International Inequality

Some participants in dependent regions had an opportunity to prosper (African Kings and indigenous merchants in Latin America)Many peasants remained untouched Does not stimulate local manufacturing or economic advance in dependent countriesDependence in the world economy helped form a coercive labor system

International Inequality

The necessity for cheap products produced in the Americas resulted in exploitation of people.East Asian civilizations did not need European products (internal)China remained outside the world economyLimited trade was permitted in Macao and European desire for Chinese manufactured items made China the leading recipient of American silver

International Inequality

Japan was initially open to Europe. Missionary activity and military technology quickly ended this.Mughal India, the Ottomans, and Safavid Persia all traded with Europe but concentrated on their own development. Russia and Africa (not involved in slave trade) remained outside the international orbit.

Expansionism

European dominance spread to new areas during the 17th and 18th centuries.British and French merchants strengthened their positions as the Mughal Empire began falling apart.Britain passed legislation designed to turn their holdings into dependent regions

Expansionism

Tariffs blocked competitionIndia’s complex economy survived but with a weakened international statusEastern Europe joined world economic activity by exporting grain, produced by serfs working on large estates from Prussia, Poland and Russia to the west.

Americas

Spain colonized West Indian islands and the mainland in PanamaMilitary expeditions conquered the Aztecs and IncasEarly colonies were formed by small bands of adventures, controlled by European administratorsMany sought gold

Americas

Sought tribute from indigenous populationsSpain and Portugal create more formal administrationsMissionaries comeReligious refugees come to British territories in North AmericaLand grants stimulate growth

Americas

French in Canada establish manorial estates. Small immigration but high birth rateMany American loyalists arrive after the 1776 revolution.North America has less “value”Continuing warfare, declination of Indian populations. No new populations

Americas

Most colonies follow European patternsPatriarchal, Enlightenment, merchant class, literacyImportation of slavery separates from European patterns