INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC …

AKADEMIJA NAUKA I UMJETNOSTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINAАКАДЕМИJА НАУКА И УМJЕТНОСТИ БОСНЕ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНЕ

SARAJEVO 2011

SPECIAL EDITIONSVOL. CXL

Department of Natural Sciences and MathematicsVolume 18

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

"MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN GENERATING OF NEW VALUES

stIN 21 CENTURY"

Sarajevo, 9-12 November, 2011

Editor in ChiefSulejman Redžić

Book of Abstracts

AKADEMIJA NAUKA I UMJETNOSTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINAАКАДЕМИJА НАУКА И УМJЕТНОСТИ БОСНЕ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНЕ

POSEBNA IZDANJAKNJIGA CXL

Odjeljenje prirodnih i matematičkih naukaKnjiga 18

SARAJEVO 2011

MEĐUNARODNA KONFERENCIJA

LJEKOVITO I AROMATIČNO BILJE U GENERIRANJU NOVIH VRIJEDNOSTI

U 21. STOLJEĆU

Sarajevo, 9-12. novembar 2011.

UrednikSulejman Redžić

Knjiga sažetaka

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Nezir TANOVIĆ (Mostar, BH) Senka BARUDANOVIĆ (Sarajevo, BH)Suvada ŠAĆIRAGIĆ BORIĆ (Sarajevo, BH)Taib ŠARIĆ (Sarajevo, BH)

Ljubomir BERBEROVIĆ (Sarajevo, BH)Biljana BALJAJ (East Sarajevo, BH)Dubravka ŠOLJAN (Sarajevo, BH)Mithat USČUPLIĆ (Sarajevo, BH)

Muhsin KONUK (Afyonkarahisar, Turkey)Mustafa ĐELILOVIĆ (Sarajevo, BiH)Nada KOVAČEVIĆ (Belgrade, Serbia)Nezir TANOVIĆ (Mostar, BiH)Raman DANG (Bangalore, India)Rifat TERZIĆ (Tuzla, BH)Rudolf BAUER (Graz, Austria)Sandeep KUMAR VERMA (Indore, India)Tamara BOSNIĆ (Sarajevo, BiH)Tarik ČATIĆ (Sarajevo, BiH)Vladimir RANĐELOVIĆ (Niš, Serbia)Vlado MATEVSKI (Skopje, Macedonia)Vojislav TRKULJA (Banjaluka, BiH)Yusuf OZTURK (Eskisehir, Turkey)Zlatko BULIĆ (Podgorica, Montenegro)Zora DAJIĆ STEVANOVIĆ (Belgrade, Serbia)

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Andria PIERONI (Pollenzo/Bra, Italy)Armin ŠKRBO (Sarajevo, BiH)Bakir MEHIĆ (Sarajevo, BiH)Biljana BAUER PETROVSKA (Skopje, R Macedonia)Ilkay ERDOGAN-ORHAN (Ankara, Turkey)Francisco Javier TARDIO (Madrid, Spain)Jacobus ELOFF (Pretoria, South Africa)Joan VALLES (Barcelona, Spain)Jonathan FERRIER (Ottawa, Canada)Kasim BAJROVIĆ (Sarajevo, BiH)Kemal Hüsnü Can BAŞER (Eskisehir, Turkey)Lukasz LUCZAJ (Łódź, Poland)M.B. REZAEE (Tehran, Iran)Milan MATARUGA (Banjaluka, BiH)Milka MAKSIMOVIĆ (Sarajevo, BiH)

ADMINISTRATIONAcademy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina

PUBLISHER Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cicrulation: 300 copies

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE „MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN GENERATING OF NEW

VALUES IN 21ST CENTURY”

PRESIDENT OF ORGANIZING & SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEESulejman REDŽIĆ

SECRETARYMelisa FORIĆ

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN GENERATING OF NEW

VALUES IN 21ST CENTURY

FINANCIAL SUPPORT PROVIDED BY:

Main Sponsor:

Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry (Mr. Jerko Ivanković Lijanović, Minister); (http://www.fmpvs.gov.ba/)

Sponsors:

Bosnia and HerzegovinaFederation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaFederal Ministry of Education and Science(Mr. Damir Mašić, BSc., Minister); (http://www.fmon.gov.ba/)

Bosnia and HerzegovinaFederation of Bosnia and HercegovinaSarajevo CantonMinistry of Education and Science(Dr.sci. Emir Suljagić, Minister); (http://www..monks.ba)

Bosnia and HerzegovinaFederation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaMayoralty of Sarajevo City (Prof. dr. sci. Alija Behmen, Mayor); (http://www.sarajevo.ba)

Foreign Trade Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo(Prof. dr. sci. Faruk Jašarević, Secretary General); (http://www.komorabih.ba/)

APOTEKE SARAJEVO, Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaPublic Institution for traffic, making medicines, medicinal products and other commodities(Mr. Redžad Čatić, MSc., Mr.ph., General Director); (http://apoteke-sarajevo.ba/)

REMEDIA d.o.o. Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaPharmaceutical Health Institution, Sarajevo(Mr. Erduan Jažić, Mr.ph., General Director); (http://sarajevoto.com/Remedia-DOO)

HERCEGOVINALIJEK d.o.o. Mostar, Bosnia and HerzegovinaPharmaceutical Health Institution for the Import and Distribution of Drugs(Mr. Šemsudin Hasić, BSc., General Director); (www.hercegovinalijek.ba)

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Foreword

Mankind is currently in deep economic and ecological crisis. This results in a significant turn of events in the world political scene and the process of globalization. There are more and more people who are hungry and thirsty. An enormous amount of people do not have adequate medical care and access to medicines. Conventional sources of medicines and dietetics are harder to access, and new diseases are surfacing requiring new answers. Natural resources, although under strong pressure from man, still provide significant opportunities in accessing a wide spectrum of medicinals and dietetics. In addition, natural resources provide great opportunities for generating sustainable profits. This particularly applies to areas with high biodiversity richness. The medicinal, aromatic and edible plants and fungi play a key role, with a particular challenge still being in the not explored plants, among which many are endemic.

The members of the Academy of Science and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, being aware of these estimates, have decided to find projects which on scientific grounds can offer practical solutions to reduce the economic crisis and increase overall profits. This is what prompted the organization of the International Conference: „Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Generating of New Values in 21st Century“.

The main purpose of the Conference is to identify patterns of use of MAPs in generating new values in the field of biomedicine, biotechnology and bioengineering, through an increase in economic power and reduction of local poverty built on sustainable basis through a multidisciplinary approach and use of science from many different scientific areas.

Judging on the basis of received 230 papers from over 500 authors and co-authors from over 30 countries from various scientific fields, it will be possible to identify new directions of development and use of medicinal and aromatic plants, including fungi and lichens. The acquired knowledge and experiences have a global significance, with a large range of applications at the regional and local level. Bosnia and Herzegovina in this regard has enormous possibilities, with a great chance of sustainability.

Editor

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CONTENTS

SESSION ABiodiversity of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (including Fungi and Lichenes) ........................................................................................ 9

SESSION BPharmaceutical Biology (Chemistry, Identification, Isolation of active compounds) ...................................................................................... 25

SESSION CEthnobotany and Ethnopharmacology ........................................................................ 71

SESSION DStandardization in Herbal Sector .................................................................................. 93

SESSION EOrganic Certification and Safety ................................................................................... 97

SESSION FMolecular Biology and Biotechnology ........................................................................101

SESSION GPharmacoinformatic in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ......................................... 125

SESSION HCultivation and Environmental Botany.......................................................................131

SESSION IEconomy of Herbal Sector ............................................................................................ 169

SESSION JSustainable Use and Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ................. 177

SESSION KPhytotherapy and Clinical Studies .............................................................................. 187

SESSION LPharmacology and Genotoxicology ............................................................................ 209

SESSION MNutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements ................................................................... 243

SESSION NHoney and Honey Plants ............................................................................................... 249

SESSION OFree pics ........................................................................................................................... 261

Author Index to Presentations ..................................................................................... 265

SESSION ABIODIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS (INCL. FUNGI AND LICHENES)

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE

I.L.A.1.MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN GENERATING NEW VALUES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY – POSSIBILITIES

AND PERSPECTIVES

Sulejman REDŽIĆ1,2

1Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina2CEPRES - Center of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Faculty of Science University of

Sarajevo, 71 00 Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The recent population is growing exponentially [1]. The needs for food and medicine is increasing. Regional, and global poverty is increasing. A way to reduce the galloping growth of poverty is sustainable use of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP). Especially in countries in transition [2, 3]. The biggest global market of MAPs is China, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States. The International Council for MAPs has announced that global growth during 2001. and 2002 was 8-10% per year. The world market was estimated at 60 billion U.S. $ in 2003. Europe is a major world trader of MAPs. Today at the market are at least 2000 species of MAPs, of which 1200 to 1300 species are associated only to the European continent [4, 5]. In current situation needs for herbal products at the international market is increasing. It is high opportunity for generating of sustainable benefit using of natural resources. There are more chances for regional and global economy to improve. Particularly it is great opportunity for global poor (especially in the Third and Fourth World). For the sustainable use of MAPs, it is necessary to develop programs of organic certification [6]. In addition, it is necessary to apply international law, particularly the Convention on Biological Diversity and the CITES Convention. Sustainable use of MAP is a prerequisite in generating ecologically sustainable benefit. MAPs are a great opportunity for new medicines and bio-materials [7] in both, developed and developing countries. For developing countries and countries in transition, MAPs have a great chance to reduce poverty and generate sustainable profits.

Keywords: Biodiversity of plants, Economic botany, Income generation, Poverty reduction

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References:1. Bartlett, A. (2004). The Essential Exponential! For the Future of Our Planet. Center for Science, Mathematics and Computer Education, University of Nebraska-Lincoln..2.Redzic, S. (2006) Proc.1st IFOAM Intern. Conf. Organic Wild Production, 117-141. 3. Redzic, S.S.( 2007) Coll Antropol 31, 869-890. 4. Redzic, S. (2010) J Med Plant Res 4, 11: 1003-1027. 5. Redzic, S. (2008) Planta Med 74: 1143-1144. 6. Redzic S, et al. (2009) Planta Med 75: 902-902. 7. Barudanovic, S. et al.(2009) Planta Med 75: 938-938.

PLENARY LECTURE

PL. A.1. HALOPHYTES AS POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MEDICINAL

PLANTS: A GENERAL OVERVIEW

Zora DAJIĆ STEVANOVIĆ, Svetlana AĆIĆ, Milica PETROVIĆ, Ivan ŠOŠTARIĆUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Despite the fact of a general increase of salt affected soils, due to the global warming and improper irrigation, such habitats are insufficiently managed and used, although known for their potential in the “biosaline agriculture” (Dajic, 2006), including production of medicinal and aromatic plants. In order to estimate the potential of saline habitats for sustainable use in the herbal sector, a range of halophytic communities of the Southeast and central Europe was searched in terms of the presence and distribution of medicinal and aromatic plants. Out of more than 50 species capable to grow in saline habitats, the highest abundance and frequency exhibited the Achillea millefolium complex (mainly A. collina), Mentha pulegium, Artemisia monogyna subsp. salina, Chamomilla recutita, Taraxacum. serotinum, and Polygonum aviculare, as well as several typical halophytes of the genus Plantago, such as P. maritima, P. tenuiflora and P. schwarzenbergiana. .Our contribution to research of halophytic medicinal plants is also related to characterization of essential oil in indigenous populations of yarrow (Achillea millefolium aggregate) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) collected from salt affected soils. In addition, a survey of recent studies in evaluation of halophytic species for their secondary metabolites and related biological interactions was performed. It was found that obligate halophytes, such as Crithmum maritimum, Cakile maritima, Eryngium maritimum, Atriplex halimus, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and some others, were characterized by the presence of phenolic compounds and exhibiting of related antioxidant effects (e.g. Meot-Duros and Magne, 2009). It is already accepted that halophytes evolved very efficient system of radical oxygen scavenging as adaptive mechanism linked to salt stress It is also assumed that numerous salt tolerant species, like Catharanthus roseus, Cressa cretica, Tribulus terestris, Aloe barbadensis, Calotropis

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procera, Acanthus ilicifolius, Eryngium maritimum, Cakile maritima, etc., showed antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer and some other favorable biological effects (Dagar and Singh, 2007)..

Keywords: saline habitats, MAP, secondary metabolites

Acknowledgements: Authors are grateful to the Ministry of the Education and Science of Republic of Serbia for supporting the Project No 31057 to obtain results partly presented in our study.

References: 1. Dagar JC, Singh G. (2007). Biodiversity of saline and waterlogged environments: documentation, utilization and management. National Biodiversity Authority, India. 2. Dajić, Z. (2006): Salt stress - salinity and tolerance mechanisms in plants. In: Physiology and molecular biology of stress tolerance in plants. Springer, Netherlands. 3. Meot-Duros L.,Magne, C. 2009. Plant Physiol.Biochem. 47: 37-41.

