-journal” is actually only electronic; they stated that their normal preferencewould be to cover print versions. They stated that their citation style and logging- in systems are geared towardvolume/issue numbering used by print publications. E-only journals do not necessarily follow this model; ar ticlesmay have no numbering at all and some journals have open-ended volumes where they continue to add new articlesover a period of time, which can be problematic. GeoRef staff indicated that their main problems with e-journalsincluded: monitoring them for changes in URL (the U.S. government has been particularly bad as agencies move theirweb pages, but they have become more aware of this issue and are improving) and finding out that e-journals exist inthe first place. INSPEC includes URLs in citations from e-journals and says that the problem of identifying newjournals is being handled by recommendations from publishers or scientists and being “discovered” by in-housestaff. STNews stated that for INSPEC, “the type of electronic journals selected for indexing will contain peer-reviewedarticles that are permanently stored in an archive maintained by the publisher.” There was considerable variation inwhether or not indexing services included e-journals. The growing trend seems to be to treat e-journals as identicalto printed journals in determining whether or not they should be included in a major indexing source. Most indexingservices indicated the need for journals to be peer-reviewed and regularly published with an archive. Data aboutdatabases/indexing services and their qualifications for including e-journals are shown in Table 2. Like Fosmire andYoung, we counted the number of titles indexed by each indexing service:

30 Chemical Abstracts

21 Zentralblatt fur Mathematik 17 Science Citation Index

14 INSPEC



14 MathSciNet

13 Current Contents

11 Zoological Record

9 EEVL

7 Biological Abstracts

7 MEDLINE

5 GeoRef

4 CINAHL

3 AGRICOLA

3 ERIC

3 Sociological Abstracts

2 Psychological Abstracts

2 Social Science Citation Index 1 ACM Digital Library

1 Current Index to Statistics 1 EiCompendex

1 Library Literature

1 Philosopher’s Index

Fosmire and Young (2000) in their study found that MathSciNet indexed the most “e-journals” (83%). Our resultsdiffered considerably in that we found that Chemical Abstracts indexed the most e-only journals (21%). In ourfindings MathSciNet was the fifth largest indexer, although Zentralblatt für Mathematik was second highest. Thisdiscrepancy can be best explained by examining the scope of journals included in each study. Fosmire and Youngincluded any journal with an electronic version not just e-only; a substantial number of mathematical journals appearedto be available in both printed and electronic formats when we reviewed them. Chemical Abstracts indexes 30 titlesbut we only classified eight of our titles as being primarily chemistry. We identified 14 medical e-only journals butMEDLINE only covers seven of them. It is possible that the problems that vendors have cited in learning about e-onlyjournals have prevented some of them from being recognized as appropriate for their coverage.

The rate of indexing for the titles included our study was as follows:

95 (67%) are indexed by at least one indexing service

53 (37%) are indexed by only one indexing service

43 (30%) are indexed by two or more indexing services

49 (33%) do not appear to be indexed anywhere

One-third of the peer-reviewed, science e-only journals included in this study are not indexed in any identifiableresource. Fosmire and Young (2000) found that only 42 percent of the “e-journals” in their study were indexed by a



major indexing service; the difference in results between the two studies can be explained by looking at the scope ofthe journals compared. Fosmire and Young did not limit their study to peer-reviewed titles and non-peer-reviewedtitles are much less likely to be covered by major indexing services.

While looking for information on where journals were indexed, Edinburgh Engineering Vir tual Library (EEVL, http://www.eevl.ac.uk/) was unexpectedly discovered as an indexing source. Though our original focus was on traditionalmajor print indexes EEVL is a conglomeration of various engineering resources on the web. Discovery of this resourceas the sole index of a few e-only journals indicates that the electronic medium may become the home of new indexingservices as well as e-only journals.

Citing of e-only journals :

We were concerned with whether or not researchers are using e-only journals. At the beginning of this study, ourassumption was that the titles we had heard more about and that were more broadly indexed would also be the mostwidely cited. The only good measure that exists at the current time to do a count of the number of times an ar ticle hasbeen cited is to use ISI’s citation indexes. Although this is not the definitive proof that an ar ticle has been cited and alack of inclusion in ISI indexes does not mean an ar ticle has not been cited, it only shows that it has not been cited bya journal covered by ISI indexes. The e-only journal citation analysis in Web of Science is significant. The totalnumbers of citations per title are as follows:

36 titles = 0 citations

35 titles = 1-5 citations


20 titles =11-25 citations






3 titles = 1001+ citations

Conclusion :

I would to conclude that Eighty-five titles were cited 10 or fewer times, for ty-one titles were cited 11 to 100 times, andonly eighteen of the titles were cited more than one hundred times. Using the Spearman rho test results, we were ableto determine that there was a highly significant correlation at the .0001 level between the:

Number of indexes including a journal title and number of times the journal was cited,

Number of indexes including a journal title and the number of ar ticles cited, and

Number of ar ticles cited and the number of times a journal was cited.



There was a correlation at the .0305 level between the number of libraries cataloging a journal in OCLC and thenumber of times it was cited and a .0335 level of significance correlation between the number of libraries cataloginga title in OCLC and the number of ar ticles cited.

References :

• E-journals in a networked environment: its impact on academic libraries in the digital millennium, J K Vijayakumar,Scientific Technical Officer, INFLIBNET Centre/UGC, Gujarat University Campus, PB 4116, Ahmedabad – 380009, Manju Vijayakumar, Assistant Librarian, Nirma Institute of Technology, Chandholodia.P.O, Ahmedabad-382481 Proceedings of National Seminar on Library Co-operation in a Networked World, University of Calicut,Kozhikode, India. 25-26 May 2001, Ess Ess Publication, New Delhi: 75-82.

• The Nature of the Electronic Journal: Structure and Use of Information in Scholarly Electronic Journals, BarbaraDeFelice, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 1996–2019 American Library Association, 50 E. Huron St. ChicagoIL 60611 | 1.800.545.2433

• Access and Usage of Electronic Journals in Dhaka University Libraryÿ DUL ÿ : An Empirical Study, Md. ShifulIslam, Assistant Professor, Department of Information Science and Library Management, University of Dhaka,Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Dr. Md. Saiful Alam, Department of Information Science and Library Management,University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Sajia Sultana, Assistant Librarian, BRAC University, Dhaka,Journal of the Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers (JBAYR): Volume 1, Number 2, June 2011, Page:30-47.

• The Use of Electronic-Only Journals in Scientific Research, Richard D. Llewellyn Life Sciences Librarian, LorraineJ. Pellack, Head, Science & Technology Department, Diana D. Shonrock, Food Science & Human NutritionLibrarian, Parks Library Iowa State University Digital Repository, Summer 2002, Issues in Science and TechnologyLibrarianship



3. UNDERSTANDING STAFF PERCEPTIONS OF WORKPLACE TECHNOLOGY:

A CASE STUDY OF BHAI KAHN SINGH NABHA LIBRARY OF PUNJABI UNIVERSITY PATIALA

Mr. Tarvinder Singh

Research Scholar, Department of Library andInformation Science, Punjabi University Patiala, and

Library Information Officer, Indian Institute ofTechnology Ropar

Prof. Jagtar Singh

Professor, Department of Library and InformationScience, and Professor In-charge, Bhai Kahn Singh

Nabha Library, Punjabi University Patiala

The purpose of the present study is to ascertain perceptions of library staff towards information technology(IT) implementation in Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha Library of Punjabi University Patiala. The study uses a surveyresearch method in order to ascertain perceptions of staff working in library. The sample consists of 54 staffmembers (professionals, semi-professionals and para-professionals) who provided data through structuredquestionnaire, that were then analyzed using Pearson Chi-square analysis. The study reveals that there arepositive perceptions among library staff towards implementation of IT in library premises. Practicalimplications- the findings suggest that concrete policies should be in place with regard to leading andfollowing technology in context. The future role of information technology is important in terms of collecting,organizing and disseminating information; therefore disaster management system should be in place incase of some emergency. The study adds value to the current literature on academic libraries in India, and isone of the cutting-edge studies to look into library staff perceptions towards information technology applicationin library environment.

