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AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR AID USE ONLY WASHINGTON 0 C 20s2a
BI1BLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET A k I A PRIMARY
ISUBJECT Agriculture AS30-O000-O000 CL ASS I FICATION B SECONDARY
Feeding 2 TITLE AND SUBTITLE Sources of protein for infantsa sempresented at IRRI
3 AUTHOR(S) SteinkrausKH
4 DOCUMENT DATE S NUMBER OF PAGES S ARC NUMBER1969 14p ARC
7 REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Cornell
8 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponaoring Organlzations Publishera Availability)
9 ABSTRACT
10 CONTROL NUMBER 11 PRICE OF DOCUMENT
PN-RAA-686
12 DESCRIPTORS 13 PROJECT NUMBER Infants MilkMi
14 CONTRACT NUMBERProteins CSD-1815 Res 15 TYPE OF DOCUMENT
AID 590-1 (4-74)
SOURCES OF PROTEIN FOR INFANTS
A seminar presented at IRRI April 17 1969
by
Keith H Steinkraus Visiting Professor Dept of Ag Chemistry UPCA
Uthrough the stifling summer the people went on dying The
husbandmen sold their cattle they sold their implements of agriculture they
devoured their seed grain they sold their sons and daughter till at length no
buyer of children could be found they ate the leaves of trees and the grass of
the field and in June 1770 the Resident at the Durbar affirmed that the living
were feeding on the dead Day and night a torrent of famished and disease shy
stricken wretches poured into the great cities At an early period of the
year pestilence had broken out In March we find smallpox at Moosshedabad
where it glided through the vice-regal mutes and cut off the Prince Syfut in
his palace The streets were blocked with promiscuous heaps of the dying
and the dead Interment could not do its work quick enough even the dogs
and jackals the public scavengers of the East became unable to accomplish
their revolting work and the multitude of mangled and festering corpses at
length threatened the existence of the citizens
E-unter Wi W in Annals of Rural Bengal (186e)
KICScdb April 16 1969
SOURCES OF PROTEIN FOR INFANTS
A seminar presented at IRRI April 17 1969
by Keith H Steinkraus Visiting Professor Depts of Aga Chemistry U PCA
br Banzon and I recently returned fror a trip to India Ceylon
Indonesia and Malaysia The main purposeof our trip was to extend the
results of our studies on infant foods based on soybean and coconut to these
countries While there we once again found ourselves facing the tremendous
problems of improving nutrition for even a single segment of the population
of a country for example the infants and toddlers In Ceylon a relatively
small country it is estimated that there are about 1 200 000 children ranging
from new-borne to 3 years of age To give them a4dequate supplement for
their diets would require 70 tons of the supplement per day Not only must
this supplement be manufactured from easily available locally grown agriculshy
tural products but they must be packaged and distributed and possibly prepared
for consumption in order to adequately solve the problem They must be in
forms acceptable to the infants and children and at prices the mothers can
afford
Before I go further I might add that we found several theories in
active circulation in India regarding the causes of malnutrition The first is
the economic theory Even among the most knowledgeable nutritionists there
are those who believe that malnutrition is really an economiic problem Give
the people more purchasing power and they will buy more food and malnutrition
will largely disappear There is no doubt that lack of purchasing power is
very significant in the malnutrition problem Then there are the Food Technoshy
logists who say that giver adequate means of harvesting and storage to prevent
insect and rodent damage the supplies of food wil be adequate to provide all
with suitable nutrition Certainly we know that as much as 25 of the food pro
duced is lost throughthe combination of rodents insects or outright spoilage
We encountered another interesting idea on malnutrition or under
nutrition however in India This was the idea that some under-nutrition may
be better than tihe piece meal solutions thai have been advocated for solving it
There are some nutritionists who advocate giving more protein to the children
in the developing countries However when there is a shortage of calories in
the diet we know that the extra protein will likely be burned for energy Say
that we give malnourished children additional protein and calories As they
gain weight they need more vitamins and other nutrients If we supply them
only calories and protein they may be in worse condition than they were before
where at least their intake of all factors-although insufficient to maintain growth
rates typical of the Western world are balanced to their generally under nourished
needs And finally a leading scientist in India said that the under-nourished
child in India has a better resistance to stress than his better nourished cousin
What is the truth Certainly if we are to attack malnutrition we have to improve
the economic status of the poorer people in every country We should apply known
food technology to properly harvest process and storefoods so that as little
as possible is lost to insects rats and fungi And in approaching the nutritional
problems ofinfants and children we must take into consideration their total nutrishy
tional needs so that we do not provide an imbalance of a single ingredient in the
diet which may produce even more nutritional problems
In India we saw some of the largest most modern dairies in the world
The largestcan process as much as 600 000 liters of milk per day if enough
raw milk is available In order to extend their supplies of milk and lower the
fat level to about 3 57 most of -the dairies are toning the milk either with skin
milk powder or with groundnut protein isolate Even with toning however the
milk supply is utterly inadequate to supply the needs of any more than a small
fraction of the Indian population What these countries are facing today the
whole world Is going to face in a few years with rising populations There is
no doubt but what we are going to have to rely principally upon plant proteins
for most of the porulation
In considering feeding human infants we should always begin with
human or breast milk Except for those relatively rare cases where the infant
is allergic to the mothers milk there is generally no better source of nutrition
than mothars milk for the infarit This is true in the United States It is even
more true in the developing countries Mothers milk arrives just in time to
nourish the new Born infant It is delivered in a sanitary package at just the
right temperature Even without refrigeration no matter where the mother
and child the supply is constantly available
In the so-called developed countries of the world the Medical Proshy
fession has been rather devoted to the idea of displacing milk from the human
breast and replacing it either with cows milk or soybasedsubstitutes It is
difficult to see the rationable of this but presumably it is to free the mother from
the arduous duties of nursing the infant- Yet not only is breast milk still the
best general food for the human infant nursing also has profound effects on the
new mother for example causing the uterus to return to its original size and
position sooner
Going back to cows milk for human infants it has been demonstrated
that cow s milk will cause the human baby to grow as rapidly as human milk
In fact growth rates are the principal way that nutritionists compare various
sources of protein in the diet The so-called protein efficiency ratio (ER) is
a measure of the ability of a protein to produce growth in the young mammal
Lets take a look at some of differences in milks produced by various
mammals
Slide 1 Percentage of Protein in Different Mannal Milks and Time in Days taken for Doubling Birth-Weight of Offspring
Species Protein Days
Man 16 l8O Cow 38 70(47) Horse 27 60
4
(cont of Slide 1)
Species Protein Days
Sheep 0 54 35 (15) Goat 37 22 Fig 6 14
Dog 75 9 Guinea-pig 5 7 Rabbit o a 14 6 Rat 12 6
After Platt $ampMoncrieff
You will note that the longer the time required for doubling birth rate the lower
the protein content of the milk In this slide the human baby requires the
longest time to double his weight and human milk contains the least protein
Protein is required for growth and if only 6 days are required for doubling
birth weight as in the rat the milk must contain a lot of protein
One might draw the conclusion that if rat milk at 12 protein content
were available in sufficient quantity it might produce more rapid growth in human
ifants Based upon our knowledge of cows milk with slightly more than twice
the protein content of human milk this is not so It takes twice as much protein
in cows milk to give the same rate of growth as human milk gives at half the
protein content
So wesee at once that human milk and cows milk are vastly different
even though each are produced by the mammary gland of a mammal Lets take
a look at some of the other differences between human milk and the milk of other
animals
SLIDE 2 Composition of Human and Animal Milks Constituent Milk
human cow lVuffalo goat ass mare ewe camel (gamoos)
Total protein () 10 35 42 44 14 23 53 43 casein () 045 286 07 42 39 albumin () 044 056 06 09 04 fat() 50 35 75 41 24 23 54 54 lactose () 65 44 48 42 61 55 51 calcium bull shy
(mg per 100 g) 28 120 154 140 81 102 200
(cont of Slide 2)
Constituenti C human cow buffalo goat ass mare ewe canll
(gamoos)
phosphorus 9070 11 47 63(mg per 10Q g) 14 102
iron 02 02 07()09(rng per 100 g) 01
vitamin A 60 60(IU per 100 g) 170-670 140 80
carotene 0 005(mg per 100 g)
thiamine (mg per 100 g) 9-15 35 50 50 60
riboflavine 100 30(mgper 100 g) 28-62 150 100
niacin (mg per 100 g) 66-330 85 300 400 90
vitamin C (mg per 100 g) 26 3 4
calories per 100g 1111
Data obtained from VJAO Manual on nutrition part I
You will note that the casein in human milk is only a fraction of that present in
cows milkFat and lactose contents of human milk are higher than that of cows
human milk than they arerilk Calcium and phosphorus are very much lower in
Consider the Clfferences in the bone requirements for a cow versusin cows milk
a human and we can understand that the needs of the calfand the human infant
Note the higher content ofvitamin A and the presenceare very much different
absent in cows milkof vitamin C in human milk which is
In slide 3 we see the relative requirements of human infants for the amino
acids when supplied by human milk versas cows milk
Slide 3 Daily Amino-Acid intake in mg per kg of Body-Weight In The Firo
Year of Life (Calculated from Milk- Protein Requirements for Optimal
Nitrogen Retention) Full-Term infants
human milk modified cows milk 0-90 days 3-12 months
8959Alanine 1410Glycinebullbull
300134Proline bull 820384Glutamic acidbull 199Aspartic acid 194 192115 108
Serinebull bull 105Threonine
590Leucine 3860
6 (Cont of Slide 3)
Full-Term infants human milk rmodified cows milk
0-90 days 3-12 months
Isoleucine 125 199 Valineamp 111 203 Cystine 69 34 Meth ionine 49 120 Tyroaine 122 204 Phenylalanine 12D 210 IHistidine 42 78 Arginine 112 Lysineb 157 240 Tryptophane 52 58
3Reproduced from Albanese a by kind permission of the editors of advances in protein chemistry
Generally l ess amino acids are required except for cystine when the source
is human milk This is because the amino acids in human milk are present in
the optimum concentrations and in the right sequences so that they are supplied