SESSION LECTURES

SL. A.1THE MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT POISONOUS PLANTS OF

IGDIR PROVINCE(EAST ANATOLIA, TURKEY)

Ernaz ALTUNDAGDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey


A survey of the poisonous plants used in the traditional medicine in Igdir has been carried out during 2007-2010. The plant specimens were collected in collaboration with local people in differeent seasons and stored in ISTE (Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium). In all 30 plant taxa belonging to 20 genera and 10 families were recorded from the province which were poisonous. The family Ranunculaceae has the highest number of poisonous plant taxa (7) in the province, followed by Asteraceae (4 taxa) and Fabaceae (4 taxa). Information on these 30 poisonous plant taxa will be presented here together with their applications in traditional medicine. The detoxification methods will also be given. The aim here is to create awareness among the public about various poisonous plants and introduce new medicinal uses for future pharmacological studies.

Keywords: Poisonous plants, Medicinal plants, Igdir, Turkey

Acknowledgement: Present work has been supported by the Research Grant from Istanbul University, Project No. 1441.

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SL. A.2BIODIVERSITY OF MENTHA L. SPECIES (LAMIACEAE)

IN PANNONIAN PART OF SERBIA

Goran ANAČKOV1, Milica RAT1, Boris RADAK1, Bojana BOKIĆ1, Milica RADANOVIĆ1, Biljana BOŽIN2

1University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Scineces, Department of Biology and Ecology, Novi Sad, Serbia 2University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia


Although the genus Mentha L. comprises between 14 and 25 species [1] and certain are used in traditional medicine, only the peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) is described in in Ph. Eur. IV [2]. It is recommended for treatment of gastritis and enteritis. in colicky dissorders, in flatulence and chronic cholecystopathies. Besides peppermint, spearmint (M. spicata L.), cornmint (M. arvensis L.), almost all other mint species are used in folk medicines for treatment of similar and a vide range of other dissorders [3]. Since ancient times, mints have been among the widely used aromatic plants for food flavoring, tea preparation and as medicines.The mapping and analyses of the distribution of Mentha L. species in Pannonian part of Serbia was based on herbarium specimens from the Herbarium BUNS, published data and on field observations. The nomenclature is consistent with the latest checklists, papers, monographs and databases [4]. The analysis of diversity and the summary distribution of mint species were presented on a 10km x 10km grid using Universal Transverse Mercator projection [5].The distribution of 12 taxa Panonian area of Serbia was analyzed with respect to geographic, ecological and climatic factors. The qualitative composition of mint species was also compared. The most widespread taxa from 12 of them are M. aquatica L. (app. 400 field data), M. pulegium L. (app. 330 field data) and M. longifolia L. (app. 230 field data). Species used in pharmaceutical industry are present in only few localities, which presence is not confirmed in all cases. Thus, pepermint is present at 7, spearmint at 6 points and cornmint is most widespread among them (38 field data). This area today is disturbed by human activities and pose a threat to the survival of these populations. For the efficiency use of aromatic plants in pharmaceutical industry, it is necessary to confirm all data fields, range of populations and predict the usable percentage of mint species from natural habitats.

Keywords: Mentha L., biodiversity, Pannonian plain, Serbia

Acknowledgements: The Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development of Vojvodina (grant number 114-451-2056/2011-01).

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References:1.Harley, R.M., Brighton, C.A. (1977): Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 74: 71-96. 2.European Pharmacopeia, 4th ed., Vol. 2.8.12 (2002) Council of Europe: Strasbourg Cedex. 3. Mimica-Dukic, N., Bozin, B.. (2008): Curr. Pharm. Design, 14(29): 3141-3150. 4. http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/. 5. http://www.luomus.fi/english/botany/afe/map/utm.htm.

SL. A.3THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GENUS ENDEMIC PLANT OF TURKEY TCHIHATCHEWIA ISATIDEA

BOISS.

Ahmet GÜMÜŞÇÜ1, Serkan URANBEY2, Mikail ÇALIŞKAN3, Neşet ARSLAN4

1Selcuk University, Cumra High Educational College, Cumra, Konya, Turkey; 2Cankiri Karatekin University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Cankiri, Turkey; 3Central

Research Institute of Field Crops, Yenimahalle, Ankara, TURKEY; 4Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey


This research was done at the experimental fields of Cumra High Educational College, Konya, Turkey, in 2008-2010 years. In this study, the seeds of Tchihatchewia isatidea, which is endemic as genus, collected from various regions of Turkey used as materials. Adaptation trial was done with four replications and some morphological observations were completed. Plant height, canopy diameter, leaf number, branch number, leaf width, leaf length, capsule number per plant, capsule yield per plant, days to flowering, days to flowering period, thousand seed weight, seed yield per plant and seed yield per hectare were observed. The aim of this study is to improve a new ornamental, dying and aromatic plant with long flowering period. According to the results; observed characters changed between 26- 44 cm in plant height; 11- 52.7 cm in canopy diameter; 45- 163 leaves per plant; 6- 120 in branch number; 10.45- 35.86 mm in leaf width; 47.65- 152.74 mm in leaf length; 194- 1091 in capsule number per plant; 8- 26 g in capsule yield per plant; 532- 576 days to flowering; 13-30 days to flowering period; 5.1-10.5 g in 1000 seed weight; 5.1- 17.4 g in seed yield per plant and 561- 1807 kg in seed yield per hectare.

Keywords: Tchihatchewia isatidea, genus endemic, morphological characterization, ornamental plant, dying plant

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POSTER PRESENTATIONS

P.A.1.DIVERSITY AND PROTECTION OF WILD MEDICINAL AND

AROMATIC PLANTS IN MONTENEGRO

Sead HADŽIABLAHOVIĆ1, Sulejman REDŽIĆ2, Zlatko BULIĆ1

1Institute for the Protection of Nature of Montenegro, Trg Vojvode Bećir Bega Osmanagića 16, PO Box 2 20000 Podgorica, Montenegro

2Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina3Faculty of Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.


The medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) are to be considered as a very important part of the biological resources of Montenegro. In Montenegro there is no a Medicinal and Aromatic Plants’ Law which would be a guideline for a policy in regulation of plant medicinal products for human use and to be a conjunction with the various relevant EU Directives and Regulations. Article 1 (2) of European Council Directive 65/65/EEC defines a medicinal product as follows: ‘Any substance or combination of substances presented for treating or preventing disease in human beings or animals’. However, ’There are products, however, which could be said to occupy a “borderline” position between for example medicines and nutritional products, between medicines and cosmetic substances between medicines and medical devices and between medicines and so-called “lifestyle” products’ (Guide, 1999).In this paper the term ’medicinal and aromatic plants’ has conditional meaning and include all the plants species that are used, in fresh or dry condition, for cure or prophylactics, for production of pharmaceuticals, for food, for cosmetic and technical purposes. The list of presented MAP includes only autochthonous (wild) plant species in the Montenegrin flora. Considering published (Rohlena 1942, Pulević 2005, and later publ.) data the Montenegro has about 3500 species of higher plants (including alochtonous plants). A great number (more than 500) of species are presented in the MAP list of Montenergo. Some of them have conservation importance because they have protected by Law (“Sl. list RCG”, br. 76/06).

Keywords: diversity, medicinal and aromatic plants, protectionReferences:1.Guide to the Definition of a Medicinal Product. Irish Medicines, Board Edition 1, May 1999.2.Council Directive 65/65/EEC on the approximation of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative ction relating to medicinal products (O.J. L. No 22 of 9/2/65 Pg. 369). 3.Rohlena J. 1942. Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia 20-21. 4.Pulević V. 2005. Građa za vaskularnu floru Crne

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Gore. - Rep. Zavod Zašt. Prir. (Podgorica), posebna izdanja, Kn. 2. 5.Rješenje o stavljanju pod zaštitu pojedinih biljnih i životinjskih vrsta (“Sl. List RCG”, br. 76/06).

P.A.2. FLORA OF MONTENEGRO AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USE OF MEDICINAL, AROMATIC AND HONEY PLANT SPECIES

Zlatko BULIĆ1, Sulejman REDŽIĆ2,3, Sead HADŽIABLAHOVIĆ1

1Institute for the Protection of Nature of Montenegro, Trg Vojvode Bećir Bega Osmanagića 16, PO Box 2 20000 Podgorica, Montenegro

2Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina3Faculty of Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


On the small area of the territory of Montenegro (13.812 km2), which occupies only 0.01% of the total world land, contained 1.2% of the total world flora. The total number of species per unit area is among the highest in Europe: S/A = 0871. A large number of rare, endemic, relic species, as well as medicinal and aromatic plants are present in Montenegro.Medical and associated flora was studied and annotated its use in folk medicine in Montenegro. In the old Montenegro, the court Petrovic, and even earlier, worked many Montenegrin healer who used many of the secrets of medicinal plants and transferring that knowledge from generation to generation. About 500 species of medicinal plants is present in Montenegro and in use (in traditional medicine) is a relatively small number of species.Legal regulations, which treated medical and aromatic plants of Montenegro is located in the acts: the Law on Environment, Nature Conservation Act, Forest Act, The decision on the protection of certain plant and animal species, as well as, subordinate legislation (Regulations on conditions of collection and utilization of unprotected species), etc.The inventory and making area map of most characteristic species and communities as well as possibility of rational and strictly controlled use of MAP of Montenegro has to be established. These activities should be implemented through the work of creating an electronic database of medical and aromatic plants in Montenegro, making area map of the most typical representatives of MAP of Montenegro (Salvia officinalis, Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra, Juniperus communis, Rhamnus fallax, Laurus nobilis etc.), the idea of sustainable exploitation of biodiversity for pharmaceutical and other related industries, safety considerations and the quality most sought after drug in Montenegro (Salviae folium, Gentianae radix, Juniperi fructus, Lauri folium, Rhamni fallacis cortex, etc.), determination of endangered species of medicinal and aromatic plants and the selection of best technologies for their processing, reviewing potential Plantation of endangered species as the mountain and in the flat part of

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Montenegro, the establishment of an institution that does research and protection of medicinal and aromatic plants and connecting existing institutions in lesser extent involved in this and similar studies.

References:1. Environmental Law, “Official Gazette of RM “no. 12/96. 2. Nature Protection Act, “Official Gazette of Socialist Republic of Montenegro, no. 36/77, 39/77, 2 / 89th . 3. The decision on the protection of certain plant and animal species, ‘Official Gazette of RM “no. 76/06. 4. Forests Act, “Official Gazette of RM “no. 55/00. 5. Ordinance on the conditions of collection and use of unprotected species, “Official Gazette of RM “no. 27/02 and 64/03.

P.A.3. SOME MEDICAL MACRO FUNGI IN MONTENEGRO

Gordana KASOMInstitute for Nature Protection of Montenegro, P.O. Box 2, Podgorica, Montenegro


The current paper contains data about some medical macro fungi in Montenegro such as: Armillaria mellea, Auricularia auricula-judae, Cantharellus cibarius, Ganoderma lipsiense, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Inonotus obliquus, Oudemansiella mucida, Polyporus umbellatus and Trametes versicolor. For each species the following data are given: scientific name, synonyms, distribution in Montenegro and their medical property.

Keywords: Medical macro fungi, Montenegro, distribution.

P.A.4. NEW SPECIES OF THE ALGAE FOR THE FLORA BIH FROM

THE GENUS Cymbella (Bacillariophyceae)

Senka BARUDANOVIĆ¹ Ermin MAŠIĆ¹¹Faculty of Science, University in Sarajevo

Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

The paper presents the first result of the research new species of the algae from the genus Cymbella (Bacillariophyceae) for the flora algae of the Bosnia and Herzegovina. New species are indentified in sediments of the three mine pit lake in central region of the BiH. The results are based on investigation silicate shell with a light microscope

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and from permanent slide. The new species is Cymbella neocistula Krammer 2002 with two identified varieties: Cymbella neocistula var. neocistula nov.species and Cymbella neocistula var.lunata nov.var. This is the first ecological and taxonomic research of this species in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Keywords: Cymbella, Bacillariophyceae, mine pit lake, algae, BiH.

References:1. Krammer, K. (2002): Cymbella. Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats. Edited by Horst 2. Lange-Bertalot. Volume 3. A.R.G.Gantner Verlag K.G.2002. 3. Lange-Bertalot, H. (1990): Current bisystematic research on diatoms and its implications for species concept. Limnetica 6: 13 – 22. 4. Lange-Bertalot, H., Metzeltin, D. (1996): Indicators of Oligotrophy. 800 taxa representative of three ecologically distinct lake types (Carbonate buffered-Oligodistrophic-Weakly bufered soft water. Iconographia Diatomologica. Anotated Diatom Micrographs. Koeltz Scientific Books. Volume 2: 1-193.

