Lithuanian Scientific Society

Department "Salduv÷"

International Conference of Young Scientists

April 29-30, 2010

P R O G R A M

and ABSTRACTS

Vytauto Str. 84, Šiauliai, Lithuania

Thursday, April 29, 2010

9:00-11:00 – Registration

11:00-11:15 – Conference Opening

11:15-12:30 – Plenary Meeting

12:30-14:00 – Lunch

14:00-15:30 – 1st Session

Economics and Management 1

Economics and Management 2

Education 1

Education 2

Natural and Physical Sciences 1

Technology 1

15:30-16:00 – Coffee Break

16:00-17:30 – 2nd Session

Economics and Management 3

Education 3

Education 4

Humanities and Arts 1

Natural and Physical Sciences 2

Technology 2

17:30-19:00 – Free Time

19:00-21:00 – Conference Dinner

Friday, April 30, 2010 10:00-11:30 – 3rd Session

Economics and Management 4

Education 5

Education 6

Humanities and Arts 2

Natural and Physical Sciences 3

Technology 3

11:30-12:00 – Conference Closing

Thursday, April 29 11:15-12:30 – Plenary Meeting

Dr. Eugenijus Stumbrys. Politics or Lithuanian Sience (The Research Council of Lithuania)

Prof. Andris Broks. Scientific Research and Development: Past, Present, Future (Latvia) 14:00-15:30 – 1st Session

Economics and Management 1

Chairman: Regina Karvelien÷

Regina Karvelien÷, Oksana Mejer÷, Aidanas Barzelis. The Challenges of Assessment of Project

Managers’ Competences (Lithuania)

Jaroslavas Buinauskas. The Role of State Control of Republic of Lithuania in Control System of

European Union Support on Programming Periods 2004-2006 and 2007-201 (Lithuania)

Milana Belevicha. European Monetary Union: Law Aspects of Fiscal Integration (Latvia)

Edverdas Bartkus, Gintar÷ Zaščižinskien÷, Donatas Raišutis. Production Outsourcing in the Autarky (Lithuania)

Dovil÷ Gutauskait÷. Preschool Education Institution as Business Organisation (Lithuania)

Irina Genriha. Mortage Lender Protection Under Insurance Arrangements (Latvia)

Giedrius Česnakas. Energy Resources as a Tool of Foreign Policy (Lithuania)

Economics and Management 2

Chairman: Jonas Petrošius

Loreta Kelpšien÷, Jonas Petrošius. Overview of Reaction to the Economic Crisis in Construction and

Real Estate Modeling (Lithuania)

Aušra Vaisvalavičiūt÷. Salary System of Civil Servants: Lithuanian’s Case (Lithuania)

Ilona Dubra. Human Capital Impact on the Enterprise Competitiveness (Latvia)

Rullis Hermanis. Challenges of Customer Lifetime Value Management: Marketing Within Internet

Banking in Latvia (Latvia)

Rūta Klimaitien÷. The Area of Application of Management Accounting (Lithuania)

Wioleta Karna. The Specific of Human Resource Management in Public Organizations (Poland)

Živil÷ Grundien÷. Financial Ratios as Measures of Fraud Evidence (Lithuania)

Education 1

Chairman: Renata Bilbokait÷

Renata Bilbokait÷. The Visualization Help for Girls in Separate Science Education Learning Process: the Results of Diagnostic Research (Lithuania)

Olga Balandina. The Model of Forming of Students’ Pedagogical Creativity (Russia)

Edita Jezerskyte, Brigita Janiūnait÷. The Content of a University Teacher‘s Innovative Activity: Theoretical and Empirical Insights (Lithuania)

Ramun÷ Burškaitien÷. Child‘s Rights and Quality of General Education: Conception and Topic (Lithuania)

Egl÷ Kvieskait÷. Intercultural Communication as a Mean of Educational Innovation (Lithuania)

Andrius Norkus. Body Attitude, Body Image and Healthy Living Habits in High-school Students’

Population: a Theoretical Review (Lithuania)

Education 2

Chairman: Lota Bobrova

Lota Bobrova. Pecularities of Psycho-social Adjustment of Sports Students and Their Determining

Factors (Lithuania)

Emine Eratay. Inclusive Education in Turkey (Turkey)

Aida Gaižauskien÷, Ilona Tilindien÷, Tomas Stupuris. Parental Rearing Style Differences Depending On Adolescents Gender And Age(Lithuania)

Renata Geležinien÷. Development of Evidence-based Teacher’s Activity: Analysis of Case "Tinker

student" - Encouragement of Positive Behavior Versus Control (Lithuania)

Vitalija Jakštien÷, Brigita Janiūnait÷. Information and Communication Technology Competence of a

University Teacher at Different Levels of ICT Use (Lithuania)

Natural and Physical 1

Chairman: Erika Brinkyt÷

Dovydas Dvarvietis, Arvydas Kanapickas. Measurement of High Frequency Electromagnetic

Radiation Background (Lithuania)

Viktorija Eisa. Influence of Ground Vegetation and Light to Dune Forest Regeneration (Latvia)

Irena Januškaitien÷. The Impact of Low Cadmium Concentration on the Photosynthetic Gas Exchange

and Growth of Pea and Barley Plants (Lithuania)

Arvydas Kanapickas, Lina Žukien÷. Traffic Noise Impact to Airborn Noise Near Wind Plant

(Lithuania)

Mindaugas Karaliūnas, Edmundas Kuokštis. Optical Gain Coefficient Spectra in MBE Grown ZnO Epilayers (Lithuania)

Rita Błocinska, Barbara Błaszczyk. Quality of Oocyte Cells and in Vitro Fertilization (Poland)

Technology 1

Chairman: Simona Ramanauskait÷

Aleksandr Igumenov, Julius Žilinskas. Combinatorial Topology Optimization Of Truss Structures

Using Distributed Grid Computing (Lithuania)

Jonas Juknius, Nikolaj Goranin. BOTNET Spreading Detection and Prevention via Websites

(Lithuania)

Aušrius Juozapavičius, Stanislovas Buteliauskas, Rimvydas Krasauskas. Improvement

Possibilities of Vilnius City Transportation System by Using Pinavia Interchange (Lithuania)

Ramūnas Kraujutis. Optimal Route Search in Geographical Information Systems (Lithuania)

Tadas Ringys, Vytautas Slivinskas. Estimation of Parameters of the Forming Filter Using Iterative

Optimization (Lithuania)

Julija Pragarauskait÷, Gintautas Dzemyda. Probabilistic Algorithm for Mining Frequent Sequences

(Lithuania)

16:00-17:30 – 2nd Session

Economics and Management 3

Chairman: Irena Valantinien÷

Irena Valantinien÷, Ingrida Krikštaponyt÷, Ilona Tilindien÷ . A Multidimensional View on Alliance

Management Complexity: The Role of Competences and Contract Design (Lithuania)

Justs Dimants. The Role of Hydrogen as Energy Carrier in Economics of Latvia Nearest Future (Latvia)

Aleksandr Ostapenko. Quantitative Evaluation of the Companies Financial Performance (Lithuania)

Davis Plotnieks. Prerequisites for Development of Innovative Entrepreneurship: Problems and

Solutions (Latvia)

Aurelija Stelmokiene, Auks÷ Endriulaitien÷. The Role of Different Transformational Leadership

Behaviors on Effective Management: Leaders' and Subordinates' Perception (Lithuania)

Agn÷ Šimelyt÷. The Role of Foreign Debt in Emerging Countries’ Development (Lithuania)

Dalia Čikotien÷, Dirk Zwick, Zenonas Ramonas. Warranty of the Quality in the Enterprise of

Bicycles (Lithuania)

Education 3

Chairman: Daiva Kairien÷

Diana R÷klaitien÷, Aida Gaižauskien÷, Jūrat÷ Pož÷rien÷, Vida Ostasevičien÷, Ina-Marija Sesciliene. The Attitudes Towards Family, and Her Values Among Children from Care Homes and

Children from Biological Family (Lithuania)

Margarita Jurevičien÷, Renata Geležinien÷. Social Skills Definitions, Assumptions and Classification

of Children with Moderate Learning Difficulties. A Case Study (Lithuania)

Daiva Kairien÷. Collaborative Work of the Team, Meeting Early Needs of the Children and Families:

Case Analysis (Lithuania)

Rudolph Kalvans. School Leadership and Student Achievement in Education Studies (Latvia)

Salom÷ja Karasevičiūt÷, G. Gedvilien÷. Socialization of Elderly People (Lithuania)

Šarūnas Klizas, Irina Ramanauskien÷, Audron÷ Dumčien÷. Peculiarity of the Psychosocial Adjustment and Anxiety of Adolescente (Lithuania)

Education 4

Chairman: Julija Melnikova

Rasa Masiukait÷, Dalia Kiliuvien÷. Factors of Reflective Learning by 3rd and 4th Grade Pupils: A Survey of Teachers’ Opinion (Lithuania)

Julija Melnikova, Regina Kontautien÷. Assessing the System of School Leadership Development:

Feedback from Lithuania (Lithuania)

Monika Miliušien÷. The Strategies in Education for Creating Community Sense at School (Lithuania)

Vinga Rakauskien÷. Alteration of Adolescent Behavior and Emotions when Applying Brief Counseling

(Lithuania)

Irina Ramanauskien÷, Laura Daniusevičiūt÷, Auks÷ Pečiukaitien÷, Šarūnas Klizas. Changes in Physical Fitness of Students of Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania)

Rita Bendaravičien÷. Portraying a Pattern of Performance Appraisal System for Higher Education

Institutions in Lithuania (Lithuania)

Humanities and Arts 1

Chairman: Natalya Gachechiladze

Natalya Gachechiladze, Daiva Bukantait÷. Pedagogical Conditions of the Motivation of Activity of the preadolescents in the Educational Process (Lithuania)

Diana Raudonien÷. Publishing Raised Print Books with Relief Illustrations in Lithuania of the 1960s - 70s (Lithuania)

Andrius Šuminas. The Use of Social Media as a New Tool of Political Communication (Lithuania)

Egl÷ Aleknait÷. The Concept of “folk” in Lithuanian Folklore Ensembles: a Reflection of the Idealized

Past in the Folk Music Revival Movement (Lithuania)

Modestas Grigaliūnas. Critical Paradigm and Action Research When Investigating Contemporary Civic

Activity in Internet (Lithuania)

Oksana Mejer÷. The Feminist Political Debate Over the Meanings of Gender Equality and Women

Representation in Politics as Meaningful Element of Civic Society (Lithuania)

Natural and Physical 2

Chairman: Donata Kavaliauskait÷

Donata Kavaliauskait÷, Roma Kačinskait÷. Value Distribution of Euler Products in the Space of Analytic Functions (Lithuania)

Jovita Rašyt÷, Roma Kačinskait÷. Limit Theorem for the Euler Products on the Complex Plane

(Lithuania)

Anete Stola, Brigita Laime, Didzis Tjarve. Sand Pink Dianthus Arenarius Subsp. Arenarius Ceno Population Valuation in Grey Dunes in Village Kolka (Latvia)

Iveta Briska. Sustainable Development in Risk Society-Ecological Situation in Latvia (Latvia)

Dovil÷ Laurinavičien÷. Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution in Kaunas 2003-2007 (Lithuania)

Adolfas Šliogeris, Vladimir Astachov, Jelena Tamulien÷, Rimantas Vaišnoras, Leonas Mindaugas Balevičius. Quantum Mechanical Investigation of Optical Properties of Glycodendrimers

Possessing Dense Oligosaccharide Shell (Lithuania)

Technology 2

Chairman: Simona Ramanauskait÷

Algirdas Lančinskas, Julius Žilinskas. Methods for Generation of Random Numbers in Parallel

Stochastic Algorithms for Global Optimization (Lithuania)

Gražina Pyz, Virginija Šimonyt÷, Vytautas Slivinskas. Modeling of Lithuanian Speech Diphthongs (Lithuania)

Simona Ramanauskait÷. Modeling of SYN Flooding Attack (Lithuania)

Laura Ringien÷, Gintautas Dzemyda. Multidimensional Data Visualization by Special Multilayer

Perceptron (Lithuania)

Mantas Masandukas, Serg÷jus Rimovskis. Analytical Modeling of Bicycle Structural Integrity Test Device(Lithuania)

Jacek Cyranka. Rigorous Bounds of Solutions of Fluid Flow Equations (Poland)

Saulius Niauronis, Vincas Laurutis. Alternative Computer Cursor Control Based on High Velocity Eye

Jumps (Lithuania)

Friday, April 30 10:00-11:30 – 3rd Session

Economics and Management 4

Chairman: Aušrin÷ Jurgelionyt÷

Ieva Pranka. Support in Finding a Work to HIV Infection Risk Group. Example of Latvia

Vilija Girgzdyt÷, Jolanta Sondait÷. How Couples Experience Partnership? (Lithuania)

Ilze Pruse. Variety of Greenhouse Gas Emissions’ Credits (Latvia)

Aušrin÷ Jurgelionyt÷. Repeated European Referenda: From Maastricht to Lisbon (Lithuania)

Rasa Adomkien÷, Marija Stankevičien÷, Kristina Rugyt÷, Henrikas Stankevičius. Consumers

Attitudes Towards Food Safety in Lithuania (Lithuania)

Jurgita Martinkien÷, Henrika Šakien÷. Unemployed Competence-building Importance for Labor

Market Changes in Lithuania (Lithuania)

Jurgita Činauskait÷ - Četiner. Essence and Importance of Financial Image for a Company (Lithuania)

Education 5

Chairman: Martynas Rusteika

Vaiva Jucevičiūt÷-Bartkevicien÷. The Individual Vocal Expression as the Future Music Teacher’s Competencies Development Component (Lithuania)

Jūrat÷ Rušk÷. Interdisciplinary Aspects of Educating Dignity of Persons with Disabilities (Lithuania)

Martynas Rusteika. Quality of Special Educational Help Rendering at Comprehensive Schools

(Lithuania)

Laima Trinkūnien÷. Preconditions of Personality Status of Physical Education Teachers in Physical Education (Lithuania)

Aušra Turčinskait÷-Andujar. Social Context of Lithuanian Academic Studies: Students' Point of View

(Lithuania)

Toma Sakalauskait÷. The Construction of Master Study Curriculum in the Social Constructivist

Context (Lithuania)

Education 6

Chairman: Neringa Povilaitien÷

Kęstutis Matulaitis, Antanas Skarbalius. Evaluation and Assessment of Selected Indices of

Technical Fitness of Basketball Male Players Aged 10–17 Years (Lithuania)

Neringa Povilaitien÷. The Expression of Sexuality of Teenagers with Mild Learning Difficulties (Lithuania)

Kristina Zardeckait÷-Matulaitien÷, Aist÷ Pranckevičien÷. Color Recognition, Preferences and Choices for Completing Emotionally Characterized Drawings in Childhood (Lithuania)

Vaida Brazdžionyt÷-Adamidz÷, Ieva Cesevičiūt÷. Communication System in Educational

Organizations (Lithuania)

Justina Liesien÷, Roy M. Kern. Psychometric Properties of BASIS-A: Lithuanian Version (Lithuania)

Ieva Bilbokait÷. The Image of Pedagogues in Educative Associations’ Context: The Differences of

Students Opinion (Lithuania)

Rima Jasnauskait÷. On the Goals of English for Professional Use via the Interrelation with other Curriculum Subjects (Lithuania)

Humanities and Arts 2

Chairman: Egl÷ Navickait÷

Laura Lukenskien÷. New Approach to Monophonic Later Layer Melodies of Southwestern Lithuania: Intonation Cores as Elements, Shaping Interdialect (Lithuania)

Aidanas Barzelis. Deviant Models of Democratization in Post-Soviet Countries: The Case of Modern

Russia (Lithuania)

