Henry G. Schermers & Niels M. Blokker

InternationalInstitutional

LawUnity within diversity

Third Revised Edition

MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERSTHE HAGUE / LONDON / BOSTON

Table of contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

I. International institutional law § 1A. A classic theme: interdependence and state sovereignty § 1B. Objectives § 6

1. A description and analysis of international institutionallaw § 7

2. To contribute to improvements in practice § 123. To contribute to a better understanding of international

institutional law § 13C. Unity within diversity? § 22D. Method §29

II. Definition § 29A. International cooperation, international organizations,

(con)federations § 29B. A definition: three elements § 32

1. The first element § 342. The second element § 443. The third element § 45

C. International organizations, international corporations,non-governmental organizations § 46

IE. Classification § 48A. Criteria for classification § 48B. Universal versus closed organizations § 51

1. Universal organizations § 512. Closed organizations § 53

C. Intergovernmental versus supranational organizations § 581. Intergovernmental organizations § 582. Supranational organizations § 60

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D. Special versus general organizations § 631. Special organizations § 632. General organizations § 64

IV. Conclusion § 65

CHAPTER 2 PARTICIPANTS

I. Full members § 71A. Subjects of membership § 71

1. States § 712. Territories which are not independent states § 753. Groups of states § 794. International organizations § 81

B. Commencement of membership § 851. Establishment of the organization § 852. Re-admission of ex-members § 873. Admission of new members § 88

a. Admission by constitutional amendment § 88b. Conditions imposed by the constitution § 90

4. Acceptance of membership § 1005. Date of commencement of membership § 1026. Establishment of new states § 103

C. Termination of membership § 1181. Withdrawal by the member § 119

a. Constitutional provisions § 120b. Withdrawal without constitutional provision § 123

(i) Interpretative declarations § 123(ii) Practical experience § 125(iii) Legality § 134

c. Partial withdrawal § 1362. Expulsion from the organization § 137

a. The notion "expulsion" § 138(i) Expulsion versus suspension § 139(ii) Expulsion as a sanction § 140(iii) Expulsion to protect the organization § 141

b. Constitutional provisions § 143c. Expulsion without constitutional provision § 146

3. Disappearance of the member or loss of essentialqualifications § 149

4. Dissolution of the organization § 154

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D. Rights and obligations of full members § 1551. Individual rights and obligations § 1562. Collective rights and obligations § 162

II. Associate members § 166

IE. Partial members § 169

IV. Affiliate members § 172

V. Observers § 173A. General §173B. Categories of observers § 179

1. Non-member states § 1802. National liberation movements § 1823. Public international organizations § 1854. Private international organizations § 1885. Individuals and private companies § 196

VI. Concluding observations § 198

CHAPTER 3 RULES FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANS

I. Powers § 206A. Attribution of powers § 206

1. General § 2062. Attribution of powers to the organization § 2093. The concept of domestic jurisdiction § 2114. Attribution of powers to organs of the organization § 217

B. Delegation of powers § 224C. Sacrifice of powers § 231D. Implied powers § 232

II. Composition of organs § 237A. Size §237

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B. Representation of members § 2381. Representation by a delegation § 239

a. Denomination § 239b. Instructions § 240c. Size of delegations § 242d. Composition of delegations § 243

(i) Governmental delegates § 243(ii) Delegates representing specific interests § 250(iii) Delegates from national parliaments § 251(iv) Foreign delegates § 253(v) Multinational delegations § 254

e. Obligation to send a delegation § 255f. Credentials § 256

2. Representation by proxy § 264C. Use of individual experts § 267D. Use of civil servants § 275E. Equitable representation of interests § 276

1. Equitable geographical representation § 276a. Need for regional representation § 276b. Composition of regions § 277

2. Equitable representation of specific interests § 2803. Means of strengthening representation § 282

F. Election of non-plenary organs § 2851. Election by the entire organization § 2862. Election by the region or group concerned § 2893. Election or rotation? § 2954. Co-option § 2965. Term of office § 2976. Dates of replacement § 299

G. Quorum § 302

III. Functioning § 306A. Sessions §306

1. Characteristics § 3062. Frequency and duration § 3093. Specialized sessions § 3124. Costs § 3135. Place § 3176. Publicity § 3217. Documentation § 322