P.A.5.THE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF SAHARA-

KARAGÖL NATIONAL PARK

Hüseyin BAYKAL, Gülsüm YALDIZRize University, Pazar Vocational School, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,

53300, Rize, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

The study area is at the Şavşat county of Artvin city located at the Blacksea region of Turkey. Area is situated at the Euro-Siberian phytogeographic region and influence under the continental climate but because of its special topography locally mediterrenean climate has also effects at some parts of the area. In the study area, there are floristical studies but there is not any study about medicinal and aromatic plants. The aim of this study is to determine the numbers of the medicinal and aromatic taxa, for each species, the used part, usage form of the used part and their locality. The medicinal and aromatic plants that are grown in the study area were determined according to the current literatures and field surveys during the vegatation periods. In the conclusion we determined 162 medicinal and aromatic taxa; Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach, Alchemilla vulgaris L., Astragalus microcephalus Willd., Calamintha grandiflora (L.)Moench, Crataegus orientalis Waldst., Digitalis ferruginea L., Equsetum hyemale L., Galium verum L., Heracleum sphondylium L., Origanum vulgare L., Salvia sclarea L., Verbana officinalis L., Viscum album L., Xanthium spinosum L.etc.

Keywords: Turkey, Sahara-Karagöl, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Flora

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P.A.6.MORPHOLOGICAL DIFERENTIATION OF POPULATIONS

OF SPECIES Trifolium repens L. ON THE VERTICAL PROFILE OF SHARR MOUNTAIN - BREZOVICA

Kimete LLUGA-RIZANI 1, Sulejman REDZIC 2, Enver SHERIFI 1, Dubravka SOLJAN 2,

1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Prishtina , Kosovo; 2 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina

Corresponding author: [email protected];[email protected]

Morphological variability and inter-population differentiation was analyzed in 12 populations of Trifolium repens L. species on the vertical profile of the Sharr Mountain- Brezovica. The research was carried out on some morphological features of individuals from 12 populations, dispersed in altitudes from 891m up to 1885 m above the sea level. The research was conducted in the plant samples of this species, priory placed in herbarium. The research showed that Trifolium repens L, reaches high altitudes. In addition, as a result of this study we reached the conclusion that with increasing of the altitude, as a response to the change of ecological factors, reductions in size of some of the investigated morphological features (plant length, leaf length, width of the leaf, leaf petiole etc.) were incurred. So, there is a negative correlation between increasing of the altitude and the size of some morphological features.

Keywords: Trifolium repens L. vertical profile, Brezovica, morphological variability.

Acknowledgement: Since the results presented are part of the PhD dissertation, and the idea of the PhD dissertation was proposed by Prof. Sulejman Redzic, from the University of Sarajevo, Department of Biology, I would like to thank him for choosing this very interesting idea for studying the above mentioned species and features, and for his tireless support and his suggestions at all times. I am also very grateful to Enver Sherifi from the University of Pristina, Department of Biology and Dubravka Soljan, from the University of Sarajevo, Department of Biology, for their valuable suggestions.

References:1. Hoglind, M., 1997. Effects of Fertilizer Nitrogen on Growth, Morphology and Assimilate Partitioning in White Clover When Grown With Grass, ISBN: 91-576-5225-1. 2. Lindroth, R.L. et al., 1999. Population differences in Trifolium repens L. Response to ultraviolet-Bradiation: Foliar chemistry and consequences for Two lepidopteran herbivores, Ag.research,Grasslands. Research Centre, Private Bag 1108, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 122 (1): 20-28 (Abst). 3. Lluga-Rizani, K. et al , 2008, The Anatomy of Vegetative Organs of the Species Trifolium repens L. Medwell Journals, 1 (3): 71-74. 4. Mclellan, T. 2000. Geographic variation and plasticity of leaf shape and size in Begonia dregei and B. homonyma (Begoniaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 132: 79–95. 5. Soljan, D., 1982. The anatomy of vegetative organs of Edraianthus jugoslavicus Lakusic species, the special edition

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from Glasnika Zemaljskog Muzeja GZM(PN) NS, 21: 73-85. UDK 581.4.582.99 (497.15) Sarajevo. 6. Yamada, T. et al., 1989. Recurrent selection programs for white clover (Trifolium repens L.) using selfcompatible plants. I. Selection of self-compatible plants and inheritance of a self-compatibility factor, pp: 161-172. DOI: 10.1007/BF00022613.

P.A.7. THE USEFUL PECULARITIES OF RUMEX SPECIES OF THE

FLORA OF AZERBAIJAN

Parvana GARAKHANIInstitute of Botany of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Azerbaijan


Species of Rumexe are widely distributed everywhere in Azerbaijan. The species of this genus are very important in national economy as forage, feed and medicine plants. We wouldn’t have a mistake if we consider these plants as a useful ones.Feed species are rich with vitamins, qlucosis, acids which are necessary for human body, medicine species are rich with bacteriocide substances and vitamine K.Polygonum aviculare L, Bistorta carnea, Persicaria hydropiper, Rumex confertus, Aconogonon alpinum, Persicaria amfibum and other medicine plants are large spread. Each of them has importance. Plants must be collected in a flowering phase to keep the treating effect. For this purpose plants must be cut when they are in 10-20sm hight, to dried in open athmosphere or in a drying camber with 56-600 C by often flapig. Various medicines, extracts and candles are prepared of these plants in medicine. Hydropiperin is largely used in ginecology. Brewery is used against the hemorrage of intestines and stomach.The other useful species belong to the genus Rheum. In old East it was used as a raw feed. Most vitamines of this plant as well as the apple acid is very useful for stomach and intestine illnesses. In the second century Rheum was brought to the Europe from China and was used in the leather production. M.H.Fatullayev used the chemical substance made of the root of Rheum in Azerbaijan. If the Rheum is efficiently used, sunlight resistant, chemically resistant paints, medicines and feed products can be made of it. These plants were included to the Red Book of Azerbaijan.

Keywords: Polygonum aviculare, Bistorta carnea, Persicaria hydropiper, Rumex confertus, Aconogonon alpinum

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P.A.8. THE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF SALPAZARI

Hüseyin BAYKAL, Gülsüm YALDIZRize University, Pazar Vocational School, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants, 53300, Rize, Turkey Corresponding author: [email protected]

The study area Şalpazarı county is located at Trabzon, the city at the Blacksea region of Turkey. It is situated at the Euro-Siberian phytogeographic region and influence under the continental climate. There are floristical studies in the study area, but there is not any study about medicinal and aromatic plants. The aim of this study is to determine the numbers of the medicinal and aromatic taxa, for each species, the used part, usage form of the used part and their locality. The medicinal and aromatic plants that are grown in the study area were determined according to the current literatures. We determined 125 medicinal and aromatic taxa; Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)Swingle, Bidens tripartita L., Calamintha nepeta (L.)Savi, Echium vulgare L., Eunoymus europaeus L., Foenicum vulgare (Miller)Gaertner, Hedera helix L., Hypericum perforatum L., Laurocerasus officinalis Roemer, Mentha aquatica L., Myosotis arvensis (L.)Hill, Origanum vulgare L., Papaver rhoeas L., Prunella vulgaris L., Rhododendron caucasicum Pallas etc.

Keywords: Turkey, Şalpazarı, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Flora

P.A.9. CHASTE TREE (Vitex agnus-castus L.): AN IMPORTANT

MEDICINAL, AROMATIC AND HONEY PLANT

Fehmi GUREL, Bahar ARGUN KARSLI Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal of Sciences, Antalya, Turkey

1Corresponding author: [email protected]

The chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus L.) is an aromatic, ornamental, and deciduous shrub of the Verbenaceae family. This plant is native to the Europe (especially Mediterranean region) and Asia but is regularly cultivated in warm, temperate and sub-tropical climates. Because of its high drought tolerance and long flowering period, chaste tree known as an important food resource for bees. Beekeepers can usually obtain significant yields of honey from areas in which V. agnus-castus grows. Similarly, bumble bee species frequently visit flowers to collect nectar. This plant is famous for blooming over a long period of time. The main flowering season occurs at the beginning of June, in synchronization with a dry period in Mediterranean region. The chaste tree generally grows to a height of 1 to 3 m and produces a spray of

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beautiful flowers ranging from lilac to blue and white. Since ancient times, this plant has been widely used in folk medicine to treat several female hormonal disorders such as menstrual irregularities, hormonal imbalance, and premenstrual syndrome. It is also used as a dye plant and as a material in basket weaving in some region.

Keywords: Chaste tree, Vitex agnus-castus, medicinal and honey plant, Mediterranean region

P.A.10. ECOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION

OF SPECIES Gentiana dinarica G. Beck ON VERTICAL PROFILE OF MOUNTAIN VLAŠIĆ

Senida MUSLIMOVIĆFaculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina


Species of Gentiana dinarica G. Beck (Syn.: G. acaulis L. var. dinarica Beck) has so far recorded on the Balkan peninsula and a relict habitat in the Apennines. This species is a member of high mountain vegetation and can be found on calcareous geological foundation, and is a part of Seslerietalia juncifoliae (=tenuifoliae) Hotvat 1930 and Crepidetalia dinaricae (=urumovii) Lakusic 1966 orders. The phytochemical analysis of the roots and aboveground plant parts demonstrated the presence of compounds that indicate the possibility of using this type of phytotherapy. The study analyzed 19 morphometric characters. Based on the morphological analysis, it could be stated that this species is very variable. Highest variability rate has been recorded for maximal length of plant from first leaves to calyx and for maximal length of plant (vegetative parts of plant). Minimum variability rate has been determined for generative parts of plant (e.g. maximal length of flowers, maximal length of calyx, maximal length of corolla, etc.). Highest average values for all analysed characters were recorded in Ranunculo scutati-Gentianetum dinaricae community. Reliquary and endemism require more detailed research. In addition, it is necessary to examine the possibility of breeding plantation, taking into account the possibility of its use in phytotherapy.

Keywords: Gentiana, morphological analysis, phytochemical analysis, phytotherapy.

Acknowledgments: This paper is part of the diploma work under the same title that was done under the supervision of Professor Sulejman Redžić, at the Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo.

SESSION BPHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY(Chemistry, Identification, Isolation of Active Compounds)

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PLENARY LECTURES

PL. B.1.TURKEY AS A SOURCE FOR MEDICINAL

AND AROMATIC PLANTS

K. Husnu Can BASER(Formerly) Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470

Eskisehir, TurkeyVisiting Professor at Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud

University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorresponding author: www.khcbaser.com, [email protected]

The rich and diverse flora of Turkey is well documented in 11 volumes. Thanks to its geography with land in two continents at the junction of three phytogeographic regions, under the influence of three different climates and its natural diversity blended with cultural richness throughout centuries Turkey enjoys a wide inventory of plants useful in medicine, agriculture, food and other sectors. This lecture will focus on Turkey as a source of medicinal and aromatic plants with emphasis on trade volumes. These plants include opium poppy, oregano, thyme, sage, sideritis, mint, rose, laurel, anis, licorice,gypsophila, salep, etc. which have been used and traded since ancient times. Information on their uses and export figures will be given.

Keywords: biodiversity of vascular plants, flora o medicinal plants, phytotherapy

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SESSION LECTURES

SL.B.1.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

OF ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTED FROM NIGELLA SATIVA (L.) SEEDS

Rachid KACEM¹, Tobias WELTE ², Frank BUHLING ³1 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Ferhat Abbas University, Department of Biology, Sétif

19000, Algeria 2 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. 3Institute of Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University-

Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Leipziger-Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.Corresponding author: [email protected]

The Nigella sativa (L.) seeds and its purified constituents have been shown beneficial therapeutic potentials for many diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of essential oil and its main components on human neutrophil functions (HN), HNs chemotaxis, the activity and secretion of human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Hydrodistillation was used to extract the essential oil from the seeds of Nigella sativa (L.). The yield of essential oil obtained was 0.4 %. Results of GC-MS analysis revealed that main components comprise 65% of essential oil and identified are monoterpens; p-cymene, thymoquinone, carvone, thymol and carvacrole. The control movement and chemotactic responses of HNs and HNE secretion were reduced at a dose dependent manner. The results of these studies revealed clearly that components of essential oil are potent inhibitors for HNs movement, chemotactic responses, the activity and secretion of HNE. The observed inhibition of HNs functions may occur via intracellular pathways.

Keywords: Inflammation, essential oil, Nigella sativa, neutrophil, elastase

Acknowledgements: We acknowledge Pr. Welte Tobias and Dr. Buhling Frank Institute of Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University-Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany for laboratory technical assistance, DAAD Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst Germany for the grantship.

References:1.Schefer JC. Phytother. Res. 1996; 10:S6-S7. 2.Luigi M, Peter QT, Rosaria C, Alessandro C, Paola D, Antonella C and Giovanni D. J. Sep. Sci. 2003; 26:1467-1473. 3.Wilkinson P C. Chemotaxis and inflammation. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1974. 4.Kacem R, Meraihi Z. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 26(Sup.49): 580.