Kinga Gajda. Performative Way of Telling the Story in the Drama - interpretation the Polish Drama by

Małgorzata Sikorska-Miszczuk (Poland)

Solvita Denis - Liepniece. Re-writing Through Re-membering the WWII in the Re-public of Belarus:

Communicative Strategies of Official „Myth Busters and Myth Builders” (Latvia)

Ivars Liepnieks. The Justification of the Use of Force in Medvedev’s Defence Doctrine – are there Lasting Changes? (Latvia)

Egl÷ Savickait÷. Changing Concept of Magic: Problems and Implications to International and

Lithuanian Researches (Lithuania)

Arūnas Skrudupas. Soft Power Actuation in Contemporary Chinese Foreign Policy: Aesthetical

Solutions (Lithuania)

Natural and Physical 3

Chairman: Erika Brinkyt÷

Gintar÷ Sujetovien÷. Changes in Nitrification Rate in Soils Near a Fertilizer Plant (Lithuania)

Sandra Uselonoka. Erica Tetralix L. as a Disturbance Indicator in Forest Stands in Latvia (Latvia)

Jūrat÷ Žaltauskait÷, Rita Vaisiūnait÷. Municipal Wastewaters Toxicity Assessment Using Higher

Plants and Invertebrates (Lithuania)

Romans Veveris, Brigita Laime, Nils Rostoks. Botanical and Genetic Investigation of Hybrid Marram

Grass x-Calammophila Baltica in Latvia (Latvia)

Erika Brinkyt÷. The System of Urban Green Areas: A Case Study of Siauliai City (Lithuania)

Technology 3

Chairman: Egidijus Paliulis

Artūras Žukas. Comparative Analysis of Car Maneuvering and Braking (Lithuania)

Ramūnas Šimkus, Tomas Stumbras. Analysis of Lithuanian Consonants Spectrum (Lithuania)

Audrius Laidauskas. Forms Recognition by Force Feedback Haptic Device (Lithuania)

Arnas Papšys. Autonomous Mobile Robot’s Technical Vision Ability to Determine the Distance to the Object

in the Dark (Lithuania)

Arnas Papšys, Palmira Papšien÷. Human Capital Alternative Artifical People: Research of the

Identification Survey (Lithuania)

Vaida Valuntait÷, Rasel÷ Girgždien÷. Problems of Pollutants Formation in the Workplaces (Lithuania)

ABSTRACTS

S O C I A L S C I E N C E S

ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT

Edverdas Vaclovas Bartkus, Gintar÷ Zaščižinskien÷, Donatas Raišutis Vilnius University, Kaunas Faculty of Humanities

PRODUCTION OUTSOURCING IN THE AUTARKY

The aim of this article is as follows: to use the methods of simulation, to examine the outsourcing, to show theoretical and practical aspects of the selected thesis, which have not only methodological, but the applicable value as well. The objectives of this work are: to examine and to introduce the impact of the costs of transportation to outsourcing in the autarky; to review and to introduce to the calculation of the impact of transportation costs. The problem solved in this paper is as follows: the existence of international outsourcing depends on 3 factors: fragmentation and benefits of outsourcing; transportation costs; distance between the input producer and final product producer.

Key words: outsourcing, production outsourcing, input producers, autarky market.

Aidanas Barzelis, Oksana Mejer÷, Regina Karvelien÷ Šiauliai University

THE CHALLENGES OF ASSESSMENT OF PROJECT MANAGERS’ COMPETENCES

The aim of this paper was to discuss different theoretical perspectives of competence and to present the results of wide-scale international survey on the competencies of project managers. The differences between objectivist and constructivist points of competence construct were analyzed by emphasizing contextuality vs universality of the its content. In the paper the variety of project managers’ competence models were presented on the basis of the practical and theoretical methodologies. The paper also presents the results of international survey which highlighted problematic points of EU funded projects management. On the basis of constructive approach the needs and opinions of all groups participating in projects management as well as educational institutions responsible for project managers’ preparation were studied. The survey showed that project managers lack communication and intercultural communication competencies, development of partnership, leadership, monitoring, risk and time management competencies.

Key words: competences, project managers, assessment.

Milana Belevicha Riga StradiĦš University

EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION: LEGAL ASPECTS OF FISCAL INTEGRATION

The significant part of the fiscal integration of the European Community (EC) is the harmonization of the European law of taxation. The research topic in EC taxation involves empirical solutions anchored in economics and tax policy. The interdisciplinary nature of taxation represents a set of challenges to the researcher.

Key words: fiscal integration, monetary union. Rita Bendaravičien÷ Vytautas Magnus University

DEVELOPING A PATTERN OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL FOR HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN LITHUANIA

The paper explores the status quo of performance appraisal in Lithuanian higher education institutions (HEIs) with particular emphasis on purpose, criteria and other key operating principles of the appraisal process pointing out main problem issues and disadvantages that should be bridged over. A brief case analysis of good practice of performance appraisal at HEI is provided. The article presents results of research carried out to at one Lithuanian HEI with the focus on employees perceptions and expectations towards formal performance appraisal system. These data are used to develop a pattern of most appropriate and effective performance appraisal system for HEIs in Lithuania and to define essential characteristics it should possess.

Key words: performance appraisal, higher education institution, academic and administrative staff. Vaida Brazdžionyte-Adamidze, Ieva Cesevičiūt÷ Kaunas University of Technology

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

The importance of communication is increasing in the current conditions of developing social relations, cooperation among different institutions, organizations, increasing amounts of information. Communication is important for organizations, as every organization member has to be able to receive and disseminate information. When adequate attention in paid to the system of internal and external communication and its effective functioning (Owen, 1991). The aim of this research is to provide rationale for the communicatio n system in an educational organization. The research addresses the following objectives: to define the concept of communication system in an educational organization; to point out educational stakeholders involved in internal communication and their specificity from the

communicative point of view; to provide a generic model of communication system in educational organizations. The method of research literature analysis is employed in the paper.

Key words: communication, communication system, educational organizations. Ieva Brence University of Latvia

MINIMUM WAGE AS ONE OF THE MAIN FACTORS FOR LABOUR MARKET REGULATION. POSSIBILITIES FOR MINIMUM WAGE INCREASE: CASE OF LATVIA

The research object is labour market regulation factors, research subject – minimum wage as one of the main labour market regulation factors. The aim of the article is to discuss theoretical aspects for and against labour market regulation and to analyse one the labour market factors strongly regulated in most of the world countries – minimum wage. Besides, the article aims at analysing possibilities for minimum wage increase in Latvia. Research methods include content analysis, analysis and calculations basing on statistical data as well as analysis of results of entrepreneurs survey (1526 respondents) performed by the author. It is concluded that, despite criticism, there are many positive aspects concerning labour market regulation, and high minimum wage doesn’t always leads to high unemployment, but even promotes employment. Analysis of possibilities for minimum wage increase concludes that nearly half of the entrepreneurs of Latvia would support minimum wage increase. The main reasons are related to the fact that its low level allows dissemination of unregistered employment. Key words: labour market regulation, minimum wage, Latvia

Jaroslavas Buinauskas Mykolas Romeris University

THE ROLE OF STATE CONTROL OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA IN THE CONTROLLING SYSTEM FOR EUROPEAN UNION SUPPORT DURING PROGRAMMING PERIODS 2004–2006 AND 2007–2013

EU financial support when used properly, first of all, provides with possibility for significant acceleration of economic growth and development of the wellbeing. Therefore, one of the main tasks of the EU Member States is to create an effective mechanism for controlling the funds received from the EU structural funds. By passing the resolution, the Parliament (hereinafter – the Seimas) of the Republic of Lithuania commissioned the National Audit Office of Lithuania (i.e. the State Control) to perform audits of the EU financial support. The National Audit Office has to evaluate the projects financed by the EU funds prior to presenting to the European Commission (hereinafter – the Commission) the application for the last payment of the granted support. In other words, the function of final audit of the projects to be financed by the Cohesion and Structural funds has been delegated to the State Control. After having evaluated and analyzed the legal acts regulating activities of one of the subjects of the EU funds control namely, the State Control, in 2004 – 2006 programming period and 2007 – 2013 programming period, it was concluded that the role of National Audit Office has been different in different programming periods. During 2004 – 2006 programming period only the final audit has been assigned to the National Audit Office; meanwhile, during 2007 – 2013 programming period all functions related with control of the EU funds which were previously performed by intermediate and implementing institutions (which were subordinate to the ministers) have been delegated to the National Audit Office. In 2007 control of the EU financial support was centralized, and in this way the principle of independent control was ensured by distinguishing between the control functions and administration of the EU support. Key words: state control, control of European Union financial support, budgetary relations, financial policy

Giedrius Česnakas Vytautas Magnus University

ENERGY RESOURCES AS A TOOL OF FOREIGN POLICY

In contemporary world energy resources become one of the most important elements of state power. Countries exporting energy resources try to use energy resources as a tool of diplomacy in order to expand their political interests abroad. There is a difference between energy resources exporting countries as some of them never use energy diplomacy, while others constantly do. These differences in the system of foreign relations can be explained by the theory of state-centred realism in geographical space (between countries) as well as chronological space (within a country). When dealing with the theory of foreign relations it is also important to understand why on some countries implementation of energy diplomacy is much more common and much more efficient than on the other ones. When explaining this observed difference a premise of bilateral dependency is used. These approaches would lead to deeper understanding of energy exporters’ foreign policy.

Key words: energy, diplomacy, Russia, exporters, oil, gas, power, realism. Dalia Čikotien÷, Dirk Zwick, Zenonas Ramonas Šiauliai University

WARRANTY OF THE QUALITY IN THE ENTERPRISE OF BICYCLES

Demand of products in the modern market is described by optimal ratio between product quality and price. The product must satisfy requirements for safety, precision and reliability which are defined in the standards and formulated by customers. Proper quality of the product must be warranted with lowest possible cost. There are excluded main customer requirements for the

product in the article. Analysis of quality cost, defining quality prevention cost and failure cost is made in the article. Analysis of quality seeking in the enterprise is made. Tests of bicycle brakes and experimental investigation are made to determine reasons of non quality product. Analysis of experimental researches is fulfilled and recommendations for quality improvement are formulated.

Key words: quality cost, brakes of bicycle.

Jurgita Činauskait÷-Četiner Klaip÷da College

THE ESSENSE OF FINANCIAL IMAGE AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE ENTERPRISE

An urgent problem in business enterprises is analysed in this article – the lack (or even absence) of clear, correct and timely financial information in making important decisions both in enterprise’s inner links of finance logistic, and in external relations with various contact audiences. Problems analysed in this article make it an interesting and innovative one. Modern leaders of enterprises do not see the creation of positive financial image as a problem or, if they do, mark this question at the end of their daily business schedule. The topicality of this article is based on the effect the economical and financial crisis had by causing a wave of bankruptcy among famous and acknowledged enterprises; their contact audiences: consumers, suppliers, partners, investors, state institutions, employees, etc. - became less confident in business subjects. This situation forces heads of enterprises to plan the activity of enterprises more responsibly, and to form their images respectively by assessing information that is important to all groups of interest. A lack of scientific literature emphasizes the necessity of research in this field of forming financial image in the enterprise, as well as in the field of whole financial logistic.

Key words: image, financial image, financial logistic, financial infrastructure.

Živil ÷ Grundien÷ Vilnius University

FINANCIAL RATIOS AS MEASURES OF FRAUD EVIDENCE

In resent years global economic recession has put pressure on capital market participants. Lithuanian Free Market Institute conducted a study and predicts that in 2010 the shadow economy will achieve 24% of GDP and predicts that in 2011 this figure will reach 27%. These conditions led to increase in fraudulent financial statements. Financial crime Investigation Service under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania has detected 79,68 mln. Lt hidden taxes in 2009. Fraudsters want to redirect for themselves the flow of money funds using fraudulent financial statements information. Therefore it is necessary to carefully analyse the company's financial statement. One of the ways of financial statement frauds analysis is using financial ratios. The purpose of this paper is to determine financial ratios, that measure financial statement fraud evidences the best. The methods used are: reviewing, systematic literature analysis, generalization and interpretation.

Key words: financial ratios, fraud detection, financial statement.

Justs Dimants University of Latvija

THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN AS ENERGY CARRIER IN ECONOMICS OF LATVIA NEAREST FUTURE

Latvia is dependent on the import of primary energy resources. Statistics shows that prices of energy increase and it becomes more expensive. Maybe it is time to choose another way to satisfy the demand of energy? The main goal of Latvian energy policy is to ensure safe and environmentally friendly long-term energy supply at cost-effective prices. One of primary resources is mentioned hydrogen energy. In the world there are examples of good practice which Latvia could take as an example to start a hydrogen-based energy sector. Hydrogen energy is new product in Latvia’s energy market and before start a new product there are several studies be taken to ensure if the society tends to accept hydrogen as the nearest future alternative energy carrier. During the studies was made expert survey. The results showed that the society tends to accept hydrogen as the nearest future energy carrier on the grounds of its positive benefits. There were opinion about society habituation to electronic networks of electricity supplied thereby hydrogen as an alternative energy carrier peeks sceptical for its current production price.

Key words: marketing research, hydrogen energy, hydrogen study in Latvia.

Ilona Dubra University of Latvija

HUMAN CAPITAL IMPACT ON THE ENTERPRISE COMPETITIVENESS

The present day presents a highly turbulent business environment as well as it’s obvious that firms’ competitive advantages are quite temporary. It seems to be that top managers do not have all the answers to the rapidly changing and challenging situations that were seen by their firms’. That is the fact why organizations should built its own core resources with the purpose of achievement of advanced competitiveness of the firm. The resources which include the employee’s individual and collective learning, knowledge, skills and expertise, creativity and innovation will lead to the firm’s human capital accumulation and to the customer – valued outcomes as well. The basis of the firm’s competitive effectiveness lies in its ability to develop, provide and integrate the collective and individual special knowledge with the aim of generating specific skills, capabilities and innovation. The paper reveals the definitions of human capital concept as well as stress out the importance of the human capital effect on the firm competitive performance. The conclusions reflect not only the main ideas discussed in the paper, but also the goal of the paper. The paper object –

the influence of human capital on the enterprise competitiveness. The paper goal – to analyze the importance of human capital effect on enterprise competitive performance.

Key words: human capital, firm competitiveness, customer – valued performance. Irina Genriha University of Latvia

MORTGAGE LENDER PROTECTION UNDER INSURANCE ARRANGEMENTS

Since September 2008, when the crisis deepened in the first place and most of all it has an impact on borrowers of mortgage loans. Millions of people lost their jobs and have become unemployed and this is especially true for the countries with weak economies and lower level of social guarantees. For this reason the purpose of this article is to develop insurance product which will be replace the repayment to the bank during a certain period of time. Product can work separately or together with life product - mortgage loan protection that covers mortality risk. And at the same time the borrowers can be fully insured during the whole period of validity of the loan from mortality and unemployment risks.

Key words: probability of default, statistical models, insurance Edita Jezerskyt÷, Brigita Janiūnait÷ Kaunas University of Technology, Fakultety of Social Sciences

UNIVERSITETO DöSTYTOJO INOVACINöS VEIKLOS TURINYS: TEORINöS IR EMPIRINöS ĮŽVALGOS

Narrowness of theoretical and empirical data on features of a university teacher‘s innovative activity may condition, on the one hand, the fact that innovations innitiated at the level of educational systems, universities or faculties and oriented towards the educational process may be rejected by university teachers or modified the way which would make them „more convenient“ to work with; on the other hand, insufficient analysis of a university teacher‘s innovative activity prohibits to determine the degree of productiveness and reproductiveness of a university teacher‘s innovative activity and the degree up to which the aim of study programme improvement is achieved, since it may become declarative if effective innovative activity of a university tecaher does not exist. Therefore, these aspects are the essence of the scientific problem, which may be described by the following questions: what is the content of a university teacher‘s innovative activity when he/she participates in the process of development of study programmes oriented towards the learning paradigm? The aim of the article is to ground and reveal the content of a university teacher‘s innovative activity when improving study programmes. The objectives of the research: To ground the conception of a university teacher‘s innovative activity and the specificity of the content of a university teacher‘s innovative activity; To reveal the expression of the content of a university teacher‘s innovative activity when improving study programmes. The concept of a university teacher’s innovative activity is grounded and specific features of the content of innovative activity compared to the interpretation of innovative activity as a process are revealed in the first part of the article. The methodology of the empirical research is introduced in the second part, and the results of the empirical research which revealed the expression of a university teacher’s innovative activity in the context of improvement of specific study programmes are presented in the third part of the article.