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8. Privileges and immunities at sessionsa. Definitionb. Why are privileges and immunities granted to

international organizations?c. Instruments laying down privileges and

immunitiesd. Subjects of privileges and immunities

(i) Individual experts(ii) Delegates of members(iii) Delegates of non-members(iv) Delegates of other public international

organizations(v) Delegates of private international

organizations and individuals9. Procedure

a. Agendab. General debatec. Discussion of agenda itemsd. Statements of delegationse. Limits to freedom of speechf. Procedural motions

B. Officers1. Chairman

a. Appointmentb. Powers and obligations

2. Vice-presidents and bureau3. Rapporteurs

C. Languages

IV. Concluding observations § 376

CHAPTER 4 POLICY-MAKING AND ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANS

I. Classifying international organs § 384

II. Policy-making organs § 389A. Plenary policy-making organs § 390

1. General congress or council of ministers § 390a. Denomination § 390b. Task §391

2. Junior congress § 393

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3. Specialized congresses § 3964. Plenary commissions § 400

a. Congressional commissions § 401b. Plenary functional commissions § 404

B. Non-plenary policy-making organs § 4061. The need for non-plenary policy-making organs § 4062. The board § 409

a. Executive board § 410(i) Task § 410(ii) Composition § 412

b. Governing board § 415(i) Task §415(ii) Composition § 418

3. Commissions and committees § 421a. Functional commissions § 422b. Consultative commissions of interest groups § 424c. Ad hoc advisory commissions § 426d. Procedural committees § 427e. Regional commissions and regional groups § 428

4. President of the organization § 432

III. Secretariat § 434A. Description §434B. Tasks and influence of the secretariat § 439

1. Functions § 442a. Administrative and clerical functions § 442b. Budget §443c. Information § 444d. Recording § 445e. Collection of reports from member states § 446f. Collection of information from member states § 447g. Coordination § 448h. Representation of the organization § 450i. Assistance to members § 454j . Observation of elections § 456k. Depositary of treaties § 4571. Executive functions § 459m. Right of initiative § 461n. Good offices, mediation, conciliation, arbitration § 462o. Performance of instructions § 464

2. Powers § 4653. Delegation of tasks; outside experts § 466

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C. Seat1. Requirements2. Centralization3. Decentralization: regional offices

D. International civil servants1. Appointment2. Number of international civil servants3. Qualifications4. Geographic distribution5. Conditions of employment

a. Gradesb. Remunerationc. Pension and social securityd. Obligationse. Permanent or temporary employmentf. Internships

6. Independencea. Relation with the national governmentsb. Privileges

(i) Exemption from taxation(ii) Other privileges

c. Immunity from jurisdiction(i) Immunity for official acts(ii) Immunity for other acts(iii) Waiver of immunity

7. The safety of personnel8. Legal position

a. Law governing the serviceb. Legal protection

9. Organs of international civil servants

IV. The Commission of the European CommunitiesA. TaskB. Composition

V. Concluding observations § 551

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CHAPTER 5 ADVISORY AND SUPERVISORY ORGANS

I. Parliamentary organs § 558A. Need for parliamentary organs § 558B. International organizations with parliamentary organs § 564C. Composition of parliamentary organs § 568

1. Size § 5682. Election of members § 5703. Parties § 574

D. Tasks of parliamentary organs § 5761. Control over the executive § 5762. Control over the budget § 5823. Advisory functions § 584

a. Advising national parliaments § 585b. Advising international organs § 587c. Participation in decision-making § 589

E. Functioning of parliamentary organs § 594

II. Judicial organs § 597A. The need for judicial organs § 597

1. Control of the legality of decisions § 5992. Administrative jurisdiction over staff members § 6023. Control of the application of acts within the national

legal orders § 6034. Private law § 604

B. Existing judicial organs § 6051. Universal judicial organs § 605

a. The International Court of Justice § 605b. Ad hoc tribunals on war crimes and the

establishment of an international criminal court § 608c. The Human Rights Committee § 609d. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights § 610e. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial

Discrimination § 611f. The Committee on the Elimination of

Discrimination against Women § 612g. The Committee against Torture § 613h. The Committee on the Rights of the Child § 614

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i. The Committee on the Protection of the Rightsof All Migrant Workers and Members ofTheir Families § 615

j . The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea § 6162. Regional judicial organs § 617

a. The Court of Justice and the Court of FirstInstance of the European Communities § 618

b. Benelux Court of Justice § 622c. The EFTA Court of Justice § 623d. The Andean Court of Justice § 624e. Organs of the European Convention on Human