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SL.B.2.VARIATION OF α-PINENE AMOUNT IN ESSENTIAL OILS OF JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L. GROWING WILD IN LITHUANIA

Kristina LOŽIENė, Juozas LABOKASNature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Vilnius, Lithuania


Juniperus communis L., the common juniper, is a woody plant accumulating essential oils which are recognized by the official pharmacopoeias of many countries as well as European Pharmacopoeia. The medicinal properties of J. communis depend mostly on monoterpene α-pinene, which is the major bioactive compound of the essential oils normally. Both the quantitative and qualitative composition of essential oils may depend on the ecological factors. The common juniper is the species of a global distribution exhibiting wide amplitude of ecological adaptation: it occurs in dry pinewoods, mixed forests, on river slopes, being light demanding as well as shade tolerant. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine if such different ecological conditions influence on the variation of α-pinene amount in essential oils of unripe cones and leaves of J. communis. The leaves and unripe cones of J. communis were sampled from nine habitats, differing by light and some soil characteristics, across Lithuania in August 2010. The 10 cone-bearind individuals per habitat were selected for the sampling of leaves and cones, and total 90 leaf-cone samples (=90 trees) were analysed. It was established that α-pinene was the main compound in the absolute majority of studied J. communis individuals. The amount of this compound in the essential oils varied from 10.38–75.84% and from 11.47–76.83% in cones and leaves, respectively. A significant positive correlation (r=0.52, p<0.05) was observed between the percentage of α-pinene in essential oils of cones and leaves. Although the average percentages of α-pinene differed in different habitats (up to 24% and up to 18% in leaves and cones, respectively), no significant correlation was detected between the amount of α-pinene and the ecological factors studied. Therefore, this fact implies that the variation of α-pinene amount in essential oils of leaves and cones of J. communis depends more on the genetic factors.

Keywords: Juniperus communis, unripe cones, leaves, essential oils, α-pinene

Acknowledgements: This research was funded by a grant (No. MIP-56/2010) from the Research Council of Lithuania.

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SL.B.3.BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ESSIENTIAL OIL AND

EXTRACT OF HELICHRYSUM ITALICUM (Roth) G. Don fil. 1830 (ASTERACEAE)

Biljana BOŽIN1, Nebojša KLADAR1, Neda LAKIĆ1, Jelica SRDANOV1, Milica RAT2, Goran ANAČKOV2

1University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia2University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Scineces, Department of Biology and Ecology, Novi Sad, Serbia


Helichrysum italicum (Immortelle) is a Mediterreanean plant, sometimes also called the curry plant because of the strong smell of its leaves. The essential oil is used for medicinal purposes as an anti-inflammatory, fungicidal, hepatoprotective, choleretic, stomachic and astringent. It soothes burns and raw chapped skin. Also, it is used as a fixative in perfumes and has an intense fragrance. Conventional medicine acepted it for the treatment of dyspeptic dissorders [1]. It is also one of compounds of medicinal plant mixtures e.g. Aristochol ® drops [2]. However, there is a very few data on the chemical composition and biological activities of extracts obtained from it.The aerial parts of H. italicum are collected during may of 2011. near Čanj, Montenegro. Voucher specimen is deposited at the BUNS Herbarium. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation [3] analyzed by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Air dried herb was macerated in 45% ethanol for 24 h at room temperature (1:1 w/v). After maceration, the extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness under vacuum. The quantities of dry extract were determined gravimetrically. For the evaluation of the total phenolics and flavonoid content [4] dry extract was dissolved in water to make 0.1% and 1% (w/v) stock solutions. Free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) was examined by measuring the scavenging activity of extracts on 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazil (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH) [5].The main compounds of essential oil were neryl acetate (28.2%) and g-curcumene (17.8%). In the extract, notable amount of total phenolics (3.2 mg/mL) and flavonoids (1.2 mg/mL) was confirmed. Although the extract exhibited notable RSC values (IC50=0.97 µg/mL for neutralisation of DPPH and 33.57 µg/mL for OH radical). However, the extract, although reach in phenolic compounds, exhibited very low scavenging activity against DPPH radical (IC50=15.7 mg/mL), comparing to the extract.

Keywords: Helichrysum italicum, essential oil, phenolics, antioxidants

Acknowledgements: The Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development of Vojvodina (grant number 114-451-2056/2011-01).

References:1.Blumenthal. M. (ed.) (1999): The Complete German Commision E monographs, Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines: American Botanical Council, Austin. 2. Bisset, N.G.,Wichtl, M. (2001): Herbal drugs

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an phytopharmaceuticals, Medpharm scientific publishers, Stuttgart. 3.European Pharmacopeia, 4th ed., Vol. 2.8.12 (2002) Council of Europe: Strasbourg Cedex. 4.Bozin, B. et al. (2008): Food Chem., 111: 925-929. 5.Bozin, B. et al. (2007): J. Agric. Food Chem., 55(19): 7879 -7885.

SL.B.4.INDIRUBIN CONTENT OF NATIVE ISATIS SPP.

DISTRIBUTED IN EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY

Sengul KARAMAN, Emel DIRAZ, Nazan COMLEKCIOGLU Ahmet ILCIM, Hasan DURDU

Kahramanmaraş Sutçu Imam University, Science and Letter Faculty, Biology Department, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey


Indirubin is one of the major active constituent of Isatis species (I.tinctoria and I.indigotica) and known many medicinal potencies espicially exhibit anti-cancer effects in treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia.(1) Indirubin derivates have also been shown to be a good selective inhibitor of cylin-dependent kinases (2). In order to identify for indirubin content, eight native Isatis species ( I.buschiana, I.cappadokia, I. glauca, I.tinctoria subsp tomentolla (Mersin location), I.tinctoria subsp tomentolla (Saridağ location), I.floribunda, I.candolleana, I.sivasıca, I.tahtajanii,) and two culture form of I.tinctoria and İ.indigotica were cultivated under field condition in Kahramanmaraş, East Mediterranean region of Turkey in 2011. The leaves of ten Isatis taxons were extracted ultrasonification method with THF as solvent. İndirubin contents of the extracts were analysed HPLC-UV. Compared to Isatıs sp. the high yield of indirubin was obtained from I.tinctoria subsp.tomentolla (Göksun location) with 15.02µgr/ gr and I. tinctoria subsp tomentolla (Mersin location) 14.51 µgr/gr.

Keywords : Isatis L.,indirubin, indigo, HPLC

Acknowledgements: 1,TUBITAK , The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey 2, Kahramanmaraş Sutçu Imam University

References:1.Meijer et all, (2007), İnternationalCongress Series 1304, 60-74. 2. Chen et all,(2011). Separation Science and Technology, 46: 972-977.

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SL.B.5.QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE VALUES

OF CONIFERS OIL IN RELATION TO PERIOD OF DISTILLATION

Nezir TANOVIĆ, Mustafa ĐELILOVIĆAgro-Mediterranean Faculty, University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Bosnia and Herzegovina has a large amount of forest wood that, as a raw material, could be used for organic production of essential oil. In comparison with other medicinal plant species, essential oil from this forest wood is more profitable and simpler. A particular advantage is the availability of the raw material throughout the year and the simplicity in the production of essential oil. There are few other resources with this capacity, especially those certified in the field of organic principles.The production of essential oil is labor-intensive, export-oriented and highly profitable. The interest in having a greater number of essential oil producers is constantly growing. For the production of essential oil, steam distillation is mainly used. Hydro distillation in broader production has not given good results because, with this procedure, it is not possible to utilize the pressure of steam that is necessary for efficient production of essential oil. Through the analysis of samples, it has been proven that forest wood in the region of May has a significantly higher content of essential oil in comparison with the kinds found in the region of January.Distilling of forest wood is performed on a distilling machine on the principle of water and steam.

Keywords: forest wood, distilling, essential oil, spruce, pine

SL.B.6.RUTIN CONTENT INTERNATIONAL IN DIFFERENT BUCKWHEAT ORGANS IN CORRELATION ITS LIFE

SPACES

Nezir TANOVIĆ, Mustafa ĐELILOVIĆAgro-Mediterranean Faculty, University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Interaction relations of rutin content in different organs of buckwheat, in different phases of growth and life spaces encompas positive and negative aspects of interaction. Field research was conducted in Sarajevo during 2008 and 2009, and the lab research was performed in the laboratory of Federal Institution of Agriculture

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in Sarajevo. In order to specify the optimal life spaces and suitable pheno phase of the buckwheat development, necessary for the testing of content and the yield of rutin per surface area, the two-year field experiment was set in Sarajevo (Nikšićka Visoravan). Various agricultural elements were analysed, in the first place: types of land where the experiment was to be set out, the average value of temperature per each month and for the whole year, maximum and minimum temperature, monthly and annual precipitation and air humidity, the wind, the number of snowy days, snow-drift height. Precentage and the amount of buckwheat rutin were observed in its different phenophases of development (the initial and the full flower phase, milky maturation of grane) and in different seed row spacing (row spacing of 12, 24 and 48 cm distance from one seed tube outlet to the center of the next outlet) in two years of research. The main rutin content expressed in precenteges occured in the seed row spacing of 48 cm distance in the full flower, and the smallest one was registered in the row spacing of 12 cm in the initial flower phase. The largest amount of rutin per area unit (1 ha) occured in row spacing of 24 cm, and the smallest one in 48 cm of row spacing distance. Achieved results also point out the fact that different agroecological conditions during the years of research considerably affected the precentage and crop yield of buckwheat rutin.

Keywords: buckwheat, rutinoside, sowing line spacing, rutinoside crop yield, development phases, life conditions.

SL.B.7.EFFECT OF PLANT AGE AT HARVEST, MATURITY STAGE AND GROWING SITE ON MAJOUR CONSTITUENTS OF

SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS

Magda OSMANMedicinaI and Aromatic Piants Research Institute (MAPRI), National Center for Research,

Khartoum, SudanCorresponding author: [email protected]

The plant age at harvest and microclimate of the grovving site were reported to affect growth, yteid and chemical constituents of various plant species. Such information is needed for medicinal piants, especially when kept asgermplasm collection.In this paper we are presenting part of results of the research conducted under the program of improvementof quality and productivity of medicinal and aromatic piants. The effects of plant age, stage of maturity at harvest, and grovving site on constituents of volatile of A. calamus, M. piperita, and M. spicata vvere investigated.

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The plant age significantly affected grovvth parameters in A. calamus vvhile the main constituents of its volatile oil remained the same irrespective of the plant age (1). On the other hand, stage of maturity at harvest affected the percentages of monoterpene constituents of the oil of peppermint (2) and Fennel (3) as well as proximate composition of fennet and aniseed (4). In spearmint, hovvever, variation in climate and soil type affected the volatile oil yield and percent of its carvone (5).These types of information are needed for cultivation and /or vvild collection of medicinal piants and for sustainable managementof theirgenetic resources. Moreover, any program for commercialization or utilization of plant-based natural products may base on such information.

Keywords: monoterpene, proximate composition, volatileoil

References.1.Magda A.O., et al. (2008). U.of K. J. Agric. 16(1),48-60. 2. Magda A.O. and Avvatif A. M. (2005). Annual report, MAPRI. 3. Abdaila E.L.. (2006). PhD. Thesis.U.ot K. 4. Magda A.O. (2001). Annual Report MAPRI. 5. Awatif A. M. and Magda A.O. (2003)..Annual Report, MAPRI

SL.B.8.METHODS OF ISOLATION ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM

MEDICINAL PLANTS

Midhat JAŠIĆ1, Ramzija CVRK1, Aleksandra TEPIĆ2, Kiril LISIČKOV3

1Faculty of Technology, University of Tuzla, Department of Food Technology, Tuzla, BiH2Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

3Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, MacedoniaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Medicinal and aromatic plants is a very wide area and in the process of processing requires specific knowledge and expertise of each group of plants and products. According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO) in medicinal plants include plant species of which one part or more parts containing biologically active substance that can be used for therapeutic purposes or for chemical and pharmaceutical synthesis, then the group of medicinal and aromatic plants, which include plant species containing biologically active substances with practical applications in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industry, and industry additives, aromatic preparations, etc.Despite the prominence of the proportion of synthetic chemistry in the pharmaceutical, medicinal herbs are increasingly gaining in importance. In designing modern pharmaceutical products is of great importance is proper selection of a suitable production process for isolation of active ingredients, with the necessary knowledge

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and classification of herbs as well as techniques for collecting, storage, drying and storing herbs.This paper describes the technological procedures of isolation of active compounds from herbs such as hydro-distillation, water-steam distillation, steam distillation under pressure, extraction with organic solvents, and supercritical fluid extraction (supercritical CO2), which achieves higher solubility and faster mass transfer.