Key words: innovations, teacher’s innovative activity, improvement of study programmes. Aušrin÷ Jurgelionyt÷ Vytautas Magnus University

REPEATED EUROPEAN REFERENDA: FROM MAASTRICHT TO LISBON

The repeated referenda related to the European Union (EU) deepening (on Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and 1993 in Denmark, Nice Treaty in 2001 and 2002 and Lisbon Treaty in 2008 and 2009) and the recurrent success reasons, likely (presumptive) patterns is the field neglected in respect of analysis. Therefore the analysis will investigate the development of argumentation and situation from the point of view of reasoned choice. More profound investigation is prompted by observed upsurge of criticism before the first referenda and emerging opportunity to convince the voters in the second referenda when the same voters are made again, and do not resist, to express their will on the same issues. Usually the referenda is an instrument of to solve issues by crossing the confrontation frontlines among political parties. However, the EU issue is not the subject of dispute arising between traditional parties – it is rather a watershed among parliamentary and non-parliamentary parties. Consequently, the key role in the euro-referenda related to the integration deepening is not with the parties (their position will be necessarily referred to in some aspects) but with the government as a fundamental authority in a country. For this reason the position and policy of the latter will be the main focus in the subject of the analysis.

Key words: European Union, referenda, campaigns Rūta Klimaitiene Vilnius University

THE AREA OF APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

The management accounting can be applied everywhere, because each place is worth to have the information for better management decisions, in particularly - for planning, control and performance measurement. Therefore, there are many grouping parameters of the companies and they can be characterized by many features. In this case, the aim is to define which main and only one criteria indicates that company needs management accounting for better purposes we mentioned. In many cases, the company

decision to use management appropriate accounting tools is the size of the enterprise. It is important to realize that the application area of management accounting is not predestined by annual income amount or the value of the asset or both criteria in common. There is one criteria which indicates that a company will make much better decisions only with the help of management accounting than without it. This criteria is the number of employees.

Key words: management accounting, small company, medium company, large company, the number of employees. Ingrida Krikštaponyt ÷, Irena Valantinien÷, Ilona Tilindien ÷ Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

A MULTIDIMENTIONAL VIEW ON ALLIANCE MANAGEMENT COMP LEXITY: THE ROLE OF COMPETENCES AND CONTRACT DESIGN

There is the existance of an extensive literature, spanning multiple disciplines, focusing on alliances. Lots of management researchers have explored why organizations engage in alliances, how partners are chosen, what types of alliances are entered, whether alliances create value for shareholders and so on. However often are overlooked the complexity of alliances management in accordance to the leaders competences and the structures as relationships are codified by contract. By overlooking these structures the complexity of the fundamental relationship is ignored. This is problematic since it is how these relationships are codified and how control rights are allocated that dictate how organizations will benefit (or not) from an alliance. In this article we analyze the determinants of alliance complexity in a multidimensional framework, introducing the role of competences in the management of alliances and the contents of alliance contracts design.

Key words: alliance, management, contracts, collaborative relationships, competences. Rasa Masiukait÷, Dalia Kiliuvien ÷ Klaip÷da University

FACTORS OF REFLECTIVE LEARNING BY 3RD AND 4TH GRADE PUPILS: A SURVEY OF TEACHERS’ OPINION

Referring to the analysis of scientific literature and educational documents it is perceived that the pupils of primary school should be provided with the basis for the successful future life-long learning, by teaching them to reflect (consider) their learning, i.e. to form their own structure of knowledge by highlighting its weaknesses and predicting the directions of development. However, referring to the research of Lithuanian academics the fact has been revealed that it is unclear which factors determine the expression of reflective learning of 3rd - 4th class pupils in today‘s school. In the present paper, referring to the results of qualitative research, it has been determined that according to the teachers‘attitude the expression of reflective learning is conditioned by seven factors: didactic teachers‘ readiness, proper roles of a teacher, coursebooks, the form of expression of pupils‘ reflexion (consideration), the preparation of 3rd - 4th class pupils, personal characteristics of pupil, pupils‘ communication with their families concerning their learning.

Key words: 3-4 class pupils; reflective learning, factors determining Aleksandr Ostapenko Vilnius Gediminas Technical University

QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE COMPANIES FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

The financial performance of the company can be described by current ratio, the quick ratio, debt to equity ratio, total debt ratio and the ratio of current assets to equity. The criteria characterizing the financial performance of the company from various perspectives may change in different directions. Moreover, these criteria are multidimensional. Therefore, a problem of finding a unified approach to describe this conflicting situation arises. To obtain an integrated estimate of a considered object, multicriteria evaluation methods are applied. The calculations made yielded actually the same results, except those obtained by two methods – the sum of ranks and COPRAS. However, the deviation of the data obtained by using these methods from the average value was small. The priority order of companies is finally determined integrating the results obtained by all methods used in the present analysis.

Keywords: multicriteria methods, financial performance, quantitative evaluation methods

Arnas Papšys, Palmira Papšien÷ Kaunas University of Technology Vilnius Gediminas Technikal University, Šiauliai College

HUMAN CAPITAL ALTERNATIVE ARTIFICIAL PEOPLE: RESEARCH OF THE IDENTIFICATION SURVEY

The twenty-first century critical economic and social growth factor is human capital, individual human experience, creativity, innovation and others. The concept of human capital has gained particular momentum moving into the information age and knowledge society. Information Society era of the market competition becomes much more important long-term development organizations anticipating when robots include the organization's future development. Robotic design of the last decade, science is developing very fast robots collect cars, perform welding work carried out intelligence tasks behind the enemy and environment studies the same conditions, is exploring the ocean depths, acting on the foot of volcanoes, and outer space. Robots perform tasks which can not be made person. In addition, the robots manage to make them much better. Therefore, engineers and researchers are

interested in any process automation, as the robots have mastered the new processes frees people from the heavy physical work, and human capital involved in problem-solving.

Key words: human capital, robot.

Jonas Petrošius, Loreta Kelpšien÷ Beconis individual company, Šiauliai University

OVERVIEW OF REACTION TO THE ECONOMIC CRISIS IN CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE MODELLING

Construction sector while being a mediator between production and service sectors makes impact on both of them; one new immediate workplace on a construction site incites the establishing of two or more workplaces in other industry branches. After the bursting of the real estate bubble the effects of crisis on construction and real estate sectors are very tangible both in the world and in Lithuania. Companies whose work is not related to construction have strongly lessened their investments to the expansion of their real-estate or to new leaseholds. In this paper we review the scientific research and situation modeling on the construction business experience in times of general economic downturn. We do this by analyzing scientific literature and studying the experience of businessmen working in the construction area. From all construction production components (work, materials, machines) the fastest growing and rising in price was the work pay. This lead to the biggest work pay decline at times of economic downturn. State governments try to find the solution to overcome the crisis in various ways: from tax reduction to increasing of governmental investments to the infrastructure.

Key words: construction, real estate, sustainable crisis management, Lithuania, modelling, forecasting

Davis Plotnieks University of Latvia

PREREQUISITES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

The objective of the article is to define the conditions for innovative business development, consequently evaluating problems related with the implementation of these conditions as well as showing possible solutions for solving identified problems. The article outlines the nature of the innovative company and its role in knowledge economy. An explanation on how innovative companies’ effect development of the economy is given. An analysis of companies within European Union is described according to their innovative activity in comparison with innovative companies in Latvia, explaining key differences and reasons for their occurrence. Development of innovative business activities particularly important is in the economic downturn, when employment in traditionally managed businesses and available resources is rapidly declining. Innovative business activity can provide the opportunity to reduce consumption of resources, create new value for the market and increase employment.

Key words: innovation, knowledge economy, national innovation systems, entrepreneurship, competitiveness.

Ieva Pranka University of Latvia SUPPORT IN FINDING A WORK TO HIV INFECTION RISK GROUP. EXAMPLE OF LATVIA

The aim of the paper is to determine possibilities and interest of HIV infection risk group to find a work. Research methods: survey of the HIV infection risk (questionnaire: face-to-face interviews with 320 respondents in communities with the highest HIV/AIDS infection rate in Latvia). Results: The survey of the HIV infection risk group shows that the largest part of the target group, who are of working age, are out of the labour market and are characterised by defective socialization, unemployment, a predominantly low level of education and skill level, low income level and a lack of experience that creates problems in integrating into the labour market. This is the reason why the HIV infection risk group is faced with discrimination, exclusion and poverty that means that this group is brought under risks of social exclusion more than other groups in society. Due to different reasons 75% of the respondents did not get any support from any kind of organisations for finding a job.

Key words: social risk exclusion group, labour market. Ilze Pruse University of Latvia

VARIETY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS’ CREDITS

During the recent years greenhouse gas emissions’ credits (hereinafter – GHG credits), also known as carbon credits, have become a widely used commodity and the variety of GHG credits year by year has gradually increased. The number of traded GHG credits in 2009 was more than 8 billions credits and the value of transactions of GHG credits in 2009 reached €94 billions. The goal of this paper is to research the characteristics of GHG credits which ensure their currency, since that would allow improving of the efficiency of the use of GHG credits. At the beginning of this paper the meaning of GHG credits within tradable permits’ systems is explained. The classification and main characteristics of GHG credits are discussed and the classification of GHG credits according to their particular characteristics is suggested. Key related information and comparison of currently used GHG credits is provided, including such GHG credits as assigned amount units (AAUs), certified emission reductions (CERs), emission reduction units (ERUs), European allowances (EUAs), Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative CO2 allowances (RCA), removal units (RMUs) and verified emission reductions (VERs). It is concluded that although it is necessary to further research characteristics of GHG credits in relation to their volumes, GHG credits as tradable permits are an integrated part of tradable permits’ systems and therefore their currency is closely linked to the details and scope of

tradable permits’ systems within which they have been issued as well as the number and characteristics of other tradable permits’ systems where they are traded.

Key words: carbon credits, greenhouse gases (GHGs), greenhouse gas emissions’ credits, tradable permits’ systems Hermanis Rullis University of Latvia

CHALLENGES OF CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE: MARKETING WITHIN INTERNET BANKING IN LATVIA

Purpose of the research is to identify challenges and possibilities provided by internet bank for customers’ service and marketing that build and maintain customers’ loyalty and would increase customers’ lifetime value. The term “Internet banking” encompasses a whole range of banking services, which can be accessed remotely with the use of an Internet browser. Internet bank as bank’s product provides remote banking services for bank’s customers. Internet bank as bank’s marketing platform provides bank with possibility to implement bank’s marketing strategy by using internet bank technological platform for marketing activities – marketing communications, pricing, custom product offering, etc. Since internet bank also provides possibility to identify customer’s identity it becomes excellent environment for individual service and marketing that could build and maintain relationships with customer and also increase customer lifetime value. Research results reveal lack of information technology solutions for marketing within internet bank. The same time marketing experts recognize importance of internet bank as environment for bank marketing. Research results expand knowledge in the particular field of science and also would bring practical benefit for professionals in order to improve bank marketing efficiency in general. Research methods used by author: literature review, descriptive statistics, evaluation of possible further research questions and hypothesis, expert survey methods.

Key words: internet banking, marketing research, customer lifetime value. Henrika Šakien÷, Jurgita Martinkien ÷ Kaunas University of Technology Vytautas Magnus University

UNEMPLOYED COMPETENCE-BUILDING IMPORTANCE FOR LABOR MARKET CHANGES IN LITHUANIA

Recently labor market is changing very fast and it becomes very important competences building factor. Some specialists become unemployed because their specialties are not needed anymore either their skills become not updated. Although there are many changes in the market structure but the need for managers and finance specialists is still growing. This article is introducing the problems that labor market is facing: shortage of qualified work force, low labor efficiency, lower work force competitiveness in the market nowadays. The goal of the article is to indicate the importance of the unemployed competence-building for the labour market in Lithuania. There is reviewed labor market situation in Lithuania.

Key words: unemployed, competence, labour market. Marija Stankevi čien÷, Kristina Rugyt ÷, Rasa Adomkien÷, Henrikas Stankevičius, Zenonas Stanevičius Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, Food Institute of Kaunas University of Technology

State Food and Veterinary Service

CONSUMERS ATTITUDES TOWARDS FOOD SAFETY IN LITHUANIA

Attitude toward food safety has been settled a short time ago however it is essential in the developed society. Food, food production and distribution to consumers are strictly controlled recently as consumers get only safe, high quality and useful for health food and food products. Research revealed that 91.5 % of consumers always or most of the time buy food products in supermarkets. Even 69.3 % of consumers always are interested in expiry date of food. Mostly respondents (75.6 %) referred that freshness of food product is the most relevant indicator when choosing foodstuff. Only 1 % of consumers do not pay attention to this indicator. Research showed that 89.3 % of consumers purchased unsafe foodstuff one or few times. Third (28 %) of questioned consumers revealed that just returned unsafe food product to the seller. However only 8.4 % of consumers seek the help, appeal to the State Food and Veterinary Service (SFVS), State Consumer Right Protection Authority (SCRPA) or directly inform unsafe foodstuff producer.

Key words: consumer, food products, food safety Agn÷ Šimelyt÷ Vilnius Gediminas Technikal University

THE ROLE OF FOREIGN DEBT IN EMERGING COUNTRIES’ DEVELOPMENT Developing countries perennially face to the shortages of financial assets. For this reason governments of developing countries

tend to borrow in the international markets. The volume of loans and accrued interests increase the net national debt. Meanwhile, over long time periods developing countries tend to export more capital rather to import. The benefit of foreign borrowing is one of the most negotiable questions among researches. This research paper critically reviews various positions towards demand of foreign borrowing. Relationship between economic development and foreign debt , and the long-run consequences of desorbing global imbalances are discussed. The empirical analysis is based on plausible economical cycles over the long time periods.

Key words: foreign debt, developing countries, growth rate.

Irena Valantinien÷, Krikštaponyt ÷ Ingrida, Tilindien ÷ Ilona Kaunas University of Technology

A MULTIDIMENSIONAL VIEW ON ALLIANCE MANAGEMENT COMP LEXITY: THE ROLE OF COMPETENCES AND CONTRACT DESIGN

Lots of management researchers have explored why organizations engage in alliances; how partners are chosen; whether alliances create value for shareholders and so on. However often are overlooked the complexity of alliances management in accordance to the leaders competences and the structures as relationships are codified by contract. By overlooking these structu res the complexity of the relationship is ignored. This is problematic since it is how these relationships are codified and how control rights (Adegbesan, Ricart, 2005; Adegbesan and Higgins, 2007). In this article we analyze the determinants of alliance complexity in a multidimensional framework, introducing the role of competences in the management of alliances and the contents of alliance contracts by contrasting alliance contractual form and governance form and focus on two related constructs: contractual complexity and contractual completeness.

Key words: alliance, management, contract, competences.