Rights § 625f. American organs for human rights § 629g. African Commission on Human and People's

Rights § 630h. Central Commission for the Navigation of the

Rhine § 631i. Other river commissions § 632j . European Tribunal on State Immunity § 633k. Tribunal of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency § 6341. Tribunal of WEU § 635m. Tribunal of International Composition in the

Saar § 636n. Central American Court of Justice § 637o. Judicial Commission of the OAPEC § 638p. Common Market Tribunal of the East African

Community § 639q. Court of Appeal for East Africa § 640r. Court of Justice of the Common Market for

Eastern and Southern Africa § 6413. Staff administrative tribunals § 642

a. The UN Administrative Tribunal (UNAT) § 642b. The ILO Administrative Tribunal (ILOAT) §643c. The World Bank Administrative Tribunal § 645d. The Administrative Tribunal of the International

Monetary Fund § 646e. Regional administrative tribunals § 647

4. Arbitration, conciliation, mediation and fact-findingcommissions § 648

5. Other bodies § 670

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C. Composition of judicial organs § 6721. Number of members § 6722. Nationality of the members § 6753. Qualifications § 6794. Appointment § 6805. Independence of judges § 6836. Advocates-General § 6847. Registrar's office § 685

D. Procedure before judicial organs § 6861. Access to the court § 687

a. Plaintiff § 688b. Defendant §692

2. Decision § 693a. Judgment § 693b. Other decisions § 694

3. Separate opinions § 695

El. Concluding observations § 700

CHAPTER 6 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

I. The concept of a decision § 706

II. Legal basis § 708

in. Initiative § 710A. Necessity for initiatives § 710B. Initiatives by governments § 711C. Initiatives by organs of the organization § 712

1. Secretariat § 7122. Organs of independent experts § 715

D. Initiatives by other international organizations § 719E. Initiatives by interest groups § 720F. Initiatives by individuals § 721

rV. Drafting of the text § 725A. Preparation of proposals § 725

1. Submission § 7252. The draft § 727

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3. Two examplesa. Procedure in the UNb. Procedure in the European Community

B. Discussion of proposals1. Date of submission2. Sponsors3. Amendments4. Time-limits, marathon sessions5. Package deals6. Informal consultation, pressure7. Caucuses8. Negotiating groups9. Withdrawal of proposals and amendments10. Financial implications of resolutions11. Closure of discussions

V. Decisions-making by consensusA. IntroductionB. Some examplesC. Explaining the decline of majority voting and the rise

of consensus

VI. VotingA. Unanimity

1. Organizations requiring unanimity2. Exceptions to unanimity

B. Voting power1. Equality of voting power2. Inequality of voting power

a. Permanent seats and weighted representationb. Weighted voting

(i) Desirability(ii) Some examples

c. VetoC. Required majority

1. Kinds of majorities

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2. Calculation of majorities § 820a. Majority of membership § 821b. Majority of the votes § 823c. Abstention § 824d. Non-participation in the vote (or in a consensus) § 830e. Absence § 831f. Invalid vote § 837

3. Unqualified majority § 838a. Voting between two alternatives § 838b. Voting between several alternatives § 842c. Multiple elections § 849

4. Qualified majority § 851a. Two-thirds majority § 851b. Other qualified majorities § 855

5. Qualified minorities § 8566. Factors influencing the majority to be preferred § 857

a. The need for a decision § 858b. The effect of the decision § 861c. Structure and procedures of the

decision-making organ § 863D. Methods of voting § 868

1. Simultaneous open voting § 8692. Roll-call or recorded vote § 8713. Secret vote § 8734. Vote by correspondence § 8765. Alteration of votes cast § 882

E. Conditional voting § 884

VII. Entry into force of decisions § 888A. Immediate entry into force § 888B. Previous agreement of other organs § 889C. Previous agreement of member states § 892

Vin. Termination of decisions § 897A. Amendment and revocation § 898

1. Amendment § 8982. Revocation § 9053. Withdrawal § 907

B. Termination of membership § 908C. Dissolution of the organization § 910D. Political annulment § 911

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E. Judicial annulment § 9121. Possibility of annulment § 9122. Initiative for judicial annulment § 9143. Grounds of illegality § 915