Keywords: medicinal plants, technological processes of isolation of active compounds

SL.B.9.MEASURMENT OF SALICYLIC ACID IN POPLAR’S

BARK (P. DELTOIDES AND P. EURAMERICAN) BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)

Javad TORKAMAN1, Shoreh SEYAM2

1University of Guilan,P.O.Box 1144,Somehsara,Guilan, Iran2Faculty of Science,University of Guilan, Iran


The family salicaceae included salix and populus species.This family especially salix alba is very important in ancient medicinal.recognition and investigation on other species in this family can help to development of herbal medical in country.This study was done to measuring of salicylic acid in Populus deltoides and Populus euramerican.After collection and drying of barks,extraction was done according to TAPPI standard (T204 om-88) by using acetone,ethanol and water solutions.Measuring of Salicylic acidWas done by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography).The extractive materials yield of populus deltoides and and populus euramerican ۥs bark were obtained 12.2 and 17.7% respectively base on dry weight of bark. HPLC analysis show that there are 32 compound in water extractive materials which amount of two compound are more than others.According to retention time one of two compounds is Salicylic acid.The percent of Salicylic acid in populus deltoides and euramerican barks are 0.016 and 0.021 respectively.Generally,This research show that populus species have Salicylic acid which is lower than Salix alba.The amount of Salicylic acid in populus euramerican is more than populus deltoids.Hydrophobic compounds in populus euramerican are twice than populus deltoides.There is no significant difference between hydrophilic compounds of two species.

Keywords: Populus deltoids, Populus euramerican, Salicylic acid, High Performance Liquid Chromatography

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SL.B.10.MEASURMENT OF GALIC ACID IN POPLAR’S

BARK(P.DELTOIDES AND P.EURAMERICAN) BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)

Javad TORKAMAN¹, Shoreh SEYAM²1University of Guilan,P.O.Box 1144,Somehsara,Guilan, Iran

2Faculty of Science,University of Guilan, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Vegetable Hydrolysable tannins are derivatives of gallic acid.Gallic acid is simple phenolic compound which has three hydroxyl group and one carboxyl group on a benzene ring.usually phenolic compounds are glucoside and soluble in water.Objective: The aims of This research are to evaluate Gallic acid in water soluble extractive materials of Populus deltoides and Populus euramerican and also calculated the extractive materials yield in two species.Methods: After collection and drying of barks, extraction was done according to TAPPI standard (T204 om-88) by using acetone,ethanol and water solutions.Measuring of Gallic acid Was done by HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography).Results: The extractive materials yield of populus deltoides and and populus euramerican ۥs bark were obtained 12.2 and 17.7% (base on dry weight of bark) respectively. Acetone soluble materials in populus euramerican is twice populus deltoids. HPLC analysis show that there are 15 and 12 compounds in water extractive materials of Populus deltoides and Populus euramerican barks respectively which amount of four compound are major.According to retention time one of that is Gallic acid.The amount of Gallic acid in populus deltoides and euramerican barks are 336 and 760 mlgr(based on one killograme) respectively. Conclusion: Generally, water soluble extractive materials yield in populus deltoids and populus euramerican obtained 7 and 8 percent respectively which the Gallic acid content in water soluble extractive of populus deltoids and populus euramerican are 0.5 and 1 percent respectively.

Keywords: Populus deltoids, Populus euramerican, Gallic acid, High Performance Liquid Chromatography

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SL.B.11.ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF EUCALYPTUS

LEUCOXYLON L. IN IRAN

Sadrollah RAMEZANI1

1 Tarbiat Modares University, College of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture Science, Tehran, I. R. Iran


The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the eucalypt (Eucalyptus leucoxylon L.) oil that was investigated using thin Gas chromatography and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. About 22 compounds, representing 99.982% of the oil, were identified by GC and GC/MS analyses. The GC and GC-MS screening revealed the presence of 1,8-cineol (43.48 %), p-cymene (40.997 %), α-Pinene (9.4 %), α- phellandrene (1.399 %), δ-terpinen (1.53 %), 4-terpineol (0.547 %) and α- terpineol (0.403 %) in essential oil of the eucalypt aerial parts. The total flavonoid and phenolic compounds were high in eucalypt (Eucalyptus leucoxylon L.) oil.

Keywords: Eucalyptus leucoxylon L., composition, essential oil

SL.B.12.COMPARATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA AND AZADIRACHTA INDICA LEAVES

AND THE EFFECT OF THEIR ETHANOL EXTRACTS ON CATALASES AND REDUCED GLUTATHIONE

C.E. OFFOR1, A.N. C. OKAKA2

1Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. 2Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] The comparative chemical analyses of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica leaves and the effects of their ethanol extracts on catalases and reduced glutathione were conducted. Phytochemical analyses were determined by the methods of Association of Analytical Chemists. The trace elements and macronutrients concentrations of both samples were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The animals were grouped according to the doses of extracts administered (0mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg body weights). The activities of serum catalase and concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) were also studied spectrophotometrically. Vernonia

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amygdalina recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of flavonoids, saponins and caroteinoids while Azadirachta indica recorded higher levels of alkaloids, glycosides, phenols and steroids. Vernonia amygdalina recorded higher concentrations of zinc, iron, and manganese while there were higher levels of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt, silicon and lead in Azadirachta indica. There were higher levels (mg/100g) of potassium, sodium and phosphorus in Azadirachta indica. The serum catalase activities (u/mg of protein) after administration of both extracts were reduced significantly at 600mg/kg. At 200mg/kg, the extract from Azadirachta indica did not show any significant increase while the extract from Vernonia amygdalina showed significantly (p<0.05) greater elevations of GSH concentrations at all the stipulated doses. There were significant dose- dependent reductions in the body weights of all the animals administered the extracts. The results showed that the extract of Vernonia amygdalina was more effective as an anti-oxidant agent.

Keywords: chemical analysis, Vernonia amygdalina, Azadirachta indica, catalases, reduced glutathione, albino rats


P.B.1.FLAVONOIDS OF SOME ALCHEMILLA SPECIES GROWING

IN TURKEY

Bülent KAYA1, Yusuf MENEMEN2, F. Zerrin SALTAN3

1 Bingöl University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, 12000, Bingö ;2 Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Science and Art , Department of Biology, 71450, Kırıkkale; 3 Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, 26470, Eskişehir, Turkey


The genus Alchemilla is represented in Turkey by 76 species (1). Alchemilla L. (Lady’s mantle, Rosaceae family) which is also known as “Arslan pençesi” has widespread use for menstruation problems and asthma in folk medicine in Black Sea Region, Turkey (2). Alchemilla is externally use as analgesic in rheumatism. These plants include flavonoids and ellagitannins (3). Dried and powdered leaves of four endemic Alchemilla species were extracted with %50 aqueous ethanol and macerated with the same solvent overnight. After filtration, they were evaporated and treated with petroleum ether. The remaining hydro alcoholic phase were extracted with ethyl acetate. After evaporation, extracts were analyzed with HPLC Dionex system. C18 silica column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) and acetic acid: methanol: water (5:36:59) were

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used for analysis. Six flavonoids (orientin, vitexin, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetin, quercitrin) were determined by HPLC method. This is the first study for the identification of flavonoids in Alchemilla in Turkey.

Keywords: Alchemilla L., Flavonoids, Chromatography, Secondary metabolite

References: 1.Davis, P.H., Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Vol.10, 1988. 2. Baytop, T., Türkiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi, Geçmişte ve Bugün, Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1999. 3. Evans, W.C., Trease and Evans’Pharmacognosy, 15th Edition, Saunders, Edinburgh, 2002.

P.B.2.ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOLIC

CONTENT OF RED CLOVER EXTRACTS

Mira BURSAĆ1, Milica ATANACKOVIĆ1, Jelena CVEJIĆ1, Sanja VASILJEVIĆ2, Nataša MILIĆ1

1Faculty of medicine, Department of pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia; 2Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Forage Crops Department, Novi Sad, Serbia


Red clover is rich in phytoestrogens as well as other phenolic substances which contribute to its antioxidative properties. In recent years, this plant became important source of phytochemicals for production of dietary supplements treating menopausal symptoms [1]. Still, its antioxidative properties have not been well investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine total phenolic content and radical scavenging capacity of red clover extracts obtained from different plant parts.Leaves, stems and flowers from seven different red clover cultivars were grounded and mixed with water on 37°C. After that, 3M HCl and ethanol were added and mixture was heated to boiling. Obtained extract were purified by solid phase extraction on HLB cartridges [2]. Total phenolic content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Radical-scavenging capacity was measured by evaluating the quenching of the stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) and calculation of the amount necessary to decrease initial DPPH concentration by 50%.Total phenolic content varied from 7.31 to 30.6 mg/g expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Leaves had the highest average total phenolic content (25.56 mg/g GAE), while the lowest content was found in stems (7.86 mg/g GAE). Additionally, the highest average antioxidant potential was observed in leaves (0.037 mg/ml). On the other hand, flowers had lower total phenolic content, but similar antioxidant potential as leaves which could be due to qualitative differences in content of phenols. Generally, stems were poor in phenols as well as in antioxidant activity compared with other plant parts.

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Keywords: red clover, antioxidant activity, phenolic content

References: 1. Kroyer, GT. (2004) Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 5:101-105. 2. Klejdus, B. et al. (1999) J Chromatogr A 839:261-263

P.B.3.ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF THREE

ASTER L. SPECIES

Peđa JANAĆKOVIĆ1, Nemanja RAJČEVIĆ1, Tanja DODOŠ1, Petar D. MARIN1

1Univerzitet u Beogradu-Biološki Fakultet, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Beograd, Srbija/Serbia Corresponding author: [email protected]

The genus Aster L. (Asteraceae) is comprised of ca. 180 Eurasian species, 17 in SE Africa and 1 in N America (Mabberley, 2006). In flora of Europe ca. 30 species are recognised. Many compositae species are used in traditional medicine. Aster species have also been used as medicines (http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke; Huang, Y.-P. & Ling Y.-R, 1996) and in a few cases as food (Huang, Y.-P. & Ling Y.-R, 1996).The present study was carried out to determine the possible in vitro antioxidant activities of methanol, ethanol and ethyl-acetate extracts prepared from Aster albanicus Deg., A. alpinus L. and A. amellus L. For this purpose, extracts were tested for their free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) in the DPPH screening assay. Plant material was collected in field (A. albanicus from Mt. Rogozna and A. alpinus from Mt. Kopaonik) and from Botanical Garden “Jevremovac” (A. amellus). Voucher specimens are deposited at the Herbarium of University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology (BEOU). The evaluation of free radical scavenging activity of plant extracts have been extensively performed by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method with slight modification (Cimpoiu 2006; Katalinic et al. 2006; Kartal et al. 2007; Akrout et.al. 2011). The results of the free radical scavenging activity of total methanol, ethanol and ethyl-acetate extracts was quantitatively determined using a DPPH assay. Extract concentration providing 50% inhibition (IC50) was calculated from the graph plotting inhibition percentage against extract concentration. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid (AA) were used as positive controls. The highest activity was detected in methanol and ethanol extracts of A. albanicus (0.255 and 0.539 mg/ml, respectively) as well as methanol extract of A. alpinus (0.521 mg/ml). Ethyl acetate extract of all the investigated species and all extracts of A. amellus showed the lowest free radical scavenging activity. The existing data give new information for antioxidant potential of these plants species, which have not been traditionally used as medicinal plants.

Keywords: Asteraceae, Aster, antioxidant activity, DPPH

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Acknowledgments: This research was conducted with financial support from the Serbian Ministry of Education and Science (Grant No. 173029)

References: 1. Akrout, A. et al. (2011) Antioxidant and antitumor activities of Artemisia campestris and Thymelaea hirsuta from southern Tunisia. In. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49: 342–347. 2. Cimpoiu C. (2006) Analysis of some natural antioxidants by thin – layer chromatography and high performance thin layer.chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol.29: 1125-1142. 3. http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke (2011). 4. Huang, Y.-P., Ling, Y.-R., (1996) Economic Compositae in China. In P.D.S. Caligari & D.J.N. Hind (eds.). Compositae: Biology & Utilization. Proceedings of International Compositae Conference, Kew, 1994. (D.J.N. Hind, Editor-in-Chief), vol. 2: 431-451. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 5. Kartal, N. et al. (2007) Investigation of antioxidant properties of Ferula orientalis L. using suitable extraction procedure. Food Chem. 100: 584-589. 6. Katalinic, V. et al. (2006) Screening of 70 medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant capacity and total phenols. Food Chem. 94: 550–557. 7. Mabberley, D.J. ( 2006) The Plant – book. 2nd ed. Cambrige University press, Cambrige.

P.B.4.ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF SESELI RIGIDUM WALDST.

& KIT. EXTRACTS OF DIFFERENT POLARITY

Marija ILIĆ1, Marija MARKOVIĆ2, Violeta MITIĆ1, Vesna Stankov JOVANOVIĆ1, Gordana STOJANOVIĆ1

1 Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry, Niš, Serbia, 2 Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, Niš, Serbia


Antioxidant activity of different parts of plant Seseli rigidum Waldst&Kit (root, leaf, stem, flower, fruit) was examined in solvents of different polarity (methanol, ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane). The antioxidant activity of these plant’s parts was evaluated using five different methods, namely DPPH and ABTS scavening antiradical activites, total phenolics, flavonoid content and total reducing ferric reducing power.The highest anti-oxidative DPPH radical capacity showed acetone flower extract, while lowest value was for ether leaf extract. In the case of ABTS radical assay, the largest capacity had roots hexane extract and the lowest methanol leaf extract. Most polyphenols contains methanol fruit extract and minimum is present in flower extract. Most flavonoids were registered in hexane leaf extract, and lowest in the ether and ethyl acetate extract of flower. Highest total reduction power was for methanol flowers extract, the lowest was for hexane roots extract.

