(International IDEA)
International IDEA,
(European Union) Club de Madrid
International IDEA
Democratic Transitions: Conversations with World Leaders
(Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4214-1760-8)
International IDEA
International IDEA Myanmar 68B Sayar San Road 11201, Bahan Township
Yangon, Myanmar Fax: +95-1-556692 Email:
[email protected]
Club de Madrid Palacio del Marqués de Cañete Calle Mayor, 69,
Planta 1 28013 Madrid, Spain Tel: +34 911 548 230 Email:
[email protected]
International IDEA Strömsborg, SE-103 34 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46
8 698 37 00 Email:
[email protected] Website: www.idea.int
-
ISBN: 978-91-7671-033-3
...................................... i
( )
................................................ v
International IDEA Myanmar
Club de Madrid
.................................. vii
International IDEA
Sergio Bitar Abraham F. Lowenthal ....................... xi
-
.................................................
- Genaro Arriagada
(-) ..........................
.............................................
(-) ............................
....................................................
........................................................................................
..........
-
- .........................
- Bahtiar Effendy, State Islamic University Jakarta and Mutiara
Pertiwi,
State Islamic University Jakarta
(-) .................
.....................................................................
...............................................................................
............
-
‘’ ‘’ .....
‘’
- Mark R. Thompson, City University of Hong Kong
(-) ..................
......................................................
..................................................................................
...............
-
- ..............
(-) ........
........................................................
(-) ............
....................................
......................................................................................
........................
-
.................................................
- Elcano Royal Institute
(-) ..................
...................................
........................................................................................
..............
- .......................
- Georgina Waylen (
University of Manchester)
- - ...
- Abraham F. Lowenthal Sergio Bitar
International IDEA Club de Madrid (European Union) ........
....................................................
.......................
()
i
‘’
‘’
ii
iii
(WANA)
iv
WANA
WANA WANA
Mohamed Moncef Marzouki
v
'
'
()
vi
International IDEA
()
Club de Madrid
vii
International IDEA ()
()
International IDEA
viii
International IDEA
'
' (Democratic Transitions: Conversations with World Leaders)
Vidar Helgesen
ix
International IDEA
Yves Leterme
International IDEA
xi
1
2
1 ( ) 2
xii
3
3
xiii
diretas já
Solidarity
xiv
4
4 Juan J. Linz ‘ - ’ Juan J. Linz, ‘Innovative Leadership in the
Transition to Democracy and a New Democracy: The Case of Spain,’ in
Gabriel Sheffer (ed.), Innovative Leadership in International
Politics (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1993)
Archie Brown - Archie Brown,
xv
( )
The Myth of the Strong Leader: Political Leadership in the Modern
Age (London: Bodley Head and New York: Basic Books, 2014). ‘’ ‘
Brown Brown Marshall Ganz ‘- ’ Handbook of Leadership and Practice
by Marshall Ganz in ‘Leading Change: Leadership, Organization and
Social Movements,’ in Nitin Nohria and Rakesh Khurena (eds),
Handbook of Leadership and Practice (Boston: Harvard Business
Press, 2010) ‘ ’ Ganz
xvi
International IDEA
