International Genocide

8/18/2019 International Genocide

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/international-genocide 1/14

LAW 462; LEC 5 GENOCIDE CH:10

INTRODUCTION:• 10.1.1 OVERVIEW:

o ‘is a denial ! "#e $i%#" ! e&is"en'e ! en"i$e #()an %$(*s+ as

#)i'ide is "#e denial ! "#e $i%#" " li,e ! indi,id(al #()an-ein%s.

o De/ni"in #as -een #ea,il '$i"i'ied as -ein% " na$$. Vi'"i)s

%$(*s #a,e an"ed " a**$*$ia"e "#e "e$) !$ a"$'i"ies #i'#

)a !all ("side "#e de/ni"in.o W#en "#e 'nd('" 'ns"i"("in% "#e 3en'e is a""$i-("a-le " a "a"e+

%en'ide+ lie "#e$ in"e$na"inal '$i)es+ is n" nl a '$i)e !

indi,id(al $es*nsi-ili": i" als en%a%es s"a"e $es*nsi-ili".o THE BOSNIAN GENOCIDE CASE:

snia " *$'eedin%s in "#e IC7 alle%in% -$ea'#es !

"#e Gen'ide Cn,en"in - e$-ia+ in a""e)*"in% "

des"$ *$"e'"ed %$(*s+ in *a$"i'(la$ "#e 8(sli)**(la"in.Court confrmed that the Convention not ONLY

impoe on State a dut! to prevent and punih

"enocide #ut a$o an o#$i"ation to re%rain %rom

"enocide&

• 10.1.2 HI9OR:o Iden"i/'a"in ! %en'ide as an in"e$na"inal '$i)e 'a)e as a

$es*nse " "#e Hl'a(s".o 9e$) 'ined - lis# Lae$ Ra*#ael Le)in 1<44.o 9#e indi'")en" ! "#e de!endan"s a" N($e)-e$% s"a"ed "#a" "#e

#ad 'nd('"ed ‘deli-e$a"e and ss"e)a"i' %en'ide+ ,i+ "#e

e&"e$)ina"in ! $adi'al and na"inal %$(*s+ a%ains" "#e 'i,ilian

**(la"in ! 'e$"ain ''(*ied "e$$i"$ies in $de$ " des"$

*a$"i'(la$ $a'es and 'lasses ! *e*le+ and na"inal+ $a'ial $

$eli%i(s %$(*s+ *a$"i'(la$l 7es+ les and G*sies.

• 10.1.4 THE NATURE OF GENOCIDE:o Des "#e$e need " -e a 'lle'"i,e *lan " '))i" %en'ide -e!$e

"#e '$i)e is '))i""ed=o JELISIC CASE (1999):

IC9 9$ial C#a)-e$ s"a"ed: illin%s '))i""ed - a

sin%le *e$*e"$a"$ a$e en(%# " ‘es"a-lis# "#e

)a"e$ial ele)en" ! "#e '$i)e ! %en'ide and i" is a

priori *ssi-le " 'n'ei,e "#a" "#e a''(sed #a$-$ed

"#e *lan " e&"e$)ina"ed an en"i$e %$(* i"#(" "#is

in"en" #a,in% -een s(**$"ed - an $%ania"in in

#i'# "#e$ indi,id(als *a$"i'i*a"ed.




9#e C#a)-e$ ‘did n" dis'(n" "#e *ssi-ili" ! a lne

indi,id(al seein% " des"$ a %$(* as s('#.• KARADZIC AND MLADIC (1996):

>In "#e in"e$es"s ! in"e$na"inal ?(s"i'e+ %en'ide

HO@LD n" -e dil("ed $ -eli""led - " -$ad an

in"e$*$e"a"in. Indeed+ i" s#(ld -e $ese$,ed ONL !$a'"s ! e&'e*"inal %$a,i" and )a%ni"(de #i'# s#'

"#e 'ns'ien'e ! #()anind+ and #i'# "#e$e!$e+

?(s"i! "#e a**ella"in ! %en'ide as "#e ‘(l"i)a"e

'$i)e.

• KRISTIC 2001: I" is $dina$il ass()ed "#e$e!$e "#a" se,e$al

*$"a%nis"s a$e in,l,ed In "#e '$i)e ! %en'ide.

