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“International Finance”
Lecture VI
“International Financial Institutions”
Lect. Cristian PĂUNLect. Cristian PĂUNEmail: Email: [email protected]
URL: http://www.finint.ase.roURL: http://www.finint.ase.ro
Academy of Economic Studies
Faculty of International Business and Economics
Financial Institutions
Public Financial
Institutions
Private Financial
Institutions
I. International Financial Institutions:-International Monetary Fund;-World Bank (IBRD, IDA, IFC, IMGA);-EBRD;-European Investment Bank;-Bank for International Settlements;
II. Government Institutions:-Export Credit Agencies;-Export Guarantee Credit Agencies;-Export Insurance Agencies;
III. Depository Institutions:-Commercial Banks;-Savings and Loans Associations;-Mutual Savings Banks;-Credit Unions.
IV. Non – depository Institutions:-Investment Banks;-Mutual Funds;-Pension Funds;-Insurance Companies;-Financing Companies;-Venture Capital;-Stock Markets Brokers and Dealers.
World Bank Group
World Bank Group
• The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to
developing countries around the world.
• WBG includes two international financial institutions owned by 184 member
countries—the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
• The IBRD focuses on middle income and creditworthy poor countries;
• IDA focuses on the poorest countries in the world.
• Together provide low-interest loans, interest-free credit and grants to
developing countries for education, health, infrastructure, communications
and many other purposes.
World Bank Group Organization• The World Bank is like a cooperative, where its 184 member countries are
shareholders.
• The shareholders are represented by a Board of Governors, who are the
ultimate policy makers at the World Bank. Generally, the governors are member
countries' ministers of finance or ministers of development. They meet once
a year at the Annual Meetings of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank
Group and the International Monetary Fund.
• Because the governors only meet annually, they delegate specific duties to 24
Executive Directors, who work on-site at the bank. The five largest
shareholders, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United
States appoint an executive director, while other member countries are
represented by 19 executive directors.
• The World Bank operates day-to-day under the leadership and direction of the
president, management and senior staff, and the vice presidents in charge
of regions, sectors, networks and functions. Vice Presidents are the principal
managers at the World Bank.
World Bank Group in Romania
World Bank Group in Romania
World Bank Group in Romania – 2006
World Bank Group in Romania – proposals
World Bank Group in Romania
• Transport Restructuring Project: The Government of Romania has defined a
strategy for the transport sector that is primarily aimed at improving the efficiency
of the railways and road sectors, and thereby reducing the overall costs of
transportation.
Approval Date 16-NOV-2004
Closing Date 31-J UL-2009
Total Project Cost * * 377.9
Region Europe And Central Asia
Major Sector (Sector) (% ) Transportation (Roads and highways) (67%)
Transportation (Railways) (33%)
Old Major Sector N/A
Old Sector N/A
Environmental Category A
Bank Team Lead Kerali, Henry G. R.
Borrower MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT
Implementing Agency NAT'L ADM OF ROADS AND STATE RAILWAYS CFR-INFRA
World Bank Group in Romania
• Irrigation Rehabilitation & Reform Project: Despite the current pricing and
subsidy mechanisms, which do not encourage economic irrigation, the central
issue of Romania's irrigation sector today, remain that irrigation facilities will likely
become economic as the agriculture sector redevelops in the coming years.
Approval Date 31-J UL-2003
Closing Date 31-MAR-2011
Total Project Cost * * 102.98
Region Europe And Central Asia
Major Sector (Sector) (% ) Agriculture, fishing, and forestry (I rrigation and drainage) (94%)
Law and justice and public administration (Central government administration) (4%)
Agriculture, fishing, and forestry (Agricultural extension and research) (1%)
Education (Vocational training) (1%)
Old Major Sector Agriculture
Old Sector I rrigation & Drainage
Environmental Category B
Bank Team Lead Ionita, Gabriel
Borrower ROMANIA
Implementing Agency MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT
World Bank Group in Romania
• Electricity Market Project: The development objective of the Electricity Market
Project for Romania is to develop a well-functioning wholesale electricity market with the
aim of: (a) putting in place a transparent and predictable commercial and regulatory
framework and a power exchange that will facilitate electricity trading within a competitive
national, regional and eventually European market; and (b) improving the efficiency and
reliability of the transmission system in order to support trading and supply electricity.