DC. Concluding observations § 917

CHAPTER 7 FINANCING

I. Expenditure § 928A. Total expenditure §928B. Classification of costs § 931

1. Methods of classification § 931a. Budgeting according to instrument or to activity § 931b. Administrative or operational expenditure § 938

2. Fields of activity: some examples § 942a. General overview § 943b. Development assistance; "economic and social

cohesion" § 945c. Peace-keeping § 951

3. Instruments § 955a. Personnel § 956b. Sessions of the organs of the organization § 957c. Buildings § 960d. Equipment § 963e. General expenses § 964

n. Income § 965A. Contributions § 966

1. Contributors § 9662. The sharing of expenditure § 967

a. Equal contributions § 967b. Optional classes of contribution § 969c. Scales of assessment § 974

(i) Capacity to pay § 976(ii) Interest in the work of the organization

and other factors § 980(iii) Flexibility of scales § 986

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3. Limits to contributions of members § 992a. Minimum contribution § 992b. Maximum contribution § 993c. Maximum expenditure § 1001d. Special rates § 1002

4. The organs involved § 10055. Currencies of contributions § 10066. Defaults in payment § 1010

a. Refusal to pay § 1010b. Pressure to pay § 1014c. Filling the gap: working capital funds § 1017

7. Table of contributions § 1021B. Voluntary contributions § 1022

1. The principle of voluntary contributions § 10222. Existing systems of voluntary contributions § 10263. Trust funds § 10294. International organizations contributing to

voluntary programmes § 10325. Voluntary contributions from non-members § 10336. Raising voluntary contributions § 1034

a. Pledging § 1034b. Collection of voluntary contributions § 1037

C. Gifts §10401. Gifts which benefit the budget of the organization § 10402. Gifts for specific programmes § 10433. Acceptance of gifts § 1049

D. Self-support § 10501. Income from services rendered to states § 1051

a. Retributions § 1051b. Requested services § 1053c. Cost sharing for specific projects § 1056d. Special payment by the states responsible for

the expense § 10572. Income from services rendered to individuals § 10583. Income from services rendered to other

international organizations § 10624. Income from investments and borrowing § 10645. Income from staff assessment § 10706. "Book-keeping" income § 1073

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m.

E. Taxation1.2.3.

BudgetA. Use

1.2.3.4.5.6.

Definition of taxationConditions for international taxationExisting systems of taxation

of the budgetPurposeOne budget?StructureExplanatory memorandumBudgetary periodsMedium-term financial plans

B. Preparation1.2.

Regular estimatesRevised estimates

C. Adoption and execution1.2.3.4.

The decision establishing the budgetPower of the organ adopting the budgetExecution and supplementary estimatesBudgetary surpluses

D. Audit1.2.

Internal auditExternal audit

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§1091§1091§1091§ 1094§1097§1100§1101§1103§1105§1105§1108§ 1109§1109§1111§1121§1122§ 1123§11235 1125

IV. Concluding observations § 1131

CHAPTER 8 LEGAL ORDER

I. Introduction § 1139

II. Constitution § 1145A. Legal force § 1146B. Characteristics § 1147

1. Creation of a legal person § 11482. Limitation on reservations § 11503. Withdrawal § 11544. Tacit renewal § 1155

C. Amendment of the constitution § 11571. Necessity for amendments § 1157

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2. Constitutional requirements for amendments § 1163a. Legal character of constitutional provisions on

amendment § 1163b. Existing constitutional requirements § 1165

(i) Temporary exclusion of amendments § 1166(ii) Amendment requiring the cooperation of

organs in addition to unanimity of themembers § 1168

(iii) Amendment by unanimous approval ofthe members § 1169

(iv) Amendment by qualified majority of themembers § 1173

(v) Amendment by decision § 1178(vi) Amendments without general application § 1187

3. Amendment procedure § 1189a. Competent organ § 1189b. Right of initiative § 1190c. Time limits § 1191d. Provisional application § 1192e. Amendments creating new obligations § 1193f. Entry into force of amendments § 1194

4. Revision § 1195

HI. Decisions of the organization § 1196A. Internal rules § 1196

1. Rules concerning the functioning of theorganization § 1201

2. Internal rules with external effect § 1206a. Possibility of external effect § 1206b. Operational activities § 1208c. Competence to engage in operational activities § 1210

B. External rules § 12161. Recommendations § 1217

a. The notion "recommendation" § 1217

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3.