• Al"#(%# I9 I n" a !$)al ele)en" ! "#e '$i)e "#a" "#e$e -e a

%en'idal *lan: 'e$ic ())*& 9#e "$i-(nals #a,e n"ed "#a" i" (ld -e

di'(l" " '))i" %en'ide i"#(" ne: +a!ihema *,,*&

10.2 THE PROTECTED GROUPS:

• N" all %$(*s a$e *$"e'"ed - "#e Gen'ide 'n,en"in+ "#e

'n,en"in nl lis"s na"inal+ e"#ni'+ $a'ial and $eli%i(s %$(*s.

• (%%es"ed "#a" ‘"#e$ %$(*s !all i"#in "#e *$"e'"ed '$i"e$ia as a

$es(l" ! in"e$na"inal '(s")a$ la.• ABAE@ CAE:

IC9R "$ial '#a)-e$ de"e$)ined n "#e -asis ! a )is$eadin%

"#a" "#e d$a!"e$s ! "#e 'n,en"in in"ended " *$"e'" an

s"a-le and *e$)anen" %$(*+ $a"#e$ "#an si)*l "#e %$(*s

s*e'i/'all )en"ined. No other Tria Cha!"er o# the t$o a% ho& Tri"'a ha*e

#oo$e% the approa&h eta"ihe% i thi &ae+ a% the

appea &ha!"er ha &oitet,+ a"eit -'iet,+ .ept to the

*ie$ that the / ro'p are the e&'i*e #o&' o# the

eo&i%e Co*etio: -ritic ICTY Apri$ ()).& 9#e ICC #as

als ad*"ed "#is ,ie: Situation in Dar%ur /A$ Bahir

arret 0arrant cae1 ICC2 . 3arch ()),&

10.2.1 NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS:

•

9#ese a$e "#e 4 %$(*s %i,en *$"e'"in - "#e Gen'ide Cn,en"in.N dis"in'" )eanin% !$ ea'# %$(*.

• IC9R a""e)*"ed " %i,e ea'# a )eanin% in A.a,e' &ae:

Na"inal G$(*: >'lle'"in ! *e*le # a$e *e$'ei,ed "

s#a$e a le%al -nd -ased n a '))n 'i"iens#i*+ '(*led

i"# $e'i*$'i" ! $i%#"s and d("ies.




Ra'ial %$(*: >#e$edi"a$ *#si'al "$ai"s !"en iden"i/ed i"#

a %e%$a*#i'al $e%in+ i$$es*e'"i,e ! lin%(is"i'+ '(l"($al+

na"inal $ $eli%i(s !a'"$s. E"#ni' %$(*: >a %$(* #se )e)-e$s s#a$e a '))n

lan%(a%e $ '(l"($e.

Reli%i(s %$(*: >den)ina"in $ )de ! $s#i* $ a%$(* s#a$in% '))n -elie!s. He,e$+ in "#is 'ase+ "#e 9$i-(nal $an in" di'(l" in

de"e$)ined #e"#e$ "#e 9("si e$e a *$"e'"ed %$(* in "#e

'n"e&" ! "#e ides*$ead )assa'$es in Randa. Ha,in% de/ned an e"#ni' %$(* as s#a$in% a '))n

lan%(a%e $ '(l"($e+ "#e e,iden'e -e!$e "#e C#a)-e$ )ade

i" 'lea$ "#a" i" WA NO9 9H@ "#a" "#e 9("si e$e

dis"in%(is#ed !$) "#e H("(. C#a)-e$ #ad " $el n "#e !a'" "#a" "#e Randans e$e

$eF(i$ed " 'a$$ iden"i/'a"in 'a$ds indi'a"in% "#e e"#ni'i"

! "#e -ea$e$ as H("(+ 9("si $ 9a and "#a" "#e 9("si'ns"i"("ed a %$(* $e!e$$ed " as ‘e"#ni' in 'ial

'lassi/'a"ins. I" as nl - "#e ,i$"(e ! i"s de"e$)ina"in "#a" an ‘s"a-le

and *e$)anen" %$(* as ',e$ed - "#e Cn,en"in+ and

"#e$e!$e - "#e IC9R "a"("e+ "#a" "#e C#a)-e$ as a-le "

/nd "#a" "#e 9("si e$e a *$"e'"ed %$(*.