ABSTRACT :

Keywords :

Library staff Perceptions, information technology (IT), Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha Library, Punjabi University Patiala, India



1. Introduction :

Implementation of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has caused many changes in the patternsof library services and the style of library management and ways of providing user services. Over the pastseveral years, university libraries in India have experimented with emerging social, mobile, and dynamictechnologies in order to develop a more responsive rage of user-centred services. The present study aims toinvestigate perceptions of library staff towards technological implementations at workplace includingmicrocomputers, CD-ROM databases, online public access catalogues (OPAC) and radio frequency identification(RFID), etc.

Understanding library staff perceptions towards technological adoption at workplace is instrumental in determininghow they perceive the fast internalization of information technologies in library environment and decide futurecourse of action for academic libraries in order to deliver effective and efficient services.

The present study makes significant contribution to the literature on library staff perceptions of workplacetechnology in a university library system in India. Only select studies have been conducted and published so faron the perceptions of library staff. The present study offers a critical evaluation of information technology (IT)implementation at Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha Library of Punjabi University Patiala from library staff point of view.


According to businessdictionary.com, “Perception is the process by which people translate sensory impressionsinto a coherent and unified view of the world around them. Though necessarily based on incomplete andunverified (or unreliable) information, perception is equated with reality for most practical purposes and guideshuman behavior in general.” The success of effor ts at technology implementation in the libraries depends notonly on how well the system works but also on how well it is perceived by professionals directly coming incontact with technology, which is reflected in their perceptions and predictive of their behavior.

The study of concerned literature revealed that even though the library professionals had little background andknowledge about technology, a positive perception about technology led them to support it in library premise(Lee, 1998). The automation of library operations led to greater job satisfaction as the computerization inlibraries offered a major timesaving benefit to the workloads (Palmini, 1994). With the implementation ofinformation technology the role of information professional has expanded into that of a knowledge worker,access engineer, content expert, negotiator, trainer, facilitator, translator, teacher, and guide (Drake, 2000).

However, in the process of adapting to the increasingly complex technologies, more users and staff have beenexperiencing physical and emotional stress (Saunders, 1999) which resulted in higher levels of absenteeismand turnover, higher cost for retraining new staff and increase in litigation costs related to workplace stress(Harper,2000).

The major reason for failure of library automation projects in developing countries is that librarians plan withoutsufficient knowledge of purchasing technology related equipments (Johnson, 1991). However, the successrate of technological implementation in libraries largely depends on librarians’ awareness of potential of IT,recency of attaining professional qualification and knowledge of IT (Ramzam, 2004).



The prior training about the knowledge of using information technology in libraries is instrumental in decidingthe staff perception. There is always a significant relation between the level of knowledge in using technologiesand corresponding perception towards using technology in library premises (Eguavon, 2011).

3. Objectives of the Study :

The following are objectives of present study:

3.1 To explore perceptions of library staff towards information technology application in library.

3.2 To ascertain differences in perceptions of staff working at various levels towards the use of technology.

3.3 To examine differences in perceptions of staff, towards use of technology, in context to their level ofprofessional education.

4. Hypotheses :

Keeping in view the objectives of this study with regard to the perceptions of library staff working with technology,the following hypotheses are designed:

4.1 There is no significant difference in perceptions of male and female staff with regard to operating informationtechnologies in the library.

4.2 There is no significant difference in perceptions of staff working at different levels with regard to usinginformation technology in the library.

4.3 There is no significant difference in perception of staff with regard to their level of education.

5. Methodology :

In order to assess the staff perceptions towards workplace technology, a questionnaire based survey wasconducted. Apart from some basic questions pertaining to the demographic information of respondents, therewere 16 questions in the survey questionnaire aiming at assessment of perceptions of staff towardsimplementation of technology. The copies of questionnaire were distributed among 54 professional and supportstaff of library out of which 46 valid responses were received. The Pearson Chi-square analysis was used inanalyzing the data and testing the hypothesis.

6. Data Analysis and Testing of Null Hypotheses :

The Pearson Chi-squares analysis was used in order to test the Null Hypothesis (H0) and to examine thesignificance of relationships between the two groups (male/female, officers/support-staff, less educated/moreeducated) based on the responses to select question statements in the survey of library staff. The descriptivestatistical method using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to test thehypothesis.

To calculate the chi-square, descriptive statistical option was selected using the SPSS software. The output instandard cross-tabulation table is described as follows:

6.1 H01: There is no significant difference in the perceptions of male and female staff with regard to operating



information technologies in the library.

Table No. 6.1.1

Staff feelings about working with computers at workplace :

The table no. 6.1.1 shows both male and female staff had positive feeling while working with computeras 64.70% male respondents felt excitement followed by 5.88% enjoyment and 23.52% pleasure. Similarly,31.03 female staff felt excitement followed by 37.93% enjoyment and 31.03% pleasure while working oncomputers.

Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test indicates that there is no significant difference in the feelingof male and female staff while working with computer and allied technologies at the workplace withp-value > 0.05. Thus, the analysis indicates that variables put to test were not significant.

The table no. 6.1.2 clearly indicates that 94.11% male and 100.00% female staff felt that incorporation ofcomputer technology at workplace allowed them to have more control over the work.

Table No. 6.1.2

Statement: Whether technology at workplace allows the staff to have more control over work?

The Chi-square analysis clearly indicates that statistically there is no significant difference in the opinionof feelings of male and female staff. The values which were higher than the critical value, i.e. 0.05,depicted that variables put to test are not significant. Hence, concludes that both male and femalerespondents felt that technology in workplace led to more control over their work.



Table No. 6.1.3Statement: Do you feel that library professionals are expected to learn too many new things toofast?

It is evident from table 6.1.3 that 88.23% male and 82.75 female staff felt that library professionals wereexpected to learn many new things very quickly.

Chi-square analysis indicates that statistically there is no significant difference in the feeling of male andfemale staff with p-value > 0.05.

The table no. 6.1.4 describes the feelings of staff toward new technology adoption in libraries. 94.12%male and 100.00% female staff felt that libraries should adapt new technologies as early as they canafford to. Only one male staff (5.88%) felt that he had no option on the given statement.

Table No. 6.1.4

Statement: Do you feel libraries should adapt to new technologies as early as they can afford to doso?

The Chi square values which were again much higher than the critical p-value( i.e. 0.05) revealed thatvariables put to test were not significant. Hence, no significant difference was found between male andfemale respondents with regard to new technology adoption in libraries.

6.2 H02 : There is no significant difference in the perceptions of staff working at different levels withregard to using information technology in the library.

To test the second null hypothesis, the responses of respondents working at various levels, i.e. seniorlevel/support staff, against the question statement 2- “What are your feelings about working with computersat workplace?” were tested using Chi-square test. The table no. 6.2.1 depicts that 43.47% staff workingat various levels felt excitement while working on computers. Equal number of staff (28.26) replied theyfelt enjoyment and pleasure respectively.