S O C I A L S C I E N C E S

EDUCOLOGY

Vaiva Jucevičiūt÷-Bartkevičien÷ Vilnius Pedagogical University

THE INDIVIDUAL VOCAL EXPRESSION AS THE FUTURE MUSIC TEACHER’S COMPETENCES DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT

The article discusses the aspects of the individual vocal expression in the context of the future music teacher’s education related to becoming a competent member of this profession. The individual vocal expression associated with the music education, and its substantive content, knowledge, values is significant for the future teacher’s emotional, spiritual, intellectual, physical maturity and the cultural awareness. The theoretical investigation suggests that the individual vocal expression distinguished by the content specificity and the variety of the influences on the future teacher’s competences. The individual vocal expression affects the opportunities of the perception of the value-sharing, the world’s knowledge, the cultural awareness, the creativity, the individuality and the sociality. Its influence is a significant tool for all future music teachers in the field of the competence development process that could ensure the success of this profession development path.

Key words: individual vocal expression, teacher's competencies, musical education, values.

Ieva Bilbokait÷ Šiauliai University

IMAGE OF EDUCATORS: ASSOCIATIONS DIMENSIONS BY STUDENTS’ EVALUATION

The personality of pedagogues associates with victimization for better education process and with high educated human who knows how to teach students and how to prepare them for social and professional life. Teacher is also able to choose methods for students’ education. Students identify that pedagogues are very good psychologists and advisers. They also know how to communicate with children and they are attentive for students’ needs. Pedagogues are equated with relatives (exactly with parents) who are playing the most important role in their life. This demonstrates very close relationship between students and teachers and enclose that pedagogues sometimes are as important as the parents. This relationship is grounded on humanistic values that are visible in education processes. Negative associations about pedagogues are the results of social events like low incomes of pedagogues and very difficult and hard word. These mentioned facts limit time for personal perfection and diminish the need to educate them selves. Students mentioned that lot of teachers still do not have enough competencies of management and didactics. Sometimes student identify unprofessional teachers. Increasing aggression in adolescence period, enormous work loads and others factors stimulate emotional troubles of teachers and influence students and their progress. Thus, students recognize negative personal and professional behavior of teachers in education process and identify them as cruel people. There were enclosed that in negative aspect teachers were identified with judges, guards who are teaching students without paying attention to students’ rights.

Key words: image of pedagogues, associations, students’ evaluation

Renata Bilbokaite Šiauliai University

THE VISUALIZATION HELP FOR GIRLS IN SEPARATE SCIENCE EDUCATION LEARNING PROCESS: THE RESULTS OF DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH

Visual information helps for 70 percent of girls in separate learning process. This could be evidently noticed using knowledge in practice: doing exercises separately, organizing self learning, using knowledge in learning themes, doing home works, writing tests and when girls need to use theoretical knowledge in practice. But visualization has little influence for extra interest in scientific themes. The girls (form grade nine) are statistically significant sure that visualization helps them to do exercises in the classroom and to do home works at home. The other arguments do not have statistically significant differences and this leads to the assumption that girls in both classes are thinking about phenomena in similar level.

Key words: visualization, separate learning process, scientific education, girls.

Lota Bobrova Šiauliai University

PECULIARITIES OF PSYCHO-SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS STUDENTS AND THEIR DETERMINING FACTORS

The research investigates peculiarities of psycho-social adjustment of 1st – 4th year students of Physical Education from the aspects of age and sex. The main method of the research is a questionnaire-based survey which made possible to find out the problems of psycho-social adjustment of students going in for sports (the questionnaire on social-psychological adjustment worked out by K. Rodgers and R. Diamond, adapted by A. K. Osnicky). The students going in for sports spend much time training and have no opportunity to participate in different areas of the university life, in such way becoming a kind of a separate group. The circumstance that many of these students represent the elite sports, which takes a big part of their day, makes the students adjust to

the peculiar social situation and try to fit to the university life. We may say that the social competence is one of the most significant factors which influences the psycho-social adjustment.

Key words: students, psycho-social adjustment, factors.

Jurgita Bonkevičiūt÷ Kaunas University of Technology

EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INNOVATION SPECIFICITY AND THEIR EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EMPOWERMENT

Speedy development of economics, science and technologies and increasing ecological threats for survival of different sorts of life require systemic approach to sustainable society development. One of the means of sustainable development idea implementation is sustainable development education (SDE). Scientific issue of SDE of the innovation empowerment is clarified in the article. Sustainable development education of the innovation specificity is discussed in the first part of the article. Educational characteristics of empowerment of SDE innovation are analyzed in the second part. Theoretical model of SDE innovation educational empowerment is substantiated in the third part.

Key words: sustainable development education, innovation, empowerment.

Ramun÷ Burškaitien÷ Šiauliai University

CHILD‘S RIGHTS AND QUALITY OF GENERAL EDUCATION

It was hypothesized that various conceptions regarding the quality of general education are existing, however, there is no any general, specified general education conception. Therefore, it is likely that the child’s rights to obtain the QGE realization would guarantee a unanimous confirmation of general education quality conception. Having performed the analysis of the documents, fine-tuning the education of the Republic of Lithuania and children rights, it was cleared out that education quality conception is not determined in Lithuanian Republic law, fine-tuning child’s rights, general education as well as the protection of its quality. When experimental investigation was carried out, it became clear that the main factors influencing the quality of general education are the following: modernization of educator’s preparation system, considering the needs of the society as well as the improvement of teacher’s qualification and competency; preparation and establishment of quality indicators specifying the conception of education quality as well as main conceptions regarding the quality. The modernization of educational system financing; the adjustment of general program’s and educational standards in respect of all educational stages; differentiation and individualization of the educational contents; the formation of the unanimous educational policy; the renovation of school’s material basis. Thus, one can claim that the solution of financing, educator’s preparation and general program’s adjustment problems is not sufficient. High-quality documents, satisfying the requirements of today’s marketing, economics and social area, are required as well as formation of unanimous educational policy, which is essential to create processes of unanimous variation both in national and municipal stages.

Key words: qualitative general education (QGE), children’s rights.

Emine Eratay Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey

INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN TURKEY

The history of education of impaired people in Turkey starts with “Enderun Schools” to educate highly intelligent students in the 16th century. (Ataman, 1984). Later, in the commonwealth era, a law called “Idil Biret-Suna Kan” was imposed to protect their education rights (Ataman, 1997). In the Private Education Services regulations (2000), “joining together” is defined as: “special education organizations with supporting education systems in which people who need private education come together with their fellows who aren’t disabled during preschool, elementary, secondary schools and mass education levels.” In the regulations, it is mentioned that education services should be planned according to educational needs of people rather than their disabilities. (MEB, 2000).

Aida Gaižauskien÷, Diana R÷klaitien÷, Jūrat÷ Pož÷rien÷, Vida Ostasevičien÷ Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

THE ATTITUDES TOWARDS FAMILY, IT MODELS AND VALUES AMONG CHILDREN LIVING IN RESIDENTIAL CARE INSTITUTIONS AND CHILDREN FROM BIOLOGICAL FAMILIES

The aim of this research was to analyse the attitudes towards family, it‘s values among the children living in residential care institutions and their peers living in families. The study involved 716 12-19 years old children living in residential care institutions from 32 state, municipal and private institutions in diferent regions of Lithuania. The same interview was conducted with 908 children of same age group living in their biological families. Results showed differences between attitudes towards family in those groups. Children from residential care institutions in comparasing with children living in biological families, more often discussed with mentors about models of families, then those with their parents. Children from residential care institutions expressed the attitude that the marriage should be maintained in behalf of children. Key words: adoleccents, parenting style, parenting education

Aida Gaižauskien÷, Ilona Tilinden÷, Tomas Stupuris Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

PARENTAL REARING STYLE DIFFERENCES DEPENDING ON ADOLESCENTS GENDER AND AGE

Every family has their own parenting style, which transfers the child values, behavioral models, social skills, etc. The data shows, that children‘s adaptation to the social environment depends on parents behaviour with him. R. Žukauskiene (2003) reported that parenting rearing style convey parental attitude to theirs child. TThe study examines what are the differences from mother‘s and father‘s parenting styles (emotional warmth, over-protection and rejection) depending on adolescents gender, age. In the study participated 2916 school children from grades 5 to 10. Sample was composed from main cities of Lithuania:Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaip÷da, Šiauliai, Panev÷žys. Parental rearing was assessed using the Lithuanian version of EMBU (“My memories of upbringing”, Arrindell, Sanavio, Aguilar et al., 1999). Performed investigation shows that there is a difference between parenting style evaluations and investigative genders. It emerge that emotional warmth of mother and father assert more for girls than boys. Results showed that boys more ofen suffer emotional rejection and over-protection from mother‘s and father‘s than girls. Keywords: adolescents, parenting rearing style. Natalya Gachechiladze, Daiva Bukantaite Vytautas Magnus University, Alexander Pushkin Secondary School

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE MOTIVATION OF ADOLESCENTS’ ACTIVITY IN THE PROCESS OF MUSICAL TRAINING

The work analyzes the pedagogical conditions of the adolescents’ activity in musical activity and its development. The usual pedagogical problem when the subject of music is being taught is how to organize the listening to the serious or classical music. How to make the schoolchildren interested in the works of the aforementioned music? How to help them discovering and feeling the unfading beauty of the music that was created several centuries ago, and how to motivate them to take interest in this phenomenon? It seems that the objective circumstances are not favorable for this: the musical industry is directed towards the commercial popular music; radio and television also follows these tendencies. The blatant advertisements usually lure young people away from the attempts to learn and understand the serious music, and to like it.

Key words: musical activity, creativity, person’s maturity, musical taste, educational process. Renata Geležinien÷ Šiauliai University

DEVELOPMENT OF EVIDENCE-BASED TEACHER`S ACTIVITY: ANALYSIS OF CASE "TINKER STUDENT" - ENCOURAGEMENT OF POSITIVE BEHAVIOR VERSUS CONTROL

Presentation introduce analysis of participatory action research case in educational institution that were carried out in order to obtain in-depth knowledge of the reality of the educational process of the student with emotional and behavior difficulties, of developed interactions with other participants of the educational process and to change it, encouraging positive behavior supports and changes both in the activity of the participants and the institution. Research instrumen t was prepared on the grounds of the concept of teacher’s evidence-based activity, actualizing the teacher’s learning-in-action (to plan, act, evaluate and reflect) and positive behavior supports of the student with emotional and behavior difficulties. During the participatory action research, the participants of the research initiated changes in the actual educational process, seeking to improve it; therefore, participatory action researches each time took place individually.

Key words: evidence-based teacher`s activity, positive behavior support, emotional and behavior difficulties.

Dovil÷ Gutauskait÷ Šiauliai University

PECULIARITIES OF A PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION AS A BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

Providers of private services become more important in Lithuania. Private business penetrates into those spheres that some time ago were considered to be strictly the competence of the state. First of all this is said about private educational institutions, i.e. colleges and universities. Preschool educational institutions are also attached to educational services; however, here one can see just a slight tendency of a private sector by the side of a public sector. Maybe not now, maybe in the future a private kindergarten can become an excellent alternative for public kindergartens.

Key words: preschool educational institution, organization, business organization, profit, profitability rates. Margarita Jurevi čien÷, Renata Geležinien÷ Šiauliai University

SOCIAL SKILLS DEFINITIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHILDREN WITH MODERATE LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

The goals of this article were to examine various empirically proven assessment and intervention methods that can be used to remediate social skills problems and to illustrate the utilization of these methods in a case study. The case study concerned a

withdrawn elementary child, her teacher, and her parents in a joint consultative intervention designed to increase her interactions with peers illustrated in the course of assessment and treatment.

Key words: social skills, children with moderate learning difficulties, a case study.

Salomeja Karasevičiūte, Genut÷ Gedvilien÷ Vytautas Magnus University

SOCIALIZATION OF ELDERLY PEOPLE

The aging of population in Lithuania, like in the other countries, causes complicated social and economical changes in many spheres, what is important by evaluating and foreseeing rightly the taking action in time, which have short-term, mid-term and permanent influence. The newest study reveals that a person cannot acquire social skills without a life-long exposure to social situations. Nobody can’t expect elderly people, who have been a “homebody” all their lives, to suddenly have a desire to spend time in a senior citizen center, day in/day out, being sociable. It may take a time of transition before she/he feels ready for more social environments.

Key words: elderly, socialization, social skills.

Daiva Kairien÷ Šiauliai University

COLLABORATIVE WORK OF THE TEAM, MEETING EARLY NEEDS OF THE CHILDREN AND FAMILIES: CASE ANALYSIS

There are presented professionals’ perceptions,interactions of collaborative work in team meeting early needs of children and families.Problem questions: What are professionals’ perceptions about collaboration? What are the types of collaborative interactions? What could be the suggestions of collaborative work improvement, regarding theoretical priorities? Collaborative work is analysed on the framework of qualitative research methodology.There are distinguished types of interactions in interprofessional work: collab orative work performance interactions, social relationship, cognitive interactions at the individual,teamwork,team levels. Content of professionals’ collaborative interactions with families are based on work performance interactions, considering families’ needs, content of social relationship values, working with families and areas of families’ participation in process of early special provision.There are given suggestions about team work improvement areas.

Key words: collaborative work, interprofessional collaboration, collaboration with families, special need.

Rudolph Kalvans University of Latvia

SCHOOL LEADERSHIP AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN EDUCATION STUDIES

Nowadays, decentralization of power in education and increase of autonomy of education institutions have to be mentioned among the major changes in education. Considering the above mentioned fact, more attention is being paid to the organizer of management process of the institution, i.e. the principal. Management issues and methods have become an integral part of education research. The work methods of the education institution directly determine the climate of the institution that, in its turn, leaves impact on education process and students’ achievement. Although such international comparative researches as PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS do analyze the responses of the school principal, their content mostly refers to the material-technical, social and financial aspects but not to the principal’s work itself or competencies.

Key words: leadership, student achievement, international studies

Egl÷ Kvieskait÷ Vilnius Pedagogical University

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AS A MEAN OF EDUCATIONAL INNOVATION

Taking globalization into account new challenges for education provokes to develop new competences for educational leaders; also effective management of intercultural communication processes is highlighted. In addition, effective intercultural communication and its management play a significant role in the education system. This article analyzes the concept of intercultural commucation, paradigms as well as presence of the framework of effective communication as assumption for management of intercultural communication. This article lays a stress on the management of intercultural communication description in education and takes a broad look on intercultural communication literature. In this context intercultural communication is emphasized as the peculiar definition of interpretation influenced by methodological approach. This raises a question about the possible description of intercultural communication management in education.

Key words: educational innovations, intercultural, communication management.

Kęstutis Matulaitis, Antanas Skarbalius Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED INDICES OF TECHNICAL FITNESS OF BASKETBALL MALE PLAYERS AGED 10–17 YEARS

Monitoring of technical fitness will help to determine the basketball player's strengths and weaknesses relatively to the demands of basketball and assist in identifying what activities will improve their game (McGee, 2007). The aim of the research was to evaluate and assess the technical fitness of basketball players aged 10–17 years in rank scale. Material & Methods: Subjects: 673 basketball players aged 10–17 years in the year 2004–2006 were tested at the end of the competitive period. Technical fitness test (Balčiūnas et al., 2009): slide step, dribbling, 30 free throw shooting, 1 minute shooting. Technical fitness in rank scale was made using SPSS 12.0 program for Windows. Results: The indices of technical training were changing inconsistently: there was the increase in indices of 18,9 percent dribbling tests, 24,7 percent change in slide step tests, 52,1 percent in 1 minute shooting tests, and 44,3 percent 30 free throw shooting tests was significant (p<0,05). Indices in percentiles rank scale (Excellent 80–100; Very good 60–79; Good 40–59; Average 20–39; Poor 0–19) for the different age (10–17 years) were carried out and will be presented in conference. The results demonstrated that the growth of technical training indices of basketball players slowed down significantly at the age of 15 years or declines. The 30 free throw and 1 minute shooting tests’ indices corresponded to the average level of preparedness. The dribbling tests and slide step tests indices were also in line with good or very good level of preparedness. Julija Melnikova, Regina Kontautiene Šiauliai University

ASSESSING THE SYSTEM OF SCHOOL LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT: FEEDBACK FROM LITHUANIA

The system of school leaders leadership development in Lithuania is analized in the international perspectyve. The results of the empiric research disclose the opinion of lithuanian school leaders on various aspects of leadership evelopment system. Finally, the recommendations on school leadership development system improvement in Lithuania are presented.