Georgina Waylen
Georgina Waylen
xvii
International
IDEA
()
2
-
Popular Unity ()
‘ ’
()
‘
Genaro Arriagada
3
’ ‘
’
()
4
(
)
5
‘’
6
Alianza Democrática
Asamblea
de la Civilidad
(National Accord)
‘ ’
7
Alianza Democrática
protestas
8
‘’
FPMR
FPMR
-
9
10
(
)
‘’
‘’ (No)
)
‘ ’ ‘’
‘’
11
‘
’
()
(
)
12
‘’
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
(
)
13
(Concertación)
‘ ’
‘’
(Concertación)
( )
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
14
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
‘
’
‘ ’
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
15
(ethics of
conviction vs ethics of responsibility)
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
(Concertación)
Freedom House
Freedom House
(
Bertelsmann Foundation)
16
17
()
Popular Unity
‘ ’
(Club de Madrid )
Patricio Aylwin, by Claudio Santana/Scanpix
18
(Concertación por la Democracia)
‘
’
(Rettig Commission)
19
( )
(
)
20
( )
( )
Unidad Popular () (
)
21
Group of 24
()
22
‘
’
círculos de diálogo
(
)
23
Alianza
Democrática Acuerdo Nacional Asamblea de la Civilidad
La Concertación
24
Concertación
25
(
) ‘
’
26
‘
’
El Mercurio
‘’
27
“
”
La Segunda
()
28
‘
’ ‘
’ “
”
‘
’
29
‘
’
‘ ’
Concertación
( )
31
‘
’
Concertación ‘ ’
32
Concertación
Concertación
33
Mujeres por la Vida Mujeres de Detenidos Desaparecidos
( ) Ollas Comunes
National Women’s Service (
)
34
35
‘
’
36
(
)
Concertación
‘
’
(rules of the game)
‘ ’
37
38
‘’
Concertación por la Democracia
Con-
certación
Concertación
39
‘ ’
40
‘
’
41
‘ ’
-
(Iron Curtain)
habeas
corpus (
)
habeas corpus
‘
’
42
‘ ’
-
Schoenstatt
/
(MAPU)
(
-
)
43
Altamirano Socialist Almeyda Socialist
Altamirano
Almeyda
(PC) VECTOR
CIEPLAN
( -
)
Almeyda
VECTOR
Almeyda
VECTOR
44
(
) ‘’
‘’
(Comite Politico
de Unidad, CPU)
renovados
Almeyda
()
CPU
‘
(anarchist)
’
-
(MAPU )
Círculo Español
45
(
MAPU
)
Almeyda (
) ( )
Almeyda
PC PC
PC
Almeyda
CPU
Almeyda
renovados
(
)
46
‘’
(
) () ()
47
‘
’
‘
’
‘
’
‘
48
’
()
‘ '
‘
49
’
Group 24
G24
Konrad Adenauer Foundation
Instituto Chileno de Estudios Humanísticos
()
()
50
Carlos V
‘’
‘
’
La Reina
51
(National Accord)
MDP
MDP
PC, PS Almeyda ‘
’
‘ ’
‘ ’
(
) Asamblea de la Civilidad
‘ ’ (
)
PC
53
MDP
1
Almeyda
1 ‘ ’ ‘’
54
Almeyda
MDP ‘ ’
Concertación
MDP
MDP Almeyda PC
‘ ’ PC
‘
’
(PPD)
55
‘ MDP ’
PPD
PPD
Humanist PPD
Concertación
56
[ ]
57
‘
’
PPD
( )
‘
’
‘
’ [
PSOE
]
58
‘
’
PPD
PPD
El Mercurio
PPD PPD
-
-
-
59
-
-
(
)
- ‘
60
’
‘ ’
‘
' ’
61
[ ]
Mesa de Diálogo (-)
‘
’
Mesa de Diálogo
‘ ’
62
‘’
2
‘
2 (Vicariate of Solidarity)
63
’
64
“
’’
(
)
65
PPD
PPD
()
()
Renovación Nacional ( )
Concertación por la Democracia
66
( )
[]
67
‘ ’ Renovación Nacional
‘ ’ - ‘ ’ ‘’
Concertación
68
PPD
PPD
Concertación
‘
’
‘’ ‘’
‘
69
’
( )
70
‘
’
71
( )
“ ’
( )
la alegria ya viene ( )
72
‘
’
(-)
Twitter
()
Twitter Facebook
73
Twitter ‘
’
74
(majority)
(plurality)
()
()
‘’
75
(Chicago Boys)
(Vicariate of
Solidarity)
-
76
Civic Assembly ()
(Coalition for No)
77
Concertación por la Democracia
Concertación
Concertación
78
Concertación
Concertación
Concertación
79
Concertación
80
Arriagada, Genaro, Pinochet: The Politics of Power (- )
[Coalition
for No ] (Boston, Mass.: Unwin Hyman, 1988)
Aylwin, Patricio, El Reencuentro de los Demócratas: Del Golpe al
Triunfo del No [ - Coalition for No
] (Santiago, Chile: Ediciones Grupo Zeta, 1998)
Aylwin, Patricio, Peréz, Serrano, Cavallo, Ascanio and Niklander,
Karin, El Poder de la Paradoja: 14 Lecciones Políticas de la Vida
de Patricio Aylwin [
- ] (Santiago,
Chile: Grupo Editorial Norma, 2006)
Barahona de Brito, Alexandra, Human Rights and Democratization in
Latin America: Uruguay and Chile [
- ] (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1997)
Bitar, Sergio, Transición, Socialismo y Democracia: La Experiencia