Table No. 6.2.1

Feeling of staff with regard to their level of working

The p-value of Pearson Chi-square is .508 which is more than the critical value, i.e. 0.05, which indicatedthat variables put to test are not significant. The results using Pearson Chi-square test as described in thetable no. 6.2.1 clearly indicates that there is no significant difference in the feeling of staff with regard toworking on computers based on their level of working, i.e. designation.

Figure No. 6.2.1: Individual feeling with regard to level of working :

It is evident from the figure no 6.2.1 that excitement, enjoyment and pleasure were prevalent among thestaff while working on computers. Therefore, it was concluded that there is no significant difference in



feeling among the staff working at various levels (senior level/support staff) with regard to using thetechnology.

6.3 H13: There is no significant difference in the perception of staff with regard to their level of education.

To test the third null hypothesis, the responses of respondents having different level of education, weretested against the question statement 6- “Do you feel that library professionals are expected to learn toomany things too fast?” using the Chi-square test. The data in the table no 6.3.1 precisely indicates thefeeling of respondents working at various levels with regard to their feelings using computers at workplace.

The results using Pearson Chi-square test are described in standard cross tabulation table as mentionedbelow:

Table No. 6.3.1

Feelings of staff to learn new technologies with regard to level of education :

Here the p-value is less than significant level (.05).

The Pearson Chi-square test carried out on the data was significant at .05 level of significant with p-value> 0.05. Thus, the hypothesis for the present statement stands rejected. It is, therefore, evident that thereis a slight difference in the opinion of respondents having different levels of education with regard tousing information technology.

Figure No. 6.3.2 : Individual feelings with regard to level of education :



7. Discussion and Key Findings :

The results reveal that library staff in Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha Library of Punjabi University Patiala had a positiveperception towards the use and implementation of IT in the library. All the respondents favored the incorporationof technology as they felt excitement, enjoyment and found pleasure while working with technology. Thesurvey fur ther revealed that technology allowed the staff to have more control over the work. Even though theimplementation costs of newer technologies being quite on the higher side and libraries facing the growingfinancial crunch, 97.83 percent staff respondents felt that library should adopt a new technology as early as itcould afford to do so. This may be due to the realization that implementation of technology in libraries is needof the hour and to keep pace with the changing scenario, use of technology has become inevitable. Themajority of respondents felt the pace at which technology is creeping in libraries is much fast as nearly 85percent respondents felt that library professionals were required to learn too many things too fast.

Further results reveal no significant differences in perception among male and female staff with regards tooperating technology at the workplace. This may be due to the fact that new technologies are being introducedon constant basis and this is affecting the skill level of both male and female staff. The researchers hypothesizedthat the perception of an individual will depend upon the level at which a person is working; however, the resultsrevealed no significant differences in perception corresponding to the working level of respondents. Likewise,no significant differences in perception were traced among the staff with regard to the level of education asmajority respondents admitted that technology at workplace has improved the accuracy of record keeping.

In order to bring about more positive results and develop a positive attitude among the staff, prior knowledgeand continuous training is instrumental in learning newer technologies. The majority of staff at Punjabi Universitylibrary preferred to learn a new technology in a workshop, structured class and from their superiors respectively.The staff rated the library’s progression in automating its functions as too fast and the most positive strides interms of technology implementation have been achieved by circulation section followed by cataloguing.

The majority of staff members were involved in the decision making process as and when a new technology isincorporated in the library. However, a few staff members were of the opinion that the future role of informationtechnology is important in terms of collecting, organizing and disseminating the information; therefore, disastermanagement system should be in place in case of some emergency. In the concluding part of this study, thestaff felt that technology implementation was partially responsible for personnel changes as people have beenreplaced and displaced by it.

8. Conclusion :

In the Internet era, the success rate of library of a higher educational organization will depend on how well it isaddressing the changing needs of its tech-savvy clients. Implementation of newer technology can be ensuredonly if the staff working in the library has a positive attitude towards use of technology. Regular training in useof new technologies and a vigorous disaster management policy is likely to develop positive perceptions amonglibrary staff towards existing IT tools.



References:

• Al-Zahrani, Rashed S. (2000). Perceptions Concerning Information Technology (IT) Innovations and IT Trainingin University Libraries in Saudi Arabia. Ph.D. dissertation. Florida State University.

• Chisenga, J. (2004). ICT in libraries: an overview and general introduction to ICT in libraries in Africa, INSAPICT workshop, July 21-23, Johannesburg. Available: http://www.inasp.info/Isp/ict-workshop-2004/sessional-chisenga.ppt

• Clute, R. (1998). Technostress: a content analysis (Master’s Research Paper). Retrieved on 27 January 2015from: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED423911.pdf.

• Courtney, N. D. ed. (2010). More technology for the rest of us: a second primer on computing for the non-ITlibrarian. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited.

• Drake, M.A. (2000). Technological Innovation and Organizational Change Revisited. Journal of AcademicLibrarianship 26(1), 53-59.

• Eguavoen, O.E.L. (2011). Attitude of library staff to the use of ICT: the case of Kenneth Dike Library, Universityof Ibadan, Nigeria. Ozean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 1-9.

• Fisher, D. (1996). Technostress and the librarian: a critical discussion. Education Libraries Journal, 39(2), 9-14.

• Gomez, J. (1999). Human factors in the electronic technical services. The Acquisition Librarian, 11(210), 105-114.

• Harper, S. (2000). Managing technostress in UK Libraries: A realistic guide. Ariadne. Retrieved January 25,2015 from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue25/technostress/intro.html

• Jeevan, V. K., & Nair, S. S. (2004). Information technology adoption in libraries of Kerala: A survey of selectedlibraries in Thiruvananthapuram. Annals of library and information studies, 51 (4), 137-144.

• Johnson, J. S. (1991). Computerising information systems in developing countries: Keys to sustainabledevelopment. Pakistan Library Bulletin, 22(3), 22-30.

• Jones, E.E. (1989). Library support staff and technology; Perceptions and opinions. Library Trends, 37(4),432-456.

• Kahan, R. (1997). Attitude of East Tennessee medical librarians about evolving computer information technology.Tennessee Librarian, 49(1), pp.19-26.

• Kupersmith, John J. (1992). Technostress and the reference librarian. Reference Services Review, 20(2), 7-14.



4. EXPLOITATION OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES AMONGTHE U. G STUDENTS OF THEEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

BOISAR (MAHARASHTRA)

Mr. Fakir Ashraf Shah Sattar ShahResearch Scholar

Dept. of Library and InformationScience

Shri J.J.T University JhunjhunuChudela, Rajasthan

Dr. Mrs. Shilpa Satish WaghchoureGokhale Education Society’s

College of Education and ResearchParel, Mumbai, (M.S) India

Dr. Rajkumar BhakarChief Librarian

Dept. of Library and InformationScience

Shri J.J.T University Jhunjhunu,Chudela, Rajasthan

ABSTRACT :

The study was carried out the use of social networking sites by the U.G Students of Theem College of EngineeringBoisar: A Study. In this information age the social networking sites has become one of the crucial tools for thelibrarian and patrons for communication. Social networking sites help the users to interact with the differentpeople and it increases the social awareness and other information among the users. The study adoptedsurvey method for data collection, therefore the questionnaire method will be use to evaluate use of socialnetworking sites of students. In this study, data collected from 250 students by Structural questionnaires ontheir use of social networking sites. The collected data were analyzed using different statistical tools. Resultshowed that all of the sampled U.G students are aware about SNS.