Keywords: Seseli rigidum, extract, antioxidant, polyphenols, flavonoids

Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Serbian Ministry of Science and Technological Development (grant no 172047).

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References:1.Dai, J. et al. (2010) Molecules15:7313-7352. 2. Milosavljevic, S., et al. (2007)Fitoterapia 78:319-322. 3. Ozturk S., Ercisli, S. (2006) World J Microb Biot 22:261-265. 4. Stjepanović Lj. et al. (1970) Prilog proučavanju ekologije Seseli rigidum W. K.-devesilje, s naročitim osvrtom na količinu i kvalitet etarskog ulja, Glasnik botaničkog zavodai bašte Univerziteta u Beogradu, tom V nov. ser., 1-4, Beograd. 5. Stojkovic, S. et al. (2009) Chem Nat Compd 45(2):216-218.6.Tiwari, P. et al. (2011) Int Pharmaceutica 1(1):98-106.

P.B.5.OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROCESS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF USNIC ACID FROM LICHENS

Kiril LISICHKOV1, Stefan KUVENDZIEV1, Midhat JAŠIĆ2, Ramzija CVRK2

1Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Chemical and Control Engineering, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, R Macedonia 2Faculty of Technology, University in Tuzla, Food

Processing Technology, Tuzla, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The lichens are lower tallow phytogenic herbs and represent a symbiosis between algae and fungi. The lichens vegetate on different substratum as: ground, branches, different kind of trunks, stones even on big rocks. The usnic acid is one of many desirable constituents of lichens, as it represents a natural antibiotic.In the recent years, there has been growing interest in supercritical fluid extraction in chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetical, food industry and medicine, as the SFE process produces solvent free extracts.In the frames of this work, the optimization of the process of supercritical fluid CO2 extraction of usnic acid (natural antibiotic) from lichens was performed. The optimization process was conducted through the 3D surface method by application of the “Statgraphics Centurion” software package. The goal function of the optimization process was the yield of usnic acid as a function from SFE process parameters: operating pressure, temperature, flow rate of supercritical CO2 and time of extraction.

Keywords: lichens, usnic acid, SFE-

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P.B.6.MINERALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS IN OXYTROPIS PILOSA

(L.) DC.

Budimir S. ILIĆ1, Dragoljub L. MILADINOVIĆ1, Nikola D. NIKOLIĆ2, Dejan M. NIKOLIĆ3, Marija S. ILIĆ4

1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia2Laboratory for Geochemistry, Cosmochemistry and Astrochemistry, University of Niš, 18000 Niš,

Serbia 3Department of Sanitary Chemistry, Institute of Public Health, 18000 Niš, Serbia4Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia


Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC. is a widespread but disjunct relict species that originated in the Altai, Siberia, from where it extended to the West. In Serbia, it can be found with scattered distribution in the southeastern parts of the country.1 Oxytropis species are well known as the “King of Herbs“ in Chinese Tibetan medicine.2 However, some Oxytropis species contain very toxic indolle alkaloids.3 It is well known that oxygen can be toxic in the following forms: reduced, activated, sometimes even in a molecular form. Oxygen toxic forms have bad influence on different plant tissue, especially on chloroplasts. For protection, plants produce organic detoxification molecules in which iron, copper, zinc and manganese feature as essential structural components. All of these molecules function in enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic mediated plant as defence against environmental oxidative stress.4 This research was designed to study mineral and antioxidant composition of leaves of O. pilosa. We researched trace element contents: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), quantities of malonyldialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide (O2

• -) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), reduced glutathione (GSH) and content of total flavonoids, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids and soluble proteins. Iron, copper and manganese have shown a similar seasonal pattern, the increase the metal content in leaves during the vegetative period. The examined antioxidant enzymes changed the levels of their activities in the vegetative period in a specific way. During the spring season GPx showed maximum activity, CAT peaked in the summer, whereas SOD showed maximum activity during the autumn season. The investigated non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds exhibit the highest contents in blooming stage of vegetation.

Keywords: Oxytropis pilosa, Minerals, Antioxidant activity, Enzymes

Acknowledgements: Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, Prof. Dr. Novica Ranđelović. The research was partially supported by the Serbian Ministry of Education and Science (Grant No. 171 025).

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References:1. Diklić, N. (1974) Flora of SR Serbia. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Belgrade, Serbia. 2. Lou, C. et al. (2009) Toxicol. in Vitro 23: 906-910. 3. Molyneux, R.J. et al. (2007) Phytochemistry 68: 2973-2985. 4. Cao, X. et al. (2004) Environ. Pollut. 128: 317-325.

P.B.7.GLANDULAR TRICHOMES AND ESSENTIAL OIL

COMPOSITION OF MELITTIS MELISSOPHYLLUM L. (LAMIACEAE)

Slavica GRUJIC 1 , Ana DŽAMIC1, Mihailo RISTIC2, Ana ALIMPIC1, Gordana SUBAKOV SIMIC1, Petar D. MARIN1

1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Belgrade, Serbia; 2 institute for Medicinal Plant Research “ Josif Pancic ”,

Belgrade, Serbia Corresponding author: [email protected]

Melittis melissophyllum L. is a perennial herb inhabiting shady places in Western, Southern and Central Europe. Leaves and Inflorescences of this plant are using as antispasmodic and digestive agent, also against insomnia and eyes inflamation. In Serbia it was traditionaly used due to its sedative properties, for nervous anxyety and hysteria. In this study we report the presence of glandular trichomes and essential oil composition of this species. Morphology of glandular trichomes on the vegetative and reproductive organs was investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three types of trichomes were found: simple non-glandular, capitate and peltate glandular trichomes. Simple non-glandular trichomes were found on the stem, leaves and calyx. Peltate trichomes cover abaxial and adaxial leaf surface, calyx, corolla and gynoecium. Capitate trichomes are present on all vegetative plant parts as well as the filamentum of androecium. Aerial parts of M. melissophyllum were colected at flowering stage in June 2011. (Jablanica near Boljevac). Dried plant material was grounded and hydrodistilled in a Clevenger- type apparatus. The volatile constituents were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main compounds were: dihydrocarveole acetate (9.41%), hexahydroxyfarnesyl acetate (7.85%), hexyl benzoate (5.87%), carveole (5.69%) and β- bisabolene (5.43%).

Keywords: Melittis melissophyllum, glandular trichomes, essential oil

Ackowledgment: The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia for financial support (Grant No. 173029).

References:1. Ball, P. W. (1972). Melittis L. Flora Europea, Vol. 3:143 , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 2. Adams P. R. (2007) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass

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Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation. 3. Jaric, S. et al., (2007) J. Ethnopharmacol. Vol. 111:160-175. 4. Maggi, F., et al., (2009) Food Chem. Vol. 113: 216-221. 5. maggi, F., et al., (2010) Flav. Fragr. J. Vol. 25: 63-70

P.B.8.AN INVESTIGATION ON THE PIGMENTS OBTAINED

FROM THYME PLANT

Ozan DEVEOGLU 1,2, Emrah ÇAKMAKÇI 1, Emine TORGAN 3, Ahmed MUHAMMED 4, Ali FOUAD5, Recep KARADAğ6

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Marmara University, 34722, Kadıkoy, Istanbul, Turkey ; 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cankırı Karatekin

University, 18100, Cankırı, Turkey ; 3Turkish Cultural Foundation, Research and Development Laboratory for Natural Dyes, 34775, Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey ; 4Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey ; 5Department of

Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey ; 6Laboratory of Natural Dyes, Faculty of Fine Arts, Marmara University, 34718, Kadıkoy, Istanbul, Turkey


In this study, natural pigments from the thyme (Thymus serpyllum) plant were prepared by using KAl(SO4)2.12H2O (alum), FeSO4.7H2O, SnCI2.2H2O, and CuSO4.5H2O mordants. A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) method was used in the identification of components in the natural pigments. The component extractions from the natural pigments were carried out with 37% HCl/MeOH/H2O (2:1:1 v/v/v) mixture1-4. According to the results of HPLC analysis of the natural pigments, it was observed that both luteolin and apigenin that present in the pigments were precipitated by Cu(II) whereas only luteolin was precipitated by Fe(II) and apigenin was precipitated by Sn(II). The pigments were further characterized by ATR-FTIR analysis. Thermal degradation of the pigments was determined by TGA analysis. High char yields were found for all pigments. These char yields were attributed to the high metal chelating capacity and the rigid flavonoid structure of the organic components in the natural pigments. The antimicrobial activity of the crude extract and dyes against some microbial strains were evaluated based on the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values. The MIC results showed that, all the used dyes were able to prevent the growth of all tested microbial species.

Keywords: natural pigment, RP-HPLC, TGA, FT-IR, antimicrobial activity

Acknowledgements: The support by Turkish Cultural Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.

References:1.Deveoglu, O., Karadag, R. and Yurdun, T. (2009) Jordan J. Chem., Vol. 4, No.4, pp. 377-385. 2.Deveoglu, O., Torgan, E. and Karadag, R. (2010) Jordan J. Chem., Vol. 5, No.3, pp. 307-315. 3.Deveoglu, O., Torgan,

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E. and Karadag, R. (2010) Asian J. Chem., Vol. 22, No.9, pp. 7021-7030. 4.Deveoglu, O., Karadag, R. and Yurdun, T. (2011) Chem Nat Comp, Vol. 47, No. 1, March, pp.103-104.

P.B.9.EVALUATION OF OIL YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF TWO

GENOTYPES OF Mentha spicata L

Magda OSMAN1, Awatif MOHAMED1, Thabit AHMED2

1Department of Agrotechnology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Resaerch, Khartoum, Suda; 2Department of Experimental Farm, Kenana sugar

Company Limited, Kenana White Nile State,SudanCorresponding author: [email protected]

The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the oil yield and composition of two genotypes of Mentha spicata namely Balady and Crispa gentypes grown at Kenana experimental field, White Nile State. Hydrodistillation of the leaves gave 3.1 % and 2.9% essential oils for (Balady and Crispa genotypes respectively. Genotype Crispa gave higher herabage yield (2.341 ton/fed) and oil yield (68.618 L/fed) compared to genotype Balady, which yield 1.7 ton/fed herbage and 52.809 L/fed oil. The essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation of the leaves from the two genotypes were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Nine components representing 93.51% and 93.37% of the oil of Balady and Crispa genotypes were identified. Carvone (64.88 – 74.29%) is the major component of Balady and Crispa oils respectively followed by lemonene (8.33 – 19.73) which was higher in oil of Balady genotype. On the other hand dihydrocarveol (0.67 -1.38); cineol 1,8 (3.47 – 4.69)and b –pinene (1.65 – 2.92) were slightly higher in Crispa oil .This study demonstrate that the genotype Crispa could be suitable genotype for production of high herbage and oil yields with high carvone content under the prevailing environment o f Kenana area. Such information is needed for commercial production of carvone rich mint oil.

Keywords: Genotype, crispa, essential oil, carvone, hydrodistillation

References:1. Mohamed A, et al (2007). Aguide to Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Sudan (Economic Maping), 1st ed. Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization, Kartoum, University Press. 2.Mohamed A, Osman M. Hussein F and Abdalla E, (2009). Effect of soil types and chicken manure on growth, yield and oil content of two varities of Mentha spicata grown in Sudan, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, Annual Report. 3. Tucker AO (1992). The truth about mints. The Herb Companion) 4: 51–52. 4. Marotti M, Piccaglia R, Giovanelli E, Deans SG & Eaglesham E (1994). Effects of planting time and mineral fertilization on peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) essential oil composition and its biological activity. Journal of Flavour and Fragrance 9: 125–129. 5. Kokkini S, Karousou R & Lanaras T (1995). Essential oils of spearmint (carvone-rich) plants from the Island of Crete (Greece). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 23: 287–297. 6. Edris A E, Shalaby· A S, Fadel H M, Abdel-Wahab M. A (2003). Evaluation of a chemotype of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) grown in Siwa Oasis, Egypt. Eur Food Res Technol 218:74–78.

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P.B.10.DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF

HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACIDS IN LAMIACEAE SPECIES GROWING IN CROATIA

Maja BIVAL ŠTEFAN1 , Jadranka VUKOVIĆ RODRíGUEZ 2 , Marija BABAC1 , Sanda VLADIMIR KNEŽEVIĆ1

1 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, Zagreb, Croatia ; 2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of

Analytics and Control of Medicines, Zagreb, Croatia Corresponding author: [email protected]

Lamiaceae family has a cosmopolitan distribution and comprises numerous popular and less known species with pronounced therapeutic properties. They represent a rich source of polyphenols, especially phenolic acids, e.g. rosmarinic acid. The aim of this study was to establish the presence and contents of hydroxycinnamic acids in various Lamiaceae species growing in Croatia. We used thin-layer chromatography for qualitative analysis, while determination of hydroxycinnamic derivatives was performed according to procedure described in European Pharmacopoeia. Among 32 studied species, the highest quantities of hydroxicinnamic derivatives, expressed as rosmarinic acid, were found in Satureja subspicata Bartl. ex Vis. (11.04%), Melissa officinalis L. (10.25%) and Micromeria graeca L. (9.92%), while the lowest percentages were determined in Marrubium vulgare L. (1.09%) and M. incanum Desr. (0.85%). Our results might be helpful in better understanding of complex biological activities connected with the presence of hydoxycinnamic acids in these medicinal plants.