to the infant through its digestive processes in optimum types numbers and
sequences for synthesis of new protein in the infants body
There are other very significant differences between human and cows
milk Electrophoretic separation of the proteins in cows milk reveals 2 or 3
fractions of different chemical composition The amounts of these fractions
differ in cows milk and human milk Human milk fat contains 7 linoleic acidshy
cows milk little or none The human is unable to synthesize this important
fatty acid In the absence of linoleic acid in the diet pathogenic phenomena
are observed The skin becomes rough scaly and eczematous The metashy
bolism is upset The salt content of cows milk is much higher than human
milk and the relation of the salts notably calcium and phosphorus is different
Perhaps more important than the chemical differences is the metabolic response
of the infant to the two~ypes of milks Though the percentages of ingested nitroshy
gen calcium and phosphorus which are retained are smaller in infants receiving
cows milk the absolute amounts retained are larger Consequently the body
compositions of the two groups of babies are different Those babies receiving
cows milk have more nitrogen calcium and phosphorus in their make-up than
breast fed babies
7
Lactobacillus bifidus is the predominate organism in the intestines of
Human milk contains a Lactobacillus bifidus factor discoveredbreast-fed infants
The factor is found in large amounts in human milkby Dr Paul Gyorgy in 1953
and stimulates development of the predominate intestinal flora in breast fed infants
TheseLactobacillus bifidus is present in smaller numbers in bottle fed infants
organisms produce acid but no gas from carbohydrates 1Tuman milk contains
increased lactose which not only stimulates a low pIl in the intestine (through
Lactobacillus bifidus)bvut may also ffect synthesis of certain factors in the inshy
testine It promotes thei absorption of calcium and phosphorus because of its
effect on the pH of the gut
Greater resistance of breast-fed babies to gastro-enteritis has been
shown to be due in part to a lower stool pH in breast fed infants and also to a
higher formic acid content in the feces These are closely related to the Lacshy
tobacillus bifidus factor which is present in human milk and stimulates developshy
ment of a predominately Lactobacillus bifidus flora in the infant intestine
Breast-fed infants also have a resistance against malaria due to the
deficiency of p-aminobenzoate in inothers milk
Breast milk is ideal for the low income groups It is cheap geneshy
rally free of bacterial contamination steady of composition is delivered at
the proper temperature and is easily available If the mother is getting an adeshy
quate diet the breast-fed baby is less likely to suffer from scurvy rickets
or iron-deficiency anemia than the infant fed solely on cows milk
Naturally the new born infant passing from a state where it has beer
nourished by the blood and plasma of the mother might be expected to receive
the proper nutrition from the milk of the mother which is derived from the blood
and plasma through the mammary gland One of the most striking features of the
The brain reacheshuman is the rapid development of the central nervous system
23rds of adult size by the age of two years and almost full size by 7 years
It is thought that mothers milk contains the best combination of nutrients for
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
SOURCES OF PROTEIN FOR INFANTS
A seminar presented at IRRI April 17 1969
by
Keith H Steinkraus Visiting Professor Dept of Ag Chemistry UPCA
Uthrough the stifling summer the people went on dying The
husbandmen sold their cattle they sold their implements of agriculture they
devoured their seed grain they sold their sons and daughter till at length no
buyer of children could be found they ate the leaves of trees and the grass of
the field and in June 1770 the Resident at the Durbar affirmed that the living
were feeding on the dead Day and night a torrent of famished and disease shy
stricken wretches poured into the great cities At an early period of the
year pestilence had broken out In March we find smallpox at Moosshedabad
where it glided through the vice-regal mutes and cut off the Prince Syfut in
his palace The streets were blocked with promiscuous heaps of the dying
and the dead Interment could not do its work quick enough even the dogs
and jackals the public scavengers of the East became unable to accomplish
their revolting work and the multitude of mangled and festering corpses at
length threatened the existence of the citizens
E-unter Wi W in Annals of Rural Bengal (186e)
KICScdb April 16 1969
SOURCES OF PROTEIN FOR INFANTS
A seminar presented at IRRI April 17 1969
by Keith H Steinkraus Visiting Professor Depts of Aga Chemistry U PCA
br Banzon and I recently returned fror a trip to India Ceylon
Indonesia and Malaysia The main purposeof our trip was to extend the
results of our studies on infant foods based on soybean and coconut to these
countries While there we once again found ourselves facing the tremendous
problems of improving nutrition for even a single segment of the population
of a country for example the infants and toddlers In Ceylon a relatively
small country it is estimated that there are about 1 200 000 children ranging
from new-borne to 3 years of age To give them a4dequate supplement for
their diets would require 70 tons of the supplement per day Not only must
this supplement be manufactured from easily available locally grown agriculshy
tural products but they must be packaged and distributed and possibly prepared
for consumption in order to adequately solve the problem They must be in
forms acceptable to the infants and children and at prices the mothers can
afford
Before I go further I might add that we found several theories in
active circulation in India regarding the causes of malnutrition The first is
the economic theory Even among the most knowledgeable nutritionists there
are those who believe that malnutrition is really an economiic problem Give
the people more purchasing power and they will buy more food and malnutrition
will largely disappear There is no doubt that lack of purchasing power is
very significant in the malnutrition problem Then there are the Food Technoshy
logists who say that giver adequate means of harvesting and storage to prevent
insect and rodent damage the supplies of food wil be adequate to provide all
with suitable nutrition Certainly we know that as much as 25 of the food pro
duced is lost throughthe combination of rodents insects or outright spoilage
We encountered another interesting idea on malnutrition or under
nutrition however in India This was the idea that some under-nutrition may
be better than tihe piece meal solutions thai have been advocated for solving it
There are some nutritionists who advocate giving more protein to the children
in the developing countries However when there is a shortage of calories in
the diet we know that the extra protein will likely be burned for energy Say
that we give malnourished children additional protein and calories As they
gain weight they need more vitamins and other nutrients If we supply them
only calories and protein they may be in worse condition than they were before
where at least their intake of all factors-although insufficient to maintain growth
rates typical of the Western world are balanced to their generally under nourished
needs And finally a leading scientist in India said that the under-nourished
child in India has a better resistance to stress than his better nourished cousin
What is the truth Certainly if we are to attack malnutrition we have to improve
the economic status of the poorer people in every country We should apply known
food technology to properly harvest process and storefoods so that as little
as possible is lost to insects rats and fungi And in approaching the nutritional
problems ofinfants and children we must take into consideration their total nutrishy
tional needs so that we do not provide an imbalance of a single ingredient in the
diet which may produce even more nutritional problems
In India we saw some of the largest most modern dairies in the world
The largestcan process as much as 600 000 liters of milk per day if enough
raw milk is available In order to extend their supplies of milk and lower the
fat level to about 3 57 most of -the dairies are toning the milk either with skin
milk powder or with groundnut protein isolate Even with toning however the
milk supply is utterly inadequate to supply the needs of any more than a small
fraction of the Indian population What these countries are facing today the
whole world Is going to face in a few years with rising populations There is
no doubt but what we are going to have to rely principally upon plant proteins
for most of the porulation
In considering feeding human infants we should always begin with
human or breast milk Except for those relatively rare cases where the infant
is allergic to the mothers milk there is generally no better source of nutrition
than mothars milk for the infarit This is true in the United States It is even
more true in the developing countries Mothers milk arrives just in time to
nourish the new Born infant It is delivered in a sanitary package at just the
right temperature Even without refrigeration no matter where the mother
and child the supply is constantly available
In the so-called developed countries of the world the Medical Proshy
fession has been rather devoted to the idea of displacing milk from the human
breast and replacing it either with cows milk or soybasedsubstitutes It is
difficult to see the rationable of this but presumably it is to free the mother from
the arduous duties of nursing the infant- Yet not only is breast milk still the
best general food for the human infant nursing also has profound effects on the
new mother for example causing the uterus to return to its original size and
position sooner
Going back to cows milk for human infants it has been demonstrated
that cow s milk will cause the human baby to grow as rapidly as human milk
In fact growth rates are the principal way that nutritionists compare various
sources of protein in the diet The so-called protein efficiency ratio (ER) is
a measure of the ability of a protein to produce growth in the young mammal
Lets take a look at some of differences in milks produced by various
mammals
Slide 1 Percentage of Protein in Different Mannal Milks and Time in Days taken for Doubling Birth-Weight of Offspring
Species Protein Days
Man 16 l8O Cow 38 70(47) Horse 27 60
4
(cont of Slide 1)
Species Protein Days
Sheep 0 54 35 (15) Goat 37 22 Fig 6 14
Dog 75 9 Guinea-pig 5 7 Rabbit o a 14 6 Rat 12 6
After Platt $ampMoncrieff
You will note that the longer the time required for doubling birth rate the lower
the protein content of the milk In this slide the human baby requires the
longest time to double his weight and human milk contains the least protein
Protein is required for growth and if only 6 days are required for doubling
birth weight as in the rat the milk must contain a lot of protein
One might draw the conclusion that if rat milk at 12 protein content
were available in sufficient quantity it might produce more rapid growth in human
ifants Based upon our knowledge of cows milk with slightly more than twice
the protein content of human milk this is not so It takes twice as much protein
in cows milk to give the same rate of growth as human milk gives at half the
protein content
So wesee at once that human milk and cows milk are vastly different