Chilena [ - ] (Buenos
Aires, Argentina: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1979)
Drake, Paul W. and Jaksic, Iván (eds), The Struggle for Democracy
in Chile [
] (Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska
Press, 1991)
Fleet, Michael and Smith, Brian H., The Catholic Church and
Democracy in Chile and Peru [ ]
(Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998)
Foxley, Alejandro, ‘Lessons from Chile’s Development in the 1990s’,
in Timothy
Besley and Roberto Zagha (eds), Development Challenges in the
1990s: Leading Policymakers Speak from Experience [
- ]
(Washington,D.C. and New York: World Bank and Oxford University
Press,
2005) [by Christian Democratic think tank leader and finance
minister under
Aylwin]
81
Garretón, Manuel Antonio, Reconstruir la Política: Transición
Consolidación Democrática en Chile [-
] (Santiago, Chile: Editorial Andante, 1987)
Huneeus, Carlos, The Pinochet Regime [] (Boulder, Colo.:
Lynne
Rienner, 2007)
Lagos, Ricardo, with Hounshell, Blake and Dickinson, Elizabeth, The
Southern Tiger: Chile’s Fight for a Democratic and Prosperous
Future (-
) [
Concertación ] (New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)
Muñoz, Heraldo, ‘Chile: The Limits of Success’, in Abraham F.
Lowenthal (ed.),
Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America [
- ] (Baltimore, Md.: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1991)
Ominami, Carlos, Secretos de la Concertación: Recuerdos Para el
Futuro [Concertación - ] (Santiago,
Chile: Editorial Planeta, 2011)
Oxhorn, Philip, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and
the Struggle for Democracy in Chile [-
] (University Park, Pa.:
Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995)
Puryear, Jeffrey M., Thinking Politics: Intellectuals and Democracy
in Chile, 1973– 1988 [ - -
] (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994)
Silva, Patricio, ‘Searching for Civilian Supremacy: The
Concertación Governments
and the Military in Chile’ [ - Concertación
], Bulletin of Latin American Research, 21/3
(2002), pp. 375–95
Tironi, Eugenio and Sunkel, Guillermo, ‘The Modernization of
Communications:
The Media in the Transition to Democracy in Chile’ [-
], in Richard Gunther
and Anthony Mughan (eds), Democracy and the Media: A Comparative
Perspective (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
Valenzuela, J. Samuel and Scully, Timothy R., ‘Electoral Choices
and the Party
System in Chile: Continuities and Changes at the Recovery of
Democracy’
[ -
], Comparative Politics, 29/4 (1997), pp. 511–27
()
84
i
People’s Representative Council (DPR) (
) People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) (
) 1
1 MPR DPR MPR - - - -
Bahtiar Effendy Mutiara Pertiwi
85
Pancasila
2
() (Declaration X) ii
3 (DPR)
2 Pancasila - - - - - 3 DPR Herbert Feith - The Indonesian
Elections of 1955 (Ithaca: Modern Indonesian Project, Southeast
Asia Program, Cornell University, 1951)
86
4
Masyumi, Nahdlatul, Ulama
(PKI)
iii
( )
Pancasila
Pancasila
()
PKI
4 ()
87
iv
PKI
5
(Old Order)
New Order
( ) ( )
New Order
-
5 Robert Cribb (ed.), The Indonesian Killings 1965- 1966: Studies
From Java and Bali (Clayton, Victoria: Monash University, Centre
for Southeast Asian Studies, 1990); Douglas Kammen and Katherine
McGregor, The Contours of Mass Violence in Indonesia, 1965-1968
(Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2012).
88
New Order ‘
’ v
DPR
vi
New Order
Golkar
Golkar
(
) New
Order
‘’
vii
89
6
G-15
6 Geoff Forrester and RJ May (eds.), The Fall of Soeharto
(Singapore: Select Books, 1999).
90
‘’
x
7
xii
xiii
7 See Geoffrey
Forrester, ‘A Jakarta Diary, May 1998’, p. 55, 58–64.