Key words: school leaders, leadership development Monika Miliušiene, Vaiva Zuzevičiūte Vytautas Magnus University

THE STRATEGIES IN EDUCATION FOR CREATING A SENSE OF COMMUNITY AT SCHOOL

School and family are the first child‘s education institutions, where child‘s personality starts to develop. It should be understood that school and family should cooperate, stated, „contemporary reality raises a lot of tasks and problems for school and family and these problems can be solved only by common efforts. Neither school nor family cannot blame each other for the growing problems and cannot transfer responsibility to each other...“. Family is one of the main actors of school community and in this article an attention is on family involvement and other educative strategies which can influence community sense creation and development at school. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to identify the strategies in education, which would help to create and maintain the sense of community at school. In order to achieve this aim, following objectives are formulated: Theoretically substantiate benefit of various strategies in education for community sense creation at school; Discuss the function of social capital theory for building relationships at school; Present teachers’ opinion about families’ and school cooperation in school activities for a sense of community creation. In order to identify the strategies in education, which would help to create and maintain the sense of community at school, the following methods were used: 1) scientific literature and document analysis, 2) qualitative research method-“semi-structured” interview.

Key words: community sense, education, family involvement, social cohesion, partnership Andrius Norkus Siauliai University

BODY IMAGE AND HEALTHY LIVING HABITS IN STUDENTS‘ POPULATION: A THEORETICAL REVIEW

Body image, the multifaceted psychological experience of embodiment, profoundly influences the quality of human life. This article is based on theoretical overview of scientific literature. The concept of body image and it’s relations to health-related behavior in student’s population is analyzed. The possibilities and directions of future studies are estimated.

Key words: body image, healthy living habits, students’ population. Neringa Povilaitien÷ Siauliai University

THE EXPRESSION OF SEXUALITY OF TEENAGERS WITH MILD LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

The integration of people with disability is given much attention in Lithuania with an emphasis on the fundamental issues, such as social participation, employment, education, medical and technical support. However, the problem dimension of gender and sexuality, partnership, family and parenthood is not often explored. The presentation by analysing the teoretical model of sexual identity in educational, philosophical and sociological and empirical facts gives the expression of sexuality of teenagers with mild learning difficulties.

Key words: disability, sexuality, sex education, expression of sexuality

Aiste Pranckevičien÷, Kristina Žardeckait ÷-Matulaitien ÷ Vilnius Pedagogical University

COLOR RECOGNITION, PREFERENCES AND CHOICES FOR COMPLETING EMOTIONALLY CHARACTERIZED DRAWINGS IN CHILDHOOD

The aim of this project is to analyze children color recognition, preferences and choices in emotionally characterized drawings from early childhood to primary school. 1412 children aged from 2 to 12 years participated in the study. All children rated the set of 11 pencils (from the most liked to the most disliked color) and completed three drawings of differently characterized human figures: neutral, nice, and nasty. Girls preferred bright colors (pink, yellow ), while boys preferred darker tones of colors (green, black). The most disliked color for both genders was black. Children use specific colors when completing nice and nasty figures. The strongest relationship is observed between nice figure and yellow color and nasty figure and black color. However in early childhood color preferences were less related to gender stereotypes than in primary school, and color-figure relationship is not so evident. Implications for psychological assessment using drawings will be discussed.

Key words: color recognition, preferences, and color choices, childhood. Vinga Rakauskien÷, Laimut÷ Kardelien÷ Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

ALTERATION OF ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOUR AND EMOTIONS WHEN APPLYING BRIEF CONSULTING

42 adolescents were consulted in the frame of brief solution-focused consulting. 45 adolescents were not consulted and constituted the comparison group. Achenbach questionnaire was filled in twice by all the consulted adolescents and their class tutors (before and after consulting) while the members of the comparison group as well as their class tutors did it twice within the period of one month. According to the assessment of class tutors, social problems of the consulted adolescents significantly decreased (p<0.01). The consulted adolescents themselves also stated that social problems significantly decreased (p<0.01) as well as the showings of the scales of anxiety and depression (p<0.01). No significant changes happened in students within the comparison group. Brief solution focused counselling is suitable for consulting adolescents at school since not only the target issue which initially was the object of contacting a psychologist is affected but also other social problems decrease and the mood of adolescents gets better in general.

Key words: adolescent; brief consulting, school, behaviour and emotions. Irina Ramanauskien÷, Laura Daniusevičiūt÷, Auks÷ Pečiukaitien÷, Šarūnas Klizas KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Kaunas University of Technology (age average – 18,75 ± 0,05): 635 men ir 960 women. Physical fitness was assessed by the European tests of physical fitness – Eurofit. In the study we used Eurofit tests: 100 metre for men and women, 2 kilometre for men, 1 kilometre for women, standing jump for men an d women, pull-up for men and abdomen exercise for women. The results showed that the researches can value humans‘ physical fitness deficits and advantages by using Eurofit test. Also Eurofit test can be used to compare physical fitness results between separate groups, separate course and faculties.

Key words: students‘ health.

Diana Reklaitien÷, Aida Gaižauskien÷, Jūrat÷ Požerien÷, Vida Ostaševičien÷, Ina Marija Seščilien÷ Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

THE ATTITUDES TOWARDS FAMILY, AND HER VALUES AMONG CHILDREN FROM CARE HOMES AND CHILDREN FROM BIOLOGICAL FAMILY

The aim of this research was to analyse of attitudes towards family, its values among the children who live in care home and their peers living in families. The study involved 716 12-18 years old children living ir care homes from 32 state, municipal and private institutions from all over Lithuania. The same interview was conducted with 908 children of same age group living with their biological families. Results showed differenc es between children attitudes towards family. Children from care home more offen discussed with educators who are good family than children with parents from biological families. Children from care home often say that marriage should be live on the children than their peers living in families.

Key words: family, family values, children from care homes, children from biological family. Martynas Rusteika Siauliai University

QUALITY OF SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL HELP RENDERING AT COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS

A condition and requirement of special pedagogues functions realization possibilities, views of teachers and students having special educational needs about effectiveness of special help. The main conclusions of empiric research: Headmasters rate the possibilities to do special pedagogue functions the most kindly. The most unkindly – special pedagogues. All respondents rate kindly the possibilities to realize the functions. Work with special needs students, administration, pedagogues, documents is rated the most kindly. The most unkindly rated function is communication, collaboration with parents having children with special educational needs. Students rate help of special pedagogue rendering at school kindly. A usefulness of help shows in needs explanation, a realization of expectations and understanding of person help. Inclusive attitudes among teachers dominate in point of

students having special educational needs. They rate positively special pedagogues’ assistance. A positive view of administration to requirement of special educational needs dominate at schools. It was not sustained a hypothesis that a level of rendering special educational help doesn’t satisfy the requirements of special help users. It was not sustained a hypothesis that a view of special educational help users and givers to effectiveness of assistance is different. Respondents rate special pedagogue’s help positively.

Key words: special needs children, special educational help, service, quality, function, view and attitude. Jurat÷ Rušk÷ Siauliai University

INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS OF EDUCATING DIGNITY OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

Dignity is treated as between disciplinary construct; in the scientific literature it is analyzed in the light of philosophy, law, psychology, ethics, socioeducation and metafisics. According the opinions of various authors, dignity is related with a person’s value, self-esteem and moral way of life; thus we can hypothetically claim that dignity of the people who are disabled as well as the ones who are without disabilities can be as well treated as the determinat of desegregation. Although the subject of dignity is not new in the scientific sphere, in Lithuania the aspects of dignity, advantages, sallies, social value in the researches of the disability sphere are discussed only in the works of some authors; there are no explicit researches on the subject of education of dignity of the students with disabilities. In addition, quantitative researches prevail, according the data of which, specific, deep characteristics of the phenomenon are not revealed, although their are confident. In the present report the results of quantitative research that reveal the aspects of between disciplinary education of dignity of people with disabilities will be presented.

Key words: dignity, person with disability, education, interdisciplinary aspects. Aurelija Stelmokien÷, Auks÷ Endriulaitien ÷ Vytautas Magnus University, Department of General Psychology

THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS ON EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT: LEADERS‘ AND SUBORDINATES‘ PERCEPTION

Transformational leadership is widely investigated modern leadership theory that analyzes particular leaders‘ behaviors. Although results of various studies confirm the correlation between transformational leadership and effective management, individual differences of perceivers should be included in the analysis. Besides, there is a lack of research where different transformational leadership behaviors would be evaluated. So, the purpose of the current study was to produce a model of transformational leadership behaviors and management effectiveness explaining leaders’ and subordinates’ perception. 198 leaders (mainly middle management positions) and 438 subordinates from various Lithuanian organizations participated in the survey. All participants filled up the questionnaire consisting of Transformational Leadership Behavior Inventory (TLI), Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), and Management Effectiveness Scale. Social factors were tapped by socio-demographic questions. Results of the study indicated that in leaders’ group identifying and articulating a vision and providing individualized support predicted higher management effectiveness. Besides, leaders’ individual or social value orientation was predictor of more frequent use of different transformational leadership behaviors. According to subordinates, evaluation of higher management effectiveness was predicted by leaders’ practice of intellectual stimulation. And only subordinates’ more expressed individual value orientation was important in emphasizing three transformational leadership behaviors: fostering the acceptance of group goals, providing individualized support and intellectual stimulation. Structural equation modeling (path analysis) revealed that different models explained leaders’ and subordinates’ perception of transformational leadership and management effectiveness.

Key words: transformational leadership behaviors, management effectiveness, value orientation

Laima Trink ūniene Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

PRECONDITIONS OF PERSONALITY STATUS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Physical education at school is part of general education of pupils the aim of which is to help pupils understand the well-rounded value of physical education for health and social integration. It should be noted that the development of positive outlook towards vigorous physical activities is a significant objective in education programs. Thus, if we want our pupils to participate in physical activities for the whole life, we must know the personality status of the physical education teacher which should be oriented towards holistic education and the developme nt of pupils’ internal powers, sociality and morality. The adequate personality status of children in the lessons of physical education could be developed by physical education teachers’ qualifications and competencies, the conformity of their aims and wishes to their professional behavior, sports activities in the leisure time, good physical and mental health, and positive attitude towards their choice of profession.

Key words: physical education teachers, preconditions, physical education. Vainien÷ Edita, Kęstutis Kardelis, Laimut÷ Kardelien÷ Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education

PATTERNS OF HEALTH - RISK BEHAVIOR AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG STUDENTS FROM LAPE

The study explored patterns of health –risk behaviors and physical activity among students from Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (LAPE). Self administered anonymous questionnaire was given in 2000 year and in 2008 year in May. 263 students (40 % of males, 60% of females) were questioned in 2000. And in 2008 year were questioned 314 students (44% of males, 56% of females). The

questions were devoted to discover students’ health risk behavior and physical activity. In 2008 males were more likely than females to use aqua vitae drinks. But the females’ frequency use of aqua vitae drinks did not differ from males in 2008. The use of wine decreased during the eight years that's why we can assume that students prefer to use vodka, whisky, brandy and et al. The comparative analysis of the data showed statistically significant rise of female daily cigarette smokers (9,0% and 18,5%; χ2=8,1; df=2; p<0,05). Number of daily smokers males remain stable (26,7% and 25,0%), but number of females who never smoked increased in 2008 year (42,9% and 55,9%; p <0,07). Physically active students used aqua vitae drinks (daily and 2-3 times per week) rarely than physically passive in 2000 year (16,3% and 38,5% p <0,05) and in 2008 this discrepancy was less strong (16,4% and 28%). During all period (2000-2008 year) physically active students (daily and 2-3 times per week) rarely used to drink aqua vitae drinks than physically passive (56,6% and 62,3%; p <0,1). We didn't find any statistical significant differences in physical activity and bear during all period. Students who attended sports’ exercises, used to drink aqua vitae drinks (daily and 2-3 times per week) rarely (17% and 23,4%; p <0,2). Males who were physically active (2-3 times per week and more) they used to smoke cigarettes rarely than physically passive (21,1% and 44%; p <0,006) in 2008 year. Comparative analysis showed that students who point self-perceived health as good or enough good they used to drink aqua vitae drinks rarely than those students who point they self-perceived health as bad or enough bad.

Key words: physical activity, health-risk behavior, health.

Kristina Žardeckait ÷–Matulaitien÷, Aist÷ Pranckevičien÷ Vytautas Magnus University

COLOR RECOGNITION, COLOR PREFERENCES AND COLOR CHOICES FOR COMPLETING EMOTIONALLY CHARACTERIZED DRAWINGS IN CHILDHOOD

The aim of this project is to analyze children color recognition, color preferences and color choices in emotionally characterized drawings from early childhood to primary school. 1307 children (648 boys and 659 girls) from mainstream schools of Kaunas region and 95 children (54 boys and 38 girls) from Kaunas kinder garden participated in color preference, mood rating and drawing sessions. Age of participants ranged from 2 years 3 months and 12 years 3 months. All children rated the set of 11 pencils (from the most liked to the most disliked color) and completed three drawings of differently characterized human figures: a neutral, a nice, and a nasty. The results of the study revealed that color recognition develops with age in early childhood: more 5-7 years old children recognize all colors then 2-4 years old ones. More than 60 % of children in 2-4 years old group recognized green, red, yellow and black. While all children in 5-7 years old group recognized black, red and orange colors. Some gender differences in color preferences also were found. Both genders preferred bright colors: girls – pink, yellow, and boys – red, sky blue. The most liked colors for both genders were bright; the most disliked color for both genders was black. However some age differences were observed. Interestingly color choices in early childhood were less related to gender stereotypes than in primary school. The results of the study indicate that children use of specific colors when completing nice and nasty figures in early childhood only starts to develop. The relationship between nasty figure and black color begins firstly, but relationships among positively characterized figures and bright colors still remain shady. In primary school these relationships become more differentiated: the strongest relationship is observed between nice figure and yellow color and nasty figure and black color. However results also indicate that choice of the color is related to child’s color preference. Although the results of the study confirm general association between characteristics of the topic being drawn and colors, observed gender differences and importance of color preference indicate that color interpretations during child’s psychological assessment should be done with caution. The implications for further research are discussed.

Key words: color preference, color choice, early childhood, gender differences.

HUMANITIES AND ARTS

Egl÷ Aleknait÷ Vytautas Magnus University

THE CONCEPT OF “FOLK” IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE ENSEMBLES: A REFLECTION OF THE IDEALIZED PAST IN THE FOLK MUSIC REVIVAL MOVEMENT

The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of “folk” in Lithuanian folklore ensembles on the basis of data of field research. Every folk music revival movement is oriented towards the past and is based on a particular vision of the idealized past and musical practices of “folk” settled in that past. One question at issue is the perception of a level of the past of the folk tradition. In the context of Western Europe Lithuanians are unique because of their claims to the continuity of musical tradition and because of the particular soviet experience, with which the interpretation of “folk” is related. Through contemporary processes and interpretations Lithuanian revivalists come closer to “folk” concepts of Western Europe which evidence shifting, dividing national and cultural identities.