even though each are produced by the mammary gland of a mammal Lets take
a look at some of the other differences between human milk and the milk of other
animals
SLIDE 2 Composition of Human and Animal Milks Constituent Milk
human cow lVuffalo goat ass mare ewe camel (gamoos)
Total protein () 10 35 42 44 14 23 53 43 casein () 045 286 07 42 39 albumin () 044 056 06 09 04 fat() 50 35 75 41 24 23 54 54 lactose () 65 44 48 42 61 55 51 calcium bull shy
(mg per 100 g) 28 120 154 140 81 102 200
(cont of Slide 2)
Constituenti C human cow buffalo goat ass mare ewe canll
(gamoos)
phosphorus 9070 11 47 63(mg per 10Q g) 14 102
iron 02 02 07()09(rng per 100 g) 01
vitamin A 60 60(IU per 100 g) 170-670 140 80
carotene 0 005(mg per 100 g)
thiamine (mg per 100 g) 9-15 35 50 50 60
riboflavine 100 30(mgper 100 g) 28-62 150 100
niacin (mg per 100 g) 66-330 85 300 400 90
vitamin C (mg per 100 g) 26 3 4
calories per 100g 1111
Data obtained from VJAO Manual on nutrition part I
You will note that the casein in human milk is only a fraction of that present in
cows milkFat and lactose contents of human milk are higher than that of cows
human milk than they arerilk Calcium and phosphorus are very much lower in
Consider the Clfferences in the bone requirements for a cow versusin cows milk
a human and we can understand that the needs of the calfand the human infant
Note the higher content ofvitamin A and the presenceare very much different
absent in cows milkof vitamin C in human milk which is
In slide 3 we see the relative requirements of human infants for the amino
acids when supplied by human milk versas cows milk
Slide 3 Daily Amino-Acid intake in mg per kg of Body-Weight In The Firo
Year of Life (Calculated from Milk- Protein Requirements for Optimal
Nitrogen Retention) Full-Term infants
human milk modified cows milk 0-90 days 3-12 months
8959Alanine 1410Glycinebullbull
300134Proline bull 820384Glutamic acidbull 199Aspartic acid 194 192115 108
Serinebull bull 105Threonine
590Leucine 3860
6 (Cont of Slide 3)
Full-Term infants human milk rmodified cows milk
0-90 days 3-12 months
Isoleucine 125 199 Valineamp 111 203 Cystine 69 34 Meth ionine 49 120 Tyroaine 122 204 Phenylalanine 12D 210 IHistidine 42 78 Arginine 112 Lysineb 157 240 Tryptophane 52 58
3Reproduced from Albanese a by kind permission of the editors of advances in protein chemistry
Generally l ess amino acids are required except for cystine when the source
is human milk This is because the amino acids in human milk are present in
the optimum concentrations and in the right sequences so that they are supplied
to the infant through its digestive processes in optimum types numbers and
sequences for synthesis of new protein in the infants body
There are other very significant differences between human and cows
milk Electrophoretic separation of the proteins in cows milk reveals 2 or 3
fractions of different chemical composition The amounts of these fractions
differ in cows milk and human milk Human milk fat contains 7 linoleic acidshy
cows milk little or none The human is unable to synthesize this important
fatty acid In the absence of linoleic acid in the diet pathogenic phenomena
are observed The skin becomes rough scaly and eczematous The metashy
bolism is upset The salt content of cows milk is much higher than human
milk and the relation of the salts notably calcium and phosphorus is different
Perhaps more important than the chemical differences is the metabolic response
of the infant to the two~ypes of milks Though the percentages of ingested nitroshy
gen calcium and phosphorus which are retained are smaller in infants receiving
cows milk the absolute amounts retained are larger Consequently the body
compositions of the two groups of babies are different Those babies receiving
cows milk have more nitrogen calcium and phosphorus in their make-up than
breast fed babies
7
Lactobacillus bifidus is the predominate organism in the intestines of
Human milk contains a Lactobacillus bifidus factor discoveredbreast-fed infants
The factor is found in large amounts in human milkby Dr Paul Gyorgy in 1953
and stimulates development of the predominate intestinal flora in breast fed infants
TheseLactobacillus bifidus is present in smaller numbers in bottle fed infants
organisms produce acid but no gas from carbohydrates 1Tuman milk contains
increased lactose which not only stimulates a low pIl in the intestine (through
Lactobacillus bifidus)bvut may also ffect synthesis of certain factors in the inshy
testine It promotes thei absorption of calcium and phosphorus because of its
effect on the pH of the gut
Greater resistance of breast-fed babies to gastro-enteritis has been
shown to be due in part to a lower stool pH in breast fed infants and also to a
higher formic acid content in the feces These are closely related to the Lacshy
tobacillus bifidus factor which is present in human milk and stimulates developshy
ment of a predominately Lactobacillus bifidus flora in the infant intestine
Breast-fed infants also have a resistance against malaria due to the
deficiency of p-aminobenzoate in inothers milk
Breast milk is ideal for the low income groups It is cheap geneshy
rally free of bacterial contamination steady of composition is delivered at
the proper temperature and is easily available If the mother is getting an adeshy
quate diet the breast-fed baby is less likely to suffer from scurvy rickets
or iron-deficiency anemia than the infant fed solely on cows milk
Naturally the new born infant passing from a state where it has beer
nourished by the blood and plasma of the mother might be expected to receive
the proper nutrition from the milk of the mother which is derived from the blood
and plasma through the mammary gland One of the most striking features of the
The brain reacheshuman is the rapid development of the central nervous system
23rds of adult size by the age of two years and almost full size by 7 years
It is thought that mothers milk contains the best combination of nutrients for
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
SOURCES OF PROTEIN FOR INFANTS
A seminar presented at IRRI April 17 1969
by Keith H Steinkraus Visiting Professor Depts of Aga Chemistry U PCA
br Banzon and I recently returned fror a trip to India Ceylon
Indonesia and Malaysia The main purposeof our trip was to extend the
results of our studies on infant foods based on soybean and coconut to these
countries While there we once again found ourselves facing the tremendous
problems of improving nutrition for even a single segment of the population
of a country for example the infants and toddlers In Ceylon a relatively
small country it is estimated that there are about 1 200 000 children ranging
from new-borne to 3 years of age To give them a4dequate supplement for
their diets would require 70 tons of the supplement per day Not only must
this supplement be manufactured from easily available locally grown agriculshy
tural products but they must be packaged and distributed and possibly prepared
for consumption in order to adequately solve the problem They must be in
forms acceptable to the infants and children and at prices the mothers can
afford
Before I go further I might add that we found several theories in
active circulation in India regarding the causes of malnutrition The first is
the economic theory Even among the most knowledgeable nutritionists there
are those who believe that malnutrition is really an economiic problem Give
the people more purchasing power and they will buy more food and malnutrition
will largely disappear There is no doubt that lack of purchasing power is
very significant in the malnutrition problem Then there are the Food Technoshy
logists who say that giver adequate means of harvesting and storage to prevent
insect and rodent damage the supplies of food wil be adequate to provide all
with suitable nutrition Certainly we know that as much as 25 of the food pro
duced is lost throughthe combination of rodents insects or outright spoilage
We encountered another interesting idea on malnutrition or under
nutrition however in India This was the idea that some under-nutrition may
be better than tihe piece meal solutions thai have been advocated for solving it
There are some nutritionists who advocate giving more protein to the children
in the developing countries However when there is a shortage of calories in
the diet we know that the extra protein will likely be burned for energy Say
that we give malnourished children additional protein and calories As they
gain weight they need more vitamins and other nutrients If we supply them
only calories and protein they may be in worse condition than they were before
where at least their intake of all factors-although insufficient to maintain growth
rates typical of the Western world are balanced to their generally under nourished
needs And finally a leading scientist in India said that the under-nourished
child in India has a better resistance to stress than his better nourished cousin
What is the truth Certainly if we are to attack malnutrition we have to improve
the economic status of the poorer people in every country We should apply known
food technology to properly harvest process and storefoods so that as little
as possible is lost to insects rats and fungi And in approaching the nutritional
problems ofinfants and children we must take into consideration their total nutrishy
tional needs so that we do not provide an imbalance of a single ingredient in the
diet which may produce even more nutritional problems
In India we saw some of the largest most modern dairies in the world
The largestcan process as much as 600 000 liters of milk per day if enough
raw milk is available In order to extend their supplies of milk and lower the
fat level to about 3 57 most of -the dairies are toning the milk either with skin
milk powder or with groundnut protein isolate Even with toning however the
milk supply is utterly inadequate to supply the needs of any more than a small
fraction of the Indian population What these countries are facing today the
whole world Is going to face in a few years with rising populations There is
no doubt but what we are going to have to rely principally upon plant proteins
for most of the porulation
In considering feeding human infants we should always begin with
human or breast milk Except for those relatively rare cases where the infant
is allergic to the mothers milk there is generally no better source of nutrition
than mothars milk for the infarit This is true in the United States It is even
more true in the developing countries Mothers milk arrives just in time to
nourish the new Born infant It is delivered in a sanitary package at just the
right temperature Even without refrigeration no matter where the mother
and child the supply is constantly available
In the so-called developed countries of the world the Medical Proshy
fession has been rather devoted to the idea of displacing milk from the human
breast and replacing it either with cows milk or soybasedsubstitutes It is
difficult to see the rationable of this but presumably it is to free the mother from
the arduous duties of nursing the infant- Yet not only is breast milk still the
best general food for the human infant nursing also has profound effects on the
new mother for example causing the uterus to return to its original size and
position sooner
Going back to cows milk for human infants it has been demonstrated
that cow s milk will cause the human baby to grow as rapidly as human milk
In fact growth rates are the principal way that nutritionists compare various