KRISTIC TRIAL CHAMBER:

• Re%a$ded " "#e -e""e$ a**$a'#+ is " $e'%nie "#a" "#e lis" is

e&#a(s"i,e -(" " a''e*" "#a" "#e 4 %$(*s e$e n" %i,en dis"in'" and

di3e$en" )eanin%s in "#e Cn,en"in: B$is"i' A(%(s" 2001:




NOT ON SLIDES, MATERIAL ELEMENTS:

• 10.3.1 THE PROHIBITED ACTS:o N" e,e$ a'" '))i""ed i"# "#e in"en"in " des"$+ in #le $ in *a$"+

a *$"e'"ed %$(* ill lead " a 'n,i'"in !$ %en'ide.o Only !"#$ %!&'! ()$ *$n&"n$+ &n A)&'l$ II " !$ G$n"'&+$

C"n-$n&"n *(y ")* !$ ('# )$# " /$n"'&+$.o A'"(al da)a%e n" $eF(i$ed+ in"en" is $eF(i$edo BILLING 8E8ER O 9HE GRO@:

Oin% " "#e *e$a"in ! A$"i'le 0 ! "#e ICC "a"("e+

%en'idal illin%s 8@9 -e in"en"inal in *$'eedin%s -e!$e

"#e ICC. I! "#e$e is d(-" a-(" "#e in"en"in " ill+ $a"#e$ "#an "#e

in"en"in " 'a(se se$i(s #a$)+ i" is ! '($se *ssi-le "

'#a$%e "#e de!endan" *($s(an" " A$"i'le IIJ-K ! "#e

Cn,en"in !$ "#e 'nd('" "#a" led " "#e dea"#.o CA@ING ERIO@ ODIL OR 8EN9AL HAR8 9O 9HE 8E8ER O 9HE

GRO@: A-ae!u cae: a'"s ! se&(al ,ilen'e and $a*e CAN

'ns"i"("e %en'ide; se&(al ,ilen'e as !(nd " -e an

in"e%$al *a$" ! "#e *$'ess ! des"$('"in in "#e Randa

%en'ide. T!$ ICC El$*$n# " C)&*$# NO "ll"% !&#

()"('!.




THE BOSNIAN GENOCIDE CASE NICELY S433ED 45

THE 5OSITION:

o DELIERA9EL INLIC9ING ON 9HE GRO@ CONDI9ION O LIE

CALC@LA9ED 9O RING AO@9 I9 HICAL DE9R@C9ION IN WHOLE OR

AR9:




10.3.2 THE CONTETUAL ELEMENT:• 9#e ICC Ele)en"s ! C$i)es #a,e an addi"inal )a"e$ial ele)en"+

#i'# as in"$d('ed " a,id "#e *$-le) "#a" isla"ed #a"e '$i)es '(ld

!all i"#in "#e Cn,en"in de/ni"in+ dil("in% "#e se$i(sness ! "#e "e$)

‘%en'ide.

•

10.4 MENTAL ELEMENTS:•

8en"al ele)en"s ! %en'ide ')*$ise -"# "#e $eF(isi"e in"en"in "'))i" "#e (nde$lin% *$#i-i"ed a'" Js('# as illin%K and "#e in"en"

s*e'ial " %en'ide.• 10.4.1 IN9EN9:

9#e s*e'ial in"en" $eF(i$ed " %en'ide ne'essi"a"es ea'#

indi,id(al *e$*e"$a"$+ #e"#e$ leade$ $ !" sldie$+ #a,in%

"#e in"en"in " des"$ "#e %$(* $ *a$" ! i" #en

'))i""in% an ! "#e *$#i-i"ed a'"s: A-a!eu. +ritic cae ()).:

o 9#e de!ense #e$e a$%(ed "#a" "#e *($*se ! "#e

illin%s in $e-$eni'a as n" " des"$ "#e %$(* as

s('#+ -(" " $e),e a )ili"a$ "#$ea"; "#is ase,iden'ed - "#e !a'" "#a" )en ! )ili"a$ a%e #ad

-een "a$%e"ed.o 9#e "$ial '#a)-e$ HELD "#a" "#e illin%s DID NO9

'ns"i"("e %en'ide.




INTENT CONTINUED:

• 9#e IC9R als s"a"ed "#a" in"en" )a -e ded('ed !$) "#e -e#a,i$ !

"#e$s in A-a!eu:




• KRISTIC APRIL 2004:

9#e A**eals C#a)-e$ #e$e n"ed "#a" "#e in"en" " des"$ 8@9

-e dis'e$ni-le in "#e ?in" *a$"i'i*a"in ! "#e '$i)e i"sel!+ #eld "#a"

indi,id(al *a$"i'i*an"s 8@9 ea'# #a,e "#e ne'essa$ in"en".