Key words: folk music revival, folklore ensembles, "folk" concept. Aidanas Barzelis Šiauliai University

DEVIANT MODELS OF DEMOCRATIZATION IN POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF MODERN RUSSIA

The aim of this paper was to present the deviant models of democracy in Post-Soviet countries and to analyze the case of Russia transition to democracy process from 1991 to 2010. Two main concepts – “transition to democracy” and “consolidation of democracy” as methodological tools were used while questioning why twenty years after the demise of communism, disappointment with the progress of democratization was evident. According to international survey, of the 12 Soviet republics (the Baltic region excluded) that entered the transition process in 1989–91, just Ukraine and Georgia have kept their transition status. The forecast democratization has failed over 90 percent of the territory and the population of the former Soviet Union. In this paper the case of Soviet Union rights successor – Russia will was analyzed as well. Under Yeltsin Russian society was freer than it is now and was a candidate for democratic transition. But Putin’s era and his political rhetoric promoting such catchphrases as “vertikalnaya vlast” (vertical of power), “diktatura zakona” (dictatorship of law), and “upravlyaemaya demokratiya” (managed democracy) alienated state from a democratic way of development.

Key words: democracy, democratization, transition, consolidation, Post-Soviet counties, Russia. Vilija Girgzdyt ÷, Jolanta Sondait÷ Mykolas Romeris University, Department of Psychology

A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF COUPLE’S PARTNERSHIP EXPERIENCES

Phenomenological procedures were used to analyze the data. Themes were generated to delineate the descriptions of their experiences of partnership and understandings of how it affects their lives. The analysis of semi-structured interviews with both partners has shown that the questions that ask partners how they negotiate their financial and leisure time decisions, child care responsibilities and household raise issues of equal engagement and negotiation. The experiences of mutual emotional support uncover themes of closeness and autonomy. The consequences of their current arrangements disclosed feelings that are not always revealed and shared between partners. The study provides openings to consider the impact of multi-generational patterns, roles, and norms regarding gender. Study findings also suggest new research questions about how concept of partnership may serve as a discursive theme that emphasizes individual responsibility and may empower partners to amplify their ongoing changes from traditionally based patriarchal to open, diversity based way of relationship. Key words: partnership, couple, personal experiences. Modestas Grigaliūnas Vilnius University, Šiauliai University,

CRITICAL PARADIGM AND RESEARCH CIVIC ACTIVITY IN INTERNET

The organizing of the research of the contemporary civic activity in internet, basically based on the social reasons for protest grouping in the virtual space is suggested in the article. Also the critical paradigm for investigating the civic resistance is suggested by emphasizing the active role of the researcher in the research and there is predicated as well that a research must be finished not only by stating the scientific conclusions, but by suggesting the emancipating decisions for the change of undesirable situation of the researched community. Action research, critical paradigm, possible model of such research are presented in the article as well as the possible problems of this research, social reasons of grouping in the virtual space, technical presumptions and the change of the researcher role are analyzed. By analyzing the action research as the main possibility of realizing the critical paradigm in the contemporary researches of the civic activity in the internet, a 3-levels model of such research is suggested, which orients a researcher both to the analysis of social context (levels I and III) and to the real activity in the communities researched (level II).

Key words: civic activity in the internet, the virtual protest groups, critical paradigm, action research.

Rima Jasnauskait÷ Kaunas College

ON THE GLOALS OF ENGLISH FOR PROFESSIONAL USE VIA THE INTERRELATION WITH OTHER CURRICULUM SUBJECTS

The research deals with the problems of fostering the abilities of English for professional use in the context of professional training process at college. The aim of the research is to investigate the links of professional use English with the other subjects of the professional studies in the curriculum and to reveal the positive impact of this interrelation on the language ability development results. At theoretical level the article defines the characteristic faculties of English for professional use and identifies the specific features that are significant for the educational process. The concordance of quantitative and qualitative research approaches to the problem enables to show the irrelevant association of English with the subjects of general education registered in some professional training documents and shows the positive influence on the results of language skill development when the language studies are linked with the subjects of special professional training.

Key words: English for professional use, language identity, language abilities. Anna Gajda Kinga Jagiellonian University, Institute of European Studies

PERFORMATIVE WAY OF TELLING THE STORY IN DRAMA – INTERPRETATION THE POLISH DRAMA BY MAŁGORZATA SIKORSKA-MISZCZUK

The way of telling the story could have performative function. It is possible to tell the story, to quote historical fact with specific aim. The aim can be reached depending on the way of describing and interpreting “the facts”. It is important to notice that the method of reconstructing or performing history may powerfully influence our viewpoint of the past and the present. The method of telling the story is the form of casting a spell on memory, because we are able to remember not only details, facts, but also the light cast on the historical facts, the way of interpreting the details and - what is also very important – the emotion accompanying narrators.

Key words: Story, history, truth, past, memory, remember, emotion, the way o narration the story Šarūnas Klizas, Irina Ramanauskien÷, Audron÷ Dumčien÷ Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education Kaunas University of Technology

PECULIARITY OF THE PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT AND ANXIETY OF ADOLESCENCE

The aim of the article was to establish peculiarity of the psychosocial adjustment and anxiety of adolescence depend from gender. Adolescence (14-15 years old) was randomly selected from Kaunas secondary schools, and then all the participants from the eighth and the ninth grades were investigated. Thus, the participants of the study were 521 students of middle school age (285 females and 236 males). The measure of psychosocial adjustment included K. Rogers and R. Daimond modified method. The measure of anxiety included C. R. Raynolds and B. O. Richmond method. Results. After the analysis we established that psychosocial adjustment level among students of middle school age was higher for females (56.13 ± 12.82 points) than males (51.33 ± 11.38 points) (p = 0.001). Females of adolescence showed higher (65.93 ± 11.34 points) levels of integrity criterion than males (59.30 ± 8.71 points) (p < 0.05) and emotional comfort is experienced stronger by females of adolescence (58.44 ± 11.33 points), they felt better than their peer males (49.70 ± 10.82 points) (p < 0.05). Somatic anxiety was high for the girls of middle school age (p = 0.004). Conclusions. Female adolescence show better psychosocial adaptation than males; their integrity and emotional comfort results are higher than that of their peer males. Somatic anxiety was higher for females compared to males.

Key words: psychosocial adjustment, anxiety, adolescence. Ivars Liepnieks Rigas Stradinš University

THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE USE OF FORCE IN MEDVEDEV’S DEFENCE DOCTRINE – ARE THERE LASTING CHANGES?

Re-emerging and ambitious Russia can be viewed as a challenge. Georgia war in 2008 is mentioned as an example of consequences of the West ignoring Russia’s concerns. This paper focuses on how Medvedev justifies the use of force. Since Medvedev came to power some trends demonstrate signs of widening criteria in Russia for the use of force. In order to describe the main aspects of this discussion the following documents are analysed: 1) new Defence doctrine; 2) five principles of foreign affairs (August 2008); 3) amendments in legislation on the use of national military troops abroad; 4) security strategy 2020. The on-going discussions in Russia on the justification of the use of force can have an impact not only on international norms of the use of force, but also on Russia’s behaviour in a potential conflict in the future.

Key words: Russia, the use of force, protection of citizens abroad, security

Justina Liesien÷, Roy M. Kern Vytautas Magnus University

PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF BASIS-A: LITHUANIAN VERSION

Few stage research was conducted to evaluate psychometric properties of Lithuanian version for Adults of Basic Adlerian Scales for Interpersonal Success (Lithuanian BASIS-A). The questionnaire was back – forward translated from English (original) language to Lithuanian following the methodological requirements. The main research sample consisted of 954 various participants who filled out the Lithuanian BASIS-A questionnaire and socio-demographic sheet. Results of the research revealed the internal and external reliability of the instrument. Content validity was confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Correlation analysis was conducted to test the construct validity. Consequently, we suggest using the BASIS-A Lithuanian version as a proper theory-based personality measure.

Key words: individual psychology, lifestyle, personality measurement, BASIS-A, reliability and validity

Laura Lukenskiene Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre

NEW APPROACH TO MONOPHONIC LATER LAYER MELODIES OF SOUTHWESTERN LITHUANIA: INTONATION CORES AS ELEMENTS, SHAPING INTERDIALECT

New research of Southwestern Lithuanian monophonic later layer melodies is presented in this paper. We notice a lot of common features in monophonic melodies of the territory, covering Southern Dzūkija, Suvalkija and Minor Lithuania. They are clearly seen in common genres of folklore and common melodical types. Howewer, we notice certain common features also in different type melodies. The groups of melodies with common melodical features are first described in the research. Typical intonations and combinations of several intonations, which create motives and thematical background of melodies are explored here. They shape the style of later layer Southwestern Lithuanian monophonic melodies. Melodical features, explored in the research, are considered as typical examples of later layer Southwestern Lithuanian intonation.

Key words: Southwestern Lithuania, intonation, intonational core, monophony.

Oksana Mejer÷ Vilnius University, Šiauliai University

THE FEMINIST POLITICAL DEBATE OVER THE MEANINGS OF GENDER EQUALITY VISIONS AND STRATEGIE

Gender equality is miscellaneous and contested notion, widely discussed among actors form politics, civil society and from academia. The three different visions of gender equality are presented in this paper, performing the peculiarities of equal opportunity, positive actions and gender mainstreaming as strategies to achieve gender equality. The women empowerment and integration in policymaking process are seen as strategically important issues of gender equality policy implementation. It is argued that the trend toward gender equality is intimately linked with the broader process of democratization. However, transformative issue of gender mainstreaming can be implemented only in deliberative democracy.

Key words: gender equality, reversal, inclusion, gender mainstreaming, deliberative democracy.

Rima Povilionien÷ Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre

ASPECTS OF CONSTRUCTIVE MUSIC COMPOSITION IN THE LITHUANIAN MUSIC OF THE END OF 20TH C.

The interplay of music and mathematics is apparently the longest-living multidisciplinary dialogue manifesting in a concentrated form in the practice of musical composition of the 20th century, which can be called as a qualitatively new stage of interplay of mathematics and music, which aims at finding common denominators in the background of musical and numeric structures: traditional parameters of the quantity and structure of pitches, rhythmic and key striking were supplemented with articula tion styles, scales, groups and layers of dynamics, poly-tempos and other aspects; also different semantisation strategies are used to approaching musical numerology: cryptographic, numeric alphabet codes, integrating traditionally determined or individual numeric symbols in the texture of music, numeric relationships and progressions, algorithms of symmetry phenomenon.

Key words: music and mathematics, music composition algorithms, Balakauskas, Kutavicius, Nakas, Vytautas V. Jurgutis.

Gir ÷nas Povilionis Institute of Culture, Phylosophy and Arts

NICOLAUS JANTZON INFLUENCE TO VILNIUS SCHOOL OF LATE BAROQUE ORGAN BUILDING IN LITHUANIA

The largest part of the Lithuanian organ heritage of the 18th and the first half of the 19th are built by the craftsmen of the Vilnius school of organ building. This part of the heritage takes an important place also in Belarus, part of Latvia and Poland. Unfortunately, the names of the Vilnius organ builders have been forgotten: Gerhardt Arendt Zelle, a master from Königsberg arrived in Vilnius in 1737, his sons Paulus Gerardus and Michael were also organ builders, Joachim Friedrich Scheel from the area of the t own of Schwaan in the Duchy of Mecklenburg became a city resident in 1764, his son Johan Friedrich did the same. The largest late Baroque-style organ is in the Bernardine Church in Tytuv÷nai built by Nicolaus Jantzon in 1789. Jantzon from the region of Hamburg became a Vilnius city resident in 1764 and his crafts heritage, the form of organ cases and structure became the most influential to all later organbuilders and Late Baroque organ style in Lithuania.

Key words: Nicolaus Jantzon, Lithuanian organ heritage, Vilnius school of late baroque Organbuilding, organ case.

Diana Raudonien÷ Vilnius Academy of Arts

PUBLISHING BRAILLE BOOKS WITH RAISED-LINE ILLUSTRATIONS IN LITHUANIA IN THE 1960 1970

The paper will explore activity of Lithuanian graphic artists and illustrators commissioned by the Publishing House of the Lithuanian Society of the Blind by answering a question: how did those artists understand their task in such an exceptional situation when they had to create images for a specific group of readers who were unable to see? What kind of strategies did they use to make tactile illustrations? And how did they differ from their usual visual techniques?

Key words: raised-line illustration, tactile perception.

Egl÷ Savickait÷ Vytautas Magnus University

CHANGING CONCEPT OF MAGIC: PROBLEMS AND IMPLICATIONS TO INTERNATIONAL AND LITHUANIAN RESEARCHES

The concept of magic in different historical periods defines the dominating cultural norms. Searching for the distinctness of magic, it was compared to science and religion, but later became clear that the mystery of that it remained alive, lies not in its otherness, but in its similitude with the mentioned systems. Now most of the concepts in western co untries are perceived as scientific, cultural constructs. While in Lithuania there are no comprehensive studies dealing with the changing concept of magic. Researchers avoid substantiating the choice of different concepts (magic, belief, superstition). Magic is mostly analyzed in the context of old folk magic. So, the question arises if the concept of magic in Lithuania is perceived as problematic, changing category.

Key words: magic, concept, changes, religion, science.

Ar ūnas Skrudupas Vytautas Magnus University

SOFT POWER ACTUATION IN CONTEMPORARY CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY: AESTHETICAL SOLUTIONS

The goal of the report – identify and analyze aesthetical soft power instruments used in contemporary Chinese policy, treating them as integral soft power manifestation; describe them as a solid unit, cohesive holistic structure. The report aims at highlighting the influence of Confucianism and Daoism on contemporary Chinese political-diplomatic-strategic concepts, such as peaceful rise, harmonious world, etc., accentuating aesthetical aspects of Daoism and Confucianism and emphasizing the importance of cultural dimension, cultural level. The work is based on a hypothesis that in its foreign policy P.R.C. follows the model of “blazing sun” or “sagging light”, when the rays diverge from the centre and come back to it, that is, it does not aim at changing the world, but at adapting it to accepting the Chinese culture, at making the world friendly to China, stopping it from antagonizing the peaceful “aesthetical” Chinese invasion thus making the foundation for the new superpower, the new empire.

Key words: eesthetics, soft power, Chinese foreign policy.

Solvita Denis, Ivars Liepnieks University of Latvia, Riga Stradins University

RE-WRITING THROUGH RE-MEMBERING THE WWI IN THE RE-PUBLIC OF BELARUS: COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

De-nationalised nation and divided nation – these and other terms are used to describe different nation project(s) in Belarus. The myth of the Victory and the WWII discourses are named as the main issues of national consolidation provided by the Belarusian ruling elite. Meanwhile, the official “brother Russia” is also using this “historic stone” as the basis of its identity. In recent years the clash of discourses and building of its own discourse of war is becoming more visible in Belarus. This paper describes the main communicative strategies used by the Belarusian ruling elite. Key words: Belarus, the Second World War (WWII), war discourse, national identity

Andrius Šuminas Vilnius University

POLITICIANS IN SOCIAL MEDIA: NEW FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

The scope of political communication in the interactive space is constantly increasing. Therefore, the research of these processes becomes necessary. This article analyzes the processes of political communication in social media and studies the possibilities and forms of this communication proceeding. The beginning of the article defines the concept of social media, distinguishes different categories of means, and compares social and traditional media. The article minutely analyzes the transformation of political communication that takes place due to social media, reveals the aspects of changes in communication process, and analyzes new possibilities. In addition, the article represents the analysis of the communication of the members of the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania in social media. The analysis shows how the politicians of the country communicate with the society in the digital space.

Keyw ords: political communication, social media, social media, traditional media, direct communication.

NATURAL AHD PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Erika Brinkyte Siauliai University

URBAN GREEN SPACE SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY OF SIAULIAI CITY

Green areas and their systems determine general city view and structure. It can cause city space structure, complement composition of buildings architecture, create urban green areas and to improve people’s environment. But the problems come then there are not enough greening or their quality are not good. Here is given information about distribution of forests and independent green areas in Siauliai city, territory of parks and square, its density and conditions are surveyed here too.

Key words: green space system, green areas, greening.