Keywords: Lamiaceae, hydroxycinnamic acids

References: 1. Zgórka, G., Głowniak, K. (2001) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 26: 79–87. 2. EDQM (2006) European Pharmacopoeia 5th Ed. Council of Europe. Strasbourg.

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P.B.11.Thymus longicaulis C. PRESL – PHENOL RICH SPECIES IN

CROATIAN FLORA

Sanda VLADIMIR-KNEŽEVIĆ1, Marija BABAC1, Maja BIVAL ŠTEFAN1, Biljana BLAŽEKOVIĆ1

1 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, Zagreb, Croatia


Thymus longicaulis C. Presl (Lamiaceae) is a small aromatic perennial herb and a typical representative of the Illyric-Mediterranean flora. It is a traditional remedy for cold, flu, cough, nephritis and abdominal pain. Thymus species have been investigated for their chemical composition and biological activities in order to find the possibility of their use in modern phytotherapy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phenolic content and antiradical activity of the aerial parts of T. longicaulis growing in Croatia. The results were compared with those obtained for commercially available Thymi vulgaris herba, officially recognized in modern pharmacopoeias. The presence of various bioactive compounds was detected by thin layer chromatography. Total polyphenol (3.72%), tannin (1.34%) and flavonoid (0.39%) contents of T. longicaulis were spectrophotometrically determined. According to procedures described in European Pharmacopoeia, the contents of essential oil and volatile phenols in aerial parts were found to be 1.65% and 0.65%, respectively. Free radical scavenging activities of ethanolic extracts were evaluated using DPPH and deoxyribose assays. T. longicaulis contained significantly higher amounts of phenolics and exhibited better antiradical activity then T. vulgaris. Our findings highlighted T. longicaulis of Croatian origin as a rich source of phenolic antioxidants.

Keywords: Thymus longicaulis; phenols; antiradical activity

References: 1. Vladimir-Knežević, S. et al. (2010) Planta Med. 76:1320. 2. EDQM (2002) European Pharmacopoeia 4th Ed. Council of Europe. Strasbourg.

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P.B.12.EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL OF Lavandula × intermedia

‘Budrovka’ AS S SOURCE OF POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS

Biljana BLAŽEKOVIĆ, Gordana STANIĆ, Sanda VLADIMIR-KNEŽEVIĆUniversity of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy,

Zagreb, Croatia Corresponding author: [email protected]

Lavandula × intermedia ‘Budrovka’ is a Croatian indigenous cultivar of lavandin, cultivated on a large scale mainly for its essential oil used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Whereas many aromatic plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family are very rich in polyphenolic compounds, the present study focused on qualitative and quantitative evaluation of lavandin ‘Budrovka’ as a source of different types of polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidins and tannins). In this regard, the contents of analysed compounds were spectrophotometrically determined in leaves, inflorescence stalks and flowers during the various stages of growth and monitored for three years. The obtained results revealed significant differences in polyphenols quantities among individual plant parts as well as important influence of harvesting time on them. Overall, hydroxycinnamic acids were the predominant phenolic group in all plant parts. The highest amounts, ranged from 3.89% to 4.93% across the three-year period, were found in leaves where the maximal accumulation was observed in the vegetative stage (4.77-4.93%). The flowers collected in the early flowering stage were also rich in phenolic acids (4.32-4.94%), but their amount decreased significantly (p<0.001) with inflorescence development and at the end of flowering reached 2.30-2.60%. The inflorescence stalks contained 1.00-2.05% of phenolic acids with peak amounts observed at the beginning of flowering period. Flavonoids occurred most abundantly in leaves (0.16-0.24%), while lower contents were determined in inflorescence stalks (0.10-0.13%) and flowers (0.04-0.10%). Our findings suggested that leaves and flowers of Croatian cultivar of lavandin are rich sources of polyphenolic compounds having the potential to offer a wide range of health benefits.

Keywords: Lavandula × intermedia ‘Budrovka’; polyphenols

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P.B.13.SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM LOTUS PUSILLUS

MEDIK. (FABACEAE)

Lynda GOLEA1, Mohammed BENKHALED1, Hamada HABA1, Catherine LAVAUD2, Christophe LONG3

1 Laboratoire de Chimie et Chimie de l’Environnement (L.C.C.E), Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Batna, Batna 05000, Algérie; 2UMR CNRS 6229, Institut de Chimie

Moléculaire de Reims, BP 1039, 51097 Reims Cedex 2, France; 3 Centre de Recherche sur les Substances Naturelles, UMS CNRS 2597, 3 rue des Satellites, BP 94244, 31432 Toulouse, France


The genus Lotus of the family Fabaceae is represented in Algeria by 15 species (1). The plants of this genus are widely used in traditional medicine for several diseases. They often possess interesting biological activities. For example, the species Lotus halophilus exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activities (2). Previous investigations of the Lotus species led to isolation of flavonoids (3,4), proanthocyanidins (5) and triterpenoids (6).In a continuation of our program of research on medicinal plants growing in the Aures region of Algeria and north of the Sahara, we investigate in this study the plant Lotus pusillus to isolate secondary metabolites that may possess interesting biological activities.This paper describes the structure determination of three secondary metabolites 1, 2 and 3, isolated from the methanol extract of aerial parts of Lotus pusillus.

The molecular structures of isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic analysis particularly NMR 1D (1H and 13C J-modulated) and 2D (COSY, HSQC

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J-modulated, HMBC, TOCSY and ROESY), mass spectrometry EI-MS and by comparison with literature data.

Keywords: Lotus Pusillus, triterpenoïde, isoflavonoïde, saponoside, NMR 1D and 2D.

References :1. Quezel, P., Santa, S. (1963) Nouvelle Flore de l’Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales.Vol.1-2, Ed. CNRS, Paris, France. 2. Mahasneh, A.M. et al. (2002) Phytother. Res. 16: 751-53. 3- Suzuki, H. et al. (2008) Phytochemistry 69: 99-111. 4. El Moussallami, A.M.D. et al. (2002) Phytochemistry 60: 807-811. 5. Foo, L.Y. et al. (1997) Phytochemistry 45: 1689-1696. 6. El-Youssef, H.M. et al. (2008) Saudi Pharm. J. 16: 122-134.

P.B.14.PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CENTAUREA

PUBESCENS WITH BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Soumia MOUFFOK1, Hamada HABA1, Lotfi LOUCIF2, Catherine LAVAUD3,

Christophe LONG4, Mohammed BENKHALED1

1 Laboratoire de Chimie et Chimie de l’Environnement (L.C.C.E), Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Batna, Algérie; 2Laboratoire de microbiologie appliqué,

Département de biochimie, Université d’Annaba, Algérie ; 3 Laboratoire de pharmacognosie, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 6229, BP 1039, 51097 Reims Cedex 2, France; 4 Centre de Recherche sur les Substances Naturelles, UMS CNRS 2597, 3 rue des

Satellites, BP 94244, 31432 Toulouse, France.Corresponding author: [email protected]

The family Asteraceae contains about 900 genus and between 15000 and 20000 species distributed in Europe, Asia, tropical Africa, North America and Australia. 1, 2 The large genus Centaurea is represented with 500 species which are predominately found around the Mediterranean area. 3 It is a perennial shrub with purple flowers grown in sandy and desert habitat. The plant is an endemic species of Algeria and Tunisia and is not used in Algerian folk medicine; however other species of the same genus are used to treat several diseases as hemorrhoid, peptic ulcer, abscess and common cold. Chemical investigations of Centaurea species afforded mainly flavonoids, 4 Figure 1: Structures of the isolated compounds

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sesquiterpene lactones, 5 and triterpenes. 6 This study deals with the isolation and identification of six flavonoïd aglycones and four triterpenoids (Figure 1): Oroxylin-A (1), Chrysin (2), Tenaxin II (3), 5,7,2’-trihydroxyflavone (4), Quercetin (5), Patuletin (6), Lupeol (7), Taraxasterol (8), β-sitosterol (9) and Daucosterol (10) from the aerial parts of dichloromethane extract of C. pubescens. Structures of the isolated compounds were established mainly by 1-D and 2-D homo- and heteronuclear NMR and mass spectrometry ESI experiments and by comparison with literature data. In the biological part, Gram positive strains Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus aureus exhibit anti-bacterial activity on the compound 5,7,2’-trihydroxyflavone (4) and crude extracts (CH2Cl2 and AcOEt). The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated on the extracts and all isolated flavonoids by the DPPH test.

Keywords: medicinal plants, phytochemistry, Asteraceae

References: 1. Bayer R.J., Starr J.R. (1998) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85:242-256. 2. Mishio T. et al. (2006) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 34:180-184. 3. Quezel P., Santa S. (1963) Nouvelle Flore de l’Algérie et des régions désertiques Méridionales. In: CNRS (Ed.), Paris. 4. Shoeb M. et al. (2007) J. Nat. Med. 61:164-169. 5. Yesilada E. et al. (2004) J. Ethnopharmacol. 95:213-219. 6. Flamini G. et al. (2002) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30:1051-1054.

P.B.15.ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FOUR PEUCEDANUM L.

SPECIES

Jelena MATEJIĆ1, Ana DŽAMIĆ2, Vladimir RANĐELOVIĆ3, Petar D. MARIN2

1University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Niš, Serbia; 2University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Belgrade, Serbia; 3University of Niš,

Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Niš, SerbiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The genus Peucedanum L. (Apiaceae) is a large group comprising more than 120 species, widely distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa. Most plants of this genus are used in folk medicine as a means of strengthening, bitter taste and increased secretion of gastric juices, increases appetite, help digestion, and generally have favorable effect on the body. The present study describes antioxidant activity of methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone and water extracts of the dried aerial parts of four Peucedanum species from Serbia (P. officinale from Kosovska Mitrovica, P. longifolium from Orijen mountain, P. aegopodioides from Kopaonik mountain and P. alsaticum from Fruška Gora mountain). Different solvents were used to prepare extracts of dried plant material. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated by means of the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Synthetic antioxidant butilated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was used as control. DPPH scavenging effect of the extracts

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was determined spectrophotometrically. All ethyl acetate extracts possessed the lowest activities compared to other extracts and control substances. Water extract of P. officinale showed the strongest antioxidant activities compared to other species and other extracts, and reduced DPPH to 50% (EC50=0,308 mg/ml of solution). This finding suggests that species from genus Peucedanum may be considered as a natural source of antioxidants.

Keywords: Peucedanum L., extracts, antioxidant activity, DPPH,

Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia for financial support (Grant No. 173029.

References:1. Tepe, B. et al. (2011) Rec. Nat. Prod. 5:2:108-116. 2. Tucakov J. (1986) Lečenje biljem. Izdavačka Radna Organizacija ‚’RAD’’. Beograd. 3. Blos, M. S. (1958) Nature 181:1199-1200.

P.B.16.ALKALOİDS OF Chronanthus orientalis (Lois.) Heywood& Frodin (Fabaceae), AN ENDEMIC SPECIES OF TURKEY

Merve GÜNER, Işın YAZICI, Fatih KARABEY, Serdar ŞENOL, Hatice DEMIRAYUniversity of Ege Faculty of Science Department of Biology Section of Botany 35100, Bornova

– İzmir, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry has been used to analyze the alkaloids present in the aerial parts of C.orientalis. Sparteine, lidocaine, oxosparteine, lupanine alkaloids were the major compounds. From the identified four alkaloids, one lidocaine was found for the first time in this endemic plant. Almost all alkaloids belonged to the quinolizidine type.

Keywords: Chronanthus orientalis, alkaloid, Cytisus, quinolizidine

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P.B.17.CHEMICAL COUSTITUENS OF: Heliotropium hirsitutissimum

GRAUER and ECOTYPE

Meliha GEMICI, Hatice DEMIRAY, Işın YAZICI, Fatih KARABEYUniversity of Ege Faculty of Science Department of Biology Section of Botany 35100,

Bornova – İzmir, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

İn This study, essential oil and alkaloid contents of Heliotropium hirsitutissimum distributed in Denizli and its İzmir(Bornova-campus) ecotyp of were identified with gs ms. Like many of the plants of this geographic area, they characteristically produce a resinous exudate that covers the leaves and stem.7 These exudates have been associated with a complex defense mechanism. There is experimental evidence indicating that the resins are part of a protective cover that prevents excessive water evaporation.8 These resins have been proposed to play an extensive role against phytophagous organisms and UV radiation in the range 180-320 nm.9,10 Herein we describe the isolation and structural elucidation of rel-(8R,9R)-carrizaloic acid (1) 3- [rel-(8R,9R-9-hydroxy-9,13,13-trimethyl-12-oxo-10-cyclo- hexenyl)methyl]-4-methoxybenzoic acid, a new compound, and three known flavonoids from the resin exudates of Heliotropium huascoense J.M. Johnston (Boraginaceae). We have also studied the antifeedant, insecticidal, and anti-fungal effects of 1 and its methyl derivative 2 against several divergent phytophagous insects (the beetle Lepti- notarsa decemlineata, the lepidopteran Spodoptera littora-lis, and the aphid Myzus persicae) and plant pathogens (Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus niger). The related compound filifolinol (3), an aromatic geranyl derivative isolated from H. filifolium,3 has been included in the biological tests for comparison purposes.