Approval Date 12-J UN-2003
Closing Date 30-J UN-2008
Total Project Cost * * 113.6
Region Europe And Central Asia
Major Sector (Sector) (% ) Energy and mining (Power) (100%)
Old Major Sector N/A
Old Sector N/A
Environmental Category B
Bank Team Lead Visa, Doina
Borrower TRANSELECTRICA
Implementing Agency TRANSELECTRICA, ANRE, OPCOM
World Bank Group in Romania
• Energy Community of South East Europe Project: A strategy paper for energy
trade in South East Europe outlines the Bank's vision for regional energy market
development, and defines its role in supporting the evolution of regional energy trade. The
framework elaborates the Bank's role in supporting policy reform, institutional development,
and lending for power generation, transmission, distribution.
Approval Date 27-J AN-2005
Closing Date 30-J UN-2010
Total Project Cost * * 112.3
Region Europe And Central Asia
Major Sector (Sector) (% ) Energy and mining (Power) (100%)
Old Major Sector N/A
Old Sector N/A
Environmental Category F
Bank Team Lead Nyman, Kari J .
Borrower COUNTRIES OF SOUTH EAST EUROPE
Implementing Agency UTILITIES IN SOUTH EAST EUROPE
World Bank Group in Romania – payments 2007
European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development• The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development was established
in 1991;
• The initial objective: to provide support for private sector in the former
communist countries;
• Today the EBRD uses the tools of investment to help build market
economies and democracies in 27 countries from central Europe to
central Asia.
• The EBRD is the largest single investor in the region and mobilizes
significant foreign direct investment beyond its own financing.
• It also works with publicly owned companies, to support privatization,
restructuring state-owned firms and improvement of municipal
services.
• It is owned by 60 countries and two intergovernmental institutions (EU
and EIB).
A network of 32 offices in 27 countries
European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentEBRD investment objectives:
• Help move a country closer to a full market economy: the transition impact
• Take risk that supports private investors
• Apply sound banking principles
EBRD promotes:
• Structural and sectorial reforms
• Competition, privatization and entrepreneurship
• Stronger financial institutions and legal systems
• Infrastructure development needed to support the private sector
• Adoption of strong corporate governance, including environmental sensitivity
• Co-financing and foreign direct investment
• Mobilizing domestic capital
• Providing technical assistance
EBRD Facilities
LoansLoansGuaranteesGuarantees EquityEquity
Partial risk guarantees(e.g. political)
Extension of loan maturities
Non/partial recourse to sponsors
Project specific
Hard/local currency
Medium and long term
Floating/fixed rates
New equity
Privatisation
Quasi-equity
Why work with the EBRD?
Willing to invest in equity
Mitigation of political and regulatory risks
Access to policy dialogue
Flexible deal structure
Catalyses additional financing
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The involvement of EBRD
0
6
12
18
24
'98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05
Cumulative commitments forecast €26 billion
Unaudited March 2005
EBRD active in all countries of operation
Russia & Central Asia
30%
SE Europe & Caucasus 31%
Central Europe 39%
Cumulative commitments of € 25 billion in 2004
Unaudited December 2004
EBRD’s portfolio by sector
Financial Institutions 33%
General Industry
13%
Agribusiness 8%
Natural Resources
7%
Property & Tourism 4%
Telecoms 7%
Energy Efficiency
1%
MEI 6%
Power & Energy 7%
Transport 14%
Unaudited December 2004
Brief History of EBRD1989:
October - President François Mitterrand of France proposes to the European Parliament the creation of a bank for eastern Europe.
1990:
January - Negotiations on establishing the EBRD begin in Paris.
May - Agreement Establishing the Bank signed in Paris.
1991:
April - Inauguration of the EBRD in London attended by Governors representing the 41 initial members of the Bank.
June - First project approved in the state sector - for Bank of Poznan in Poland.
1992:
December - The 12 newly independent states of the former Soviet Union and Slovenia complete EBRD membership procedures.
1993:
July - Russia Small Business Fund is launched to support small and medium-sized enterprises.