91
(Barisan Nasional Barnas)
(
)
(Gus Dur
)
xiv
(MPR)
( )
8
8 Badan Pusat Statistik, Tabel Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk [Table of
Population Growth], (Jakarta: 2012)
http://bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12¬ab=2;
dan Badan Pusat Statistik, Penduduk Indonesia [Table of Indonesia’s
Population], (Jakarta: 2012)
http://bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12¬ab=1.
92
‘
’
xvi
xviii
Golkar
93
Golkar
Golkar
[
Golkar ]
(Bawaslu)
‘
’
xix
94
9
10
()
New Order
( /)
9 Peta Amuk di Kota Hantu’, Tempo, 19–25 May 2003, See also, Komnas
Perempuan Publication, 2003, “The May 1998 Tragedy in the Course of
the Nation’s Journey: In Denial”, Jakarta, Komnas Perempuan,
through
http://www.komnasperempuan.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/in-denial.pdf’
10 Konisi Nasional Perempuan ( ) Optional Protocol of the UN
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW) Independent Report of Non-Government
Organizations Concerning the Implementation of the Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) in Indonesia (Jakarta: CEDAW Working Group Initiative,
2007)
95
xx
Hassan Tiro
Free Aceh Movement (GAM)
11
11 GAM See Fachry Ali, Suharso Monoarfa, Bahtiar Effendy, Kalla
& Perdamaian Aceh (Jakarta: Lspeu Indonesia, 2008)
96
xxi
Golkar
Golkar
(Indonesian Democratic Party of Stuggle)
PDI-P
Golkar
United Development Party ( ) Nation
Awakening Party () National Mandate Party
() Crescent Star Party ()
xxiii
97
DPR
MPR
New Order ‘
’xxiv
xxv
Golkar
98
PDI-P
Golkar
99
i R. William Liddle, ‘Indonesia’s Democratic Past and Future,’ in
R. William Liddle, Leadership and Culture in Indonesian Politics
(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1996), p. 181; Herbert Feith, The
Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia (Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 1962), p. 27.
100
ii Herbert Feith, The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in
Indonesia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1962).
iii Herbert Feith, The Indonesian Elections of 1955, pp.
58–9.
iv Hamish McDonald, Suharto’s Indonesia (Blackburn, Victoria: The
Dominion Press, 1980).
v Herbert Feith, ‘Repressive-Developmentalist Regimes in Asia: Old
Strengths, New Vulnerabilities,’ Prisma, 19 (1980), pp. 39-55
vi John Bresnan, Managing Indonesia: The Modern Political Economy
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
vii Andrew Macintyre, ‘Power, Prosperity and Patrimonialism:
Business and Government in Indonesia,’ in Andrew Macintyre (ed.),
Business and Government in Industrializing Asia (St. Leonard, NSW:
Allen & Unwin, 1994), p. 244.
viii Richard Mann, Economic Crisis in Indonesia: The Full Story
(Singapore: Times Books, 1998).
ix Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Detik-detik yang Menentukan Jalan
Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi [Decisive Moments Indonesia's
Long Road to Democracy] (Jakarta, The Habibie Center Mandiri,
2006), pp. 55–8, 78–80.
x ‘Wiranto: Tidak Ada Perintah Menarik Pasukan’, Tempo, 25 May
2003; Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Detik-detik yang Menentukan, p.
61.
xi ‘Current Data on the Indonesian Military Elite’, Indonesia, 67
(April 1999), pp. 136–9; Geoffrey Forrester, ‘Introduction’, in
Forrester and May, The Fall of Soeharto, pp. 19–22.
xii Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Detik-detik yang Menentukan, pp.
149–56.
xiii Marcus Mietzner, ‘Between Pesantren and Palace: Nahdlatul
Ulama and Its Role in the Transition’, in Forrester and R.J. May,
The Fall of Soeharto, p. 197.
xiv Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Detik-detik yang Menentukan, p.