Social Networking Sites, LinkedIn, Facebook, Flickr, MySpace, Orkut, Twitter, What’s App, YouTube, UsagePattern, Theem College of Engineering Boisar, Maharashtra.

Keywords:



Introduction :

Social networking sites have become a part of the day to day life for an increasing number of peoples. Social networkingsites provide a pioneering and efficient way of connecting users. Social networking sites (SNSs) are the latest onlinecommunication tools that allow users to create a public and private profile so that people can interact with differentpeople through the networks. SNSs have made a new platform for individuals to communicate, sharing informationand interact worldwide. Features of SNS enable users to create interpersonal connections based on common platform.Social networking sites, such as Facebook, Flickr, LinkedIn, MySpace, Orkut, Twitter, What’s App, YouTube set uppersonal communities, allowing users to post persistent comments and feedback on the profiles of their friends andsend private messages. These features make SNSs tremendous in initiating interaction among librarian and patrons.Day by day the number of libraries used SNSs is increasing. According to a survey held in 2009, researchers foundthat SNS was only adopted by a few academic libraries. In 2012, another survey revealed that Facebook and Twitterhave become the most popular Web 2.0 applications in libraries.

Social networking sites includes browsing, to search, to invite friends, to connect, to share files, films,, videos,discussions, rating, group, add photos, add events, apps, tagging, like, comments, blog entries, suggest edits etc.among the friends. Users split messages, photos, songs, videos and audio through SNs. Social networks providedeveloped the use information among the individuals. The use of smart phones, laptops, iPod, ipad, smart watch,smart band etc. has also carried a tremendous revolution and up to date awareness among the users by sharinginformation and connecting the whole world.

Social Networking Sites : Meaning and Concepts :

Social networking is a work of individuals or organization, which is attached with one or more individuals such asfriend, neighborhood, small communities and professional field etc. This is because of the widely extent of internet inthe work places like colleges, universities and offices and other work places the individuals gather and share theirfirst-hand experiences and information.

A social networking site is an online portal, or web service, which induce to building a social relation among group ofindividuals. It connects the feelings, emotions, shares information, and other activities of life experiences amongpeoples.

The Computing Dictionary (2011) defined the Social networking site as any website designed to allow multiple usersto publish their content. The information may be on any subject and may be for consumption by colleagues, friends,mates, employers, employees to mention a few.

According to Powell (2009) social networking as a community in which individuals are somehow connected throughfriendship, values, working relationships, idea and so on.

Boyd and Ellison (2007) explained the term social networking sites as web based services that allow individuals toconstruct a public or semi public profile within a bounded system, coherent a list of other users with whom they sharea connection, to view and find the way their list of connections and those made by others within the system.

Seufer t et al (1999) defines social networking in terms of knowledge networking as signifying a number of people,



resources and relationships among them, who are assembled in order to accumulate and use facts primarily bymeans of knowledge creation and transfer processes, for the purpose of creating value.

Review of Literature :

Various problems related to social networking sites, social media were covered by different studies conducted byvarious authors as per below:

Ayiah and Kumah’s focused on link to SNS on library’s webpage particularly for African libraries and revealed thatpresence of social networking sites on library webpage can be helpful in building collaboration between academiccommunity and libraries.

Chen, et al., study focused on how libraries can make interaction with users by using social networking sites. Thisstudy fur ther stressed on necessities for libraries to coordinate diverse types of SNSs with regard to improve theefficiency of interacting with users on social networking sites.

Dr. Mahendra Ku Sahu (2013) the ability to disseminate and promote one’s work and research is an importantcomponent of managing and communicating information. The Social networking site can serve as a precious tool inthis effor t to exchange the information across a wide audience. The present study shows that the social networkingsites are an integral part of their social life. The study also point out the popularity of social networking among thelibrary in the engineering college of Odisha.

Jeff Cain (2008) viewed in the research paper “online social networking issues within academia and pharmacyeducation” has conferred that Facebook is a tool that aids students in developing their identities and finding their ‘‘fit’’within a college community. Assisting students connect, found a network and stay in contact with old and new friendsis the center of attraction and significant benefits of Facebook. Making links on campus which help them feel that theybelong may be an important factor in student retention.

Jeyshankar, et al., conducted a survey for access and use social networking sites among the post graduate studentsof rural based college of Tamil Nadu, India and revealed that most of respondents contain skills of SNS for resourcessharing and communication.

Kindiand Alhasmi (2012) conduct a study “use of Social networking among Shinas college of Technology students inOman”. The study found that the main reasons for frequent use of social networking sites are finding information andsharing news. The study also indicated that lack of experience as well as insufficient time and IT skills are effectivefactors of not using social networking sites. Finally, the study discovered that Facebook, Google Groups and Yahooare the most popular social networking sites used by students.

Kumari, Kantharaju (2014) studied “Awareness and use of Social networking sites among the student of businessSchools and management college libraries in Mysore city”. They found that all the students are aware of socialnetworking sites and they use these sites to interact with their friends.

Lehtinen (2007) found that different interface rites are performed on SNSs for reconstructing the established socialnetworks. Popular activities include updating personal information and whereabouts, sharing photos and archivingevents, getting updates on activities by friends, displaying a large social network, presenting an idealized persona,



sending messages privately, and posting public testimonials.

Mahajan (2009) in her paper entitled ‘Use of social networking in a linguistically and culturally rich India’ explored theimpact, usage and problems related to SNSs and their impact on the social and cultural values of India.

Shiri and Rathi study mainly covered one of the SNS tools and service component, namely ‘Twitter’ in particularlypublic library perspective and discovered that Twitter may be used for diverse information services and knowledgemanagement practices in public libraries.

Singh and Anil Kumar (2013) view in his paper ‘use of social networking sites by the research scholars of Punjabuniversity, Chandigarh: a study’ explored to study the activities and purposes for using social networking sites by thescholars of Punjab University, Chandigarh. The findings of study show that more of the respondents were found to beawake and making use of such applications in their research work.

Yan Zhang (2012) investigated college students’ use of social networking sites for health and wellness information.38 college students were interviewed. The interview transcripts were analyzed using the qualitative content analysismethod. Overall, participants were skeptical about the quality of information.

Scope of the Study :

The scope of the study is limited to use of social networking sites among the U.G Students of Theem College ofEngineering Boisar. This study covers the purpose of the use of social networking sites, categories of social networkingsites, Most visited SNS by the students, Purpose of SNS usages of the Students, frequency and time duration of usingsocial networking sites, and dangers involved in the use of social networking sites.

Objectives of the Study :

The main objectives of the study are as follows :

1. To examine the purposes of the usage of social networking sites by U.G Students of Theem College of EngineeringBoisar.

2. To study the various categories of social networking sites using by students.

3. To know the frequency of use of Social Networking Sites.

4. To study awareness among the students about various SNSs.

Methodology :

The present study was conducted to review the use of social networking site among

U.G Students of Theem College of Engineering Boisar. Research method followed was a

survey method. The questionnaire was distributed among 250 U.G students. Out of which 199 questionnaire werefilled and received back with a response rate of 79.60%. The Collected data were tabulated, analyzed, interpreted andpresented in tables and charts.

Data Analyisis and Interpretation :

The analysis of data presented here was based on information provided by respondent through questionnaires .The



collected data was tabulated and then analyzed for the results and discussions. The received responses from theusers are provided in differently for better convenience of findings and results.