sources of protein in the diet The so-called protein efficiency ratio (ER) is
a measure of the ability of a protein to produce growth in the young mammal
Lets take a look at some of differences in milks produced by various
mammals
Slide 1 Percentage of Protein in Different Mannal Milks and Time in Days taken for Doubling Birth-Weight of Offspring
Species Protein Days
Man 16 l8O Cow 38 70(47) Horse 27 60
4
(cont of Slide 1)
Species Protein Days
Sheep 0 54 35 (15) Goat 37 22 Fig 6 14
Dog 75 9 Guinea-pig 5 7 Rabbit o a 14 6 Rat 12 6
After Platt $ampMoncrieff
You will note that the longer the time required for doubling birth rate the lower
the protein content of the milk In this slide the human baby requires the
longest time to double his weight and human milk contains the least protein
Protein is required for growth and if only 6 days are required for doubling
birth weight as in the rat the milk must contain a lot of protein
One might draw the conclusion that if rat milk at 12 protein content
were available in sufficient quantity it might produce more rapid growth in human
ifants Based upon our knowledge of cows milk with slightly more than twice
the protein content of human milk this is not so It takes twice as much protein
in cows milk to give the same rate of growth as human milk gives at half the
protein content
So wesee at once that human milk and cows milk are vastly different
even though each are produced by the mammary gland of a mammal Lets take
a look at some of the other differences between human milk and the milk of other
animals
SLIDE 2 Composition of Human and Animal Milks Constituent Milk
human cow lVuffalo goat ass mare ewe camel (gamoos)
Total protein () 10 35 42 44 14 23 53 43 casein () 045 286 07 42 39 albumin () 044 056 06 09 04 fat() 50 35 75 41 24 23 54 54 lactose () 65 44 48 42 61 55 51 calcium bull shy
(mg per 100 g) 28 120 154 140 81 102 200
(cont of Slide 2)
Constituenti C human cow buffalo goat ass mare ewe canll
(gamoos)
phosphorus 9070 11 47 63(mg per 10Q g) 14 102
iron 02 02 07()09(rng per 100 g) 01
vitamin A 60 60(IU per 100 g) 170-670 140 80
carotene 0 005(mg per 100 g)
thiamine (mg per 100 g) 9-15 35 50 50 60
riboflavine 100 30(mgper 100 g) 28-62 150 100
niacin (mg per 100 g) 66-330 85 300 400 90
vitamin C (mg per 100 g) 26 3 4
calories per 100g 1111
Data obtained from VJAO Manual on nutrition part I
You will note that the casein in human milk is only a fraction of that present in
cows milkFat and lactose contents of human milk are higher than that of cows
human milk than they arerilk Calcium and phosphorus are very much lower in
Consider the Clfferences in the bone requirements for a cow versusin cows milk
a human and we can understand that the needs of the calfand the human infant
Note the higher content ofvitamin A and the presenceare very much different
absent in cows milkof vitamin C in human milk which is
In slide 3 we see the relative requirements of human infants for the amino
acids when supplied by human milk versas cows milk
Slide 3 Daily Amino-Acid intake in mg per kg of Body-Weight In The Firo
Year of Life (Calculated from Milk- Protein Requirements for Optimal
Nitrogen Retention) Full-Term infants
human milk modified cows milk 0-90 days 3-12 months
8959Alanine 1410Glycinebullbull
300134Proline bull 820384Glutamic acidbull 199Aspartic acid 194 192115 108
Serinebull bull 105Threonine
590Leucine 3860
6 (Cont of Slide 3)
Full-Term infants human milk rmodified cows milk
0-90 days 3-12 months
Isoleucine 125 199 Valineamp 111 203 Cystine 69 34 Meth ionine 49 120 Tyroaine 122 204 Phenylalanine 12D 210 IHistidine 42 78 Arginine 112 Lysineb 157 240 Tryptophane 52 58
3Reproduced from Albanese a by kind permission of the editors of advances in protein chemistry
Generally l ess amino acids are required except for cystine when the source
is human milk This is because the amino acids in human milk are present in
the optimum concentrations and in the right sequences so that they are supplied
to the infant through its digestive processes in optimum types numbers and
sequences for synthesis of new protein in the infants body
There are other very significant differences between human and cows
milk Electrophoretic separation of the proteins in cows milk reveals 2 or 3
fractions of different chemical composition The amounts of these fractions
differ in cows milk and human milk Human milk fat contains 7 linoleic acidshy
cows milk little or none The human is unable to synthesize this important
fatty acid In the absence of linoleic acid in the diet pathogenic phenomena
are observed The skin becomes rough scaly and eczematous The metashy
bolism is upset The salt content of cows milk is much higher than human
milk and the relation of the salts notably calcium and phosphorus is different
Perhaps more important than the chemical differences is the metabolic response
of the infant to the two~ypes of milks Though the percentages of ingested nitroshy
gen calcium and phosphorus which are retained are smaller in infants receiving
cows milk the absolute amounts retained are larger Consequently the body
compositions of the two groups of babies are different Those babies receiving
cows milk have more nitrogen calcium and phosphorus in their make-up than
breast fed babies
7
Lactobacillus bifidus is the predominate organism in the intestines of
Human milk contains a Lactobacillus bifidus factor discoveredbreast-fed infants
The factor is found in large amounts in human milkby Dr Paul Gyorgy in 1953
and stimulates development of the predominate intestinal flora in breast fed infants
TheseLactobacillus bifidus is present in smaller numbers in bottle fed infants
organisms produce acid but no gas from carbohydrates 1Tuman milk contains
increased lactose which not only stimulates a low pIl in the intestine (through
Lactobacillus bifidus)bvut may also ffect synthesis of certain factors in the inshy
testine It promotes thei absorption of calcium and phosphorus because of its
effect on the pH of the gut
Greater resistance of breast-fed babies to gastro-enteritis has been
shown to be due in part to a lower stool pH in breast fed infants and also to a
higher formic acid content in the feces These are closely related to the Lacshy
tobacillus bifidus factor which is present in human milk and stimulates developshy
ment of a predominately Lactobacillus bifidus flora in the infant intestine
Breast-fed infants also have a resistance against malaria due to the
deficiency of p-aminobenzoate in inothers milk
Breast milk is ideal for the low income groups It is cheap geneshy
rally free of bacterial contamination steady of composition is delivered at
the proper temperature and is easily available If the mother is getting an adeshy
quate diet the breast-fed baby is less likely to suffer from scurvy rickets
or iron-deficiency anemia than the infant fed solely on cows milk
Naturally the new born infant passing from a state where it has beer
nourished by the blood and plasma of the mother might be expected to receive
the proper nutrition from the milk of the mother which is derived from the blood
and plasma through the mammary gland One of the most striking features of the
The brain reacheshuman is the rapid development of the central nervous system
23rds of adult size by the age of two years and almost full size by 7 years
It is thought that mothers milk contains the best combination of nutrients for
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
We encountered another interesting idea on malnutrition or under
nutrition however in India This was the idea that some under-nutrition may
be better than tihe piece meal solutions thai have been advocated for solving it
There are some nutritionists who advocate giving more protein to the children
in the developing countries However when there is a shortage of calories in
the diet we know that the extra protein will likely be burned for energy Say
that we give malnourished children additional protein and calories As they
gain weight they need more vitamins and other nutrients If we supply them
only calories and protein they may be in worse condition than they were before
where at least their intake of all factors-although insufficient to maintain growth
rates typical of the Western world are balanced to their generally under nourished
needs And finally a leading scientist in India said that the under-nourished
child in India has a better resistance to stress than his better nourished cousin
What is the truth Certainly if we are to attack malnutrition we have to improve
the economic status of the poorer people in every country We should apply known
food technology to properly harvest process and storefoods so that as little
as possible is lost to insects rats and fungi And in approaching the nutritional
problems ofinfants and children we must take into consideration their total nutrishy
tional needs so that we do not provide an imbalance of a single ingredient in the
diet which may produce even more nutritional problems
In India we saw some of the largest most modern dairies in the world
The largestcan process as much as 600 000 liters of milk per day if enough
raw milk is available In order to extend their supplies of milk and lower the
fat level to about 3 57 most of -the dairies are toning the milk either with skin
milk powder or with groundnut protein isolate Even with toning however the
milk supply is utterly inadequate to supply the needs of any more than a small
fraction of the Indian population What these countries are facing today the
whole world Is going to face in a few years with rising populations There is
no doubt but what we are going to have to rely principally upon plant proteins
for most of the porulation
In considering feeding human infants we should always begin with
human or breast milk Except for those relatively rare cases where the infant
is allergic to the mothers milk there is generally no better source of nutrition
than mothars milk for the infarit This is true in the United States It is even
more true in the developing countries Mothers milk arrives just in time to
nourish the new Born infant It is delivered in a sanitary package at just the
right temperature Even without refrigeration no matter where the mother
and child the supply is constantly available
In the so-called developed countries of the world the Medical Proshy
fession has been rather devoted to the idea of displacing milk from the human
breast and replacing it either with cows milk or soybasedsubstitutes It is
difficult to see the rationable of this but presumably it is to free the mother from
the arduous duties of nursing the infant- Yet not only is breast milk still the
best general food for the human infant nursing also has profound effects on the
new mother for example causing the uterus to return to its original size and
position sooner
Going back to cows milk for human infants it has been demonstrated
that cow s milk will cause the human baby to grow as rapidly as human milk
In fact growth rates are the principal way that nutritionists compare various
sources of protein in the diet The so-called protein efficiency ratio (ER) is
a measure of the ability of a protein to produce growth in the young mammal
Lets take a look at some of differences in milks produced by various
mammals
Slide 1 Percentage of Protein in Different Mannal Milks and Time in Days taken for Doubling Birth-Weight of Offspring
Species Protein Days
Man 16 l8O Cow 38 70(47) Horse 27 60
4
(cont of Slide 1)
Species Protein Days
Sheep 0 54 35 (15) Goat 37 22 Fig 6 14