1995:
October - EBRD participates in the first joint mission by international financial institutions to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Brief History of EBRD1999:
September - In the wake of the Kosovo conflict, the EBRD launches the South Eastern Europe Action Plan to promote investment and assist economic recovery in the region.
2000:
July - EBRD publishes new Public Information Policy (underscores the Bank’s commitment to enhance the transparency of its activities and promote good governance).
2002:
June – Three draft papers are published proposing improvements to the Bank's transparency, accountability and good governance: Public Information Policy review, Environmental Policy review and the Independent Recourse Mechanism.
2003
April – A new Environmental policy is approved. It sets parametres for reviewing community issues, such as the impact of EBRD investments on local communities and their cultural heritage.
2004:
June - The 'Early Transition Countries' initiative is launched to support investment in the Bank's seven poorest countries of operation.
July - The Independent Recourse Mechanism is launched, providing local groups with a means of raising a complaint about a Bank-financed project. President Jean Lemierre begins second four-year term of office.
Successful projects financed by EBRD in Romania• Supporting the privatization of Romania’s largest bank – Romanian Commercial
Bank (In 2003 the EBRD agreed to buy a 25 per cent stake in BCR together with the IFC
for a combined investment of €176 million);• Successful privatisation for Petrom, Romania’s oil company: - in 2002, EBRD
arranged a syndicated US$ 150 million pre-privatisation corporate loan to SNP Petrom,
the Bank’s largest non-sovereign long-term syndicated loan to a state-owned company in
Romania at the time. • Providing funds for a barge terminal in the Port of Constanta: - In September 2004,
the Bank granted a €16 million non sovereign loan to the Administration of Constanta
Port to finance a new barge terminal in what has been the first non sovereign guaranteed
loan by the Bank for a state owned company in the Romanian Transport sector. • Transelectrica - Regional Transmission Line Project: - in December 2004 the Bank
signed a €23.2 million loan with Transelectrica in order to finance: (i) the Romanian part
of a 110km transmission line between Oradea (Romania) and Bekescsaba (Hungary),
and (ii) the construction of a 400kV substation at Nadab along the route of the line. • Banca Transilvania: - BT managed to implement the Mortgage Loan of €10 million in
a short period of time, reaching around 830 clients with a large geographic spread
covering 32 main counties through a network of 130 branches and agencies as of end-
March 2005.
EBRD Direct Investment Projects:
EBRD and SME Financing Facilities
EBRD Municipal and Environmental Loan Facility
EBRD Regional Investment
The transformation of the financial systems in CEE
Today Privatisation mostly
complete Fewer banks but still too
many Many banks owned by
foreign strategic investors Maturities extended
1992 State ownership
Too many banks
Many banks owned as domestic ‘pocket banks’
Very limited medium and long term lending
The transformation of the financial system
Today Higher level of deposits
Legal reform has taken place
Progress towards EU levels
1992 Lack of confidence and
hence banking sector deposits
Legal uncertainty and law not market-orientated
Low regulatory standards
CEE region – financial sector
Challenges
• Low intermediation
• Still weak bank efficiency
• Thin, undeveloped capital markets
• Basel II’s demanding new regulatory environment
EBRD priorities
• Complete restructuring
• Foster better governance via equity participation
• Increase the supply of capital via pension reform, insurance companies and asset management
• New risk mitigation products to help cope with Basel II
SEE region Challenges
• Regulatory regimes still weak
• Low FDI
• Institution building and bank consolidation
• Local capital markets almost non-existent
EBRD priorities
• Institution building
• Support and encourage bank consolidation
• Increased financing to the real economy, with focus on SME’s
• Work to improve corporate governance & Anti money laundering
Russia
Challenges
• Still weak institutional & regulatory setting
• Still high state ownership (over 90%, OECD est.)
• Corporate governance, transparency: financial-industrial groups (FIG) pose problems of connected lending, concentration
• Strong asset growth weakens capital base
EBRD priorities
• Institution building
• Help privatization
• Help increase banks’ capital base
• Improve transparency and corporate governance via equity participation
• Increase financing to the real economy, with focus on SME’s
• New products, such as rouble bonds.