151.
xv ‘Mampukah Habibie Menjinakkan’, Tempo, 24 November 1998.
xvi Richard Robison, ‘Indonesia After Soeharto: More of the Same,
Descent into Chaos or a Shift to Reform?’ in Forrester and May, The
Fall of Soeharto, p. 229.
xvii Bilveer Singh, Habibie and the Democratization of Indonesia
(Sydney: Book House, 2001), p. 131.
xviii Geoffrey Forrester, ‘A Jakarta Diary, May 1998’, p. 61.
xix Bilveer Singh, Habibie and the Democratization of Indonesia,
pp. 94–7.
xx Benjamin Smith, ‘The Origins of Regional Autonomy in Indonesia,’
in Journal of East Asian Studies, 8/2 (May/August 2008), pp.
221–3.
xxi Fachry Ali, Bahtiar Effendy, Umar Juoro, and Musfihin Dahlan,
The Politics of Central Bank (Jakarta: Lspeu Indonesia, 2003), pp.
14–54, 76–7.
xxii Fachry Ali et al., The Politics of Central Bank, pp.
72–3.
xxiii Kamarudin, Partai Politik Islam di Pentas Reformasi [Islamic
Political Parties in the Reform Era], (Jakarta: Visi Publishing,
2003), p. 143.
101
xxiv R. William Liddle, ‘Indonesia’s Unexpected Failure of
Leadership’, in Adam Schwarz and Jonathan Paris (eds), The Politics
of Post-Suharto Indonesia (New York: Council on Foreign Relations
Press, 1999), p. 20.
xxv ‘Pertanggungjawaban Habibie’, Tempo, 11–17 October 1999.
102
Golkar Muslim
Intellectual Association
Muslim Intellectual Association
103
-
People’s Consultative Assembly (
) ( )
(
)
104
105
Golkar
(People’s Consultative Assembly)
Golkar
(Utusan Daerah)
106
Golkar
107
Golkar
‘’
108
109
()
i
ii
110
(
)
(
)
iii
(Golkar
)
111
()
112
(
KKN (korupsi, kolusi,
nepotisme) )
(cultural resilience) (
)
(
Golkar
Golkar
)
113
New Order ()
()
114
( )
116
(
)
“ ” “
”
117
- -
( Dwifungsi
)
Dwifungsi
118
119
( )
120
Facebook Twitter
()
(manipulation)
121
(capital formation)
(LIBOR) (private equity)
()
122
‘-
’
(
Golkar
)
’ ()
’
(United
Development Party) Golkar (Golongan Karya)
Golongan Karya ‘’
123
-
124
125
(KOMNAS Perempuan)
126
Deutsche Bundesbank
(Pancasila)
127
Necmettin Erbakan Abdullah Gul
Gul
Gul
Gul
-
128
‘”
•
(
)
129
•
•
•
•
•
130
i Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf, Decisive Moments: Indonesia’s Long
Road to Democracy, (Jakarta, Indonesia: THC Mandiri, 2006), p.
127
ii Ibid
Pancasila
‘
’
Pancasila
New Order
132
(People’s Representative Council)
Golkar
(PDI)
(PPP)
Golkar
Nahdlatul
Ulama (NU) PPP NU
NU
(ICMI)
ICMI NU
ICMI
PDI
PDI
PDI
133
IMF
IMF
IMF
NU ICMI
Golkar PPP PDI
134
PDI-P Golkar PKB
Golkar
‘ ’
Golkar
135
(SBY)
SBY
136
SBY
137
Aspinall, Edward, Opposing Suharto: Compromise, Resistance, and
Regime Change in Indonesia [-
] (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2005)
Aspinall, Edward, and Mietzner, Marcus, ‘Economic Crisis, Foreign
Pressure, and
Regime Change’, in Kathryn Stoner and Michael McFaul (eds),
Transitions to Democracy: A Comparative Perspective [ -
- ‘
’] (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013)
Bilveer, Singh, Habibie and the Democratisation of Indonesia
[
] (Sydney: Book House, 2001)
Chandra, Siddharth and Kammen, Douglas, ‘Generating Reforms and
Reforming
Generations: Military Politics in Indonesia’s Democratic Transition
and
Consolidation’, [ ‘
-
’] World Politics, 55/1 (2002), pp. 96–136
Effendy, Bahtiar, Islam and the State in Indonesia [
] (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004)
Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf, Decisive Moments: Indonesia’s Long Road
to Democracy [ - ]
(Jakarta, Indonesia: Ilthabi Rekatma, 2006)
Hadiz, Vedi R., ‘Decentralization and Democracy in Indonesia: A
Critique of Neo-
Institutionalist Perspectives’, [ ‘
- ’]
Development and Change 35/4 (2004), pp. 697–718
Hefner, Robert W., Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in
Indonesia [
- ]
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000)
138