Table : 1 Data of Respondent :

Questionnaire Questionnaire Distributed Questionnaire Received Percentages

No’s 250 199 80 %

Table-1 shows that the questionnaire was distributed among 250 U.G students. Out of which 199 questionnaire werefilled and received back with a response rate of 80 %.

Table : 2 Gender wise Respondents :

Gender Gender wise Respondents

No’s %

Male 137 69 %

Female 62 31 %

Total 199 100 %

Table 2 shows that out of 199 respondents, 137 (69 %) were male and 62 (31 %) respondents were female.

Table: 3 Frequency of Uses of SNSs per day by the students :

Sr. No Time Spent No. of Users %

1 1-5 hours 98 49 %

2 6-10 hours 64 32 %

3 11-15 hours 37 19 %

4 No Visit 0 0

Table 3 shows the frequency of using per day, for which the respondents used SNS. It indicates that majority ofrespondents 98 (49 %) were using the SNSs 1-5 hours , 64 (32 %) users spend time 6 to 10 hours daily in usage ofSNSs, and 37 (19 %) users spend 11 to 15 hours regularly in usage of SNSs. There is not a single response from theusers who never spend their time in usage of SNSs.

Table : 4 Purpose of Using Social Networking Sites :

Table 4 shows the purpose of using social networking sites by respondents. From the above table it is seen thatmajority of the 61(31 %) students use SNS for Sharing the photos, files, music, videos and tagging. 48 (24 %) treatedSNS as a way for online learning and getting study materials online and share. 29 (15 %) users use SNSs to know theeducational

information. 24 (12 %) students use SNS for communicating and interacting with friends. 21 (11 %) of students useSNS for discussing/sharing ideas/news/events/ messaging/online profiles and lastly 16 (8 %) of students use SNSs



for to promoting own knowledge and to give new trends in our interest.

Table : 5 Awareness of Using Social Networking Sites :

Sr. No Types SNSs No. of Users %

1 Facebook 57 29 %

2 Flickr 11 6 %

3 LinkedIn 25 13 %

4 MySpace 11 6 %

5 Orkut 14 7 %

6 Twitter 21 11 %

7 What’s app 42 21 %

8 YouTube 18 9 %

Table 5 presents the awareness of using SNSs among the U.G students. The data depicts that 57 (29 %) students areused Facebook, 42 (21 %) respondents are using what’s app, 25 (13 %) users visit used LinkedIn, 21(11 %) usersvisit Twitter, 18 (9%) students are using YouTube, 14(7 %) users visit Orkut and lastly 11(6 %) students are usingFlicker and Myspace both.

Findings :

1. This study found uses about various SNSs among the students 57(29 %) use of Facebook. Those students whowere aware of What’s Up are 42 representing (21 %) and LinkedIn 21 (11 %).

2. This study found that majority of the 61(31 %) students use SNS for Sharing the photos, files, music, videosand tagging. 48 (24 %) treated SNS as a way for online learning and getting study materials online and share.29(15 %) users use SNSs to know the educational information.

3. This study indicates that majority of respondents 98 (49 %) were using the SNSs 1-5 hours , 64 (32 %) users



spend time 6 to 10 hours daily in usage of SNSs, and 37 (19 %) users spend 11 to 15 hours regularly in usageof SNSs.

Conclusion :

Today SNSs are most popular among the engineering students as it is one of the online platforms for each and everyindividual to stay in connect vir tually. It is one of the right ways to share the opinion and feelings by sitting from anycorner. In this information era the SNSs has been providing a great contribution in dissemination and sharing of allkind of information. Students are basically engaged in SNSs usages for enter tainment more than educational activities.

This research has exposed that engineering college students were likely to be affected by SNSs. SNSs is attractive;it not only provides students another world to make friends, also provides a gate way to release pressure. Thisresearch also indicates that an approach is needed for better relationship between SNSs and academic study.

References :

• Asian University Rankings (2010). from http://www.topuniversities.com/ universityrankings /asian-university-rankings/

• Boyd, D.M., and Ellison, N.B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal ofComputer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.

• Burkhardt, A. (2010). Social media: A guide for college and university libraries. College and Research LibrariesNews, 71(1), 10-24.

• Burton, S., and Soboleva, A. (2011). Interactive or reactive? Marketing with Twitter. Journal of ConsumerMarketing, 28(7), 491-499.

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• Chu, S.K.W., and Du, H.S. (2012). Social networking tools for academic libraries. Journal of Librarianship andInformation Science.

• Coyle, C., and Vaughn, H. (2008). Social networking: Communication revolution or evolution? Bell Labs TechnicalJournal, 13(2), 13-18.

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• Dalkir, K. (2011). Measuring the impact of social media: connection, communication and collaboration.

• Dwyer, C. (2007). Digital Relationships in the ‘MySpace’ Generation: Results from a Qualitative Study,Proceedings of 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Science, Hawaii.



5. COMPARISON OF E- RESOURCES WITH THEIR USAGE STATISTICSAMONG BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY & MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY

Dr. KR. Senthilkumar

Librarian, Department of Library,Nehru Institute of Engineering &

Technology, Coimbatore

Mr. K. Balamani

Library Assistant, Department ofLibrary, Nehru Institute of Engineering

& Technology, Coimbatore

Mr. M. Mohana

Librarian, Department of Library,Nehru Institute of Engineering &

Technology, Coimbatore

Perception is the ability to see, hear or understand things related to an awareness of information sources. The

study reported that the impact of electronic resources on the higher education community has considerably

increased. Consortia access of electronic resources has increased the level of library services and convenience

for the patrons of large libraries with “global access”. The major findings of the study were that maximum

number of the respondents had good awareness and adequate knowledge with electronic resources and were

satisfied with the use of electronic resources.

This study dealt with the perception of electronic resources provided by Bharathidasan University and Madurai

Kamaraj University to the user community as they are related to an awareness of e-books, e-journals, abstracting

and review, publication and databases. This study found that usage of electronic resources by faculty members

and research scholars of Bharathidasan University and Madurai Kamaraj University confirmed that electronic

resources are time saving, easy to access, more informative and flexible.

Keywords :

e-resources, Research scholars, Information, Perception, Consortia

ABSTRACT :



1. Introduction :

Education aims to impart knowledge and make us good citizens. Libraries square measure the repositories ofdata associated type an integral a part of education. Libraries have a protracted history, beginning withthe bound and closed access libraries of earlier time to this day hybrid, digital and vir tual libraries that thenewest technology for the provision of knowledge through numerous services. Consequently, librarieshave conjointly modified from storekeepers UN agency square measure involved with production of booksagainst thieving, mutilation, and thievery, to it of knowledge officers, navigators, and cybrarians UNagency notice themselves in the vast ocean of reading material and are busy satisfying their clients who wantanytime and anywhere information.

2. Need for the Study :

The e-resources are an inseparable part of today’s higher educational system. The universities spend moreamounts for e-resources for providing efficient service to the user community. It is the duty of the library andinformation officers to know and examine how effectively the e-resources are used and how it would help toprovide better services to the user community. It is therefore to find out the perception and usage of e-resourcesin different disciplines by the faculty members and research scholars of these two universities are surveyed.