Early Transition Countries
Challenges
• Inadequate legal & regulatory framework
• Frequent government interference
• Weak corporate governance
• Inadequate banking skills & credit culture
• Low asset quality
• Limited banking system capitalisation
• Little interest by strategic foreign investors
EBRD priorities
• Identify & work closely with banks whose management and shareholders share EBRD’s objectives
• Develop relationships that will generate financing for the real economy, with a focus on SME financing
• Engage in policy dialogue to promote an environment for effective and sustainable financial intermediaries
European Investment Bank
European Investment Bank• The task of the European Investment Bank, the European Union's financing
institution, is to contribute towards the integration, balanced development
and economic and social cohesion of the Member Countries.
• The European Investment Bank (EIB), the financing institution of the European
Union, was created by the Treaty of Rome.
• The members of the EIB are the Member States of the European Union, who
have all subscribed to the Bank's capital.
• The EIB grants loans mainly from the proceeds of its borrowings, which,
together with "own funds" (paid-in capital and reserves), constitute its "own
resources".
• Outside the European Union, EIB financing operations are conducted principally
from the Bank's own resources but also, under mandate, from Union or
Member States' budgetary resources.
European Investment Bank
Objectives and financing priorities:Objectives and financing priorities:
• Economic and social cohesion in the enlarged EU
• Implementation of the Innovation 2010 Initiative
• Development of Trans-European and Access Networks
• Support of EU development and cooperation policies in partner countries
• Environmental protection and improvement, including climate change and
renewable energy.
• Support for small and medium-sized enterprises as well as mid-cap
companies of intermediate size
•Support for human capital, notably health.
European Investment Bank Shareholders
• The shareholders of the European Investment Bank are the 27 Member States
of the European Union.
• Each Member State’s share in the Bank’s capital is calculated in accordance
with its economic weight within the European Union (expressed in GDP) at
the time of its accession.
• In total, the Bank’s subscribed capital amounts to more than 163.6 billion.
• The EU Member States are fully eligible for Bank financing operations,
without any geographical or sectorial quotas being applied.
• Under its Statute, the Bank may have maximum loans outstanding
equivalent to two and half times its capital.
European Investment Bank - Structure1. Board of Governors: consists of Ministers designated by each of the 25
Member States, usually Finance Ministers.
2. Board of Directors: has the power to take decisions in respect of loans,
guarantees and borrowings. The Board of Directors consists of 26 Directors,
with one Director nominated by each Member State and one by the
European Commission.
3. The Management Committee: is the Bank’s permanent collegiate executive
body. It has nine members. Under the authority of the President and the
supervision of the Board of Directors, it oversees day-to-day running of the
EIB, prepares decisions for Directors and ensures that these are
implemented.
4. The Audit Committee: is an independent body answerable directly to the
Board of Governors and responsible for verifying that the operations of the
Bank have been conducted and its books kept in a proper manner.
European Investment Fund• Following the conclusions of the Lisbon European Council in March 2000, which called for increased support for operations to assist SME’s, the Board of Governors decided to set up the "EIB Group", consisting of the European Investment Bank and the European Investment Fund.
• The EIB became the majority shareholder in the European Investment Fund, which nevertheless retains a tripartite share-ownership structure consisting of the EIB (59.15%), the European Commission (30%) and European banks and financial institutions (10.85%).
• EIB Group is thus able to play a predominant role in boosting the competitiveness of European industry through the diversified support it provides for the activities of SMEs (medium and long-term loans, venture capital and guarantees).
• The EIB continues to promote smaller businesses through its medium and long-term global loan financing, arranged in collaboration with the banking sector.
• The relationship between the EIB and the EIF encourages a productive sharing of expertise between the Bank and the Fund in support of finance for SMEs;
Financing Facilities offered by EIBThe EIB offers various financial services to support projects, depending on
eligibility and project category.
• Loans for SMEs through an intermediary (credit lines made
available to banks, leasing companies or financial institutions, which on
lend the proceeds for small or medium-scale investment projects
meeting the Bank's criteria)
• Venture capital
• Direct loans (also known as Individual loans) (Promoters in both the
public and private sectors, including banks);
• Structured Finance Facility (SFF) (senior loans and guarantees
incorporating pre-completion and early operational risk; subordinated
loans and guarantees ranking ahead of shareholder subordinated debt;
mezzanine finance, including high-yield debt for industrial companies in
transition from SME scale or in the course of restructuring; project-
related derivatives.)