66THIS INSISTENCE ON THE S5ECIAL INTENT 7O8 EACHINDI9ID4AL 5E85ET8ATO8 8E3AINS THE STANDA8D

8E4I8ED 7O8 THE C8I3E O7 GENOCIDE BY THE CASE LA;

AND 3AY BE SEEN AS CO88ECTLY 8E7LECTING THE NEED TO

8ESE89E GENOCIDE CON9ICTIONS ONLY 7O8 THOSE ;HO

HA9E THE 8IGHT DEG8EE O7 C8I3INAL INTENT& Gene$al B$is"i' as a'F(i""ed ! %en'ide+ as la'in% "#e s*e'i/'

in"en" " des"$+ -(" #e as 'n,i'"ed " aidin% and a-e""in% a'"s

! %en'ide.

10.4.2 TO DESTRO5:• 9#e in"en" is " des"$. 9#e des"$('"in s*e'i/ed #e$e is *#si'al $

-il%i'al+ al"#(%# "#e )eans ! 'a(sin% "#e des"$('"in ! "#e %$(*

)a -e - a'"s ! 'a(sin% "#e dea"#s ! indi,id(als.• )e na"inal ?($isdi'"ins #a,e e&"ended "#e )eanin% ! %en'ide "

',e$ "#e$ !$)s ! des"$('"in i"#in "#ei$ n la. (" "#e 9$ial

C#a)-e$ in +ritic: A4G4ST ())*

• BOSNIAN GENOCIDE CASE: IC7 'n/$)ed "#a" %en'ide as li)i"ed

" *#si'al $ -il%i'al des"$('"in ! a %$(*+ i! "#e "$ans!e$ ! )e)-e$s

! a %$(* $es(l"s in "#e s*li""in% (* ! "#e %$(*+ "#a" I NO9 %en'ide

@NLE dne i"# in"en" " *#si'all des"$ "#e %$(*. 345EER+ ACTS

47 ET3NIC CLEANSIN8 AND ATTACK 4N CLTRAL AND RELII4S

R4ERT; MA; <E SINI7ICANT EIDENCE T45ARDS ESTA<LIS3IN T3E

INTENT T4 DESTR4;=

10.4.3 IN HOLE OR IN PART:• 9#e$e 8@9 -e an in"en" " des"$ "#e *$"e'"ed %$(* in #le $ in

*a$".

• BOSNIAN GENOCIDE CASE:




• KRISTIC, AUGUST 2001:

o 9$ial '#a)-e$ de"e$)ined "#a" "#e snian 8(sli)s 'ns"i"("ed "#e *$"e'"ed

%$(* and ‘"#e snian 8(sli)s ! $e-$eni'a $ "#e snian 8(sli)s !

Eas"e$n snia 'ns"i"("e a *a$" ! "#e *$"e'"ed %$(*.o 9#is /ndin% as a$)ed - "#e A**eals C#a)-e$+ #i'# als *in"ed ("

"#a"+ in de"e$)inin% #a" a ‘s(-s"an"ial *a$" as+ "#e *$)inen'e ! "#e

"a$%e"ed indi,id(als i"#in "#e %$(* as ell as "#e n()-e$ "a$%e"ed '(ld

als -e $ele,an".










SIGNIFICANT DE6ELOPMENTS IN THE IC7:• APPLICATION OF THE CON6ENTION ON THE PRE6ENTION AND

PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE 8BOSNIA AND HER9EGO6INA

6 SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO ;1<<3= IC7 REP 3:

AC9:o e$-ia as alle%ed " #a,e a""e)*"ed " e&"e$)ina"e "#e snia

Jsnian 8(sli)K **(la"in ! snia and H.o Clai) as /lled - D$. $an'is le.o ARAGRAH 424o J1K 9HE OLIGA9ION 9O REVEN9 GENOCIDE:

40: >i" is 'lea$ "#a" "#e -li%a"in in F(es"in is ne !

'nd('" and n" ne ! $es(l"+ in "#e sense "#a" a s"a"e

CANNO9 -e (nde$ an -li%a"in " s(''eed+ #a"e,e$ "#e

'i$'()s"an'es+ in "#e *$e,en"in% "#e '))issin !

%en'ide: !$ ">l&/(&"n " #($# &# )(!$) " $*l"y

(ll *$(n# )$(#"n(>ly (-(&l(>l$ " !$* " )$-$n/$n"'&+$ )"* "''))&n/.

>A s"a"e des n" in'($ $es*nsi-ili" si)*l -e'a(se a

desi$ed $es(l" is n" a'#ie,ed; $es*nsi-ili" is in'($$ed i!