Dog 75 9 Guinea-pig 5 7 Rabbit o a 14 6 Rat 12 6
After Platt $ampMoncrieff
You will note that the longer the time required for doubling birth rate the lower
the protein content of the milk In this slide the human baby requires the
longest time to double his weight and human milk contains the least protein
Protein is required for growth and if only 6 days are required for doubling
birth weight as in the rat the milk must contain a lot of protein
One might draw the conclusion that if rat milk at 12 protein content
were available in sufficient quantity it might produce more rapid growth in human
ifants Based upon our knowledge of cows milk with slightly more than twice
the protein content of human milk this is not so It takes twice as much protein
in cows milk to give the same rate of growth as human milk gives at half the
protein content
So wesee at once that human milk and cows milk are vastly different
even though each are produced by the mammary gland of a mammal Lets take
a look at some of the other differences between human milk and the milk of other
animals
SLIDE 2 Composition of Human and Animal Milks Constituent Milk
human cow lVuffalo goat ass mare ewe camel (gamoos)
Total protein () 10 35 42 44 14 23 53 43 casein () 045 286 07 42 39 albumin () 044 056 06 09 04 fat() 50 35 75 41 24 23 54 54 lactose () 65 44 48 42 61 55 51 calcium bull shy
(mg per 100 g) 28 120 154 140 81 102 200
(cont of Slide 2)
Constituenti C human cow buffalo goat ass mare ewe canll
(gamoos)
phosphorus 9070 11 47 63(mg per 10Q g) 14 102
iron 02 02 07()09(rng per 100 g) 01
vitamin A 60 60(IU per 100 g) 170-670 140 80
carotene 0 005(mg per 100 g)
thiamine (mg per 100 g) 9-15 35 50 50 60
riboflavine 100 30(mgper 100 g) 28-62 150 100
niacin (mg per 100 g) 66-330 85 300 400 90
vitamin C (mg per 100 g) 26 3 4
calories per 100g 1111
Data obtained from VJAO Manual on nutrition part I
You will note that the casein in human milk is only a fraction of that present in
cows milkFat and lactose contents of human milk are higher than that of cows
human milk than they arerilk Calcium and phosphorus are very much lower in
Consider the Clfferences in the bone requirements for a cow versusin cows milk
a human and we can understand that the needs of the calfand the human infant
Note the higher content ofvitamin A and the presenceare very much different
absent in cows milkof vitamin C in human milk which is
In slide 3 we see the relative requirements of human infants for the amino
acids when supplied by human milk versas cows milk
Slide 3 Daily Amino-Acid intake in mg per kg of Body-Weight In The Firo
Year of Life (Calculated from Milk- Protein Requirements for Optimal
Nitrogen Retention) Full-Term infants
human milk modified cows milk 0-90 days 3-12 months
8959Alanine 1410Glycinebullbull
300134Proline bull 820384Glutamic acidbull 199Aspartic acid 194 192115 108
Serinebull bull 105Threonine
590Leucine 3860
6 (Cont of Slide 3)
Full-Term infants human milk rmodified cows milk
0-90 days 3-12 months
Isoleucine 125 199 Valineamp 111 203 Cystine 69 34 Meth ionine 49 120 Tyroaine 122 204 Phenylalanine 12D 210 IHistidine 42 78 Arginine 112 Lysineb 157 240 Tryptophane 52 58
3Reproduced from Albanese a by kind permission of the editors of advances in protein chemistry
Generally l ess amino acids are required except for cystine when the source
is human milk This is because the amino acids in human milk are present in
the optimum concentrations and in the right sequences so that they are supplied
to the infant through its digestive processes in optimum types numbers and
sequences for synthesis of new protein in the infants body
There are other very significant differences between human and cows
milk Electrophoretic separation of the proteins in cows milk reveals 2 or 3
fractions of different chemical composition The amounts of these fractions
differ in cows milk and human milk Human milk fat contains 7 linoleic acidshy
cows milk little or none The human is unable to synthesize this important
fatty acid In the absence of linoleic acid in the diet pathogenic phenomena
are observed The skin becomes rough scaly and eczematous The metashy
bolism is upset The salt content of cows milk is much higher than human
milk and the relation of the salts notably calcium and phosphorus is different
Perhaps more important than the chemical differences is the metabolic response
of the infant to the two~ypes of milks Though the percentages of ingested nitroshy
gen calcium and phosphorus which are retained are smaller in infants receiving
cows milk the absolute amounts retained are larger Consequently the body
compositions of the two groups of babies are different Those babies receiving
cows milk have more nitrogen calcium and phosphorus in their make-up than
breast fed babies
7
Lactobacillus bifidus is the predominate organism in the intestines of
Human milk contains a Lactobacillus bifidus factor discoveredbreast-fed infants
The factor is found in large amounts in human milkby Dr Paul Gyorgy in 1953
and stimulates development of the predominate intestinal flora in breast fed infants
TheseLactobacillus bifidus is present in smaller numbers in bottle fed infants
organisms produce acid but no gas from carbohydrates 1Tuman milk contains
increased lactose which not only stimulates a low pIl in the intestine (through
Lactobacillus bifidus)bvut may also ffect synthesis of certain factors in the inshy
testine It promotes thei absorption of calcium and phosphorus because of its
effect on the pH of the gut
Greater resistance of breast-fed babies to gastro-enteritis has been
shown to be due in part to a lower stool pH in breast fed infants and also to a
higher formic acid content in the feces These are closely related to the Lacshy
tobacillus bifidus factor which is present in human milk and stimulates developshy
ment of a predominately Lactobacillus bifidus flora in the infant intestine
Breast-fed infants also have a resistance against malaria due to the
deficiency of p-aminobenzoate in inothers milk
Breast milk is ideal for the low income groups It is cheap geneshy
rally free of bacterial contamination steady of composition is delivered at
the proper temperature and is easily available If the mother is getting an adeshy
quate diet the breast-fed baby is less likely to suffer from scurvy rickets
or iron-deficiency anemia than the infant fed solely on cows milk
Naturally the new born infant passing from a state where it has beer
nourished by the blood and plasma of the mother might be expected to receive
the proper nutrition from the milk of the mother which is derived from the blood
and plasma through the mammary gland One of the most striking features of the
The brain reacheshuman is the rapid development of the central nervous system
23rds of adult size by the age of two years and almost full size by 7 years
It is thought that mothers milk contains the best combination of nutrients for
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
for most of the porulation
In considering feeding human infants we should always begin with
human or breast milk Except for those relatively rare cases where the infant
is allergic to the mothers milk there is generally no better source of nutrition
than mothars milk for the infarit This is true in the United States It is even
more true in the developing countries Mothers milk arrives just in time to
nourish the new Born infant It is delivered in a sanitary package at just the
right temperature Even without refrigeration no matter where the mother
and child the supply is constantly available
In the so-called developed countries of the world the Medical Proshy
fession has been rather devoted to the idea of displacing milk from the human
breast and replacing it either with cows milk or soybasedsubstitutes It is
difficult to see the rationable of this but presumably it is to free the mother from
the arduous duties of nursing the infant- Yet not only is breast milk still the
best general food for the human infant nursing also has profound effects on the
new mother for example causing the uterus to return to its original size and
position sooner
Going back to cows milk for human infants it has been demonstrated
that cow s milk will cause the human baby to grow as rapidly as human milk
In fact growth rates are the principal way that nutritionists compare various
sources of protein in the diet The so-called protein efficiency ratio (ER) is
a measure of the ability of a protein to produce growth in the young mammal
Lets take a look at some of differences in milks produced by various
mammals
Slide 1 Percentage of Protein in Different Mannal Milks and Time in Days taken for Doubling Birth-Weight of Offspring
Species Protein Days
Man 16 l8O Cow 38 70(47) Horse 27 60
4
(cont of Slide 1)
Species Protein Days
Sheep 0 54 35 (15) Goat 37 22 Fig 6 14
Dog 75 9 Guinea-pig 5 7 Rabbit o a 14 6 Rat 12 6
After Platt $ampMoncrieff
You will note that the longer the time required for doubling birth rate the lower
the protein content of the milk In this slide the human baby requires the
longest time to double his weight and human milk contains the least protein
Protein is required for growth and if only 6 days are required for doubling
birth weight as in the rat the milk must contain a lot of protein
One might draw the conclusion that if rat milk at 12 protein content
were available in sufficient quantity it might produce more rapid growth in human
ifants Based upon our knowledge of cows milk with slightly more than twice
the protein content of human milk this is not so It takes twice as much protein
in cows milk to give the same rate of growth as human milk gives at half the
protein content
So wesee at once that human milk and cows milk are vastly different
even though each are produced by the mammary gland of a mammal Lets take
a look at some of the other differences between human milk and the milk of other
animals
SLIDE 2 Composition of Human and Animal Milks Constituent Milk
human cow lVuffalo goat ass mare ewe camel (gamoos)
Total protein () 10 35 42 44 14 23 53 43 casein () 045 286 07 42 39 albumin () 044 056 06 09 04 fat() 50 35 75 41 24 23 54 54 lactose () 65 44 48 42 61 55 51 calcium bull shy
(mg per 100 g) 28 120 154 140 81 102 200
(cont of Slide 2)
Constituenti C human cow buffalo goat ass mare ewe canll
(gamoos)
phosphorus 9070 11 47 63(mg per 10Q g) 14 102
iron 02 02 07()09(rng per 100 g) 01
vitamin A 60 60(IU per 100 g) 170-670 140 80
carotene 0 005(mg per 100 g)
thiamine (mg per 100 g) 9-15 35 50 50 60
riboflavine 100 30(mgper 100 g) 28-62 150 100
niacin (mg per 100 g) 66-330 85 300 400 90
vitamin C (mg per 100 g) 26 3 4
calories per 100g 1111
Data obtained from VJAO Manual on nutrition part I
You will note that the casein in human milk is only a fraction of that present in
cows milkFat and lactose contents of human milk are higher than that of cows
human milk than they arerilk Calcium and phosphorus are very much lower in
Consider the Clfferences in the bone requirements for a cow versusin cows milk
a human and we can understand that the needs of the calfand the human infant
Note the higher content ofvitamin A and the presenceare very much different
absent in cows milkof vitamin C in human milk which is
In slide 3 we see the relative requirements of human infants for the amino
acids when supplied by human milk versas cows milk
Slide 3 Daily Amino-Acid intake in mg per kg of Body-Weight In The Firo
Year of Life (Calculated from Milk- Protein Requirements for Optimal
Nitrogen Retention) Full-Term infants
human milk modified cows milk 0-90 days 3-12 months