Financing Facilities offered by EIB
Financing Facilities offered by EIB
Date of Entry:
17/05/2005
Beneficiary: The Region of Pardubice.The Region of Liberec.
Location:Czech Republic - European Union. Pardubice and Liberec.
Description: The project concerns a series of priority schemes for the rehabilitation of the regional road network.
Objectives: The project will improve traffic fluidity and safety along the Region’s road network and decrease cost of road users (fuel and tyre consumption, maintenance, travel time).
Sector: Transports.Transport.
Proposed EIB finance:
To be determined
Total cost: Up to EUR 40 million for the Region of PardubiceUp to EUR 40 million for the Region of Liberec.
Environmental aspects:
Current environmental impact legislation in the Czech Republic is based on the Act No 100/2001 Coll., which reflects relevant EU legislation (namely Directive 85/337/EEC as amended by Directive 97/11/EC).
Procurement:
EU Procurement Directives have been transposed into the national legislation, and the procedures to be used will be verified during appraisal.
Status: Signed - 30/06/2005
Priority Roads and Motorways Rehabilitation II – AFI Czech Republic
Date of Entry:
25/02/2005
Beneficiary: Gdansk Transport Company SA
Location: Poland - European Union.Gdansk to Nowe Marzy (89.5 km)
Description: Design, construction and operation of 152 km dual carriage motorway from Gdanks to Torun.
Objectives: The new motorway section will constitute the first step in completing of the missing link between Gdańsk and Łódź on the way to industrial Silesia. At the same time, once the whole section Gdańsk-Toruń is completed, it will facilitate easier access between Warsaw region and Tricity (Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia).
Sector: Transports.Road transport
Proposed EIB finance:
EUR 525 million
Total cost: EUR 700 million
Environmental aspects:
The project falls under the requirements of Annex 1 of the EU Directive 97/11 and requires full EIA with public consultation.
Procurement:
The project has been procured as a Public Private Partnership to design, build, finance and maintain the infrastructure based on combination of shadow toll revenues and availability and performance payments to the concession company during a 35-year concession.
Status: Signed - 28/07/2005
A1 Motorway - Poland
Date of Entry:
16/09/2004
Beneficiary:
Municipality of Budapest
Location: Hungary - European Union.Budapest.
Description:The project concerns the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the BCWWTP and ancillary investments. It includes the following main investments:
Objectives: The project represents a cost-effective solution to wastewater collection, treatment and sludge disposal in central Budapest to meet EU and Hungarian environmental standards. It is expected that there will be indirect benefits to the city through reduced pollution of the Danube and greater tourism potential of the riverfront.
Sector: Water, sewerage.Environment sector.
Proposed EIB finance:
Up to EUR 147 million.
Total cost: Approximately EUR 529 million.
Environmental aspects:
The project has been designed in full compliance with national and relevant EU environmental directives. Upon completion and successful start of operation wastewater generated by more than 90% of Budapest population (for the time being some 1.8 million) will be treated biologically.
Budapest Central Waste Water Treatment Plant Project
HVB Bank Romania Global Loan II
Date of Entry: 03/02/2005
Beneficiary: HVB Bank Romania
Location: Romania - Accession Countries.
Description: Small and medium-scale projects in the field of environment protection, infrastructure, development of a knowledge-based economy, rational use of energy, health and education in Romania.
Objectives: The global loan would contribute to the development of term finance in Romania. Through the financial intermediary, the global loan would provide long-term funding for eligible projects promoted by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and local municipalities/authorities/associations.
Sector: Global loans.
Proposed EIB finance:
Up to EUR 20 million
Total cost: EIB finances up to 50% of total project cost
Environmental aspects:
The financial intermediary will be requested to ensure compliance of the sub-projects with relevant national and EU directives, as appropriate.
Procurement: The financial intermediary will be requested to ensure compliance of the sub-projects with EU directives, in particular for the award of public sector contracts, as may be appropriate.
Status: Signed - 15/09/2005