"a"e !ailed " "ae ALL )eas($es " *$e,en" %en'ide #i'#

e$e i"#in i"s *e$+ and #i'# )i%#" #a,e 'n"$i-("ed "

*$e,en"in% "#e %en'ide. a$a)e"e$s " see #e"#e$ a s"a"e d(l dis'#a$%ed "#e

-li%a"in 'n'e$ned:

NO9 9OO LONG READ OR O@REL NICEL @88ARIMED HERE:

#""*s:en.ii*edia.$%iisnianGen'ide'ase

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Genocide_case

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Genocide_case




THE AD HOC TRIBUNALS AND THE ICC:1. THE ICTR: 8AKA5ESU

o AC9: A as "#e )a$ ! 9a-a+ 2 e*"e)-e$ 1<< 9$ial

C#a)-e$ I ! "#e "$i-(nal !(nd #i) %(il" ! < (" ! 15

'(n"s '#a$%in% #i) i"# %en'ide and "#e$ '$i)es.

Hi 0a the frt conviction E9E8 %or "enocide2 and

it 0a the frt time an internationa$ tri#una$ ru$ed

that rape and other %orm o% e<ua$ vio$ence cou$d

contitute "enocide&C#e' #i%#li%#"ed 'ases !lde$.Ges "#$(%# "#e de/ni"ins ! "#e %$(*s de/ned (nde$

"a"(e in %en'ide.

8ainl dis'(sses in"en" In"en" *$esen" n a'"(al #a$)+

is s"ill a '$i)e.(& 7ELSIC:

a& 14 DECE8ER 1<<<: *a$a%$a*#s 6410:o 65. >"$ial '#a)-e$ )(s" e,al(a"e #e"#e$ "#e in"en" ! "#e

a''(sed as s('# "#a" #is a'"s )(s" -e '#a$a'"e$ied as

%en'ide.o 66 "als a-(" ele)en"s ! in"en".o 6P: "a$%e"ed %$(*s ! %en'ide

o With respect to genocide, Trial Chamber I found that there was insufficient evidence to

prove the existence of a special plan to destroy the Muslim group (the special intent

element required for the crime of genocide in !r"#o, !osnia and $er%egovina& 'imilarly,

Trial Chamber I found that even elisi) himself did not have this special intent& Therefore,

he was acquitted of the charge of genocide&

o elisi) was sentenced to *+ years of imprisonment&

Court's holding and analysis

Trial Chamber I found elisi) guilty of all counts of violations of the laws or customs of war and crimes

against humanity to which he pleaded guilty& (paras& * et seq.&

With respect to genocide, Trial Chamber I found that -the .rosecutor has not provided sufficient evidence

allowing it to be established beyond all reasonable doubt that there existed a plan to destroy the Muslim

group in !r"#o /!osnia and $er%egovina0 or elsewhere within which the murders committed by the

accused would allegedly fit1 (para& 23&

Trial Chamber I also considered whether elisi) alone could have committed genocide& Trial Chamber I

ac#nowledged that -/s0uch a case is theoretically possible& The murders committed by the accused are




sufficient to establish the material element of the crime of genocide and it is a priori possible to conceive

that the accused harboured the plan to exterminate an entire group without this intent having been

supported by any organisation in which other individuals participated1 (para& 4++& $owever, in the present

case, -it has not been proved beyond all reasonable doubt that the accused was motivated by the dolus

specialis of the crime of genocide 5 /and0 must be found not guilty on this count1 (para& 4+3

7ELSIC 2001:

• a$a%$a*#s 44PP

• 44. 9#e a**eals '#a)-e$ in "#is 'ase 'la$i/es "#e $eF(isi"e )eanin% !

!e rea (nde$ A$"i'le 4 ! "#e "a"("e.

• a$a%$a*# 45 %es "#$(%# "#e )eanin% and in"e$*$e"a"in ! A$"i'le 4.

45: >9#e A**eals '#a)-e$ ill (se "#e "e$) ‘s*e'i/' in"en" " des'$i-e

"#e in"en" " des"$ in #le $ in *a$"+ a na"inal+ e"#ni'al+ $a'ial $

$eli%i(s %$(*+ as s('#.

• 46: de/nes s*e'i/' in"en": >ReF(i$es "#a" "#e *e$*e"$a"$+ - ne !

"#e *$#i-i"ed a'"s en()e$a"ed in A$"i'le 4 ! "#e "a"("e+ sees "a'#ie,e des"$('"in+ in #le $ in *a$"+ ! a na"inal+ e"#ni'al+ $a'ial $

$eli%i(s %$(* as s('#.• 4P: n $eF(i$e)en" !$ s*e'i/' e,iden'e ! in"en"+ )a -e in!e$$ed.

Documents

International Genocide