Chemarthi, Reddy and Babu (2016) made an attempt and analysis of data collected from simple randomsample of 1130 faculty members belonging to 37 Engineering colleges affiliated to JNTU- Anantapur using aquestionnaire which reveals that most of the faculty members are using textbooks (97.3%), and internet (85.7%)for their teaching activity. Further most of the faculty members were satisfied with the latest edition of booksavailable (79.8%) and with multiple copies available for prescribed textbooks in their libraries. Findings hadshown (77.3%) faculty members consulting periodicals for their teaching and research purpose. A highpercentage of the faculty members (45%) replied their libraries were subscribing e-books of Springer. Thesewere followed by e-books of Oxford University Press (26.7%), IETE (19.4%) and Cambridge University Press(8.9%).

Chennupati (2012) found the users’ usage of e-books, the preferences between printed books and e-books,the willingness to pay for e-books and the problem faced by the users while using e-books in India. This surveywas applied and data was collected through 150 questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed to theusers with a varying profile and on return 120 responses were analyzed. The survey revealed that Indians aregenerally willing to use and read e-books. 62% of the respondents are aware of international copyright and 38%of the respondents are not aware of the copyright.

4. Scope of The Study :

The study is undertaken to investigate the perception and usage of e-resources among the faculty membersand research scholars of surveyed universities. The respondents are aware of e-resources to find the way ofpromoting the usage of customizations. The scope of research covers two universities namely BharathidasanUniversity and Madurai Kamaraj University e-resources users’ community of faculty members and research



scholars working in the universities. The research covers faculty members and research scholars only.

5. Objective of The Study :

To analyze the awareness on e-resources among the respondents.

To identify computer knowledge among the respondents of the surveyed two different universities.

To find out the productivity of research work among the respondents of the surveyed two differentuniversities.

To find out the e-resources facilities available in the surveyed universities.

To find out the barriers faced by the respondents in accessing the e-resources.

To find out the user satisfaction on e-resources and services among the respondents of the surveyed twodifferent universities.

6. Methodology :

The research design adopted for the present study is a “Descriptive” one, which is concerned with describingthe characteristics of a particular individual or group.Theresearch is based upon the two university environmentsof Bharathidasan University and Madurai Kamaraj University, which consist of several depar tments. Theresearcher adopted simple random sampling method. Descriptive statistic was employed in the analysis withthe aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

7. E-Resources through Consortia :

An association can be delineating as a gaggle of organizations UN agency close to satisfy a combinedobjective that usefully needs co-operation and also the sharing of resources. The aim ought to be to deliver“more than the add of the individual parts”. A library association formation is at native, regional, state,national and put down institutional level Consor tia in Republic of India square measure still areplacement thought that needs correct pointers and methodologies. in an exceedingly survey by UGC in2001, it had been noted that though 142 university libraries had laptop and net facilities and were interlinkedto INFLIBNET, they were subscribing to written journals solely. So as to unravel this downside, UGC launcheda significant initiative referred to as UGC-INFONETthat gives high speed net connections therefore on haveelectronic access to skilled literature together with analysis journals; abstracts review publications, anddatabases from all areas in science and technology, additionally as in social sciences and humanities.Today, variety of skilled journals square measure out there over UGC – INFONET to all or any universities.The e-subscription initiative beneath UGC- Infonet is a very important portal for sharing print additionally aselectronic resources amongst university libraries. INFLIBNET functions as a resource center with AN aim tocater to the requirements of its members for resources not accessible to them in electronic media or squaremeasure out there in medium.

NLIST (National Library and knowledge Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content)

The N-LIST programme is AN initiative of Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and funded by



UGC. The N-LIST programme provides access to e-resources to students, readers, users, researchers andcollege from faculties and alternative beneficiary establishments through many put in at the INFLIBNET.The licensed users from faculties will currently access e-resources and transfer articles needed by themdirectly from the publisher’s web site once they’re punctually genuine as licensed users through serversdeployed at the INFLIBNET centre. All faculties lined beneath section 12B/2F of UGC Act and non-aided faculties will access to electronic resources signed by the UGC-INFONET DigitalLibrary association additionally as few chosen e-resources that were foundmost acceptable for faculties together with e-journals and e-books. These resources embody over six.300+ e-journals and one, 38,500 + e-books.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The results of the investigation carried out in this study, the analysis of data collected and discussion of findingsare presented in this Paper.

Table – 1.1

Distribution of Respondents based on Frequency of Using Computer

S. Frequencies Bharathidasan University Madurai Kamaraj Total WAMNo. University

1 Daily 198(55.93) 157(47.43) 355(51.82) 170.66

2 Alternate Days 71(20.06) 83(25.08) 154(22.48) 79.00

3 Weekly 50(14.12) 41(12.39) 91(13.28) 44.00

4 Monthly 11(3.11) 15(4.53) 26(3.80) 13.66

5 Occasionally 24(6.78) 35(10.57) 59(8.62) 31.33

[Figures in parentheses represent percentage.]

It is known from Table 1.1 the majority of 55.93% of the respondents from Bharathidasan University stated thatthey use computers daily and 47.43% from Madurai Kamaraj University use them daily, which is the sameagain. Further,20.06% from Bharathidasan University stated that they use computers on alternate days and25.08% of Madurai Kamaraj University use them on alternate days.

Of the two universities, majority of the respondents use computers daily because of our educational systems,based on the information and communication technology.

1.2 Distribution of Respondents based on Importance of Computer Literacy for Accessing e-Resources :

Now-a-days traditional resources are converted into digital form. The users’ community is aware of computerliteracy to access in digital information and it is presented in Table 4.9.

Table –1.2



Distribution of Respondents based on Importance of Computer Literacy forAccessing e-Resources :

S. No. Computer Literacy for Accessinge-Resources Total

1 Strongly Agree 469(68.00)

2 Agree 106(15.00)

3 Neutral 66(10.00)

4 Disagree 33(5.00)

5 Strongly Disagree 11(2.00)

Total 685


It is found from Table 1.2 that 68.00% of the respondents opined that they strongly agree, to computer literacyfor accessing e-resources. 15.00% of the respondents opined that they agree, to computer literacy for accessinge-resources. 10.00% of the respondents opined that they are neutral, to computer literacy for accessing e-resources. 5.00% of the respondents opined that they disagree, to computer literacy for accessing e-resources.2.00% of the respondents opined that they strongly disagree, to computer literacy for accessing e-resources.

Borgmanrevealed in his study that the use of online resources and retrieval systems require a basic knowledgeof computing and searching skills. Similarly this study expressed that the respondents strongly agree 68% thatcomputer literacy is a must to access e-resources.

1.3 A Distributionof Respondents based on Importance of Computer LiteracyVs Gender :

Table – 1.3

Distribution of Respondents based on Importance of Computer Literacy Vs Gender

S. No Computer Literacy for Accessing e-Resources Male Female Total

1 Strongly Agree 433(77.87) 36 (27.90) 469(68.00)

2 Agree 64 (11.51) 42 (32.55) 106(15.00)

3 Neutral 37 (6.65) 29 (22.48) 66(10.00)

4 Disagree 18 (3.23) 15 11.62) 33(5.00)

5 Strongly Disagree 4 (0.7) 7 (5.42) 11(2.00)

Total 556 129 685


The researcher has intended to find out the gender with computer literacy of accessing e-resources. It can beseen from the table1.3 that higher percentage of male respondents strongly agree (77.87) the importance ofcomputer literacy and female (32.55) respondents agree the important of computer literacy.