Viktorija Eisa University of Latvia

INFLUENCE OF GROUND VEGETATION AND LIGHT TO DUNE FOREST REGENERATION

Data were collected in 2008 and 2009 on wooded coastal dunes near the Baltic Sea coast in Pāvilosta. Vegetation was described in four sample plots, altogether 140 relevés (1m2). In transects placed in the middle of the sample plots the count of pine trees has been determined as well as what percentage of the area has been covered by young pine trees. The WinScanopy program was used to estimate solar radiation amount. According to the percentage of area coverage by young pine trees, relevés were distributed into two groups. Indicator species of the fir st group were Carex arenaria and Dicranum scoparium, of the second group, with bigger coverage by young pine trees –Koeleria glauca and Hieracium umbellatum. Significant relations between tree cover, solar radiation amount, ground vegetation cover and forest regeneration were observed. Possible influence of ground layer disturbance was found, too.

Key words: coastal dunes, forest regeneration, young pine trees, tree cover, solar radiation, ground vegetation.

Dalia Kavaliauskait÷, Roma Kačinskait÷ Šiauliai University

ON THE VALUE-DISTRIBUTION OF EULER PRODUCTS IN THE SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

In this paper, we investigate the value-distribution for the Euler product in the space of analytic functions. Also, we give an explicit form of the limit measure.

Keywords: Euler product, Haar measure, probability measure, weak convergence.

Mindaugas Karaliunas, Edmundas Kuokštis Vilnius University

OPTICAL GAIN COEFFICIENT SPECTRA IN MBE GROWN ZnO EPILAYERS

ZnO is a promising material for optoelectronics as a stable, reliable, transparent for visible light, and wide direct band-gap semiconductor. The band gap around 3.4 eV at room temperature results the emission and absorption in near ultraviolet wavelength region of the spectrum. The most interesting feature of the material is huge binding energy of excitons (60 meV). It allows to study the exciton system experimentally even at room temperature. Moreover, stimulated emission induced by interaction of excitons leads to high lasing stability and low threshold. In this work, the optical gain spectra were measured in ZnO epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The variable excitation stripe length technique was applied for the measurement of the gain spectra. The model of the technique allows to simple relate photoluminescence intensity with the length of excitation stripe and finally to determine the optical gain coefficient spectra.

Key words: optical gain coefficient, stimulated emission, photoluminescence, zinc oxide epilayers.

Gražina Pyz, Virginija Šimonyt÷, Vytautas Slivinskas Institute of Matematics and Informatics

MODELLINGS OF LITHUANIAN SPEECH DIPHTHONGS

A problem of Lithuanian speech diphthong formant modelling is considered in the paper. Formant models of separate vowels are constructed using quasipolynomials and Levenberg method for parameter estimation. A linear recursive filter with many inputs is used to generate a diphthong. Sounds smoothly pass from one vowel to another by properly selecting input dynamics. In order to describe the transition laws, diphthong records are analysed using fundamental frequency estimation by MUSIC method and harmonics amplitude estimation by a least squares method. The synthesized diphthongs are audio tested.

Key words: lithuanian speech, quasipolynomials and Levenberg method, linear recursive filter, harmonics amplitude

Julija Pragarauskait÷, Gintautas Dzemyda Institute of Matematics and Informatics

PROBABILISTIC ALGORITHM FOR MINING FREQUENT SEQUENCES

Frequent sequence mining in large volume databases is important in many areas, e.g. biological, climat, financial databases. Exact frequent sequence mining algorithms usually read the whole database many times, and if the database is large enough, then frequent

sequence mining is very long or requires supercomputers. A new probabilistic algorithm for mining frequent sequences is proposed. It analyzes a random sample of the initial database. The algorithm makes decisions about the initial database according to the random sample analysis results and performs much faster than the exact mining algorithms. The probability of errors made by the probabilistic algorithm is estimated using statistical methods. The algorithm can be used together with exact frequent sequence mining algorithms.

Key words: Frequent sequence mining, probabilistic algorithm, data mining.

Jovita Rašyt÷, Roma Kačinskait÷ Šiauliai University

ON THE APPROXIMATION IN MEAN OF EULER PRODUCTS BY ABSOLUTELY CONVERGENT DIRICHLET SERIES

We obtain an approximation in mean of the Euler products by an absolutely convergent Dirichlet series. It is applicable to the proof of limit theorem in the sense of the weak convergence of probability measures on the complex plane for Euler products.

Key words: absolutely convergence, approximation in mean, Dirichlet series, Euler products.

Anete Stola, Brigita Laime, Didzis Tjarve University of Latvia

SAND PINK DIANTHUS ARENARIUS SUBSP. ARENARIUS CENO POPULATION VALUATION IN GREY DUNES IN VILLAGE KOLKA

Dianthus arenarius subsp. arenarius is included in European Union and Latvian protected vascular plant species list. In 2009 we realized research in village Kolka, to establish and evaluate factors which affect on Dianthus arenarius subsp. arenarius vitality. In this research we describe vegetation in 96 sampling plots (1m x 1m). As a result we established that Dianthus arenarius subsp. arenarius covering and number of flower stalks are bigger in biotope, which characterize succession phase betw een grey dune and sandy grassland. Number of Dianthus arenarius subsp. arenarius shrubs greatly decrease if moss and last year`s grass thickness grows. Inferable, that Dianthus arenarius subsp. arenarius vitality depends on vegetation structure, floristic composition, soil prolificacy, humidity and disturbance.

Key words: Dianthus arenarius, biotope, population, vegetation.

Adolfas Šliogeris, Vladimir Astachov, Jelena Tamulien÷, Rimantas Vaišnoras, Leonas Mindaugas Balevičius Vilnius Pedagogical University, Vilnius University

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCODENDRIMERS FUNCTONALIZED BY TRYPTOPHAN AND DANSYL UNIT

The two glycodendrimer terminal flexible chain structures with tryptophan and dansyl molecules have been investigated by Hartree - Fock method with 6-31G basis set within full geometry optimization. The absorption spectra of these dendrimers at 200-400 nm wavelength were measured and calculated by applying CIS method also. We found that the maltose didn’t absorb in the above 200-400 nm spectra region. Obtained absorption is due to ππ→ * excitation of tryptophan molecules, i.e. Trp units.

Key words: glycodendimers, oligosacharide shell, absorption.

Sandra UseĜonoka, Liene AuniĦa University of Latvia

ERICA TETRALIX L. AS A DISTURBANCE INDICATOR IN FOREST STANDS IN LATVIA

Erica tetralix L. is a common species in oceanic and sub-oceanic part of Europe. However, in Latvia Erica tetralix is a rare species, found mainly in Saka, Pāvilosta and Ziemupe vicinity, where it grows in pine forests on wet mineral soils. In 2009 the study was carried out in the Saka vicinity. The aim of the study was to determine factors influencing the Erica tetralix cover in forest stands. MRPP was used in data analysis to test the differences among three groups of plots – stands with selective cutting, stands without forest management and burned stands. SPSS was used for multiple regression analysis to determine which of the parameters (tree, shrub, vascular plant cover, Sphagnum sp. and brown moss cover, stand openness, type of disturbance) mostly explain differences in Erica tetralix cover in all sample plots. The study proved that the main factor influencing Erica tetralix cover is moisture, which is indicated by Sphagnum sp. cover. This factor is significant in all plots regardless of type of disturbance.

Key words: Erica tetralix; pine forest, wet mineral soils; wet heathland.

Romans Veveris, Brigita Laime, Nils Rostoks University of Latvia

BOTANICAL AND GENETIC INVESTIGATION OF HYBRID MARRAM GRASS x-CALAMMOPHILA BALTICA IN LATVIA

The intergeneric hybrid x-Calammophila baltica (=Calamagrostis epigeios x Ammophila arenaria) is distributed in the primary dunes along the Baltic and the North Seas’ shores. In 2009, the vegetation description was carried out according to the Braun-Blanquet method (in total, 288 sample plots 3 m x 3 m in size); as well as soil samples and plants for DNA analysis were taken in 6 Latvian seashore places. Species and sample plot classification (TWINSPAN) and ordinat ion (DCA) showed that stands of x-Calammophila baltica mostly occur in embryonic dune plant communities with Honckenya peploides. With a help of genetic markers was analyzed matK and trnK intergene region. First results of the experiment probably showed x-Calammophila baltica genetic similarity to Calamagrostis epigeios, than to Ammophila arenaria.

Key words: x-Calammophila baltica, Ammophila arenaria, Calamagrostis epigeios, matK, embryonic dune

TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Gediminas Balkys, Gintautas Dzemyda Institute Mathematics and Informatics

SEGMENTING AND REGISTERING EYE FUNDUS IMAGES

Computer vision and image processing techniques are found today in all fields of medical science. Automatic segmentation and analysis of retinal images can therefore be used to detect pathological risk or damage. The normal features of fundus images include the optic disc, fovea and blood vessels. Algorithms for identifying blood vessels in a retina image generally fall into two classes: segment vessel pixels and extract vessel information. Extraction algorithms are faster computationally, but they work by starting on known vessel points. For segmentation, these algorithms do n’t need to know vessel points. They are slower, because analyzing each pixel and comparing with its neighbors. This paper addresses the problem of segmenting and registering eye fundus images.

Key words: medical imaging, image analysis, eye fundus segmentation

Iveta Briska Riga StradiĦš University

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RISK SOCIETY – ECOLOGICAL SITUATION IN LATVIA

Every country identifies the possibility for its people to live in a clean and organized environment among its basic priorities by implementing sustainable development policies, preserving environmental quality, biological diversity as well as providing effective utilization of natural resources at the same time. Global economic growth generates increasingly serious risks or side effects to deal with. One of the topical issues of risk society is awareness of ecological risks and joint political and social activities for the reduction of these risks. This article describes the dynamics of several ecological risks in Latvia on the basis of statistical data regarding deforestation, waste utilization and air pollution.

Key words: sustainable development, ecological situation, risk society

Jacek Cyranka Jegiellonian University, Poland

RIGOROUS BOUNDS OF SOLUTIONS OF FLUID FLOW EQUATIONS

The goal of the Phd research covers rigorous bounds of fluid flow equations. Main object of our research are Navier-Stokes equations, they model fluid flow and are intensively used in weather predictions, oceans current flows, hydraulics and aerodynamics. Currently we consider Burgers equation (a simplification of Navier Stokes equations). Typical calculations and simulation of fluid flow phenomena (eg. confrontation of water and air) require large computation power and are burdend with errors that are propagated as a result of nat ural dynamics of the equations, to describe that one most often uses term "the butterfly effect". This phenomena is extremely important in predicting weather. We work on software, which will perform rigorous computations of fluid flow equations and will be used in obtaining computer proofs considering its dynamics. Our research is going to help in understunding "the butterfly effect" and rules of fluid flow.

Key words: fluid flow, navier stokes equations, burgers equations, rigorous bounds, computer aided proofs.

Donatas Dvarvietis, Arvydas Kanapickas Vytautas Magnus University

MEASUREMENT OF HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION BACKGROUND

The use of engineering applications that radiates high frequency electromagnetic fields has increased in recent years, particularly, due to expansion of cellular phone networks. As a consequence, there is a growing concern about possible adverse health effects of electromagnetic radiation. However, there are little experimental data that could characterize electromagnetic background. The aim of this work is to present a portable system designed for real time measurements of high frequency electromagnetic radiation background. The application implements a robust algorithm based on the functions of the spectrum analyzer. The system can be used for online monitoring of electromagnetic field background in the range 0.3 – 2000 MHz, i.e. it can measure background radiation of all important sources like radio frequency broadcast as well as mobile phone transmitters. The most important part of the system - a program application designed for the control of measurement and data collection is described. Equipment was applied for measurement of electromagnetic background variations during a week and during a day-night in the vicinity of laboratory building at the Vytautas Magnus university. Data were collected hourly. Maximum and minimum values of radiation power density were determined. The analysis of the spectrum of electromagnetic background is presented and the most important sources of background radiation are indentified.

Key words: high frequency electromagnetic radiation, power density, exposure level.

Aleksandr Igumenov, Julius Žilinskas Institute of Mathematics and Informatics

COMBINATORIAL TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF TRUSS STRUCTURES USING DISTRIBUTED GRID COMPUTING

Topology optimization of truss structures is considered in this paper. Trusses are widely used in various constructions: bridges, towers, roof supporting structures. Topology optimization of trusses requires large amount of computing resources.

Therefore distributed computer networks are used to solve this kind of problems. In this paper a distributed branch-and-bound combinatorial algorithm for topology optimization of trusses is proposed, implemented and investigated in computational grid.

Key words: optimization, topology, truss structures, branch-and-bound, combinatorial algorithm, computer networks. Vitalija Jakštien ÷, Brigita Janiūnait÷ Kaunas University of Technology

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE OF A UNIVERSITY TEACHER AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ICT USE

The first part discusses the concept of ICT competence of a university teacher. The second part discloses the relation of ICT competence to educational environments of different types. The third part models the ICT competence of a teacher in the context of ICT use levels. Methods of scientific literature analysis and theoretical modelling are applied in the article. The following essential conclusions are drawn: The need for ICTCUT is not the same at different educational environments in the aspect of time and places. In the environments of the type of a particular place – particular time (PPPT) (traditional classrooms) the ICTCUT is desirable but not necessary; in the environments of any particularly non-defined place and time (UPUT) (course of distance teaching / learning) the ICTCUT is necessary and involves all elements characteristic to it. Different levels of ICT use require different ICTCUT. Level 0 – is traditional instruction, not using ICT; thus the ICTCUT is not necessary. Level 1 – is traditional instruction, which is enriched with ICT. The ICTCUT involves elements of both basic ICT competence and integral educational ICT competence; however it is limited by local network of computers, communication is direct; thus not all aspects of the ICTCUT are important. Virtual educational and learning environments used at Level 2 extend the ICTCUT; all components of the ICTCUT become important. Level 3 of ICT application is related to learning networks, virtual communities as well as multimedia library of the humanity. The ICTCUT is extended with new aspects due to possibilities of Internet application in learning. At this level premises for implementation of learning paradigm are created. Coherences between levels of ICT use and educational environments are envisaged: at Level 0 and Level 1 educational environments of the PPPT and PPUT types are applied; at Level 2 – educational environments of the UPPT and UPUT; at Level 3 – learning networks and virtual communities.

Key words: university teacher, ICT competence, levels of ICT use

Irena Janušaitien÷ Vytautas Magnus University

THE IMPACT OF LOW CONCENTRATION OF CADMIUM ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC GAS EXCHANGE AND GROWTH OF PEA AND BARLEY PLANTS

Photosynthetic gas exchange and growth characteristics were investigated in pea and barley plants using 1 mM Cd treatment. Plants were sown in a neutral peat substrate and at leaf development stage were treated with 1 mM cadmium concentration solution. Gas exchange parameters (photosynthetic rate, Pn; intercellular CO2 concentration, Ci; transpiration rate, Tn; water use efficiency, WUE) were measured with portable photosynthesis system LI-6400 on the fifth day after Cd treatment. Under Cd stress photosynthetic rate of pea and barley plants decreased by 16.7 % (p < 0.05) and 12.8 % (p < 0.05) respectively, compare to the reference treatments. The photosynthetic response of pea leaves to cadmium stress was slightly different from barley ones. Intercellular CO2 concentration decreased by 27.4 % (p < 0.05) in pea leaves but it increased by 33.5 % (p < 0.05) in barley ones. Cadmium treatment had no statistical significant effect on transpiration rate of pea plants, while transpiration rate of Cd treated barley decreased by 23.1 % (p < 0.05), compare to the reference treatment. The high increase of Ci of barley plants suggests that enzymatic dark reaction of photosynthesis was strongly affected, but the parallel change of photosynthetic and transpiration rates of barley showed that the photosynthetic response to Cd stress could be also attributed to the alteration of the photosystem and transpiration rate. CO2 reduction processes of Cd treated pea leaves increased (because Ci decreased), but this had no positive effect on photosynthetic rate, and the photosynthetic rate of pea decreased by 4 % more than photosynthetic rate of barley ones. Whereas cadmium stress produced disturbances in water balance of pea and thus reduction in water use efficiency by 26.5 % (p < 0.05) arose. The changes of dry biomass of cadmium treated plants were weak and statistical insignificant.