8959Alanine 1410Glycinebullbull
300134Proline bull 820384Glutamic acidbull 199Aspartic acid 194 192115 108
Serinebull bull 105Threonine
590Leucine 3860
6 (Cont of Slide 3)
Full-Term infants human milk rmodified cows milk
0-90 days 3-12 months
Isoleucine 125 199 Valineamp 111 203 Cystine 69 34 Meth ionine 49 120 Tyroaine 122 204 Phenylalanine 12D 210 IHistidine 42 78 Arginine 112 Lysineb 157 240 Tryptophane 52 58
3Reproduced from Albanese a by kind permission of the editors of advances in protein chemistry
Generally l ess amino acids are required except for cystine when the source
is human milk This is because the amino acids in human milk are present in
the optimum concentrations and in the right sequences so that they are supplied
to the infant through its digestive processes in optimum types numbers and
sequences for synthesis of new protein in the infants body
There are other very significant differences between human and cows
milk Electrophoretic separation of the proteins in cows milk reveals 2 or 3
fractions of different chemical composition The amounts of these fractions
differ in cows milk and human milk Human milk fat contains 7 linoleic acidshy
cows milk little or none The human is unable to synthesize this important
fatty acid In the absence of linoleic acid in the diet pathogenic phenomena
are observed The skin becomes rough scaly and eczematous The metashy
bolism is upset The salt content of cows milk is much higher than human
milk and the relation of the salts notably calcium and phosphorus is different
Perhaps more important than the chemical differences is the metabolic response
of the infant to the two~ypes of milks Though the percentages of ingested nitroshy
gen calcium and phosphorus which are retained are smaller in infants receiving
cows milk the absolute amounts retained are larger Consequently the body
compositions of the two groups of babies are different Those babies receiving
cows milk have more nitrogen calcium and phosphorus in their make-up than
breast fed babies
7
Lactobacillus bifidus is the predominate organism in the intestines of
Human milk contains a Lactobacillus bifidus factor discoveredbreast-fed infants
The factor is found in large amounts in human milkby Dr Paul Gyorgy in 1953
and stimulates development of the predominate intestinal flora in breast fed infants
TheseLactobacillus bifidus is present in smaller numbers in bottle fed infants
organisms produce acid but no gas from carbohydrates 1Tuman milk contains
increased lactose which not only stimulates a low pIl in the intestine (through
Lactobacillus bifidus)bvut may also ffect synthesis of certain factors in the inshy
testine It promotes thei absorption of calcium and phosphorus because of its
effect on the pH of the gut
Greater resistance of breast-fed babies to gastro-enteritis has been
shown to be due in part to a lower stool pH in breast fed infants and also to a
higher formic acid content in the feces These are closely related to the Lacshy
tobacillus bifidus factor which is present in human milk and stimulates developshy
ment of a predominately Lactobacillus bifidus flora in the infant intestine
Breast-fed infants also have a resistance against malaria due to the
deficiency of p-aminobenzoate in inothers milk
Breast milk is ideal for the low income groups It is cheap geneshy
rally free of bacterial contamination steady of composition is delivered at
the proper temperature and is easily available If the mother is getting an adeshy
quate diet the breast-fed baby is less likely to suffer from scurvy rickets
or iron-deficiency anemia than the infant fed solely on cows milk
Naturally the new born infant passing from a state where it has beer
nourished by the blood and plasma of the mother might be expected to receive
the proper nutrition from the milk of the mother which is derived from the blood
and plasma through the mammary gland One of the most striking features of the
The brain reacheshuman is the rapid development of the central nervous system
23rds of adult size by the age of two years and almost full size by 7 years
It is thought that mothers milk contains the best combination of nutrients for
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
4
(cont of Slide 1)
Species Protein Days
Sheep 0 54 35 (15) Goat 37 22 Fig 6 14
Dog 75 9 Guinea-pig 5 7 Rabbit o a 14 6 Rat 12 6
After Platt $ampMoncrieff
You will note that the longer the time required for doubling birth rate the lower
the protein content of the milk In this slide the human baby requires the
longest time to double his weight and human milk contains the least protein
Protein is required for growth and if only 6 days are required for doubling
birth weight as in the rat the milk must contain a lot of protein
One might draw the conclusion that if rat milk at 12 protein content
were available in sufficient quantity it might produce more rapid growth in human
ifants Based upon our knowledge of cows milk with slightly more than twice
the protein content of human milk this is not so It takes twice as much protein
in cows milk to give the same rate of growth as human milk gives at half the
protein content
So wesee at once that human milk and cows milk are vastly different
even though each are produced by the mammary gland of a mammal Lets take
a look at some of the other differences between human milk and the milk of other
animals
SLIDE 2 Composition of Human and Animal Milks Constituent Milk
human cow lVuffalo goat ass mare ewe camel (gamoos)
Total protein () 10 35 42 44 14 23 53 43 casein () 045 286 07 42 39 albumin () 044 056 06 09 04 fat() 50 35 75 41 24 23 54 54 lactose () 65 44 48 42 61 55 51 calcium bull shy
(mg per 100 g) 28 120 154 140 81 102 200
(cont of Slide 2)
Constituenti C human cow buffalo goat ass mare ewe canll
(gamoos)
phosphorus 9070 11 47 63(mg per 10Q g) 14 102
iron 02 02 07()09(rng per 100 g) 01
vitamin A 60 60(IU per 100 g) 170-670 140 80
carotene 0 005(mg per 100 g)
thiamine (mg per 100 g) 9-15 35 50 50 60
riboflavine 100 30(mgper 100 g) 28-62 150 100
niacin (mg per 100 g) 66-330 85 300 400 90
vitamin C (mg per 100 g) 26 3 4
calories per 100g 1111
Data obtained from VJAO Manual on nutrition part I
You will note that the casein in human milk is only a fraction of that present in
cows milkFat and lactose contents of human milk are higher than that of cows
human milk than they arerilk Calcium and phosphorus are very much lower in
Consider the Clfferences in the bone requirements for a cow versusin cows milk
a human and we can understand that the needs of the calfand the human infant
Note the higher content ofvitamin A and the presenceare very much different
absent in cows milkof vitamin C in human milk which is
In slide 3 we see the relative requirements of human infants for the amino
acids when supplied by human milk versas cows milk
Slide 3 Daily Amino-Acid intake in mg per kg of Body-Weight In The Firo
Year of Life (Calculated from Milk- Protein Requirements for Optimal
Nitrogen Retention) Full-Term infants
human milk modified cows milk 0-90 days 3-12 months
8959Alanine 1410Glycinebullbull
300134Proline bull 820384Glutamic acidbull 199Aspartic acid 194 192115 108
Serinebull bull 105Threonine
590Leucine 3860
6 (Cont of Slide 3)
Full-Term infants human milk rmodified cows milk
0-90 days 3-12 months
Isoleucine 125 199 Valineamp 111 203 Cystine 69 34 Meth ionine 49 120 Tyroaine 122 204 Phenylalanine 12D 210 IHistidine 42 78 Arginine 112 Lysineb 157 240 Tryptophane 52 58
3Reproduced from Albanese a by kind permission of the editors of advances in protein chemistry
Generally l ess amino acids are required except for cystine when the source
is human milk This is because the amino acids in human milk are present in
the optimum concentrations and in the right sequences so that they are supplied
to the infant through its digestive processes in optimum types numbers and
sequences for synthesis of new protein in the infants body
There are other very significant differences between human and cows
milk Electrophoretic separation of the proteins in cows milk reveals 2 or 3
fractions of different chemical composition The amounts of these fractions
differ in cows milk and human milk Human milk fat contains 7 linoleic acidshy
cows milk little or none The human is unable to synthesize this important
fatty acid In the absence of linoleic acid in the diet pathogenic phenomena
are observed The skin becomes rough scaly and eczematous The metashy
bolism is upset The salt content of cows milk is much higher than human
milk and the relation of the salts notably calcium and phosphorus is different
Perhaps more important than the chemical differences is the metabolic response
of the infant to the two~ypes of milks Though the percentages of ingested nitroshy
gen calcium and phosphorus which are retained are smaller in infants receiving
cows milk the absolute amounts retained are larger Consequently the body
compositions of the two groups of babies are different Those babies receiving
cows milk have more nitrogen calcium and phosphorus in their make-up than
breast fed babies
7
Lactobacillus bifidus is the predominate organism in the intestines of
Human milk contains a Lactobacillus bifidus factor discoveredbreast-fed infants
The factor is found in large amounts in human milkby Dr Paul Gyorgy in 1953
and stimulates development of the predominate intestinal flora in breast fed infants
TheseLactobacillus bifidus is present in smaller numbers in bottle fed infants
organisms produce acid but no gas from carbohydrates 1Tuman milk contains
increased lactose which not only stimulates a low pIl in the intestine (through
Lactobacillus bifidus)bvut may also ffect synthesis of certain factors in the inshy
testine It promotes thei absorption of calcium and phosphorus because of its
effect on the pH of the gut
Greater resistance of breast-fed babies to gastro-enteritis has been
shown to be due in part to a lower stool pH in breast fed infants and also to a
higher formic acid content in the feces These are closely related to the Lacshy
tobacillus bifidus factor which is present in human milk and stimulates developshy
ment of a predominately Lactobacillus bifidus flora in the infant intestine
Breast-fed infants also have a resistance against malaria due to the
deficiency of p-aminobenzoate in inothers milk
Breast milk is ideal for the low income groups It is cheap geneshy
rally free of bacterial contamination steady of composition is delivered at
the proper temperature and is easily available If the mother is getting an adeshy
quate diet the breast-fed baby is less likely to suffer from scurvy rickets
or iron-deficiency anemia than the infant fed solely on cows milk
Naturally the new born infant passing from a state where it has beer
nourished by the blood and plasma of the mother might be expected to receive
the proper nutrition from the milk of the mother which is derived from the blood
and plasma through the mammary gland One of the most striking features of the
The brain reacheshuman is the rapid development of the central nervous system
23rds of adult size by the age of two years and almost full size by 7 years
It is thought that mothers milk contains the best combination of nutrients for
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
(cont of Slide 2)
Constituenti C human cow buffalo goat ass mare ewe canll
(gamoos)
phosphorus 9070 11 47 63(mg per 10Q g) 14 102
iron 02 02 07()09(rng per 100 g) 01
vitamin A 60 60(IU per 100 g) 170-670 140 80
carotene 0 005(mg per 100 g)
thiamine (mg per 100 g) 9-15 35 50 50 60
riboflavine 100 30(mgper 100 g) 28-62 150 100