Hill, David T. and Sen, Krishna, Media, Culture, and Politics in
Indonesia [
] (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000)
Horowitz, Donald, Constitutional Change and Democracy in Indonesia
[
] (New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2013)
Künkler, Mirjam and Stepan, Alfred (eds), Indonesia, Islam, and
Democracy: Comparative Perspectives [ -
] (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013)
Mietzner, Marcus, ‘The Ambivalence of Weak Legitimacy: Habibie’s
Interregnum
Revisited’, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs [ ‘
-
’] 42/2 (2008), pp. 1–33
Mietzner, Marcus, Military Politics, Islam, and the State in
Indonesia: From Turbulent Transition to Democratic Consolidation
[
-
] (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
2009)
Mietzner, Marcus and Aspinall, Edward (eds), Problems of
Democratisation in Indonesia: Elections, Institutions and Society
[
-
] (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010)
O’Rourke, Kevin, Reformasi: The Struggle for Power in Post-Suharto
Indonesia [ ] (Crow’s Nest,
Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2002)
Robison, Richard and Hadiz, Vedi R., Reorganizing Power in
Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets [
-
] (London: Routledge Curzon, 2004)
Sulistiyanto, Priyambudi, ‘Politics of Justice and Reconciliation
in Post-Suharto
Indonesia’, [ ‘
], Journal of Contemporary Asia, 37/1
(2007), pp. 73–94
Uhlin, Anders, Indonesia and the ‘Third Wave of Democratization’:
The Indonesian Pro-Democracy Movement in a Changing World [
-
] (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997)
Van Klinken, Gerry, Communal Violence and Democratization in
Indonesia: Small Town Wars [ -
] (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2007)
()
142
‘’
( ) EDSA
-
(
Mark R. Thompson
143
(-)
‘’
(-)
Nacionalistas
( )
‘ ’
‘’
144
‘ ’
(Huks )
(CPP)
(NPA)
(CPP)
‘’
(MNLF)
()
CPP-NPA
(
)
(
)
145
‘’
‘ ’
(chaebols)
-
()
( )
‘ ’
‘
’
147
CPP
(
) ‘’
‘’
(
)
‘’
‘’
(
)
(
148
)
( ) ()
‘
’ ‘’
‘ ’
(
) ‘’
(
)
National Citizens’ Movement for Free Elections
(
)
(RAM)
149
(
)
‘’
(
)
-RAM
RAM
RAM
150
(
)
( )
‘’
()
-
151
(Fight of Democratic Filipinos)
( )
MNLF
(PEA-Amari
)
-
152
‘Erap for the poor’
(
)
‘
’
‘’ ‘
’
‘’
153
( )
‘ ’
(
‘ ’
)
154
‘’
‘’
(
)
(
)
(
)
155
(
)
- ‘’
156
(
)
157
158
‘ ’
(Club de Madrid )
Fidel V. Ramos, by Jay Directo/Scanpix
159
160
‘’
()
( -)
( -)
161
‘ ’
i ‘
ii
(
)
(-)
‘ ’
iii
iv
162
163
‘’ -
()
()
164
165
(
)
‘
’
v
166
‘ ’ vi
‘
’
167
168
(
)
( )
( )
169
Manila Peninsula
()
vii
170
/ (
)
viii
1
1
171
(
)
/
172
Lakas
Lakas (
)
‘
’ ix
x
‘
’ xi
173
LEDAC (
)
xii
-
(
)
174
‘’
LEDAC
(
)
175
xiii
‘’
176
Church of Christ
177
Clark and Subic
178
179
(RAM)
RAM
180
xiv
xv
xvi ‘
’ xvii
xviii
xix
(
) xx
xxi
xxii
xxiii
‘/
’ xxiv
181
xxv
RAM
MNLF
New People’s Army
(NUC)
NUC
xxvii
NUC
NUC
xxviii
‘
’
xxix ‘
xxx ‘’
xxxi
‘NUC
(RAM), MNLF,
xxxii
182
xxxiii
RAM ‘ ’
ALTAS
xxxiv
MNLF
xxxvi MNLF
xxxvii
xxxix
MNLF
USAID
183
‘
’xl
‘ ’
‘
’
‘ ’
‘ ’
xli
(BIMP-EAGA)
BIMP-EAGA ‘’
xlii
184
Ramos, Fidel V., Empowering the People: Bulletin of FVR Sermons
Vol. 2 [
- ]
(Manila: Ramos Peace and Development Foundation and The Manila
Bulletin,
2008)
Ramos, Fidel V., SONA: Bulletins of FVR 'Sermons' Vol. VI [
] (Manila: Manila Bulletin Publication, 2011)
Ramos, Fidel V., Towards Our Better Future – Seize the
Opportunities [
- ] (Manila: Ramos Peace and
Development Foundation, 2012)
Velasco, Melandrew T., 10 Years of RPDEV: Teamwork for Enduring
Peace and Sustainable Development [
] (Manila: Ramos Peace and Development Foundation,
2010)
Velasco, Melandrew T., et al., Silver Linings: 25 Years of the 1986
EDSA People Power Revolution [ - EDSA
] (Manila: RPDEV and Media Touchstone Ventures Inc.,
2012)
ii Ibid.