Key words: cadmium, photosynthesis, transpiration, water use efficiency, biomass, pea, barley.

Jonas Juknius, Nikolaj Goranin Vilnius Gediminas Technical University

BOTNET SPREADING DETECTION AND PREVENTION VIA WEBSITES

In this article the botnets are described which are considered to be among the biggest threats to computer network. Botnet is a network of compromised computers on which remote controlled programs (bots) are installed. The main purpose of botnets is to use hijacked computers for various fraudulent online activities. The botnet evolution from centralized towards Peer-to-Peer control mechanism is discussed and possible causes of such approach are described. Botnet propagation methods and development tendencies, including propagation through compromised public websites, when botnet creators have opportunity to passively attack website visitors` computers for further botnet expansion by inserting malicious code in compromised websites, are analyzed. Several botnet detection and propagation via websites prevention methods are proposed as a part of botnet spread prevention model.

Key words: botnet, computer network, network security, security models.

Aušrius Juozapavičius, Stanislovas Buteliauskas, Rimvydas Krausauskas General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania Vilnius University

IMPROVEMENT POSSIBILITIES OF VILNIUS CITY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BY USING PINAVIA INTERCHANGE

The article analyzes problems of Vilnius city transportation system and reveals drawbacks of street infrastructure and traffic organization, which are responsible for traffic congestion and its consequences in many cities including Vilnius. A new high capacity road interchange Pinavia is presented. Mathematical model of the new interchange is described enabling to optimize and adapt it in a given location. Unique features of the new Pinavia interchange are used to develop an improvement strategy of Vilnius city transportation system.

Key words: transport congestion, road interchange, Pinavia, congestion minimization strategy.

Ramūnas Kraujutis Vilnius Gediminas Technikal University

OPTIMAL ROUTE SEARCH IN GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Road networks are represented by a graph with crossroads as nodes and roads as edges. Therefore traditional algorithms for the shortest path search in graphs may be used, but their disadvantage is that they work with static and pre-processed data. However nowadays road information changes frequently, but data pre-processing can take long and full rebuild of graph may be required. Because of these new algorithms, data structures and fast update of pre-processed data are required for real time route search in frequently changing road networks.

Key words: optimal route, graphs, shortest path, roads, road network, real time search

Audrius Laidauskas Šiauliai University

FORMS RECOGNITION BY FORCE FEEDBACK HAPTIC DEVICE

Haptic technology is based on user‘s sense of touch. It allows to create the controlled virtual objects. The aim of current research – to investigate humans capabilities recognise objects by a sense of force feedback. The force feedback device Phantom Omni from a company The Sensable Technologies was used in current research. 2D and 3D forms of different size were created using OpenHaptics Toolkit. The used 2D forms are: square, triangle, circle. Cube, pyramid, and sphere were used as 3D forms. The duration of recognition of a form was the main measured parameter.The research revealed that size of 30-45 pixels is the best size of forms for fastest recognition. Male subject demonstrated the shorter durations of form recognition.

Key words: human-computer interfaces, haptic technology, force feedback device, forms recognition.

Algirdas Lančinskas, Julius Žilinskas Institute of Matematics and Informatics

METHODS FOR GENERATION OF RANDOM NUMBERS IN PARALLEL STOCHASTIC ALGORITHMS FOR GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION

Performance of stochastic algorithms for global optimization crucially depends on generation of random numbers. The random numbers generation methods may vary on features as independence of the generated random numbers, fit to the required distribution, and speed of generation. This paper reviews the main idea and several algorithms for generation of pseudo random numbers. Evaluation criteria of generators are also reviewed. Seven widely used random numbers generator s (Linear Congruential Generator, Mersenne Twister, Mother At All, C++, Pascal, Matlab and Fortran) are experimentally compared evaluating the distribution of random numbers, correlation of sequences and speed of generation. In parallel computations correlation of sequences may depend on the seed of pseudo random number generators. Therefore several ways for construction of the seeds are compared considering correlation of generated sequences of random numbers when computations are performed in parallel computers.

Key words: global optimization, stochastic algorithms, random numbers generation, parallel computing.

Dovil÷ Laurinavi čien÷ Vytautas Magnus University

NITROGEN DIOXIDE AIR POLLUTION IN KAUNAS 2003-2007

The aim of the present study was to assess nitrogen dioxide air pollution in Kaunas. We used a passive sampling method. Sampling was carried out in Kaunas during four different seasons in 2003–2007. Sampling was carried out in 62 measurement points of Kaunas city. According to measured concentration average seasonal and annual concentration of nitrogen dioxide was calculated. The study results showed that mean nitrogen dioxide concentration in Kaunas was 18,1µg/m3. The highest mean seasonal concentration was found in spring (20,1µg/m3), the lowest - in winter (16,5µg/m3). The highest nitrogen dioxide concentration was in Centras district (26,3µg/m3), lowest in Rokai - 11,4 µg/m3.

Using ArcGIS program maps of nitrogen dioxide pollution distribution were plotted. Nitrogen dioxide pollution interpolation results revealed, that the highest pollution was in Centras, Žaliakalnis, Dainava districts, the lowest was found in areas where lower traffic flows and more green places.

Key words: air pollution, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen dioxide concentration, nitrogen dioxide pollution maps.

Mantas Masandukas, Serg÷jus Rimovskis Šiauliai University

ANALYTICAL MODELING OF BICYCLE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY TEST DEVICE

Main conditions of bicycle structural integrity test are presented in European standard EN 14764:2005:E. During the test, bicycle is loaded by given weight and move over the obstacles that simulate roughness of the way. The load also can be produced by system of pneumatic cylinder. The purpose of the analytical research is to estimate test result accuracy with respect to different loading types.

Key words: bicycle, test decice, European standard, modeling. Saulius Niauronis, Vincas Laurutis Šiauliai University

ALTERNATIVE COMPUTER CURSOR CONTROL BASED ON HIGH VELOCITY EYE JUMPS

In this research we proposed a new method of an alternative computer cursor control based on large amplitude gaze (eye) jumps. Due to shorter duration of the repositioning of the eyesight to the new place on the computer screen, comparing with the manual (mouse) control, using alternative method, cursor is displayed according to the coordinates obtained from eye-tracker. After the cursor has been repositioned, manual control is returned to the user. For experimental investigation of four tasks the structure of the new method was built and program, realizing alternative computer cursor control, was implemented. Obtained results proved that in some applications alternative computer cursor control is beneficial.

Key words: human computer interaction, saccadic eye movements, computer cursor control. Arnas Papšys Kaunas University of Technology

AUTONOMOUS MOBILE ROBOT’S TECHNICAL VISION ABILITY TO DETERMINE THE DISTANCE TO THE OBJECT IN THE DARK

One of the main conditions for the autonomous mobile robot to carry out the tasks assigned to it successfully is the timely and precise orientation in its surrounding environment. The planning of the movement trajectory taking into account static and dynamic obstacles is one of the priority actions performed independently by an autonomous mobile robot. Usually robots use laser detector or ultrasound when determining the distance to objects (obstacles). Both first and second methods have their advantages and disadvantages. In this theoretical study of determining the distance between an autonomous mobile robot and an object the possibility of using a simple lighting and a video camera is analyzed. In order to avoid unwanted environmental disturbances, the study is carried out in the dark using infrared receiver and transmitter.

Key words: autonomous mobile robot, technical vision, infrared receiver and transmitter. Simona Ramanauskait÷ Šiauliai University

MODELING OF SYN FLOODING ATTACKS

A great proportion of essential services are moving into internet space making the threat of DoS attacks even more actual. To estimate the real risk of some kind of denial of service (DoS) attack in real world is difficult, but mathematical and software models make this task easier. In this paper we overview the ways of implementing DoS attack models and offer a stochastic model of SYN flooding attack. It allows to evaluate the potential threat of SYN flooding attacks, taking into account both the legitimate system flow as well as the possible attack power. At the same time we can assess the effect of such parameters as buffer capacity or open connection storage in the buffer on the success of different SYN flooding attacks.

Key words: DDoS, Denial of Service, TCP SYN, flooding, modeling. Laura Ringien÷, Dzemyda Gintautas Institute of Matematics and Informatics

MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA VISUALIZATION BY SPECIAL MULT ILAYER PERCEPTRON

In this paper we presented a spacial feed forward neural network, which consist of two parts. The first part is radial basis function, the second is a multilayer perceptron, which input data is the first part output data. This neural network has been proposed and investigated for multidimensional data visualization. We try to choose the right parametres to train the multilayer perceptron. Visualization data are the outputs of the last hidden layer.

Key words: neural network, multidimensional data, radial basis funkcion, error back propagation.

Tadas Ringys, Slivinskas Vytautas Institute of Matematics and Informatics

ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS OF THE FORMING FILTER USING ITERATIVE

In order to obtain a complex forming signal, we have to use quasipolynomial formant models. When formant frequencies are sufficiently close, it is difficult to estimate parameters of each formant as their spectral characteristics overlap. We propose an iterative optimization method for formant parameter estimation using it separately for formant groups whose spectra overlap.

Key words: formant, optimization, signal, parameters, quasipolynom. Gintar ÷ Sujetovien÷ Vytautas Magnus University

CHANGES IN NITRIFICATION RATE IN SOILS NEAR A FERTILIZER PLANT

Nitrogen compounds found in soil in the form of mineral and organic bonds are available to microbes and plants as NO3-

and NH4+, produced in consequence of ammonification, nitrification and N fixation. The laboratory experiment was conducted on

samples of podzolic sandy soils. Soil samples were taken in the surroundings of Achema. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of soil contamination on the nitrification process. The results demonstrate large variations between sample sites. There was no significant difference in nitrification rate between soils samples.

Key words: nitrification, nitrogen deposition. Ramūnas Šimkus, Tomas Stumbras Šiauliai University

ANALYSIS OF LITHUANIAN CONSONANTS SPECTRUM

An aim of the current research is a spectrum of Lithuanian consonants. The Lithuanian words with the consonants in the different phonetic context were selected. The records of the words were annotated and analysed by the Praat software. The formant movement of consonants was obtained by the same software. The records of the consonants were divided to different groups, as voiced and unvoiced, semivowels, plosives and fricatives. The influence of vowels following consonants was investigated. The analysis allowed to reconstruct possible changes of vocal tract segment cross-section areas. The obtained data allows to synthesize Lithuanian speech.

Key words: speech signal analysis, formants, consonant spectrum, formant movement. Aušra Vaisvalavičiūt÷ Kaunas University of Technology

SALARY SYSTEM OF CIVIL SERVANTS: LITHUANIAN’S CASE

When modernizing the public sector and trying to ensure the effectiveness and productivity of human resource management more and more attention and debates attains the issue of salary system of civil servants in various countries. Lithuania’s accession to the European Union also led to improve civil servants’ salary system. Considering the fact that salary system is one of the most motivating factors of civil servants, it is trying to make it more competitive and fair, with particular attention to compensation for work in accordance with the results. In paper is analyzed salary system of Lithuanian civil servants, its structure and dynamics. There is also making an attempt to compare it with civil servants’ salary systems in other new European Union countries and reviewed Lithuania’s efforts to apply performance-related pay principles in civil servants’ salary system in the paper too.

Key words: salary, civil service, performance-related pay, salary system of civil servants. Vaida Valuntait ÷, Lina Pleškut÷ Vilnius Gediminas Technical University

PROBLEMS OF POLLUTANTS FORMATION IN THE WORKPLACES

The large problem is air pollution in the indoor environment where people spend the largest part of the time. Not only many new materials but also some technological process can be a source of pollutants emission, e.g., ozone generators, electrostatic air filters, laser printers, copying, welding, odor removing. The analysis of ozone, aerosol particle concentrations and other air quality parameters during copying and welding processes was performed. The results showed that indoor ozone concentration can increase up to 270 µg/m3 (in copying premise) and up to 1850 µg/m3 (in welding premise) Aerosol number concentration of 315�106 m−³ was measured in copying premise. Occurrences of extremely high concentration of pollutants, that adversely affect human health, were obtained.

Key words: noise, pollution level, ozone, aerosol number concentration, working premise Jūrat÷ Žaltauskait÷, Rita Vaisiūnait÷ Vytautas Magnus University, Department of Environmental Sciences

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATERS TOXICITY ASSESSMENT USING HIGHER PLANTS AND INVERTEBRATES

The toxicity of municipal wastewater was evaluated using the bioassays with aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial higher plants. Toxicity tests were performed on samples of untreated wastewater. Wastewater toxicity was assessed using seed

germination and short-term early seedling growth test of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and the acute microcrustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus (24 h) assay. Undiluted wastewater was severely toxic to T.platyurus and led to death of all exposed organisms. Twofold decrease of wastewater concentration in solution (from 100 % to 50 %) led to sharp transition between extremely toxic to medium toxic to tested organisms in four and more times diluted wastewater died only 10-20 % of total exposed T. platyurus. The measured endpoints in higher plants test were seed germination, root length, shoot height and total biomass. Raw sewage severely inhibited the root growth of lettuce, but twice or more times diluted wastewater exhibited no adverse effects or even started to stimulate the growth. The growth of shoots and total biomass were stimulated due to exposure to undiluted or diluted wastewater. Stimulation effect was determined by sufficiently high concentrations of nutrients.

Key words: acute toxicity, early seedling growth, Lactuca sativa L., Thamnocephalus platyurus, wastewater

Art ūras Žukas Vilnius Gedimino Technical University

ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS CAR MANEUVERS ROAD LENGTHS

The article examines various types of car manoeuvres, their usage possibility under miscellaneous situations. During critical situation car manoeuvring is compared with braking in term of avoiding car accident. It is also used to avoid suddenly one the road appeared movable or non-movable obstacle. Schemes explain each segment during manoeuvring process and shows driver action during it. In the end of article, reader can see conclusion made from the article, which type of manoeuvre is suitable for particular situation.

Key words: Types of manoeuvres, car, traffic safety, trajectory of movement, damage situation.

Lina Žukien ÷, Arvydas Kanapickas Vytautas Magnus University, Department of Physics

MODELING OF NOISE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT NOISE SOURCES NEAR WIND PLANT

Wind energy in nowadays is a necessity that helps to transform the energy economy towards the sustainable energy developments. Some difficulties that wind power plant expansion faces is related to community acceptance. It is now clear that annoyance from wind turbine noise occurs to a higher degree at low noise levels than noise annoyance from other sources of community. Therefore, it should be analyzed in more details the cases when wind plant impact is related to other impacts of human activities. The aim of the study is to analyze noise impact of road traffic flow to the noise levels in the vicinity of wind plant. For the study was chosen wind plant near Vydmantai and the road A11 Šiauliai- Palanga. Noise levels were measured downwind from the wind plant and upright to the road. Then traffic noise was modeled using GIS-based traffic noise prediction software MapNoise and Computer Aided Noise Assessment software CadnaA. It is shown that the wind plant noise at the distance around 200 m decreases to the background level whereas the road traffic noise is the main factor of noise at the selected area. Modeling was applied for the traffic noise calculation for different traffic flow. It is shown that the area in the very vicinage around the Vydmantai plant tower is masked by traffic noise when traffic flow exceeds 5000 vehicles per day. Also it is shown that because of nature of wind turbine noise, it is difficult to adjust measured sound pressure values to community annoyance.

Key words: wind plant noise, road traffic noise, noise level forecast