Keywords: Heliotropium hirsitutissimum, essential oils

P.B.18.IDENTIFICATION OF IN VITRO BENZOIN PRODUCTION

IN Styrax officinalis L. BY HPLC

Hatice DEMIRAY, Aylin DEREBOYLU, Işın YAZICI, Fatih KARABEYUniversity of Ege Faculty of Science Department of Biology Section of Botany 35100,

Bornova – İzmir, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

Styrax officinalis L. (Styracaceae) is a deciduous small tree (up to 4 m) only found around the Mediterranean region and, in the East and South –Eastern Asia (Fritsch,

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PW. 1999. Phylogeny of Styrax based on morphological characters with implications for biogeography and infragenenic classification syst. Bot. 24,356- 378) Mature seeds of Styrax officinalis L. were collected from natural (Kemalpaşa) spreading field. Seeds were applied to surface sterilization by embedding % 7.5 Na hypochloride solution for 20 second with shaking time intervals. Three nutrition media were prepared with MS (Murashigo and Skoog, 1962) by adding 31 mg H3BO3 (50 folds of MS recipient)and 225mg nicotinic acid for the boron transport niacin was added (Demiray and Dereboylu 2006)(50 folds of MS resipient) to the callus medium of Styrax and 10 mMol thiamine pyrophosphate chloride (cocarboxylase) to the previous medium and finally 0.5 mg BAP plus 1 mg NAA only for callus medium without adding any appendix substance. The seeds were germinated firstly in GA3 (20 mg) added MS medium. Then explants of stem tissue were grown in all of three media above mentioned. 300 seeds were sown to each of the media and experiments repeated three times. Benzoin contents of the stem calli were identified by HPLC-DAD with benzoin standard and the composition of essential oils were identified GC-MS in Ege University center for R & D and pharnacokinetics applications envirement & Food analaysis Laboratories (Bornova- İzmir).

Keywords: Styrax officinalis, Benzoin

P.B.19.CONTENT OF ISOFLAVONES IN RED CLOVER EXTRACTS

Jelena CVEJIĆ1, Mira BURSAĆ1, Milica ATANACKOVIĆ1, Sanja VASILJEVIĆ2

1Faculty of medicine, Department of pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia; 2Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Forage Crops Department, Novi Sad, Serbia


Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a rich source of isoflavones which are reported to have beneficial estrogenic effects. This plant contains four major phytoestrogens - daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A. Therefore, red clover is more often used as raw material for production of dietary supplements used for treatment of menopausal symptoms in women. Since content of active substances in these supplements depends on used extracts, it is important to determine concentration of phytoestrogens in red clover. The object of this study was to compare content of daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A between different cultivars and plant parts of red clover. Seven red clover cultivars (two diploid, five tetraploid) were analyzed. Separated leaves, stems and flowers were grounded, mixed with water and incubated 30 minutes at 37°C. Then, 3M HCl and 96% ethanol were added and mixture was heated and boiled for 10 minutes. Obtained extracts were than purified by solid phase extraction on

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HLB cartridges [1]. Isoflavones were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using calibration curves of corresponding standard compounds [2].Total isoflavone content was on average the highest in leaves (5.67 mg/g), and the lowest in stems (0,96 mg/g) of red clover samples. Phytoestrogen concentrations were different among cultivars. Greatest variations of total isoflavone content were observed in leaves (3.20-8.30 mg/g), while these values were more uniform in stems and flowers. Formononetin was generally dominant in leaves (1.28-4.67 mg/g) and stems (0.28-0.80 mg/g). In flowers the highest content of genistein was detected (0.47-0.97 mg/g). On average, isoflavones present in lowest concentrations were daidzein in leaves and flowers, and biochanin in stems. Observing all analyzed samples, formononetin made 42%, genistein 31%, biochanin 18% and daidzein 9% of total isoflavone content.

Keywords: red clover, isoflavones, HPLC

References: 1. Klejdus, B. et al. (1999) J Chromatogr A 839:261-263. 2. Krenn, L. et al. (2002) J Chromatogr B 777:123-128.

P.B.20.VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL

FROM THE AERIAL PARTS OF FERULAGO ANGULATA (SCHLECHT.) BOISS.

Hashem AKHLAGHIDepartment of Basic Sciences, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran

Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

The genus Ferulago consists of 35 species, seven of which are found in Iran, two of these being endemic: F. contracta Boiss. et Hausskn. and F. phialocarpa Rech. f. et H. Riedl

1,2. The chemical composition and biological activities of some species of the genus Ferulago have been the subjects of some earlier studies 3-5. In this study, the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss. (Umbelliferae) , growing wild in Khorasan province (Iran), were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty five compounds representing 93.2% of the aerial parts oil of Ferulago angulata were identified, of which α-pinene (10.5%), limonene (9.6%), β-myrcene (5.5%) and fenchyl acetate (4.2%) were the major ones. Comparison this results with previous report on the aerial parts of Ferulago angulata shows significant differences. The major components of previous report were α-phellandrene (24.2%), β-phellandrene (14.9%), α-pinene (14.7%), p-cymene (10.3%) , δ-3-carene (6.7%)

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and (Z)-β-ocimene (5.8%). 3. The present investigation revealed that the aerial parts oil of the plant consist of monoterpenes as major constituents (75.1%)

Keywords: Essential Oil, GC/MS, Ferulago angulata, α-pinene, Hydrodistillation

References:1. Rechinger, K. H.(1987). Ferulago. In: Flora Iranica, Umbelliferae. No. 162. Eds., K. H. Rechinger and I.C. Hedge, p 430, Akademische Druck and Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria. 2. Mozaffarian, V. (1996). A Dictionary of Iranian plant names. Farhang Moaser Publischer, Tehran, 1st Edit., p 230. 3. Akhlaghi, H. (2008). Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from the aerial parts of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss. from Northeast Iran, J. Essent. Oil Bearing Plants, 11(5): 544-547. 4. Erdurak, C.S. et al. (2006). Composition of the essential oil of fruits and roots of Ferulago isaurica Pesmen and F-syriaca Boiss. (Umbelliferae) from Turkey. Flavour and Fragrance J. 21(1): 118-121. 5. Samiee, K. et al. (2006). Composition of the volatiles of Ferulago carduchorum Boiss. et Hausskn. and Levisticum officinale Koch. obtained by hydrodistillation and extraction. J. Essent. Oil Res. 18(1): 19-21.

P.B.21.DETERMINATION OF INDIGO CONTENTS AND DYEING

PROPERTIES OF NATIVE ISATIS SPP. DISTRUBUTED IN SOUTH EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY

Sengul KARAMAN, Emel DIRAZ, Ahmet ILCIM, Nazan COMLEKCIOGLU, Hasan DURDU

Kahramanmaraş Sutçu Imam University, Science and Letter Faculty, Biology Department, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey


Isatis genus belonging to Brassicaceae family comprises approximately 79 species and the genus is distributed primarilly in the northerm hemisphere, espically in the Irana-turanian region where nearly 90 % of its species grow (1). Turkey with 34 species is one of the important diversification centres of the genus 20 of the 34 species and 5 of the 16 subspecies endemic (2).Isatis tinctoria (European woad) cultivated in Europe for blue dye, and İsatis indigotica (Chinese woad) especially used to Traditional Chinese Medicine. In this study eight different İsatis species ( I. cappadocia , I.candoleana, , I. tinctoria subsp. tomentolla (Mersin location), İ. tinctoria subsp. tomentolla (Göksun location ), İ.aucheri, İ. buschiana, I.sivasica, İ. glauca, I. tahtajanii ) collected from South East Mediterranean Region of Turkey and two culture form I. indigotica and I. tinctoria were cultivated in Kahramanmaras city and the species were analysed for indigo content with UV spectrofotometer and investigated for dyeing properties using fermentation method at two different pH (9 and 11) for alkaline solutions, and 3 different reducer concentrations (25,50,100 mM Na2S2O4). The highest indigo content was obtained I. tinctoria subsp. tomentolla (Mersin

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location). The dyeing studies showed that light and dark blue colors obtained from different İsatis dye solutions at different Na2S2O4 concentrations, and the best bright dark blue color was found İ. tinctoria subsp. tomentolla (Göksun location ) at 25 mM Na2S2O4 concentration for wool yarn and 50 and 100 mM Na2S2O4 concentrations for cotton yarn at both pH (9 and 11).

Keywords : Isatis spp., indigo, woad, dyeing

Acknowledgements: 1,TUBITAK , The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey2, Kahramanmaraş Sutçu Imam University

References: 1. Moazzeni et all., (2007), Flora 202, 447–454. 2.Anonymous,http://biow.tubitak.gov.tr/present/taxonForm1.13340.

P.B.22.FATTY ACID AND ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF ECHINACEA PURPUREA (L.) MOENCH, GROWING IN

KAHRAMANMARAS-TURKEY

Emel DIRAZ, Şengul KARAMAN, Nilufer KOCAKahramanmaraş Sutç Imam University, Science and Letter Faculty, Biology Department,

Kahramanmaraş, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

Echinacea is a hardy perennial plant indigenous to North America, which belongs to Asteracea (1), have medical properties. Echinacea purpurea (L). Moench cultivated in Avsar Campus-Kahramanmaras, gathered in Agust 2008. Seed of the plants extracted using soxhalet apparatus for fatty acid composition with two different solvent (hexan and petroleum ether), essential oils of the flowers were extracted by hydrodistillation. Fatty acid and essential oil compositions were identified with GC-MS. Principal fatty acid components were determined as oleic acid 48-29 %, palmitic acid 16.6- 9.2% , linoleic acid 13.3-51% and stearic acid 5- 2.5 % with petroleum ether and hexan respectively. Germacrene-D 11.3%, caryophylleneoxide 8.7%, β-caryophyllene 7.2%, α-cadinol 6.3%, naphthalene 3.3% and α-phellandrene 2.9 % were found as main componds in the essential oils of Echinacea purpurea seeds.

Keywords: Echinacea purpurea, fattyacid, essentialoil, GC-MS

Acknowledgements: 1. Kahramanmaraş Sutçu Imam University

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References: 1. Mcgregor, R.L., 1968. Thetaxonomy of thegenusEchinacea (Compositae), ThuUniversity of Kansas Sci. Bull. 48, 113-142

P.B.23.PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF

Calamintha glandulosa (REQ.) BENTHAM

Danijela VIDIC, Sanja ĆAVAR, Ana FILIPOVIĆ, Karolina ĐURIĆ, Elma MUFLIZOVIĆ, Milka MAKSIMOVIĆ

University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Calamintha glandulosa (Req.) Bentham is an aromatic perennial plant, mostly found on rocky pastures, dry meadows, and abandoned places of the Mediterranean and sub-zones [1]. Plants belonging to the genus Calamintha were known to possess significant antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The interest in phenolic antioxidants has increased remarkably in the last decade due to their elevated capacity in scavenging free radicals associated with various human diseases. This work presents the investigation of the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of essential oil and plant extracts of C. glandulosa. Essential oil was obtained using hydrodistillation technique, and Soxhlet extracts were obtained using petrolether, chloroform, acetone, absolute ethanol, 96% ethanol as organic solvents. Aqueous extract was collected as waste water after hydrodistillation.Total phenolics content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method [2], and they varied from 29.65 to 176.07 mg/g GAE, for essential oil and aqueous extract, respectively. The radical scavenging activity was measured by DPPH [3] and ABTS method [4]. The scavenging potencies of the samples indicated as IC50 values, were from 0.36 to 34.29 mg/mL for DPPH method, and from 0.51 to 4.40 mg/mL for ABTS method. Reducing power activity was measured spectrophotometrically [5], and the reducing power of the samples indicated as RP50 values were from 2.75 to 406.51 mg/mL. All samples showed activity comparable to Trolox, which was used as a positive probe. In addition, antioxidant capacity against OH radical was measured by ORAC test [6]. Obtained values were from -2.08 to 4.44 mmol TE/g.In all cases essential oil showed the lowest antioxidant activity, while aqueous extract showed the highest. This can be explained by the levels of the phenolic compounds in the examined samples. It is well known that the antioxidant activity is dependent on the content of phenolic compounds [7].Results from the present study suggest further analysis on chemical composition of the plant extracts in order to identify phenolic constituents that might be responsible for their antioxidant activity.

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Keywords: Calamintha glandulosa (Req.) Bentham, