International Institute For Security and Cooperation Security and Cooperation Rodolfo Peikov Member of the Advisory Board IISC NARCOTERRORISM Moscow, Russia

International Institute For Security and Cooperation Security and Cooperation Rodolfo Peikov Member of the Advisory Board IISC NARCOTERRORISM Moscow, Russia December 9-10, 2009

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT World Trade Center, New York, USA, September 11, 2001 over 3000 dead, over 5000 wounded World Trade Center, February 26, 1993 6 dead, over 1000 wounded P E N T A G O N 189 dead P E N S Y L V A N I A 44 dead

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Kuta, Bali, Indonesia, October 12, 2002 202 dead, 209 wounded Bali, Indonesia, October 1, 2005 23 dead, 129 wounded

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT British Consulate and Synagogues, Istanbul, Turkey, November 15-20, 2003 57 dead, over 700 wounded

Atocha Train Station, Madrid, Spain, March 11, 2004 191 dead, over 2000 wounded DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT

Beslan, -, Respublika Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya, September 1-3, 2004 over 300 dead, over 700 wounded

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Metro and Bus, London, United Kingdom, July 7, 2005 56 dead over 700 wounded

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Train station attacks, Mumbai (Bombay), India, July 11, 2006 209 dead over 700 wounded

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Benazir Bhutto is assassinated by an attacker who blows himself up resulting in over 20 dead and several wounded. Rawalpindi, Pakistan, December 27, 2007

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Mumbai (Bombay), India, November 26-29, 2008 over 173 dead over 300 wounded

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Peshawar, Pakistan, October 28, 2009 over 95 dead over 220 wounded

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT , Nevsky Espress (St. Petersburg-Moscow), November 27, 2009 27 dead over 90 wounded

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Kill one, frighten thousands. Sun Tzu Sun Tzu The Art of War The Art of War (China 544 B.C. 496 B.C.) (China 544 B.C. 496 B.C.)

NARCOTERRORISM This presentation is intended only to furnish you with a basic knowledge of terrorism and drug related terrorism, and could be a starting point for further and more detailed study. This presentation is intended only to furnish you with a basic knowledge of terrorism and drug related terrorism, and could be a starting point for further and more detailed study. It is not to be taken as a complete or detailed work but, rather, as an introduction to a very complex and dynamic subject. It is not to be taken as a complete or detailed work but, rather, as an introduction to a very complex and dynamic subject. It gives a minimum essential background knowledge required to properly analyze the terrorist threat at the worldwide level. It gives a minimum essential background knowledge required to properly analyze the terrorist threat at the worldwide level.

FLAGS OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS

LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS Abu Nidal organization, (ANO), Fatahthe Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Black September, and Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims (now inactive since the closing of offices in Egypt and Lybia in 1999. Abu Nidal found dead in Iraq August 2002. (Palestine, Lebanon) Abu Nidal organization, (ANO), Fatahthe Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Black September, and Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims (now inactive since the closing of offices in Egypt and Lybia in 1999. Abu Nidal found dead in Iraq August 2002. (Palestine, Lebanon) Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) or al-Harakat al-Islamiyya (Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand) Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) or al-Harakat al-Islamiyya (Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand) Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (Yemen) Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (Yemen) Al-Aqsa Foundation (Palestine) Al-Aqsa Foundation (Palestine) Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (al-Aqsa) (Palestine) Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (al-Aqsa) (Palestine) Al- Badr (India, Pakistan) Al- Badr (India, Pakistan) Alex Boncayao Brigade, ABB (in 1997 it was joined by the Revolutionary Proletarian Army, RPA) (Philippines) Alex Boncayao Brigade, ABB (in 1997 it was joined by the Revolutionary Proletarian Army, RPA) (Philippines) Al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya, Gamaat Islamiya, al Jamaat al Islamiya, Gama'a El Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG) (Egypt) Al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya, Gamaat Islamiya, al Jamaat al Islamiya, Gama'a El Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG) (Egypt) Al Ghurabaa (re-established along with the Saviour Sect in Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah as an Internet forum in 2005) (Al Ghurabaa and Saviour Sect were banned in 2006) (U.K.) Al Ghurabaa (re-established along with the Saviour Sect in Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah as an Internet forum in 2005) (Al Ghurabaa and Saviour Sect were banned in 2006) (U.K.) Al-Haramain Foundation (Saudi Arabia) (banned GLOBAL by the U.N. 1267 in 1999) Al-Haramain Foundation (Saudi Arabia) (banned GLOBAL by the U.N. 1267 in 1999) Al Ittihad Al Islamia (Somalia) Al Ittihad Al Islamia (Somalia) Al-Shabaab (Somalia) Al-Shabaab (Somalia) page 1 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS Alliance of Eritrean National Force, AEFN (in 1999 the Eritrean opposition groups formed the AEFN) (Eritrea) Alliance of Eritrean National Force, AEFN (in 1999 the Eritrean opposition groups formed the AEFN) (Eritrea) Al-Qaeda, Qaidat al-Jihad (Afghanistan, Pakistan, now Global) Al-Qaeda, Qaidat al-Jihad (Afghanistan, Pakistan, now Global) Al-Umar Mujahidin (India) Al-Umar Mujahidin (India) All Tripura Tiger Force (India) All Tripura Tiger Force (India) Absa-al-Islam (Pakistan) Absa-al-Islam (Pakistan) Ansar-us-Sunna (Iraq) Ansar-us-Sunna (Iraq) Armata Corsa, AC, Corsica Army (founded in 1999 is rival to the other Corsican group FLNC) (France) Armata Corsa, AC, Corsica Army (founded in 1999 is rival to the other Corsican group FLNC) (France) Armed Islamic Group (GIA al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) (Algeria) Armed Islamic Group (GIA al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) (Algeria) Asbat al-Ansar (Lebanon) Asbat al-Ansar (Lebanon) Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth), now called Aleph (Japan) Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth), now called Aleph (Japan) Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, AUC (Colombia Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, AUC (Colombia Babbar Khalsa International (India, Pakistan) Babbar Khalsa International (India, Pakistan) Balochistan Liberation Army (Iran, Pakistan) Balochistan Liberation Army (Iran, Pakistan) Brigate Rosse, Red Brigades (BR) (Italy) Brigate Rosse, Red Brigades (BR) (Italy) Communist Party of India (India) Communist Party of India (India) Communist Party of Philippines/New Peoples Army (CPP/NPA) (Philippines) Communist Party of Philippines/New Peoples Army (CPP/NPA) (Philippines) page 2 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS Continuity Irish Republican Army, glaigh na hireann (Ireland, U.K.) Continuity Irish Republican Army, glaigh na hireann (Ireland, U.K.) Deendar Anjuman, Islamic Organization (India) Deendar Anjuman, Islamic Organization (India) Dukhtaran-E-Millat, Daughters of the Nation, Wahabbi Fundamentalist Group (India, Pakistan) Dukhtaran-E-Millat, Daughters of the Nation, Wahabbi Fundamentalist Group (India, Pakistan) Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Jihad Group, Islamic Jihad, Al-Jihad (Egypt) Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Jihad Group, Islamic Jihad, Al-Jihad (Egypt) Ejrcito de Liberacin Nacional (ELN), National Liberation Army (Colombia) Ejrcito de Liberacin Nacional (ELN), National Liberation Army (Colombia) Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), Basque Homeland and Freedom (Spain) Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), Basque Homeland and Freedom (Spain) Fatah al-Islam, Conquest of Islam (Lebanon, Palestine) Fatah al-Islam, Conquest of Islam (Lebanon, Palestine) Fianna na hEireann (Ireland, U.K.) Fianna na hEireann (Ireland, U.K.) Frontu di Liberazione Nazionalista Corsu, FLNC, Corsican National Liberation Front (France) Frontu di Liberazione Nazionalista Corsu, FLNC, Corsican National Liberation Front (France) Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) (Colombia Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) (Colombia Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (GRAPO), Partido comunista de Espana. (possibly disbanded during June 2007 after the arrest of six components in Barcelona) (Spain) Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (GRAPO), Partido comunista de Espana. (possibly disbanded during June 2007 after the arrest of six components in Barcelona) (Spain) Hamas, arakat al-Muqwamat al-Islmiyyah, Islamic Resistance Movement (now a political party in Palestine). (Lebanon, Palestine) Hamas, arakat al-Muqwamat al-Islmiyyah, Islamic Resistance Movement (now a political party in Palestine). (Lebanon, Palestine) page 3 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS Harkat al-Jihd al-Islmi fi Filastn, Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (Palestine) Harkat al-Jihd al-Islmi fi Filastn, Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (Palestine) Harkat ul-Mujahidin (HUM), Movement of Holy Warriors, (formerly Harkat ul-Ansar, HUA, or Jamiat ul-Ansar) (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan) Harkat ul-Mujahidin (HUM), Movement of Holy Warriors, (formerly Harkat ul-Ansar, HUA, or Jamiat ul-Ansar) (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan) Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) (Afghanistan) Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) (Afghanistan) Hezbollah (Party of God), Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, and Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine. Information reveals that from 1992 Hezbollah (Hizbollah) operated in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and other South American countries against Israelian targets (1). (Palestine, Lebanon) Hezbollah (Party of God), Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, and Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine. Information reveals that from 1992 Hezbollah (Hizbollah) operated in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and other South American countries against Israelian targets (1). (Palestine, Lebanon) Hizb ut-Tahrir, Party of Liberation. (Lebanon, Palestine, Syria) Hizb ut-Tahrir, Party of Liberation. (Lebanon, Palestine, Syria) Hizbul Mujahideen, Party of Freedom Fighters (Pakistan) Hizbul Mujahideen, Party of Freedom Fighters (Pakistan) Holy Land Foundation (allegedly an Islamic Charity Foundation. In 2009 the founders were sentenced to life in prison for funding HAMAS with $12 million) (USA, Palestine) Holy Land Foundation (allegedly an Islamic Charity Foundation. In 2009 the founders were sentenced to life in prison for funding HAMAS with $12 million) (USA, Palestine) Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (might be associated to All Tripura) (India) Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (might be associated to All Tripura) (India) International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) (banned from India, UK, Canada) (India) International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) (banned from India, UK, Canada) (India) Irish Republican Army (IRA) (now used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army or PIRA) (Ireland, U.K.) Irish Republican Army (IRA) (now used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army or PIRA) (Ireland, U.K.) (1) (Source: Italian Intelligence Magazine Gnosis, n. 1/2006) page 4 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS slami Bykdou Aknclar Cephesi, Great Eastern Islamic Raiders Front (Turkey) slami Bykdou Aknclar Cephesi, Great Eastern Islamic Raiders Front (Turkey) Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) (cell from Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IMU (Uzbekistan, Afghanistan) Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) (cell from Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IMU (Uzbekistan, Afghanistan) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)) (after the killing of Juma Namangami former Soviet paratrooper in 2001 in Afghanistan, might re- emerge as Islamic Movement of Turkestan) (Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)) (after the killing of Juma Namangami former Soviet paratrooper in 2001 in Afghanistan, might re- emerge as Islamic Movement of Turkestan) (Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan) Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Army of Mohammed) (Pakistan) Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Army of Mohammed) (Pakistan) Jamaat-ul-Mujahidin, Jama'atul Mujahidin (Bangladesh) Jamaat-ul-Mujahidin, Jama'atul Mujahidin (Bangladesh) Jemaah Islamiya (JI), associated with Tandzim al-Qaedat Indonesia. Leader Noordin Mohammed Tops assistant Amir Ibrohim (Amir Abdullah) was killed in a gunfight with police in Temanggung, Java, Indonesia on August 8, 2009. Noordin Mohammed Top was killed in a police raid in Indonesia on September 16, 2009. (Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand) Jemaah Islamiya (JI), associated with Tandzim al-Qaedat Indonesia. Leader Noordin Mohammed Tops assistant Amir Ibrohim (Amir Abdullah) was killed in a gunfight with police in Temanggung, Java, Indonesia on August 8, 2009. Noordin Mohammed Top was killed in a police raid in Indonesia on September 16, 2009. (Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand) Jund Ansar Allah, Soldiers of the Companions of God, associated to Al Qaeda. On August 14, 2009 the leader Abdel-Latif Moussa, known also as Abu al- Nour al-Maqdessi committed suicide during a gunfight with the police in Gaza in which 17 of his militants were killed along with six Hamas police officers and a baby girl. (Palestine) Jund Ansar Allah, Soldiers of the Companions of God, associated to Al Qaeda. On August 14, 2009 the leader Abdel-Latif Moussa, known also as Abu al- Nour al-Maqdessi committed suicide during a gunfight with the police in Gaza in which 17 of his militants were killed along with six Hamas police officers and a baby girl. (Palestine) page 5 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS Jund Ash Sham, Jund al-Sham, Soldiers of Damascus (Palestine) Jund Ash Sham, Jund al-Sham, Soldiers of Damascus (Palestine) Kahane Chai, Kach (Israel) Khalistan Commando Force, KCF (India) Kahane Chai, Kach (Israel) Khalistan Commando Force, KCF (India) Kongra-Gel, former Kurdistan Workers Party, PKK, Partya Karkern Kurdstan, Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress, KADEK, Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan. (Turkey) Kongra-Gel, former Kurdistan Workers Party, PKK, Partya Karkern Kurdstan, Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress, KADEK, Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan. (Turkey) Khuddam ul-Islam, Islamist Militant Group possibly associated with Jaish-e-Mohammed, JEM (Pakistan) Khuddam ul-Islam, Islamist Militant Group possibly associated with Jaish-e-Mohammed, JEM (Pakistan) Kurdistan Freedom Falcons, Teyrbazn Azadiya Kurdistan, TAK, Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (Turkey) Kurdistan Freedom Falcons, Teyrbazn Azadiya Kurdistan, TAK, Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (Turkey) Lashkar-e-Taiba(LT), Lakar- Tayyiba, Army of the Good, Army of the Righteous, Army of the Pure (Pakistan) Lashkar-e-Taiba(LT), Lakar- Tayyiba, Army of the Good, Army of the Righteous, Army of the Pure (Pakistan) Lashkar I Jhangvi (LJ), Army of Jhangvi (Pakistan) Lashkar I Jhangvi (LJ), Army of Jhangvi (Pakistan) page 6 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, (LIFG), Al-Jamaa al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatilah bi- Libya (Libya) Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, (LIFG), Al-Jamaa al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatilah bi- Libya (Libya) Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) (Ireland, U.K.) Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) (Ireland, U.K.) Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, Moroccan Islamic Fighting Group, Groupe Islamique Combattant Marocain (GICM) (Morocco) Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, Moroccan Islamic Fighting Group, Groupe Islamique Combattant Marocain (GICM) (Morocco) Movimiento Revolucionario Tpac Amaru, Tupamaros (MRTA), Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru (Peru, Uruguay) Movimiento Revolucionario Tpac Amaru, Tupamaros (MRTA), Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru (Peru, Uruguay) Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO), National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA, the militant wing of the MEK), the Peoples Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI), National Council of Resistance (NCR), the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), Muslim Iranian Students Society (front organization used to garner financial support). (Iran) Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO), National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA, the militant wing of the MEK), the Peoples Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI), National Council of Resistance (NCR), the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), Muslim Iranian Students Society (front organization used to garner financial support). (Iran) Muslim Brothers, Al-Ikhwn Al-Muslimn, Society of the Muslim Brothers, Al-Ikhwn, the Brotherhood, (MB) (Egypt) Muslim Brothers, Al-Ikhwn Al-Muslimn, Society of the Muslim Brothers, Al-Ikhwn, the Brotherhood, (MB) (Egypt) National Democratic Front of Bodoland, (NDFB), Bodo Security Force (agreed to ceasefire on June 1, 2005) (India) National Democratic Front of Bodoland, (NDFB), Bodo Security Force (agreed to ceasefire on June 1, 2005) (India) National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) (India) National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) (India) Ndrangheta, Organized crime group in Calabria (Italy), associated with the AUC, Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia Ndrangheta, Organized crime group in Calabria (Italy), associated with the AUC, Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia Orange Volunteers (Ireland, U.K.) Orange Volunteers (Ireland, U.K.) Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) (Palestine) Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) (Palestine) page 7 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) (Palestine) Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) (Palestine) People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) (India) People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) (India) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Palestine) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Palestine) Real IRA (RIRA), True IRA (Ireland, U.K.) Real IRA (RIRA), True IRA (Ireland, U.K.) Red Hand Commando (associated with Ulster Volunteer Force (decommissioned in June 2009) (Ireland, U.K.) Red Hand Commando (associated with Ulster Volunteer Force (decommissioned in June 2009) (Ireland, U.K.) Red Hand Defenders (RHD) (Ireland, U.K.) Red Hand Defenders (RHD) (Ireland, U.K.) Revolutionary Nuclei, or Epanastatiki Pyrines), (RN) (former Revolutionary Popular Struggle) (inactive since 2000) (Greece) Revolutionary Nuclei, or Epanastatiki Pyrines), (RN) (former Revolutionary Popular Struggle) (inactive since 2000) (Greece) Revolutionary Organization 17 November, Epanastatiki Organosi 17 noemvri, 17 November (Greece) Revolutionary Organization 17 November, Epanastatiki Organosi 17 noemvri, 17 November (Greece) Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front, Devrimci Halk Kurtulu Partisi/Cephesi, (DHKP/C) (Turkey) Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front, Devrimci Halk Kurtulu Partisi/Cephesi, (DHKP/C) (Turkey) Revolutionary Struggle, or Epanastatikos Agonas (EA) Greece Revolutionary Struggle, or Epanastatikos Agonas (EA) Greece The Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC) (Algeria) (possibly connected now with Al-Qaeda) The Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC) (Algeria) (possibly connected now with Al-Qaeda) Sendero Luminoso, Shining Path (SL) (Peru) Sendero Luminoso, Shining Path (SL) (Peru) page 8 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage, Jamiat Ihya at-Turaz al-Islami, (RIHS) (a Non Governmental Organization in Kuwait was, possibly, infiltrated by Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Embargoed by the U.S. and the ONU. Banned in Russia) (Kuwait, Afghanistan, Pakistan) Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage, Jamiat Ihya at-Turaz al-Islami, (RIHS) (a Non Governmental Organization in Kuwait was, possibly, infiltrated by Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Embargoed by the U.S. and the ONU. Banned in Russia) (Kuwait, Afghanistan, Pakistan) Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) (possibly infiltrated by Al-Qaeda, might operate now under the name Indian Mujahidin) (India) Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) (possibly infiltrated by Al-Qaeda, might operate now under the name Indian Mujahidin) (India) Takfir wal-Hijra, Excommunication and Exodus (might operate in Spain under the name Martyrs of Morocco) (Egypt, Morocco, Spain) Takfir wal-Hijra, Excommunication and Exodus (might operate in Spain under the name Martyrs of Morocco) (Egypt, Morocco, Spain) Taliban. (Students of ) Leader of Taliban group Tehrik-i- Talibani Pakistan, Baitullah Mehsud, killed August 5, 2009 in drone plane attack in the Zangar area of South Waziristan.(*) (Afghanistan, Pakistan and other countries) Taliban. (Students of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam) Leader of Taliban group Tehrik-i- Talibani Pakistan, Baitullah Mehsud, killed August 5, 2009 in drone plane attack in the Zangar area of South Waziristan.(*) (Afghanistan, Pakistan and other countries)Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Tandzim al-Qaedat Indonesia (Indonesia) Tandzim al-Qaedat Indonesia (Indonesia) Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi, Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law (TNSM) (banned in Pakistan in 2002) (Pakistan, Afghanistan) Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi, Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law (TNSM) (banned in Pakistan in 2002) (Pakistan, Afghanistan) Ulster Defence Association (UDA), Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) (terminated operations on November 11, 2007) (Ireland, U.K.) Ulster Defence Association (UDA), Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) (terminated operations on November 11, 2007) (Ireland, U.K.) United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) (India) United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) (India) United Mujahidin Forces of the Caucasus, Congress of the Peoples of Ichkeria and Dagestan (leader Shamil Basayev died July 10, 2006) (Chechnya) United Mujahidin Forces of the Caucasus, Congress of the Peoples of Ichkeria and Dagestan (leader Shamil Basayev died July 10, 2006) (Chechnya) United Wa State Army, (Myanmar-Burma, Thailand) United Wa State Army, (Myanmar-Burma, Thailand) Vanguard of Conquest, VC, al Jihad, Egyptian Islamic Jihad (joined AlQaeda in 2001) (Egypt) Vanguard of Conquest, VC, al Jihad, Egyptian Islamic Jihad (joined AlQaeda in 2001) (Egypt) (*)source: The Guardian, UK August 7, 2009 page 9 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST ATTACKS SINCE 2001 Year Victims Attacks Year Victims Attacks 2001 3221 26 2001 3221 26 2002 118481 2002 118481 2003 58131 2003 58131 2004 1339 222 2004 1339 222 2005 419 38 2005 419 38 2006 67551 2006 67551 2007 801 91 2007 801 91 2008 2241 226 2008 2241 226 2009( July ) 781 137 2009( July ) 781 137 Attacks in Iraq only. Not included in the other list Attacks in Iraq only. Not included in the other list 2003 25 2003 25 2004140 2004140 2005478 2005478 2006297 2006297 2007442 2007442 2008257 2008257 2009 76 2009 76

NARCOTERRORISM Drug money has financed terrorist activities in countries such as Colombia, Peru and other South American countries and that the international drug trade generates profits which help terrorists flourish in Afghanistan? Source: 2009 Khun Sa Pablo Escobar

NARCOTERRORISM Narcoterrorismo (Narcoterrorism or Narco-Terrorism). Term coined in 1983 by Fernando Belande Terry, President of Peru (1963-68 / 1980-1985) when describing terror against his nations anti-narcotics police. The president was referring to Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) a communist group conducting terrorist attacks against the police and institutions in his country. Fernando Belande Terry (1912-2002)NARCOTERRORISM

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES, 1988 NARCOTERRORISM See next page

The Parties to this Convention, The Parties to this Convention, Deeply concerned by the magnitude of and rising trend in the illicit production of, demand for and traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which pose a serious threat to the health and welfare of human beings and adversely affect the economic, cultural and political foundations of society, Deeply concerned by the magnitude of and rising trend in the illicit production of, demand for and traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which pose a serious threat to the health and welfare of human beings and adversely affect the economic, cultural and political foundations of society, Recognizing the links between illicit traffic and other related organized criminal activities which undermine the legitimate economies and threaten the stability, security and sovereignty of States Recognizing the links between illicit traffic and other related organized criminal activities which undermine the legitimate economies and threaten the stability, security and sovereignty of States (page 10 of the:) FINAL ACT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE FOR THE ADOPTION OF A CONVENTION AGAINST ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES FINAL ACT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE FOR THE ADOPTION OF A CONVENTION AGAINST ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCESNARCOTERRORISM

International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) (1992) 5. Illicit cultivation of narcotic plants and illicit trafficking in drugs continue to be a threat to the political, economic and social stability of several countries. Links appear to exist between illicit cultivation and drug trafficking and the activities of subversive organizations in some countries in South America and south east Asia, but similar connections have also been reported in other regions in the world. Proceeds derived from offering protection to illicit cultivators and from involvement in the illicit marketing and distribution of the illicit products often constitute the main financial basis of terrorist activities. NARCOTERRORISM

World Conference on Human Rights Vienna, Austria, 14-25 June, 1993 17. The acts, methods and practices of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations as well as linkage in some countries to drug trafficking are activities aimed at the destruction of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democracy, threatening territorial integrity, security of States and destabilizing legitimately constituted Governments. The international community should take the necessary steps to enhance cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism. NARCOTERRORISM

Council of Europe Pompidou Group 2 nd Pan-European Ministerial Conference Strasbourg, 4 February, 1994 "considering the continuous increase in and the spread of drug trafficking incidents, the involvement of violent organizations in such activities constitute a serious threat to the contemporary society", and thus, "it is vital for the security forces to combat terrorism effectively" (Art.15) NARCOTERRORISM

United Nations Declaration 49 th Session of the General Assembly 2005 Underlines the concern of the international community at the growing and dangerous links between terrorist groups, drug traffickers, and their paramilitary gangs which have resorted to all types of violence, thus endangering the constitutional order of the States and violating basic human rights. NARCOTERRORISM

Oxford Dictionary: Narcoterrorism: Terrorism associated to the trade of illegal drugs. (1999) U.S. criminologist Rachel Ehrenfeld: Narcoterrorism: Use of drug trafficking to conduct the objectives of some governments and terrorist organizations. (1990) Rachel Ehrenfeld Italian economist Loretta Napoleoni: Narcoterrorism: Use of terror tactics by the narco-traffickers and drug lords to protect their illegal businesses. It also describes the alliance between drug lords and armed organizations. Both have interests in destabilizing governments and breaking down the established social order. (2003) Loretta Napoleoni In the original context, narcoterrorism is understood to mean that the narcotics traffickers attempt to influence the policies of governments by the systematic threat or use of violence. Definitions of NARCOTERRORISM

Combs & Slann (Encyclopedia of Terrorism): Narcoterrorism: Narcoterrorism is the alliance between drug producers and an insurgent group carrying out terrorist acts. () While the ultimate ends sought by each group are usually different, the alliance offers them immediate benefits. The members of these alliances the coca growers, drug traffickers, and terrorist groups often share common goals. These include, but are not limited to, the destabilization of the government, the creation of discipline (for market purposes) among growers, and liberation from the meddling of the police and military. Mutual needs make the pursuit of these goals beneficial in some respects to all involved. (2003) C. Augustus (Gus) Martin, California State University Dominguez Hill: Narcoterrorism: Political violence committed by dissident drug traffickers who are primarily concerned with protecting their criminal enterprise. (2003 ) Definitions of NARCOTERRORISM

United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Asa Hutchinson, Administrator: Narcoterrorism: A subset of terrorism, in which terrorist groups, or associated individuals, participate directly or indirectly in the cultivation, manufacture, transportation, or distribution of controlled substances and the monies derived from these activities. () Further, DEA uses the term to characterize the participation of groups or associated individuals in taxing, providing security, or otherwise aiding or abetting drug trafficking endeavours in an effort to further, or fund, terrorist activities. (2002) Gregory J. Petrakis (+2008): Narcoterrorism: . the involvement of terrorist organizations and insurgent groups in the trafficking of narcotics,. there are three main variants of narcoterrorism. These include: 1.Insurgents using the drug trade to support their political objectives; 2. States sponsoring drugs for arms and narcotics operations to further their influence to create instability; 3. Dope dealers utilizing terrorist tactics like bombings, assassinations and kidnappings to enhance their profits. (2001)

General Rosso Jos Serrano Cadena, former Chief of the Colombian Police from 1994 to 2000: Pablo Escobar Gaviria and the others used terror, yes, but as a mean to intimidate the legimate Colombian government not to interfere with their criminal activities. Those were regular criminals without ideologies, they only were delinquents following the myth of Al Capone and were not looking for power, but only for space to conduct their criminal activities. They were brutal and were not looking for public approval in some revolutionary antisystem ideologies as it happens now with the Taliban or FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revoluzionarias de Colombia). General Serrano arrests Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela (Cali Cartel) Definitions of NARCOTERRORISM Rudolf Giuliani, former Mayor of New York: The links between drugs and terrorism are substantial. The link has been known to law enforcement for a long time, but we didn't see it as Americans because we thought we were immune to terrorism.

Terrorists and Narcotics The Nexus Some terrorist groups believe that they can weaken their enemies by flooding their societies with addictive drugs. Some terrorist groups believe that they can weaken their enemies by flooding their societies with addictive drugs. Terrorists gain a source of revenue and expertise in illicit transfer and laundering of proceeds from illicit transactions. Terrorists gain a source of revenue and expertise in illicit transfer and laundering of proceeds from illicit transactions. Drug traffickers benefit from the terrorists military skills, weapons supply, and access to clandestine organizations. Drug traffickers benefit from the terrorists military skills, weapons supply, and access to clandestine organizations. Traffickers and terrorists have similar logistical needs in terms of material and the covert movement of goods, people and money. Traffickers and terrorists have similar logistical needs in terms of material and the covert movement of goods, people and money.

The methods used for moving and laundering money for general criminal purposes are similar to those used to move money to support terrorist activities. The methods used for moving and laundering money for general criminal purposes are similar to those used to move money to support terrorist activities. Migrant smuggling, document fraud, arms trafficking, auto theft, smuggling of contraband, and illegal financial transactions are tools for terrorists as well as narcotics traffickers. Migrant smuggling, document fraud, arms trafficking, auto theft, smuggling of contraband, and illegal financial transactions are tools for terrorists as well as narcotics traffickers. Terrorists and Narcotics The Nexus

Five categories of Narcoterrorism 1. Narcotics traffickers use terrorist tactics to further the organizations narcotics enterprise. Avoid prosecution, hinder or prevent enforcement activity, through intimidation of judges, prosecutors, police, and the public. -Pablo Escobar(Colombia) -Medellin/Cali/Norte del Valle Cartels(Colombia) - Mexican Drug Cartels(Mexico) - Mexican Drug Cartels(Mexico) SENDERO LUMINOSO (Peru) FARC FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia ELN ELN Ejrcito de Liberacin Nacional, Colombia AUC AUC Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia

2. Terrorist organization provides protection for narcotics traffickers or allows shipments to travel through regions without interference for money but is not involved in narcotics trafficking. -Al Qaeda -AUC Five categories of Narcoterrorism

3. Organization actively involved in narcotics trafficking and using proceeds to fund terrorist activities. -FARC -FARC -Sendero Luminoso

Five categories of Narcoterrorism 4. Drug Trafficking Organization shares its smuggling routes, money laundering capabilities and other criminal enterprises with terrorist organizations in exchange for money/weapons. But Lorenzo Fernando Da Costa exploits was in Colombia. According to the Colombian military, he hooked up with the rebel Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC, providing cash and weapons smuggled from Suriname in exchange for cocaine and protection. Souce: CNN May 27, 2001

Five categories of Narcoterrorism 5. Governments and Terrorist Organizations who, allegedly, flood their enemy with narcotics aimed at the destabilization of the target government and the undermining of its society. Taliban-Colombia Taliban-Colombia Asian countries-Cuba Asian countries-Cuba

World Narcoterrorism Countries United States Mexico Panama Colombia Cuba Venezuela Ireland (CSI) Baltic Countries ChinaJapan Sri Lanka Spain Lebanon Syria Israel Egypt Libya Afghanistan Iran Peru Pakistan

Cocaine Coca Plant Cocaine HCL

Coca Cultivation Areas

Cocaine Trafficking Routes Source: DEA

Andean Potential Cocaine Production 1997 2008 (in metric tons) 875 825 925 879 827 Totals 879 859 980984 994 845 1008 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2009

NARCOTERRORISM MAJOR COCAINE TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS Pablo Escobar Pablo Escobar Medellin Cartel Medellin Cartel At the height of their power the Medellin Cartel was making over 60 million dollars per months for an estimated total of over 28 billion dollars. Responsible for the murder of government officials and police officers along with the killings of rival traffickers. Cali Cartel Cali Cartel Colombian sources say that at the height of their power, the Cali Cartel was responsible for 80% of the cocaine exported from Colombia to the U.S. Responsible for the murder of government officials and police officers along with the killings of rival traffickers.

NARCOTERRORISM MAJOR COCAINE TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS Norte del Valle Cartel According to RICO, the U.S. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, between 1990 and 2004, the Norte del Valle Cartel exported from Colombia to the U.S. over 500 tons of cocaine valued at over 10 billion dollars. Their fight against rival traffickers caused over 1000 deaths between 2003 and 2004 in the region of Valle del Cauca. Mexican Cartels Mexican Cartels Mexico, a major drug producing and transit country, is the main foreign supplier of marijuana and a major supplier of methamphetamine to the United States. Although Mexico accounts for only a small share of worldwide heroin production, it supplies a large share of heroin consumed in the United States. An estimated 90% of cocaine entering the United States transits Mexico. In the actual drug wars in Mexico there have been over 5000 deaths so far in 2009 (January-September).

NARCOTERRORISM MAJOR COCAINE TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS NDRANGHETA NDRANGHETA Italian organized crime group originating from Calabria, a region in the lower tip of Italy. Italian organized crime group originating from Calabria, a region in the lower tip of Italy.

Pablo Escobar The most wealthy and ruthless of the Colombian drug traffickers was Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria. The most wealthy and ruthless of the Colombian drug traffickers was Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria. Born in a suburb of Medellin (Colombia) in 1949, in 1975 took the position of Fabio Restrepo who was murdered that year. Born in a suburb of Medellin (Colombia) in 1949, in 1975 took the position of Fabio Restrepo who was murdered that year. He became known for his way of dealing Plata o Plomo (Silver or Lead) indicating that he was willing to pay for services or kill whoever he could not buy. He became known for his way of dealing Plata o Plomo (Silver or Lead) indicating that he was willing to pay for services or kill whoever he could not buy.

Escobar was, allegedly, behind the November 6, 1985 attack on the Supreme Court, carried out by the 19th of April insurrectionist movement in which 12 of 25 Supreme Court Justices were killed. ( On July 11, 2008, Virginia Vallejo, former lover of Pablo Escobar from 1983 to 1987 gave a statement at the Colombian Consulate in Miami in which she said that Escobar told her he gave 1 million dollar cash plus 1 million dollar in weapons and ammunitions to the movement 19th of April to attack the Supreme Court to steal files of the cocaine traffickers to be extradited to the United States ). Escobar was, allegedly, behind the November 6, 1985 attack on the Supreme Court, carried out by the 19th of April insurrectionist movement in which 12 of 25 Supreme Court Justices were killed. ( On July 11, 2008, Virginia Vallejo, former lover of Pablo Escobar from 1983 to 1987 gave a statement at the Colombian Consulate in Miami in which she said that Escobar told her he gave 1 million dollar cash plus 1 million dollar in weapons and ammunitions to the movement 19th of April to attack the Supreme Court to steal files of the cocaine traffickers to be extradited to the United States ). On November 27 1989 a bomb exploded on Avianca flight 203 from Bogota to Cali few minutes after take off killing all 107 passenger and crew plus 3 victims on the ground. The alleged target was Csar Gaviria Trujillo, leading candidate in the presidential election who was not on board. On November 27 1989 a bomb exploded on Avianca flight 203 from Bogota to Cali few minutes after take off killing all 107 passenger and crew plus 3 victims on the ground. The alleged target was Csar Gaviria Trujillo, leading candidate in the presidential election who was not on board. Pablo Escobar Virginia Vallejo Garcia author of the book: Amando a Pablo, Odiando a Escobar (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar) Random House, 2007

Later accused for the bomb on the Avianca flight was Dandeny Muoz Mosquera, also known as "La Quica", allegedly chief assassin for the Pablo Escobars Medellin Cartel. Muoz Mosquera was arrested in Queens, New York while travelling with false passport in 1991 and was eventually sentenced to 10 life sentences plus 45 years, all to be served consecutively at the Federal ADX Florence prison, the same were Zacarias Moussaoui, the terrorist who admitted guilty on the September 11, 2001 bombing in New York, is incarcerated. Later accused for the bomb on the Avianca flight was Dandeny Muoz Mosquera, also known as "La Quica", allegedly chief assassin for the Pablo Escobars Medellin Cartel. Muoz Mosquera was arrested in Queens, New York while travelling with false passport in 1991 and was eventually sentenced to 10 life sentences plus 45 years, all to be served consecutively at the Federal ADX Florence prison, the same were Zacarias Moussaoui, the terrorist who admitted guilty on the September 11, 2001 bombing in New York, is incarcerated. Pablo Escobar

On December 6, 1989, a bomb on a bus which was parked outside DAS Colombia's police intelligence headquarters in Bogota, was detonated by remote control. Over 70 people died and hundreds were wounded, more than 300 commercial properties in the area destroyed. On December 6, 1989, a bomb on a bus which was parked outside DAS Colombia's police intelligence headquarters in Bogota, was detonated by remote control. Over 70 people died and hundreds were wounded, more than 300 commercial properties in the area destroyed. Had over 500 Medellin police officers killed in 1990 paying $2,000.00 to $3,000.00 for each death. Had over 500 Medellin police officers killed in 1990 paying $2,000.00 to $3,000.00 for each death. Once arrested, afraid of being extradited to the United States he escaped from prison and was eventually killed in a gunfight with police on December 2, 1993. Once arrested, afraid of being extradited to the United States he escaped from prison and was eventually killed in a gunfight with police on December 2, 1993.

Medellin Cartel Killed in gunfight with police 1993 Cooperated with Colombian government. Free Prison. Sentenced in 2003 to 30 years in USA for the murder of Barry Seal Jorge Ochoa Pablo Escobar Barry Seal Murdered 19/02/86 in Louisiana, USA Fabio Ochoa Cooperated with Colombian government. Free Carlos Lehder Cooperated with USA on trial of Noriega. Under Witness Protection Program Prison Juan David Ochoa George Jung Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha Founder of the Cartel Killed in gunfight with police 1989 plus others

Cali Cartel plus others Helmer Herrera Buitrago Pacho Jose Santacruz Londono Gilberto Rodriguez-Orejuela Miguel Rodriguez-Orejuela Victor Patio-Fomeque Henry Loaiza-Ceballos El Alacran (The Scorpion) Prison Killed in gunfight with police 1996

Norte del Valle Cartel plus others Diego Leon Montoya Sanchez Eugenio Montoya Sanchez Luis Hertnando Gomez-Bustamante Carlos Alberto Rentera Mantilla Wilber Alirio Varela Fajardo Found murdered In Merida, VZ January 2008 Prison Fugitive $ 5 million reward Juan Carlos Ramirez-Abadia Prison Jos Dagoberto Flores Ros Prison

Mexico Source: Map Resources Congressional Research Service, Mexicos Drug Cartels, updated February 25, 2008

Mexican Cartels Source: U.S. Drug Enforcement Admnistration Congressional Research Service, Mexicos Drug Cartels, updated February 25, 2008

Mexican Cartels Source: Congressional Research Service, Mexicos Drug-Related Violence, May 27, 2009 After the disappearance of Colombia's Cali and Medellin, Mexican drug cartels or Drug Trafficking Organizations, in existence sine the 1980s, have become more powerful. Mexico, a major drug producing and transit country, is the main foreign supplier of marijuana and a major supplier of methamphetamine to the United States. Although Mexico accounts for only a small share of worldwide heroin production, it supplies a large share of the heroin distributed in the United States. Drug cartels in Mexico control approximately 70% of the foreign narcotics that flow into the United States. The State Department estimates that 90% of cocaine entering the United States transits Mexico with Colombia being the main cocaine producer and that wholesale of illicit drug sale earnings estimates range from $13.6 billion to $48.4 billion annually. Mexican drug traffickers increasingly smuggle money back into Mexico in cars and trucks, likely due to the effectiveness of U.S. efforts at monitoring electronic money transfers. The violence of these cartels is recognizable by the number of deaths, approximately 15.000 from December 2006 to September 2009 of whom over 1.000 police and other government officials such as prosecutors and hundreds of civilians. Close to 45.000 cartel members are incarcerated. close to 50.000 soldiers and 10.000 policemen are at war against un undisclosed number of traffickers (close to 10.000). In addition the war of the cartels against themselves. Red area are where most of the conflicts take places

Mexican Cartels Source: Congressional Research Service, Mexicos Drug-Related Violence, May 27, 2009 Sinaloa Federation and Cartel (Sinaloa) By 2008, a federation dominated by the Sinaloa cartel (which included the Beltrn Leyva Organization and the Carillo Fuentes or Jurez cartel) broke apart. The federation reportedly had controlled a majority of the cocaine passing through Mexico to the United States. The Sinaloa cartel itself remains strong and effective in smuggling cocaine from South America to the United States, but it has lost control of territory in Mexico to its competitors as the result of the inter- cartel battles during 2008. It is headed by Joaquin El Chapo Guzman, probably the most wanted drug smuggler in Mexico. Gulf Cartel (Tamaulipas) A year ago, the Gulf cartel was considered the most powerful DTO in Mexico, but it has been a steady target of the government campaign and now it is an open questionwhether the cartel is intact.19 The cartels headquarters is the northeastern Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The suspected leader of the cartel, Osiel Cardenas Guillen, was arrested in 2003. However, he was not extradited to the United States until 2007. The Gulf cartel no longer controls Los Zetas, formerly their paramilitary enforcement arm. The relationship today between the Gulf cartel and Los Zetas remains unclear though it is likely they still cooperate.

Mexican Cartels Source: Congressional Research Service, Mexicos Drug-Related Violence, May 27, 2009 Beltrn Leyva Organization (Michoacan) Until last year, this syndicate was a part of the Sinaloa federation. As part of the Sinaloa federation, it controlled access to the U.S. border in Sonora state. It has become independent of the Sinaloa federation and has grown to be one of the most powerful drug trafficking organizations in Mexico, still controlling large areas of the country. It is believed to be responsible for the May 2008, assassination of acting federal police director Edgar Milln Gomez in Mexico City, and has gone after other high-ranking government officials. This organization has quickly secured narcotics transport routes in the states of Sinaloa, Durango, Sonora, Jalisco, Michoacan, Guerrero and Morelos. Their attempt to take territory from their former Sinaloa partners reportedly unleashed a wave of violence. Arrellano Felix Organization/Tijuana Cartel (Baja California) This syndicate, once one of the two most powerful Drug Trafficking Organizations, was weakened significantly in 2008 by both U.S. and Mexican law enforcement efforts to capture their highest ranking leadership. The arrest of Eduardo El Doctor Arrellano Felix, in October 2008, the last of the Arrellano brothers to be captured or killed, was symbolic of its demise. This cartel split into two groups whose conflict for dominance led to extensive violence in the Tijuana area.

Mexican Cartels Source: Congressional Research Service, Mexicos Drug-Related Violence, May 27, 2009 Vicente Carillo Fuentes Organization/Jurez Cartel (Chihuahua) This organization is based in Ciudad Jurez in Chihuahua state, across the border from El Paso, Texas. It operates in much of northern Chihuahua state and part of Nuevo Leon and Sonora states. Over the past year there has been an ongoing violent battle between Sinaloa (their former partner) and this cartel for control of Jurez. The Jurez cartel has a longstanding alliance with the Beltrn Leyva Organization. Some analysts fear that this once very powerful cartel will again grow in power after splitting from Sinaloa. La Familia Michoacana (Michoacan) Once a criminal group affiliated with the Sinaloa cartel and now described by the DEA as an emergent cartel, is active in the struggle for control of drugs arriving from Colombia in the seaports of Michoacn, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas states. La Familia was among three Drug Trafficking Organizations designated as significant foreign narcotics traffickers under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, on April 15, 2009 by President Barack Obama in advance of his trip to Mexico to meet with President Caldern.29 Four days after this designation, which imposes U.S. financial sanctions on group members, the Mexican government arrested an entire party of suspected La Familia members at a christening hosted by Rafael Cedea Hernndez, allegedly the number two in the gang. During October 2009, U.S. DEA and FBI arrested over 300 members of the Familia in the United States. (source: DEA October 22, 2009)

Mexican Cartels Source: Congressional Research Service, Mexicos Drug-Related Violence, May 27, 2009 Los Zetas This group of former military counternarcotics commandos, known for its violence and effective use of tactics and weaponry, has grown in power even though it lost Daniel Perez Rojas. He was arrested in Guatemala this past year and was allegedly the leader of the groups activities in Central America. Los Zetas, since their split with the Gulf cartel, have contracted themselves to a variety of drug trafficking organizations throughout the country, notably the Beltrn Leyva Organization. The Zetas who formed as fearsome enforcers for the Gulf cartel have gained power under suspected Zeta leader Heriberto Lazcano. In 2009, U.S. authorities have come to believe this organization may be operating as an independent Drug Trafficking Organizations. Los Zetas quickly established a reputation as one of the most violent enforcer gangs with military-level expertise in intelligence, weaponry and operational tactics. Some argue that the escalation in violence in 2007 and 2008 can be traced in part to them.

NDRANGHETA Source: Open Sources DEA Italian Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga The most powerful and wealthy Italian organized crime group. It originates from Calabria, the lower tip of Italy, mostly in the province of Reggio Calabria. Today this group is the most dangerous and active in the drug trafficking specializing in cocaine. It is estimated that since the early 1990s the Ndrangheta imported from South America tons and tons of cocaine. From 1991 trough 1994 they had already imported 11 tons of cocaine, 5.4 tons of which were seized in northern Italy in 1994. The Ndrangheta had dealing with Colombian guerrilla groups such as the AUC (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia) whose leader Salvatore Mancuso Gomez, son of an Italian emigrant to Colombia, was arrested in 2007 and extradited to the United States during May 2008, along with other 13 guerilla associates. According to Eurispes 2008, Ndrangheta has a business turnover of 44 billions Euro. Salvatore Mancuso Gomez

HEROIN White HeroinBrown Heroin

COLOMBIA MEXICO AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN BURMA THAILAND LAOS Heroin Source Areas

The Threat from Illegal Drugs International Heroin Trafficking Flows Iran Afghanistan Pakistan Mexico Colombia Burma Laos Thailand Guatemala Lebanon

NORTHERN BLACK SEA ROUTE BALKAN ROUTE EAST MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE K.K.T.C. Heroin Movement from Afghanistan Source: Turkish Police 2008

Estimated Worldwide Opium Production 1997 2008 (in metric tons) Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2009 2008 estimates are a total for Afghanistan, Pakistan, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Colombia. Estimates for Mexico and smaller production countries not available. Totals

COMPARING OPIUM PRODUCTION BETWEEN AFGHANISTAN AND REST OF THE WORLD YearOPIUM PRODUCTION IN AFGHANISTAN(TONS)GLOBALOPIUMPRODUCTION(TONS) PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTION IN AFGHANISTAN 1998 2,693 4,346 62% 1999 4,565 5,764 79% 2000 3,276 4,691 70% 2001185 1,596 12% 2002 3,400 4,491 76% 2003 3,600 4,765 76% 2004 4,200 4,850 87% 2005 4,100 4,620 89% 2006 6,100 6,610 92% 2007 8,200 8,847 93% Source: UNODC Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2008

Estimated Worldwide Heroin Production 1997 2008 (in metric tons) Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2009 2008 estimates are a total for Afghanistan, Pakistan, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Colombia. Estimates for Mexico and smaller production countries not available. Totals

NARCOTERRORISM MAJOR HEROIN TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS Khun Sa Khun Sa Chang Chi-fu (traditional Chinese: . Thai Name : Chan Jangtrakul (Thai : ), more commonly known by the nom de guerre of Khun Sa, was a warlord from Burma. He was also dubbed the "Opium King" due to his opium trading in the so-called Golden Triangle (350,000 square kilometres that overlaps the mountains of four countries of Southeast Asia: Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand). He was the leader of the Shan United Army. Le Milieu French-Corsican. The French Connection. Le Milieu French-Corsican. The French Connection. In partnership with the Italian Mafia, the Milieu, whose leaders for drug trafficking were Franois Spirito and Antoine Gurini associated with Brasilian Auguste Ricord, the Corsicans Paul Mondoloni and Lucian Sarti and others, was trafficking heroin from France to the United States. Mafia (Italy). The Pizza Connection. Mafia (Italy). The Pizza Connection. When the French Connection was disbanded from police authorities, Italian Mafia took over the heroin trafficking from Southeast Asia to Italy and the United States. Taliban (Afghanistan-Pakistan) Taliban (Afghanistan-Pakistan) Afghan and U.S. officials believe that taliban insurgents and regional groups associated with Al Qaeda continue to profit from Afghanistans burgeoning narcotics trade. Officials also suspect that drug profits provide some Al Qaeda operatives with financial and logistical support. U.S. officials believe that financial and logistical relationships between narcotics traffickers, terrorists, and criminal groups pose threats to the security of Afghanistan and the wider international community. ( source: International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs)

Khun Sa Khun Sa Until January 1996, Khun Sa also known by his Chinese name of Chang Chi Fuwas, the head of the Shan United Army (SUA), was the leading heroin trafficking group in the Golden Triangle, which comprises the countries of Burma, Thailand, and Laos. In 1989 a court in New York accused him to have attempted to introduce 1000 kilograms of heroin to the USA. Until January 1996, Khun Sa also known by his Chinese name of Chang Chi Fuwas, the head of the Shan United Army (SUA), was the leading heroin trafficking group in the Golden Triangle, which comprises the countries of Burma, Thailand, and Laos. In 1989 a court in New York accused him to have attempted to introduce 1000 kilograms of heroin to the USA. Khun Sa and his family have been active in the opium trade for many years. In 1960, the Burmese government organized a self defense force under Khun Sa to defend itself against ethnic Shan resistance groups in the Shan State. To support his self defense force, Khun Sa transported opium for some of the major traffickers. By January 1969, Khun Sa emerged as one of the most powerful ethnic Chinese self defense force leaders in Upper Burma. Khun Sa and his family have been active in the opium trade for many years. In 1960, the Burmese government organized a self defense force under Khun Sa to defend itself against ethnic Shan resistance groups in the Shan State. To support his self defense force, Khun Sa transported opium for some of the major traffickers. By January 1969, Khun Sa emerged as one of the most powerful ethnic Chinese self defense force leaders in Upper Burma.HEROIN Source: Open Sources Drug Enforcement Administration

HEROIN After arrest and subsequent release by Burmese authorities, Khun Sa took up residence in Thailand. A Thai sweep operation against his Shan United Army headquarters forced Khun Sa to relocate most of his headquarters to Burma. Khun Sa eventually built an army from a few thousand men to an estimated 20,000 well-equipped and well trained troops. With this army, Khun Sa became the most significant heroin trafficker in the Golden Triangle and the world. After arrest and subsequent release by Burmese authorities, Khun Sa took up residence in Thailand. A Thai sweep operation against his Shan United Army headquarters forced Khun Sa to relocate most of his headquarters to Burma. Khun Sa eventually built an army from a few thousand men to an estimated 20,000 well-equipped and well trained troops. With this army, Khun Sa became the most significant heroin trafficker in the Golden Triangle and the world. Beginning in 1994, however, three major developments combined against Khun Sa. First, the Thai Government closed their border against him, thus depriving the SUA of valuable goods and services; second, the DEA, working with the Royal Thai Government, arrested 13 of Khun Sa's top lieutenants in "Operation Tiger Trap," thus depriving the SUA of cash from heroin trafficking; and third, the Burmese Army stepped up military operations against him, thus depriving the SUA of needed military hardware. Beginning in 1994, however, three major developments combined against Khun Sa. First, the Thai Government closed their border against him, thus depriving the SUA of valuable goods and services; second, the DEA, working with the Royal Thai Government, arrested 13 of Khun Sa's top lieutenants in "Operation Tiger Trap," thus depriving the SUA of cash from heroin trafficking; and third, the Burmese Army stepped up military operations against him, thus depriving the SUA of needed military hardware. Source: Open Sources Drug Enforcement Administration