4.

b.

c.

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Factors which strengthen recommendations(i) Constitutional provisions(ii) Structure of the organization(iii) The method of enactment(iv) Formal acceptance(v) The need for a rule(vi) The application by others(vii) The moral or legitimizing effect(viii) RestatementInternal effects of recommendations

Declarationsa.b.

The notion "declaration"Legal effect

Conventionsa.

b.c.d.

e.f.

g-h.

The notion "convention"(i) Denomination(ii) Special forms of conventions(iii) CharacteristicsCompetence to make conventionsLegal force before ratificationRatification(i) The requirement of ratification(ii) Pressure to ratify(iii) Negative acceptance (contracting out,

tacit acceptance)(iv) Provisional applicationLegal effect after ratificationPossible parties to conventions(i) Members(ii) Non-members(iii) Other international organizationsFinal clausesAmendment

Binding rulesa.b.

DenominationTypes of binding decision(i) Decisions addressed to governments(ii) Decisions addressed to individuals(iii) General regulations

§1220§1221§1223§ 1224§1231§1233§1237§1238§1240§1241§1244§1244§1248§1262§1262§1262§1263§1266§1271§ 1276§1281§1281§1282

§1288§1295§1297§1298§1298§1300§1305§1306§1311§1318§ 1322§1323§1323§1330§1332

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IV. Other elements of the legal order § 1335A. International law § 1335B. General principles of law § 1336C. Customary law § 1339

V. Concluding observations § 1340

CHAPTER 9 INTERPRETATION AND SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

I. Means of interpretation § 1346

n. Authorities charged with interpretation § 1351A. Interpretation by the members § 1351

1. National executives § 13512. National courts § 1352

B. Interpretation by organs of the organization § 13551. Policy-making organs § 13552. Judicial organs § 1363

a. Judgments § 1364b. Advisory opinions § 1366

Preliminary rulings § 1374c.

in. Competence to request interpretation § 1379A. Organs of the organization § 1379B. Members of the organization § 1380C. Private persons § 1384D. National courts § 1385

IV. Concluding observations § 1387

CHAPTER 10 SUPERVISION AND SANCTIONS

IT I. Definitions § 1392A. Internal supervision § 1392B. External supervision § 1395

H. Supervision of the implementation of rules § 1399A. Supervision by other members acting on their own

account § 1400

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B. Supervision by or on behalf of the organization1. Supervision based on reports of the members2. Supervision based on information collected by

the organization3. Supervision based on inspection

a. Continuing supervisionb. Retrospective fact-finding

C. Supervision by individuals1. Petitions2. Court proceedings3. National committees4. Effect

in. Official recognition of violations § 1439

IV. Waiver of obligations § 1444

V. Sanctions § 1445A. Sanctions by the other members § 1449B. Sanctions (authorized) by the organization § 1450

1. The possibility of imposing sanctions § 14502. Suspension of voting rights § 14553. Suspension of representation § 14614. Suspension of services of the organization § 14635. Suspension of rights and privileges of membership § 14666. Expulsion from specific organs § 14707. Expulsion from the organization § 14758. Sanctions through other organizations § 14769. Economic sanctions § 147810. Forces of international organizations and military

enforcement § 148711. Other sanctions § 1513

C. Enforcement within the national legal order § 15181. Enforcement through national parliaments § 15212. Enforcement through national courts § 1522

a. Should national courts apply rules ofinternational law? § 1522(i) Monist and dualist theories § 1522(ii) Application of constitutional provisions § 1538(iii) Application of international decisions § 1541

b. Initiative for decisions of national courts § 1545D. Sanctions against individuals § 1549

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VI. Concluding observations § 1553

CHAPTER 11 LEGAL STATUS

I. Status in international law § 1562A. Personality of international organizations in

international law § 1562B. Application of international law § 1572

1. General principles of law § 15752. Treaty law § 15773. Customary law § 15794. Decisions of other international organizations § 1580

C. Liability under international law § 1582

II. Status in national law § 1591A. Personality of international organizations in domestic

law § 15911. Personality in the law of member states § 1591

a. Constitutional provisions § 1591b. Provisions in national law § 1592c. In the absence of express provisions § 1594

2. Personality in the law of non-member states § 1598B. Application of domestic law § 1599

1. Competence to make use of national laws § 15992. The law to be applied § 16013. Limits imposed by privileges § 16064. Limits imposed by immunity from jurisdiction § 16105. Liability under private law , § 1613

m. Duration § 1617A. Establishment § 1617B. Dissolution of the organization § 1623

1. Termination or succession § 1623

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2.