Table –1.4

Distribution of Respondents based on Opinion of Computer Literacy for Accessing e-Resources Vs Age

[Figures in parentheses represent percentage)

It is found from Table 1.4 that 15.18% of the respondents in Bharathidasan University are below 30 years,15.76% of the respondents from 31-40 years, 2.91% of the respondents from 41-50 years and 0.87% of therespondents above 50 years opined that they strongly agree, to computer literacy for accessing e-resources.And 0.29% of the respondents below 30 years, 0.29% of the respondents from 31-40 years, 0.14% of therespondents from 41-50 years and 0.14% of the respondents above 50 years opined that they strongly disagree,to computer literacy for accessing e-resources. It is found the Chi-Square value is 17.19 and its significancelevel is 0.05.

In Madurai Kamaraj University 14.74% are below 30 years, 15.18% of the respondents from 31-40 years,2.91% of the respondents from 41-50 years and 0.87% of the respondents above 50 years opined that theystrongly agree, to computer literacy for accessing e-resources. And 0.29% of the respondents are below 30years, 0.14% of the respondents from 31-40 years, 0.14% of the respondents from 41-50 years and 0.14% ofthe respondents above 50 years opined that they strongly disagree, to computer literacy for accessing e-resources.

Findings :

Most of the respondents from Bharathidasan University use computer regularly. Of the two universities,a majority of the respondents use computer daily because our educational system is based on the



information communication technology

Ranking of the respondents with research publications in Bharathidasan University have published goodnumber of books, national and international journal ar ticles when compared to Madurai Kamaraj University.Bharathidasan University respondents publish good number of books, national and international journalar ticles.

The library professionals should periodically organize short term and long term training programmes/workshops to the user community for accessing library resources and services especially e-resources.

Library professionals should develop their knowledge based on the current development.

Conclusion :

Use of electronic resources recorded substantial success among educational workers and thatthey incontestable the positive impact of the e-resources on teaching and analysis work. E-resources havebeen widely and rapidly accepted in academic spheres and academic universities have widely indicated thatthey can ably use and access electronic resources. It is necessary that the university library professionalsshould be proactive in working with the academic community to develop training program aimed at enablingthem to use e-resources more effectively. Training was pursued by some academicians to facilitate their use ofelectronic resources. The Web, e-mail, and search engines follow e-journals in the rank of e-resources beingused among academics in the universities. E-resources will continue to enjoy a wider acceptance among theacademicians as the future unfolds and barriers to their use are reduced. These studies investigate the overallusage of e-resources in the two university libraries of the large province of Tamil Nadu.

References :

Adebayo Oyeronke, E.L. (2013). Challenges associated with CC E- resources in selected University libraries inS. Nigeria. Chinese Librarianship: anInternational Electronic Journal, 36.

Adekanmbi, Rebecca, &Boadi. (2008). Problems of developing Library Collections: A study of colleges ofeducation Libraries in Botswana. Information Development, 24(4), 275-288.

ChandranVelmurugan. (2015) Use and user perception of electronic resources: A case study of Siva Instituteof Frontier Technology, India. Chinese Librarianship an International Electronic Journal, 36.

ChemarthiSrinivasaRaju , Reddy Pulla V., &BabuSurendra , K. (2016). A study on perception of faculty memberson information sources of libraries of engineering college affiliated to JNTU-Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.Library Philosophy and Practice, 1399.



6. FORECASTING IN LIBRARIES

TOWARDS SELECTING THE BOOKS

Mr. Chirag Sachdev

Research Scholar, School of Library & Information System,

Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Nalanda Campus,

R. N. T. Marg, Indore 452 001 (M.P.), India

ABSTRACT :

After studying the book selection principles by Drury’s, Dewey’s, Mc Colvin’s, Ranganathan’s and otherswhich are about the anticipation and requirements of books according to their various principles of their theorieswe must think why don’t we plan to forecast the judging of the various phenomena based in the selection ofbooks which relates to pre-deciding of books edition, curriculum based, no. of books based on the number ofreaders etc. The growing competition, rapidity of change in curriculum and the trend towards automationdemand that decision in books are not purely based on guesses and hunches rather on a careful analysis ofdata concerning the future course of events which would be collected by various factors like related to thereaders need and wants but the question arises that how and when estimates of future tenure, conditions andothers we have to understand changes in the past, phases of library activities which mostly relate to the digitallibrary and to use it measuring devices which are in use or which are to be used in future their analysis must beto presented and for that choice of method of forecasting is to be done which composes as time lag, reaction,financial budget period, specific historical analogy, and cross section analysis to find out most the prominentmethods of forecasting is to be follows such as library barometers, extrapolation, econometric models, timeseries analysis, opinion polling, causal models, exponential smoothing, survey method are amongst of them.

Keywords : .

Collection Development, Book Selection Policy, Quality Books

Introduction :

Forcasting of libraries towards selecting a book is study of selection of reading material in library. For providing theright book to the right reader at the right time and for selecting that we have to follow a various step in forecasting thebooks. This forecasting change involves more than analysis of selection data – it also embodies the prediction ofeconomic change such as secular trend, seasonal variation, cyclical variation and a consideration of cause andeffect. Broadly speaking the forecasting of books fluctuations consist of the following steps :



1. Understanding why changes in the past have occurred.

2. Determining which phase of books activity must be measured.

3. Selecting and compiling data to be used as measuring devices.

4. Analyzing the data.

The library science in selecting a book is said to have originated from main sources: Curriculum records is a mainsource of selecting the number of books which is differ from the different selection activities of public, academic andlarge special libraries which measurably be decided upon the field of curriculum which is announced and verified bythe core groups.

Readers choice provide for both actual and potential users. Satisfy the former’s general and specific demand as far aspossible anticipates the demand which might or should come from the latter.

Growth of books stock the classics and the standard works in attractive editions.

Increased demand for books study open mindedly the community, endeavoring to analysis its desire, diagnoses itsailments provide for its wants and satisfy its needs.

Book selection defined an adequate knowledge of the selector about the informal needs of the users on one hand andtheir contents on the other will surely enable him to provide the right book to the right reader and the right time.

According to the below there are five stages of forecasting in a book selection investigation :

Collection develop the local history collection its items will be sought for in the library.

Organization keep within the budget, knowing the total amount available and maintaining a just proportion inallotments, manage resources through cooperation with local regional and national organization.

Presentation after the data of relate to books selection is to be derived by the book collection according to theneeds and wants of the institutions then the work is to be simplified in the form of diagrams and graphs.

Analysis get to know the publishers, their output and specialties; the authors their works and their ranking; andthe cost. In short get to know everything about books.

Interpretation to provide the book to the reader in getting the right type of information needed by him should bethe sole aim and the function of the library.

Function of Forecasting of Book Selection :

The following are the important functions of the library science of book selection.

It presents decision to select a book based on facts of knowledge define in it in a proper and under stableformat.

It simplifies mass of figures (Size in pages) in books.

It facilitates comparison as enact suitable standards for judging all books and strive to accommodate them.

It helps in prediction provided for both actual and potential users. Satisfy the former’s general and specific



demands as far as possible; anticipate the demands which might or should come from the latter.

It helps in the formulation of suitable policies by purvey for recognized groups, reflecting every class, trade,employment, or recreation which develops a natural interest.

The book selection were relate to the various types of key points in a subject with various forms subdivisions like, therelation of book selection and the other subjects were measured as, examples would be :

Management and its Book Selection :

Book selection activities can broadly be grouped under the following heads :-

Production as in publishers.

Purchaser depends upon the selection activities of public, academic and university library.

Sale as relate to the users demand and coordination between the books supply.

Finance as the budget for the library and from that budget hoe many would indulge on the book selection and itsaccounting.