niacin (mg per 100 g) 66-330 85 300 400 90
vitamin C (mg per 100 g) 26 3 4
calories per 100g 1111
Data obtained from VJAO Manual on nutrition part I
You will note that the casein in human milk is only a fraction of that present in
cows milkFat and lactose contents of human milk are higher than that of cows
human milk than they arerilk Calcium and phosphorus are very much lower in
Consider the Clfferences in the bone requirements for a cow versusin cows milk
a human and we can understand that the needs of the calfand the human infant
Note the higher content ofvitamin A and the presenceare very much different
absent in cows milkof vitamin C in human milk which is
In slide 3 we see the relative requirements of human infants for the amino
acids when supplied by human milk versas cows milk
Slide 3 Daily Amino-Acid intake in mg per kg of Body-Weight In The Firo
Year of Life (Calculated from Milk- Protein Requirements for Optimal
Nitrogen Retention) Full-Term infants
human milk modified cows milk 0-90 days 3-12 months
8959Alanine 1410Glycinebullbull
300134Proline bull 820384Glutamic acidbull 199Aspartic acid 194 192115 108
Serinebull bull 105Threonine
590Leucine 3860
6 (Cont of Slide 3)
Full-Term infants human milk rmodified cows milk
0-90 days 3-12 months
Isoleucine 125 199 Valineamp 111 203 Cystine 69 34 Meth ionine 49 120 Tyroaine 122 204 Phenylalanine 12D 210 IHistidine 42 78 Arginine 112 Lysineb 157 240 Tryptophane 52 58
3Reproduced from Albanese a by kind permission of the editors of advances in protein chemistry
Generally l ess amino acids are required except for cystine when the source
is human milk This is because the amino acids in human milk are present in
the optimum concentrations and in the right sequences so that they are supplied
to the infant through its digestive processes in optimum types numbers and
sequences for synthesis of new protein in the infants body
There are other very significant differences between human and cows
milk Electrophoretic separation of the proteins in cows milk reveals 2 or 3
fractions of different chemical composition The amounts of these fractions
differ in cows milk and human milk Human milk fat contains 7 linoleic acidshy
cows milk little or none The human is unable to synthesize this important
fatty acid In the absence of linoleic acid in the diet pathogenic phenomena
are observed The skin becomes rough scaly and eczematous The metashy
bolism is upset The salt content of cows milk is much higher than human
milk and the relation of the salts notably calcium and phosphorus is different
Perhaps more important than the chemical differences is the metabolic response
of the infant to the two~ypes of milks Though the percentages of ingested nitroshy
gen calcium and phosphorus which are retained are smaller in infants receiving
cows milk the absolute amounts retained are larger Consequently the body
compositions of the two groups of babies are different Those babies receiving
cows milk have more nitrogen calcium and phosphorus in their make-up than
breast fed babies
7
Lactobacillus bifidus is the predominate organism in the intestines of
Human milk contains a Lactobacillus bifidus factor discoveredbreast-fed infants
The factor is found in large amounts in human milkby Dr Paul Gyorgy in 1953
and stimulates development of the predominate intestinal flora in breast fed infants
TheseLactobacillus bifidus is present in smaller numbers in bottle fed infants
organisms produce acid but no gas from carbohydrates 1Tuman milk contains
increased lactose which not only stimulates a low pIl in the intestine (through
Lactobacillus bifidus)bvut may also ffect synthesis of certain factors in the inshy
testine It promotes thei absorption of calcium and phosphorus because of its
effect on the pH of the gut
Greater resistance of breast-fed babies to gastro-enteritis has been
shown to be due in part to a lower stool pH in breast fed infants and also to a
higher formic acid content in the feces These are closely related to the Lacshy
tobacillus bifidus factor which is present in human milk and stimulates developshy
ment of a predominately Lactobacillus bifidus flora in the infant intestine
Breast-fed infants also have a resistance against malaria due to the
deficiency of p-aminobenzoate in inothers milk
Breast milk is ideal for the low income groups It is cheap geneshy
rally free of bacterial contamination steady of composition is delivered at
the proper temperature and is easily available If the mother is getting an adeshy
quate diet the breast-fed baby is less likely to suffer from scurvy rickets
or iron-deficiency anemia than the infant fed solely on cows milk
Naturally the new born infant passing from a state where it has beer
nourished by the blood and plasma of the mother might be expected to receive
the proper nutrition from the milk of the mother which is derived from the blood
and plasma through the mammary gland One of the most striking features of the
The brain reacheshuman is the rapid development of the central nervous system
23rds of adult size by the age of two years and almost full size by 7 years
It is thought that mothers milk contains the best combination of nutrients for
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
6 (Cont of Slide 3)
Full-Term infants human milk rmodified cows milk
0-90 days 3-12 months
Isoleucine 125 199 Valineamp 111 203 Cystine 69 34 Meth ionine 49 120 Tyroaine 122 204 Phenylalanine 12D 210 IHistidine 42 78 Arginine 112 Lysineb 157 240 Tryptophane 52 58
3Reproduced from Albanese a by kind permission of the editors of advances in protein chemistry
Generally l ess amino acids are required except for cystine when the source
is human milk This is because the amino acids in human milk are present in
the optimum concentrations and in the right sequences so that they are supplied
to the infant through its digestive processes in optimum types numbers and
sequences for synthesis of new protein in the infants body
There are other very significant differences between human and cows
milk Electrophoretic separation of the proteins in cows milk reveals 2 or 3
fractions of different chemical composition The amounts of these fractions
differ in cows milk and human milk Human milk fat contains 7 linoleic acidshy
cows milk little or none The human is unable to synthesize this important
fatty acid In the absence of linoleic acid in the diet pathogenic phenomena
are observed The skin becomes rough scaly and eczematous The metashy
bolism is upset The salt content of cows milk is much higher than human
milk and the relation of the salts notably calcium and phosphorus is different
Perhaps more important than the chemical differences is the metabolic response
of the infant to the two~ypes of milks Though the percentages of ingested nitroshy
gen calcium and phosphorus which are retained are smaller in infants receiving
cows milk the absolute amounts retained are larger Consequently the body
compositions of the two groups of babies are different Those babies receiving
cows milk have more nitrogen calcium and phosphorus in their make-up than
breast fed babies
7
Lactobacillus bifidus is the predominate organism in the intestines of
Human milk contains a Lactobacillus bifidus factor discoveredbreast-fed infants
The factor is found in large amounts in human milkby Dr Paul Gyorgy in 1953
and stimulates development of the predominate intestinal flora in breast fed infants
TheseLactobacillus bifidus is present in smaller numbers in bottle fed infants
organisms produce acid but no gas from carbohydrates 1Tuman milk contains
increased lactose which not only stimulates a low pIl in the intestine (through
Lactobacillus bifidus)bvut may also ffect synthesis of certain factors in the inshy
testine It promotes thei absorption of calcium and phosphorus because of its
effect on the pH of the gut
Greater resistance of breast-fed babies to gastro-enteritis has been
shown to be due in part to a lower stool pH in breast fed infants and also to a
higher formic acid content in the feces These are closely related to the Lacshy
tobacillus bifidus factor which is present in human milk and stimulates developshy
ment of a predominately Lactobacillus bifidus flora in the infant intestine
Breast-fed infants also have a resistance against malaria due to the
deficiency of p-aminobenzoate in inothers milk
Breast milk is ideal for the low income groups It is cheap geneshy
rally free of bacterial contamination steady of composition is delivered at
the proper temperature and is easily available If the mother is getting an adeshy
quate diet the breast-fed baby is less likely to suffer from scurvy rickets
or iron-deficiency anemia than the infant fed solely on cows milk
Naturally the new born infant passing from a state where it has beer
nourished by the blood and plasma of the mother might be expected to receive
the proper nutrition from the milk of the mother which is derived from the blood
and plasma through the mammary gland One of the most striking features of the
The brain reacheshuman is the rapid development of the central nervous system
23rds of adult size by the age of two years and almost full size by 7 years
It is thought that mothers milk contains the best combination of nutrients for
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
7
Lactobacillus bifidus is the predominate organism in the intestines of
Human milk contains a Lactobacillus bifidus factor discoveredbreast-fed infants
The factor is found in large amounts in human milkby Dr Paul Gyorgy in 1953
and stimulates development of the predominate intestinal flora in breast fed infants
TheseLactobacillus bifidus is present in smaller numbers in bottle fed infants
organisms produce acid but no gas from carbohydrates 1Tuman milk contains
increased lactose which not only stimulates a low pIl in the intestine (through
Lactobacillus bifidus)bvut may also ffect synthesis of certain factors in the inshy
testine It promotes thei absorption of calcium and phosphorus because of its
effect on the pH of the gut
Greater resistance of breast-fed babies to gastro-enteritis has been
shown to be due in part to a lower stool pH in breast fed infants and also to a
higher formic acid content in the feces These are closely related to the Lacshy
tobacillus bifidus factor which is present in human milk and stimulates developshy
ment of a predominately Lactobacillus bifidus flora in the infant intestine
Breast-fed infants also have a resistance against malaria due to the
deficiency of p-aminobenzoate in inothers milk
Breast milk is ideal for the low income groups It is cheap geneshy
rally free of bacterial contamination steady of composition is delivered at
the proper temperature and is easily available If the mother is getting an adeshy
quate diet the breast-fed baby is less likely to suffer from scurvy rickets
or iron-deficiency anemia than the infant fed solely on cows milk
Naturally the new born infant passing from a state where it has beer
nourished by the blood and plasma of the mother might be expected to receive
the proper nutrition from the milk of the mother which is derived from the blood
and plasma through the mammary gland One of the most striking features of the
The brain reacheshuman is the rapid development of the central nervous system
23rds of adult size by the age of two years and almost full size by 7 years
It is thought that mothers milk contains the best combination of nutrients for
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
a
development of the human nervous system