3.

Methods of dissolutiona.b.

c.d.

e.f.g-h.

Constitutional provisionsProvisions in other treaties and impliedsuccessionActs of the general congressAgreements with other internationalorganizationsDisuseConstitutional amendmentChanged circumstancesConclusion

Consequences of dissolutiona.b.

c.d.

Functions of the organizationLegal acts of the organization(i) Recommendations and declarations(ii) Conventions(iii) Internal rules(iv) General regulations(v) Binding Decisions(vi) Agreements(vii) ContractsPersonnel of the organizationProperty of the organization

Conclusion

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§1632§1637

§1639§1640§1641§1642§1644§1645§1645§1648§1650§1651§1654§1656§1657§1661§1665§1666§1673§16804.

TV. Concluding observations § 1681

CHAPTER 12 EXTERNAL RELATIONS

I. Partners for external relations § 1687A. Relations with states § 1687

1. Non-members § 16872. Members § 16883. Host states § 1689

B. Relations with other international organizations § 16911. "Families" of international organizations § 1691

a. The "UN family" § 1692b. The European Union § 1698c. Inter-American organizations § 1699d. Other families § 1701

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2. Coordination § 1702a. The need for coordination § 1702b. Forms of coordination § 1705c. Coordination at international level § 1706

(i) Priority for the acts of one organization § 1707(ii) Delimitation of competences § 1712(iii) Common organs § 1715(iv) Joint sessions and meetings § 1721(v) Exchange of observers § 1723(vi) Reporting § 1724(vii) Organizations and organs responsible

for coordination § 1726(viii) Planning § 1732(ix) Exchanges § 1733(x) Training § 1738

d. Coordination at national level § 1739

n. Instruments of external relations § 1742A. Agreements § 1743

1. The notion "agreement" § 17442. Competence to conclude agreements § 1748

a. The treaty-making capacity of internationalorganizations § 1748

b. Mixed agreements § 1756c. The competent organ § 1763

3. The subject matter of agreements § 1769a. Agreements on the status of the organization

and on relations with others § 1770b. Agreements on assistance to members § 1771c. Agreements concerning the organization's

field of operation § 1772d. Law-making agreements § 1773e. Establishment of new international organizations § 1776

4. The legal force of agreements § 1783a. Legal character § 1783b. Validity §1784c. Binding force § 1787

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5. The conclusion, entry into force and terminationof agreements § 1789a. Negotiation and signature § 1789b. Ratification § 1791c. Entry into force § 1794d. Reservations § 1795e. Registration § 1796f. Termination § 1799

B. Diplomatic relations § 18011. The notion "diplomatic relations" § 18012. Passive legation § 18033. Active legation § 1816

a. The right of active legation § 1816b. Permanent missions to members § 1820

(i) Missions for development § 1820(ii) Missions for other purposes § 1829(iii) National committees § 1831

c. Special missions to members § 1832d. Missions to non-members § 1834e. Missions to other international organizations § 1840f. Delegations to international conferences § 1841

C. Recognition of other subjects of international law § 18431. Recognition of states § 18452. Recognition of governments § 18513. Recognition of territorial sovereignty § 18524. The competent organ § 18535. "Passive" recognition § 1855

D. Judicial actions and responsibility under public law § 18561. Competence to bring and receive international

claims § 18562. The possibility to bring international claims to

court § 1859E. Convening international conferences § 1860F. Issuing passports § 1863G. Depositary of treaties § 1867H. Registration of treaties § 1868I. Registration of ships and aircraft § 1870J. Flag, seal and emblem § 1872

in. Concluding observations § 1875

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CONCLUDING REMARKS

I. Introduction § 1884

H. The relationship between (member) states and

international organizations § 1885

HI. Diversity of rules of international institutional law

rV. Unity of rules of international institutional law § 1894

V. Towards more centralized international law? § 1898

ANNEX - SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON INDIVIDUAL INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS

INDEX