Personnel as staff depends upon the core strategy implementing and selecting the books from the bifurcation ofdifferent quality and quantity of books.

Market and production research these were depend on various indulge factors like geographic area which dependson the different issues like social, cultural political and technical were the prominent, auditors, collaborators, translator,editors and others.

Quality control it should be largely depends on the different aspects of the quality which are depends on the differentsources of knowledgeable things in the books.

Forecasting of Book Selection Survey :

A book selection survey passes through several stages before completion, star ting from planning and ending withwriting the final report. These stages can summarize under the two broad heads.

Planning the Survey as Forecasting :

Purpose of the survey or statement of problem here ‘book selection’.

Obviously, these matters cannot be viewed in isolation from one to another. To a certain extent, the decision relatingto any one aspect is bound to influence decisions on other aspects.

Specification of the Purpose of Book Selection as Forecasting :

For the purpose of the object of an enquiry of selecting a book/s is to study the nature of price changes over a periodof time, it would necessary to collect data on the books prices and it must be decided whether it would be helpful tostudy how many number of books per edition, subject, title, author is required and the possible uses to which suchinformation could be put.

Types of Forecasting of Book Selection Unit :



These are units in terms of which book selection data is collected. They involve needs and wants of library, class ofusers, worth of books, according to which- materials, mental, or moral, best way to acquire the books either theoriginal or copy of books, develop the collection history of the library and others.

Units of Analysis and Interpretation :

It depends on previous book selection data which are generally collected for making comparisons. This analysis andinterpretation are those which facilitate comparison include the price list of different kinds of books in the market andthe number of books unit’s library requires.

Executing of Forecasting the Book Selection Survey :

Careful attention should be given in designing of various forms that will be used in the course and depend very muchon the nature and scope of the enquiry.

Design of Forms :

Every opportunity should be taken to utilize existing administrative and library. When the enquiry covers the largearea, supervision of the committee is likely to be difficult and in such cases, it is best to establish regional and localcollection of the library books collection.

Selection, Training and Supervision of the Investigators / Selectors of the Committee :

The nature of the book selectors is such a great care must be exercised in his selection. In some cases, like for largerequirements of the books in a library some selectors are to be hire where in other cases they may consist of theexisting staff appointed for other work and may be requested to undertake the survey work on a voluntary basis or ona small honorarium.

Control over the Quality of the Field Work and Field Edit :

Steps must be taken to ensure that the survey is under supervisor control, that the errors to which it is subject arerandom and no assignable causes of variation are present like organization structure working as in the library forinstance the librarians were place the major role in the library and in some cases the directors of the different departmentof documentation officer, information officer or digital librarians also place this role.

Follow up of Non-response by the Book Selection Committee :

It is important to see that committee members are not allowed to make substitutes for those which are relevant withthe non-relevant. If this practice is followed then the related tender is to be demolishes from the book selection for thelibrary.

Processing of Data of Book Selection :

After the data which is to be collected the effor ts shift from the field to office. The data are to be given a thoroughcheck, coded, transferred, to cards or tapes and tabulated. These operations are in no way less important than thecollection of books in library.

Preparation of Report of Book Selection by Committee :



After the data have been collected and analyzed, it is usually necessary to embody the results of the book collectionsurvey in the form of the report and sent it to the top-level management of library.

How to do Maintain the Forecasting of Book Selection Data :

Book selection consist data may be obtained either from the primary source or the secondary source. A primary isone that itself collects the data ; a secondary source is one that makes available data which were collected by someother outsource agencies for example with the course of a library the data collected by the university and madeavailable through various publications constitute various sources and however, if the library uses data collected bysome other organization say the data which collected by the different library but of the same department , this willconstitute secondary source of the library.

Choice between How to collect the Data for Books Collection according to a Library :

Nature and scope of the enquiry according to the users whether for the actual or the potential users, apply criteriaintelligently, reflecting every class trade, employment or recreation which develops a natural interest. Buy volumeswhich are suitable for the library purpose in format as well as in contents and are attractive and durable in bindingpaper and printing.

Availability of financial resources evaluate contents for inherent worth, be willing to buy, as far as funds permit theworks asked for by specialists and community leaders. Keep within the budget, knowing the total amount availableand maintaining a just proportion in allotments.

Availability of time does not strive for completeness in sets, serious, or subjects unless convinced that is necessary.Stocks the classics and standards works in attractive editions.

Degree of accuracy desired suitable standards for judging all books and strives to accomplish them, select books thatrepresent any endeavor aiming at human development- material, mental, or moral. Select for positive use as refrainfrom bias – personal, literary, economic, political or religious and select with tolerance and without prejudice. Manageresources through cooperative with local, regional and national organization.

The collecting agency, i.e. whether an individual, an institution a government data for developing the local historycollection.

Methods of Forecasting the Book Selection Data :

Here we should be enhanced our study as the ways of bringing and collecting the data of books selection for a library(say a very new constructed library) in the form of books collection.

Direct personal face to face talk, in that the study should be done by the reference of many known persons’ in the formof interview which pays the manner of ideas in selecting a prominent book. The selectors would go for an interviewwith the various important minds of that libraries book requirement like author, publishers, editors, collaborators,translators, in the academic library it also includes the scholars and experienced teachers and professors and studentsalso who helps in these findings.

Indirect study, here the third party has been involved for supplying information when there is a complex situation in a



library and the selectors are inappropriate of getting this information than he goes for this plan for example when asmall library wants to deliver the books in his library but not able to get the answer than he goes for the reference bythe third party like a huge library which have some knowledge related to his departments library .

Information from correspondents under this the book selector appoints local agents or his subordinates in differentplaces of different publishers to collect information. These correspondents collect information and transform to thecentral office where the data is processed, this method helps the selector to work in a huge place and cover the hugebook market area for the library’s benefits.

Schedules sent through enumerators under this a list of questions is pertaining to a survey and sent it to the samerenowned persons and wait for their answer which help him to do the work of selection of a perfect book this work canbe done by a mail or with the help of a certain enumerators.

On the other hand, we are also used data collected by which we would get enough help in the work of book collectionthat we have in which the previous reports of the same pre-built library or the report develop by the same departmentslibrary we can take on which we would develop our thinking in judging the book we get. For this we would go for thetwo measures of work like book collection data for each unit of books person, library, field, book shop, publication.etc., of the total number of books or universe which is the complete set of items which are interest for our particularbook selection work which is to be done for example if we have a class fulfilled with 50 students then ideally, weshould order 5 books which we would able to distribute in 1:5 form. Theoretical basis in this form we can predict andgeneralize the knowledge of books of mass phenomenon. This is possible because there is no collection of bookswhose elements would vary from the other requirements of books. For example, a book varies to a limited extent incolor of page, knowledge of data which should be like the current curriculum, content, size, ISBN, price, edition,publishing year, publication of the book and others as this all would help a selector to select a finite book.

Conclusion:

To conclude the study, I again discuss that no library however rich it may be, it cannot acquire all the books needed forits users. Many libraries are not able to know which the books available in the market are. Unless they know, they willnot be able to select books of relevance to their users. There are tools for forecasting the book selection in the formsof time series, budget control, opportunity loss, Care about marginal utility and others which help the librarians in theselection of books and other materials, their procurement, processing and maintenance.

References :

• Book Selection Principles by Drury’s, Dewey’s, Mccolvin’s, Ranganathan’s And Others

• Gupta (SP), Statistical methods, Fourty Fourth Rev. ed., New Delhi: Sultan Chand & Sons, 2014, 1426p.



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