It is interesting that even if the mother is not getting an adequate diet
her milk will still contain most of the essential nutrients which will be extracted
from her own body
Indian mothers secrete from 16 to 24 ounces of milk per day on the
average (1st year of lactation) Rarely an Indian mother may secrete 30 ounces
day Human milk yields about 20 caloriesounce The first week a baby needs
from 200 to 250 caloriesday or 10 to 12 ounces of milk By the second month
the baby requires 400 to 500 calories per day or 20 to 25 ounces of milk By
5 months the baby requires from 600 to 720 calories per day or 30 ounces or
more per day Thus most Indian mothers cannot provide the necessary calories
for their babies on their milk alone for more than a couple of months This
undoubtedly could be improved by modifying the mothers diets More studies
are needed on modifications of diet which lead to more breast milk
With roughly 10 000 000 births per year in India there are roughly
10 000 000 mothers at any one time prQducing milk which at the average of
20 ounces per day represents 200 000 000 ounces of milk per day or nearly
6 000 000 liters per day worth about 7 500 000 rupiahs or over $ 1 000 000
per day at present prices of buffalo milk This is far more milk than is disshy
tributed commercially
Thus the contribution that mothers milk makes to nbt alone nutrishy
tion but to the economy of a developing country cannot be over-emphasized
Perhaps mosti emphasis should be placed upon encouraging the mothers to nurs
their children and to improve the diets of the mothers so that they can nurse
their children more adequately and longer rather than on making artificial milts
Howeverthe artificial milks become essential at the time of weaning and for
adequate nutrition through the toddler and perhaps even through puberty
There are certain cases where mothers milk becomes a threat to te
child If the mother is getting insufticient thiamine in her diet her milk may
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
9
be lacking thiamine Under such circumstances the infant even though being
breast fed may die suddenly at about 3 months of age through stoppage of the
heart just through insufficient quantity of this one vitamin This is infantile
beri-beri
I have neglected another very important subject namely the content
of antibodies and other protective factors in mothers milk I-owever these
should always be kept in mind
Some nutritionists believe that the world milk should be applied
only to the products of the mammary gland I am gradually coming around
to this idea Plant protein milk substitutes should probably be called proshy
tein extracts
Thus there are several points that I wish to emphasize (1) In
considering use of plant protein for feeding infants that wenot only consider
the crude protein content of the source but that we always remember the part
the other unique qualities of human milk may be playing in the nutrition of that
infant (2) In ftrmulatirg plant based protein milks for infarits we try in so
far as possible to duplicate all the factors in human milks (3) Upon reconshy
sideration of the complications of producing an adequate substitute for human
milk in the developing countries that we might better study the effects of the
plant protein sources upon thenutrition and milk production of the mother
I have discussed human milk at some length The next most perfect
protein source is egg It contains an amino acid mixtures that is highly digesshy
tible and almost perfectly utilizable It is superior to cows milk and meat
proteins in these respects The essential amino acids in whole egg proteins
are present in proportions optimum to tissue growth and maintenance It is
for this reason that egg proteins have become the standard against which other
proteins are judged A hens egg contains 12 protein (fresh weight) or 35 dry
weight In protein content an egg is equivalent to about 12 pint of milk Beer
protein is inferioi to egg protein but superior to casen Beef muscle is about
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
10
21 protein (fresh weight) or 74 to 88 dry weight
Generally animal proteins have a better digestibility and a better
balance of essential amino acids thar the plant proteins Nowever with propo
additions plant proteins can support growth of animals or humans very well
I personally believe that in so far as possible especially in the
developing countries all infants should be breast-fed for 1U to 24 months
This is not easy however as the mothers require a good diet to achieve thic
Also they must be able to prevent another pregnancy within this period If
the infants can be breast-fed for this period experience has shown that they
will grow as well in the less economically developed countries as they do in
the well-to-do countries However following weaning there is a drastic curtail
ment of the rate of growth of children in the developing countries compared with
growth rates in other parts of the world
This is caused by many factors shortage of food the custom of
having the father eat first the mother second the larger children next and theCshy
gbor toddler last heavy infestation with parasites poor sanitation and disease
faulty feeding habits etc However this is the group which is in greatest need
of additional food and protein
aWe all know that the animal is~relatively inefficient factory for proshy
ducing protein This is shown in Slide 4
Slide 4 YIELDjS OF FROTEINEMCTARl1EAR
Alfalfa oo 3003KG Elephant Grass 2030 87759i KG Soybeans 4 crops 3203 KG IR-8-11ice 120 1060 KG Sorghum a 1500 KG Groundnut 500 KG Mungo Bean-2 crops 500 IG Coconut V 190 IG Cows Milk 90 KG Beef o bull 54KG
Vrd Cord n Colombi - - - - -
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
This is why in the long run mankind needs to learn ways of transforming plant
protein into protein with the optimum nutritional quality and flavor characterioshy
tics humans like fortheir diets
It has been calculated that all the protein needed for the human popushy
lation today could be produced by growing alfalfa on an area equal to the State
of Texas
Plant protein extraction and preparation has come a long way over
the past few years Our knowledge still has a longway to go beford we will
prefer an alfalfa protein steak to the real thing But the day is coming just
as sure as man is going to land on the moon and travel to Mars in the future
As of today ieaf protein is rather dark colored and perhaps unattracshy
tive However the nutritional value is quite good Leaf protein because of
its relatively high content of lysine is an excellent supplement for cereal proteins
The limiting amino acid is methionine and with methionine added leaf (alfalfa
protein) has the ability to adequately provide for the needs of human To give
you a first hand experience with this food of the future I have cooked some
spaghetti containing leaf protein This product was prepared at the Central
Food Technology Laboratories in Mysore India where a lot of qood research
in the field of plant proteins is underway
Going back to Slide 4 the various plant protein sources can be clasced
according to the methods of extraction
Extraction of leaf or grass proteins or any other protein for that matter
is really bioengineering It is a matter of grinding the plant material with or
without application of enzymes to help digest fiber and release protein 3 to
35 of the original nitrogen is extracted in the form of a protein-rich liquor
The remaining nitrogen left in the residue constitutes a good food for animalo
The proteins is the extract are precipitated either by heat or by adjustment of
the liquor to about 45 with acid Some times a fermentation is included to
reduce the fiber and digest the cell walls Then it is possible to collect the
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
12
protoplasts which have a higher concentration of quality protein
It is unlikely that rice protein would be prepared on a large scale
although a process has been devised for its production The method involves
removal of the outermost layers of the polished rice grain The outer layers ara
rich in protein so that a protein-rich rice flour is obtained Fed to children th
protein- rich rice flour would provide better nutrition Iowever the remaining
rice is lower in protein so that it may create problems for the other consumers
Soybeans and peanut to a lesser degree are unique sources of proteW
Because of the relatively high oil content along with a relatively high protein
content removal of the oil alone results in a protein-rich meal Soybean with
an average protein content of 4016 and 20 oil yields a defatted base with 50prcshy
tein Peanut with 257 protein and 35 oilyields a defatted base with 46 protea
on the average The protein it self is easily isolated from the defatted bases usng
a weak alkali The protein can then be precipitated at its iaoelectric point to
yield a protein with above 90 purity Such proteins can be spun into fibers and
serve as a base for the synthetic meats gradually appearing on the American anet
Japanese markets
Common beans or mungo beans are more difficult to extract the proto
from on a commercial basis because of the high starch content Starch in the
raw state can be washed from the bean following grinding But a portion of the
protein will be lost also There are commercial processes of course for reshy
covery of wheat starch and the wheat gluten is recovered in the process Vheat
gluten has served as a base for synthetic meats for quite a few years
Some people have suggested that the coconut protein can solve the
problems of protein malnutrition in Southeast Asia As you will recall from
Slide 4 the protein produced per hectareyear does not look very favorable
Furthermore coconut contains only about 3 5 protein freoh weight or 77 dry
weight After the coconut oil is removed the coconut meal still contains only
about 20 protein This is in a flour with 1216 fiber which makes Its incorposhy
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
ration into other foods as a protein supplement rather difficult Studies have
shown that children can not tolerate more than about 15 grams of the coconut
per day The protein can be extractedflour in the dietbecause of the high fiber content
Strength has so well demonstratedfrom the defatted coconut flour as Dr
it has interesting functional and rather good nutritional qualities Iow-Then
ever the economic considerations of producing coconut protein are questionable
a unless it is obtained more or less aslow-cost by-product of the coconut oil
industry
In summary I have tried to give you some idea of how complicated
going toinfant nutrition is To duplicate human milk using plant proteins is
require much additional research There is no doubt that for toddlers and
all humans past the weaning stage we will have to rely increasingly upon plant
proteins The basic science o extracting the plant proteins is becoming quite
well known Applying the basic science in commercial plants requires consishy
make the processes efficient and economical Evenderably more study to
after the proteins are extracted additional basic studies as well as applied
that research is needed to produce food apeoals to the human from a flavor aroz
texture color viewpoint As the human population increaser however we will
more and more have to rely upon the plant proteins for our major protein needs
Research currently in progress suggests that man is going to transform the
plant proteins into foods that are very similar to the meats and other foods we
eat and appreciate today
KHScdb April 16 1961