HEROIN With their heroin-trafficking empire disabled, the Shan United Army surrendered to the Burmese Army in December 1995, and Khun Sa stepped down from its leadership. After the surrender, Khun Sa relocated to Rangoon, and is reportedly involved in a number of business deals with the Burmese Government and the Burmese business community. With their heroin-trafficking empire disabled, the Shan United Army surrendered to the Burmese Army in December 1995, and Khun Sa stepped down from its leadership. After the surrender, Khun Sa relocated to Rangoon, and is reportedly involved in a number of business deals with the Burmese Government and the Burmese business community. Khun Sa died in Rangoon October 29, 2007. Khun Sa died in Rangoon October 29, 2007. But during March 2009, Peerayuth Phetsakol, Charn-narong Muser also known as Kasemthat, and Vicharn Suthiphan were arrested in Chiang Mai, Thailand on charges of heroin trafficking and found in possession of some rifles and U.S. $ 3.4 million in cash. According to a statement from the Thailands Department of Special Investigation, their office was urged by Drug Enforcement Administration in Thailand to investigate a drug and money laundering network. The group has a drug production factory in Burma near Thailands But during March 2009, Peerayuth Phetsakol, Charn-narong Muser also known as Kasemthat, and Vicharn Suthiphan were arrested in Chiang Mai, Thailand on charges of heroin trafficking and found in possession of some rifles and U.S. $ 3.4 million in cash. According to a statement from the Thailands Department of Special Investigation, their office was urged by Drug Enforcement Administration in Thailand to investigate a drug and money laundering network. The group has a drug production factory in Burma near Thailands border, where it produces heroin and methamphetamine. The factory is guarded by UWSA ( United Wa State Army). The drugs were smuggled in for sale in Thailand, China, Lao, The drugs were smuggled in for sale in Thailand, China, Lao, Cambodia Vietnam and later sent to Philippines, Canada and USA. The group is related to the late Khun Sa. Khun Sa Source: Open Sources Drug Enforcement Administration

HEROIN French Connection French Connection The heroin trafficking of the Milieu originated in 1937 and the so-called French Connection is only a chapter of the history. After years of fighting the traffic, in 1971 the Turkish government agreed to a complete ban on the growing of Opium, effective from June 29, 1972 thus stopping the flow of opium to the French laboratories in Marseille. In the same period the United States Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD), predecessor of the U.S. DEA, had major roundups and BNDD agents with French authorities seized 50 kg of heroin at the Paris airport. Subsequently, traffickers Jean-Baptiste Croce and Joseph Mari were arrested in Marseilles. Another seizure by French authorities netted 95 kg of heroin worth $38 million (1973). In February 1972, French traffickers offered a U.S. Army sergeant $96,000 to smuggle 109 kg of heroin into the United States. He informed his superior who in turn notified the BNDD. As a result of this investigation, five men in New York and two in Paris were arrested with 120 kg of heroin, which had a street value of $50 million. In a 14-month period, starting in February 1972, six major illicit heroin laboratories were seized and dismantled in the suburbs of Marseilles by French national narcotics police in collaboration with U.S. drug agents. On February 29, 1972, French authorities seized the shrimp boat, Caprice des Temps, as it put to sea near Marseilles heading towards Miami, it was carrying 415 kg of heroin. Additional success of the police authorities finally terminated the trafficking operation. The French Connection investigation demonstrated that international trafficking networks were best disabled by the combined efforts of drug enforcement agencies from multiple countries. In this case, agents from the United States, Canada, Italy and France had worked together to achieve success. Additional success of the police authorities finally terminated the trafficking operation. The French Connection investigation demonstrated that international trafficking networks were best disabled by the combined efforts of drug enforcement agencies from multiple countries. In this case, agents from the United States, Canada, Italy and France had worked together to achieve success. ( source: Open Sources )

HEROIN Pizza Connection Pizza Connection When the heroin trafficking of the French Connection stopped around 1973-1974 with the disbanding of the organization, the Italian Mafia started its own laboratories in Sicily for the production of heroin to send to the United States. The opium was coming from the Golden Triangle thanks to Khun Sa and other suppliers. In addition the murder of Carmine Galante, a New York based Mafia boss in 1979 and who did not want to share the drug trafficking market with other Mafia groups, left the road open to the Sicilians and production started. Several U.S. police agencies were seizing heroin and were working investigations without talking to each other until the request of the subscriber for one telephone number in Philadelphia brought together the FBI in New York working with the New York Police Department and the DEA in Philadelphia. The result was the Pizza Connection from the location were the heroin transactions were made, in pizza shops along the U.S. East Coast. Furthermore the assistance of Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno, Mafia bosses who started to cooperate with authorities helped to bring to trial 32 mafia members and associates who were indicted in the case. Gaetano Badalamenti, a major player in the Mafia drug trafficking organization, was arrested in Spain and extradited to New York for the trial where he was sentenced to 45 years in prison and died incarcerated in 2004. The war between the Mafia groups in Sicily and the success of the authorities eventually ended the heroin trafficking between Italy and the United States. This war also claimed, in the years 1980-1984, thousand of victims including magistrates and police officers. The war of the Mafia against the Institutions claimed also the life of Judges Giovanni Falcone (May 23, 1992) and Paolo Borsellino (July 19, 1992). ( source: Open Sources )

HEROIN Taliban Taliban The Taliban (Pashto: libn, meaning "students") (students of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam), also known as Taleban, is a Sunny Islamist, predominantly ethnic Pashtun radical religious. After the collapse of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1992 (born after the retreat of the Soviet Army in 1989), supported by the URSS, Afghanistan found itself in a civil war among the various fighters of Islamic resistance (mujaheddin) each fighting its own Jihad (fight). The Taliban were mostly Madrasah (public schools) teachers and Afghan refugees who had studied in Islamic schools in Pakistan, some were former military. With training, supplies and arms received from the Pakistani government, particularly the Pakistani Inter- Services Intelligence (ISI) and headed by Mullah Mohammed Omar, they waged a guerrilla war against the other groups and eventually were able to enter Kabul in 1996 and taking control of Afghanistan until 2001 when the U.S. lead coalition entered Afghanistan. The Taliban used, at the beginning, drug trafficking revenues until the year 2000 when they banned opium production in Afghanistan. The production of opium returned, increasing, to normal after 2001. Since the Talibans return to illegality the drug trafficking has become their major revenue. (source: Open Sources)

HEROIN Taliban and Al Qaeda Taliban and Al Qaeda Taliban are making more money today with narco-traffic that when they were in power in Afghanistan. Taliban are making more money today with narco-traffic that when they were in power in Afghanistan. Ten years ago the Taliban were receiving $75-100 million per year by taxing the opium cultivation and that was the only way they could obtain dollars. Today the Taliban obtain approximately $125 million yearly by taxing the cultivation and commerce of opium plus they obtain money from the laboratories which are refining opium into heroin and from the importation of precursor chemicals necessary to the laboratories. Furthermore, Taliban and groups connected to Al- Qaeda are obtaining money from the opium products market in Pakistan (a market which is valued at approximately $1billion). Ten years ago the Taliban were receiving $75-100 million per year by taxing the opium cultivation and that was the only way they could obtain dollars. Today the Taliban obtain approximately $125 million yearly by taxing the cultivation and commerce of opium plus they obtain money from the laboratories which are refining opium into heroin and from the importation of precursor chemicals necessary to the laboratories. Furthermore, Taliban and groups connected to Al- Qaeda are obtaining money from the opium products market in Pakistan (a market which is valued at approximately $1billion). The involvement of the Taliban in the drug trafficking allow them to finance a war machine always more complex and geographically expanded. Narco-cartels are now growing in Afghanistan and nearby countries. The involvement of the Taliban in the drug trafficking allow them to finance a war machine always more complex and geographically expanded. Narco-cartels are now growing in Afghanistan and nearby countries. Source: UNODC Vienna, October 21, 2009 Statement by Antonio Maria Costa Executive Director

(source: Open Sources) DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda Al-Qeda (, al-qida /more proper), "the base". In an interview given by Osama bin Laden to Al Jazeera journalist Tayseer Alouni in 2001 said that the name Al-Qaeda was established a long time ago when the late Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (Egyptian born policeman, whose brother participated in the assassination of Egyptian president Anwar El Sadat, left Egypt to join anti-Soviet efforts in Afghanistan where Osama bin Laden made him Commander of the Afghan Arabs. Died in a boat accident in Lake Victoria in 1996) established the training camps for the mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. They used to call the training camp Al-Qaeda. The name stayed. Al-Qeda (, al-qida /more proper), "the base". In an interview given by Osama bin Laden to Al Jazeera journalist Tayseer Alouni in 2001 said that the name Al-Qaeda was established a long time ago when the late Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (Egyptian born policeman, whose brother participated in the assassination of Egyptian president Anwar El Sadat, left Egypt to join anti-Soviet efforts in Afghanistan where Osama bin Laden made him Commander of the Afghan Arabs. Died in a boat accident in Lake Victoria in 1996) established the training camps for the mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. They used to call the training camp Al-Qaeda. The name stayed. Other opinions are available for the name, one given by U.K. newspaper The Guardian in an interview with former Foreign Minister Robin Cook says that Cook believed that the name Al-Qaeda meant data-base and it was a data-base of the U.S. government with the names of thousands of mujahedeen enrolled by CIA to fight against the Soviet troop in Afghanistan. Other opinions are available for the name, one given by U.K. newspaper The Guardian in an interview with former Foreign Minister Robin Cook says that Cook believed that the name Al-Qaeda meant data-base and it was a data-base of the U.S. government with the names of thousands of mujahedeen enrolled by CIA to fight against the Soviet troop in Afghanistan. (source: Open Sources) DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT

Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda was not funded by Bin Laden himself but was supported by fundraising from various Islamic charities in the Gulf region, mostly from Saudi Arabia who stopped financing in 1993, as well as "financial facilitators who gathered money from both witting and unwitting donors. Al-Qaeda was not funded by Bin Laden himself but was supported by fundraising from various Islamic charities in the Gulf region, mostly from Saudi Arabia who stopped financing in 1993, as well as "financial facilitators who gathered money from both witting and unwitting donors. At the time of the 9/11 attacks, Al Qaeda operated with $30 million per year, including $20 million that annually went to support the Taliban. Funds were also used for training camps in Afghanistan, to create terrorist networks and alliances, and support the jihadists and their families. A relatively small amount of money went to finance operations, including the 9/11 attacks. At the time of the 9/11 attacks, Al Qaeda operated with $30 million per year, including $20 million that annually went to support the Taliban. Funds were also used for training camps in Afghanistan, to create terrorist networks and alliances, and support the jihadists and their families. A relatively small amount of money went to finance operations, including the 9/11 attacks. (source: Open Sources) DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT

Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda The U.S. Commission Report on the September 11, 2001 attacks to the Twin Towers in New York, Pentagon in Washington and the Pennsylvania crash, stated that it might have cost Al-Qaeda between $400,000 and $500,000 to execute them considering that the operatives spent more than $270,000 in the United States. And they say that, at the time of publication (2004) they did not see any connection with drugs, although the could not identify where the money was coming from: The U.S. Commission Report on the September 11, 2001 attacks to the Twin Towers in New York, Pentagon in Washington and the Pennsylvania crash, stated that it might have cost Al-Qaeda between $400,000 and $500,000 to execute them considering that the operatives spent more than $270,000 in the United States. And they say that, at the time of publication (2004) they did not see any connection with drugs, although the could not identify where the money was coming from: DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT (see next page)

we have not been able to determine the origin of the money used for the 9/11 attacks. Al Qaeda had many sources of funding and a pre 9/11 annual budget of $30 million. If a particular source of funds had dried up, Al Qaeda could easily have found enough money elsewhere to fund the attack. we have not been able to determine the origin of the money used for the 9/11 attacks. Al Qaeda had many sources of funding and a pre 9/11 annual budget of $30 million. If a particular source of funds had dried up, Al Qaeda could easily have found enough money elsewhere to fund the attack. Allegations that Al Qaeda used a variety of illegitimate means to finance itself, both before and after 9/11, continue to surface. The most common involve the drug trade, conflict diamonds, and state support; none can be confirmed (Source: The 9/11 Commission Report, Executive Summary, page 14) DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT

After reviewing the relevant intelligence on Al Qaedas involvement in drug trafficking and interviewing the leading authorities on the subject, we have seen no substantial evidence that Al Qaeda played a major role in the drug trade or relied on it as an important source of revenue either before or after 9/11. While the drug trade was an important source of income for the Taliban before 9/11, it did not serve the same purpose for Al Qaeda. Although there is some fragmentary reporting alleging that Bin Laden may have been an investor, or even had an operational role, in drug trafficking before 9/11, this intelligence cannot be substantiated and the sourcing is probably suspect. One intelligence analyst described the reporting as bizarre. Bin Laden may, however, have encouraged drug traffickers to sell to Westerners as part of his overall plan to weaken the West (though much of that intelligence is also suspect) After reviewing the relevant intelligence on Al Qaedas involvement in drug trafficking and interviewing the leading authorities on the subject, we have seen no substantial evidence that Al Qaeda played a major role in the drug trade or relied on it as an important source of revenue either before or after 9/11. While the drug trade was an important source of income for the Taliban before 9/11, it did not serve the same purpose for Al Qaeda. Although there is some fragmentary reporting alleging that Bin Laden may have been an investor, or even had an operational role, in drug trafficking before 9/11, this intelligence cannot be substantiated and the sourcing is probably suspect. One intelligence analyst described the reporting as bizarre. Bin Laden may, however, have encouraged drug traffickers to sell to Westerners as part of his overall plan to weaken the West (though much of that intelligence is also suspect) Source: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Chapter 2. Terrorist Financing Staff Monograph, 2004 DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT

Arabian Gulf (Dec. 16, 2003) A U.S. Navy boarding team operation from the guided missile destroyer USS Decatur (DDG 73) discovered an estimated two tons of narcotics with a street value of around eight to ten million dollars aboard a 40- foot dhow intercepted in the Arabian Gulf. The dhows 12 crewmembers were taken into custody and transferred to USS Decatur, and Decatur sailors are in control of the dhow. The smuggling routes are known to be used by Al-Qaeda and three of the 12-crew members are believed to have links to the organization. DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Source: Navy.Mil Official Website of the United States Navy Official Website of the United States Navy December 16, 2003 December 16, 2003 U.S. Navy photo by Photographers Mate 2nd Class Michael Sandberg. (RELEASED)

DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT A report from the US Department of State by the title: Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy Narco-Terrorism: Afghan and U.S. officials believe that Taliban insurgents and regional groups associated with Al Qaeda continue to profit from Afghanistans burgeoning narcotics trade. Officials also suspect that drug profits provide some Al Qaeda operatives with financial and logistical support. U.S. officials believe that financial and logistical relationships between narcotics traffickers, terrorists, and criminal groups pose threats to the security of Afghanistan and the wider international community. page 12 Source: Department of State International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs 2005 Updated January 25, 2006

A new book published in 2009: A new book published in 2009: SEEDS OF TERROR SEEDS OF TERROR HOW HEROIN IS BANKROLLING THE TALIBAN AND AL-QAEDA HOW HEROIN IS BANKROLLING THE TALIBAN AND AL-QAEDA DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT See next page

This isnt a fanciful conspiracy theory. Seeds of Terror is based on hundreds of interviews with Taliban fighters, smugglers and law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Their information is matched by intelligence reports shown to the author by frustrated U.S. officials who fear the next 9/11 will be far deadlier than the first-and paid for with drug profits. Seeds of Terror makes the case that we must Seeds of Terror makes the case that we must cut terrorists off their drug earnings if we ever hope to beat them. (quote from the dust jacket) DRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREAT Seeds of Terror by Gretchen Peters Thomas Dunne Books St. Martins Press New York May 2009

NARCOTERRORISM The same illegal drug production funds that attack civilized society also destabilize democracies across the globe. Illegal drug production undermines worldwides culture; it funds terror; and it erodes democracy. And they all represent a clear and present danger to our security. Asa Hutchinson, Director, Drug Enforcement Administration Heritage Foundation: Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies Washington, DC, April 2, 2002

GLOBALCOOPERATION IS THE KEY GLOBALCOOPERATION

Documents

International Institute For Security and Cooperation Security and Cooperation Rodolfo Peikov Member of the Advisory Board IISC NARCOTERRORISM Moscow, Russia