v Velasco 2012, pp. 183–5.
vi Ramos 2012, p. 25.
vii Velasco 2012, p. 182.
vii Ramos 2008, p. 114.
ix Ramos 2012, p. 12
185
xvii Ibid., p. 115.
xviii Ibid., p. 54.
xix Ibid., p. 115.
xx Ibid., p. 17.
xxiii Ibid., p. 65.
xxiv Ibid., p. 55.
xxvii Velasco 2010, pp. 76–7.
xxviii Ramos 2008, pp. 145–6.
xxix Velasco 2010, pp. 76–7.
xxx Ibid., p. 91.
xxxii Velasco 2010, pp. 76–8.
xxxiii Ramos 2008, p. 149.
xxxiv Ibid., p. 147.
xxxv Ibid., p. 147.
xxxix Ibid., p. 83.
186
xlii Velasco 2012, pp. 283–4.
187
- Mactan
Islas Filipinas
-
188
(CPP)
(MNLF)
(habeas corpus)
(
)
CPP
‘’
189
()
190
(RAM)
(NAMFREL)
RAM
ESDA
‘’
CPP
RAM
RAM
191
RAM
CPP
MNLF
(MILF)
192
(
)
MILF
‘’ -
MILF
193
Abinales, Patricio N. and Amoroso, Donna J., ‘The Withering of
Philippine
Democracy’, [ ] Current History 105/692 (2006), pp. 290-295
Anderson, Benedict, ‘Cacique Democracy and the Philippines: Origins
and Dreams’,
[ ‘ -
’] New Left Review 1/169 (1988), pp. 3-31
Bonner, Raymond, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the
Making of American Policy [
] (New York: Vintage Books, 1988)
Clarke, Gerald, The Politics of NGOs in South-East Asia:
Participation and Protest in the Philippines [ -
] (London: Routledge, 1998)
Franco, Jennifer C., Elections and Democratization in the
Philippines [
] (New York: Routledge, 2001)
Hedman, Eva-Lotta E, ‘The Spectre of Populism in Philippine
Politics and Society:
Artista, Masa, Eraption!’, [ ‘
-
], South East Asia Research 9/1 (2001), pp. 5–44
Hernandez, Carolina G. and Ubarra, Maria Cecilia T., Restoring and
Strengthening Civilian Control: Best Practices in Civil-Military
Relationships in the Philippines [ -
-] (Quezon
City, the Philippines: Institute for Strategic and Development
Studies and
National Democratic Institute, 1999)
Hutchcroft, Paul D., ‘Reflections on a Reverse image: South Korea
under Park Jung
Hee and the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos’, in Byung-Kook Kim
and
Ezra F. Vogel (eds.), The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of
South Korea [ - ‘
194
-
] (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011)
Miranda, Felipe B., Rivera, Temario C., Ronas, Malaya C. and
Holmes, Ronald D.,
Chasing The Wind: Assessing Philippine Democracy [-
] (Quezon City, the Philippines:
Philippine Commission on Human Rights and United Nations
Development
Programme, 2011)
Paredes, Ruby R., Philippine Colonial Democracy [
] (New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asian Studies, 1989)
Putzel, James, ‘Survival of an Imperfect Democracy in the
Philippines’, [
‘ ’] Democratization 6/1
(1999), pp. 198–223
Quimpo, Nathan Gilbert, ‘Oligarchic Patrimonialism, Bossism,
Electoral Clientelism,
and Contested Democracy in the Philippines’, [
’] Comparative Politics 37/2 (2005), pp. 229–50
Riedinger, Jeffrey M., Agrarian Reform in the Philippines:
Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform [
-
] (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995)
Rufo, Aries C., Altar of Secrets: Sex, Politics and Money in the
Philippine Catholic Church [ -
] (Manila, the Philippines: Journalism for Nation
Building Foundation, 2013)
Sheridan, Greg, ‘“Steady Eddie” Ramos: People Power Mark II’, [
-
] in Greg Sheridan, Tigers: Leaders of the New Asia-Pacific (St.
Leonard’s, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1997)
195
Staniland, Martin, ‘The Philippines: The Fall of Ferdinand C.
Marcos, 1985–1986’ in
Martin Staniland (ed.), Falling Friends: The United States and
Regime Change Abroad [-
] (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991)
Teehankee, Julio C., ‘Electoral Politics in the Philippines’, in
Aurel Croissant, Gabriele
Bruns and Merei John (eds.), Electoral Politics in Southeast and
East Asia [ ‘
’] (Singapore: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2002), pp. 149-202
Thompson, Mark R., The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and
Democratic Transition in the Philippines [-
] (New Haven, Conn.: Yale
University Press, 1995)
Thompson, W. Scott and Macaranas, Federico M., Democracy and
Discipline: Fidel V. Ramos and His Philippine Presidency [ -
] (Manila, the Philippines: University of Santo
Tomas, 2007)
Youngblood, Robert L., Marcos against the Church: Economic
Development and Political Repression in the Philippines [ -
] (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990)
()
198
()
()
1
1 (-) (-) (-)
Jane L. Curry
199
Sejm
“’’
Znak
Pax
(
)
200
(
) (
) Solidarity Gdansk Accords (
) Solidarity
(
) Flying Unversity
201
(Solidarity)
Gdansk Agreement
Solidarity
(
) Solidarity
Solidarity
(
)
202
i
Solidarity
‘ ’
Solidarity
203
Solidarity
‘’
Sejm %
%
Solidarity
Solidarity
‘’
Solidarity
Solidarity
204
Solidarity
(
) National List
Solidarity ‘’
Solidarity
Solidarity
Solidarity
Solidarity
Solidarity
Solidarity
(Solidarity )
205
Gdansk
Solidarity
‘’
Solidarity
“’’
‘
’
Solidarity
Solidarity
206
(SLD)
Solidarity
SLD
ii
207
(restructuring)
(Balcerowicz
Plan) ‘’
/
(real wage)
‘
’
‘’
Solidarity
‘
’
iii
Solidarity
Solidarity
208
Solidarity
Solidarity
( )
‘’
209
Sejm
Sejm
‘’
‘’
SLD
SLD SLD
210
(
) Institute for National Memory
‘ ’
(
)
Solidarity
Solidarity
211
Solidarity
Solidarity
Solidarity
Solidarity
(
)
Solidarity
212
()
i Dudek, Antoni, Historia Polityczna Polski 1989-2012 (Krakow:
Wydawnictwo ‘Znak’, 2013), p. 75
213
ii Ibid., p. 77
ii Kowalik, Tadeusz, From Solidarity to Sellout [ ] (New York:
Monthly Review Press, 2011)
214
(
)
Gdansk
(Club de Madrid )
Aleksander Kwaniewski, by Adam Chelstowski/Scanpix
215
(SLD)
SLD
‘’
SLD
SLD
‘’
SLD
SLD
216
(repressive state apparatus)
217
- Solidarity
( -
- )
( - )
Solidarity
Solidarity
‘’
‘
’
‘’ ‘’
218
‘’
‘
’ ‘ ’
- Solidarity
-
Solidarity
-
Solidarity
[-
]
219
Solidarity
- (-
)
‘’
220
(-)
Solidarity
‘
221
’
()
()
‘’
222
(
)
Solidarity
Solidarity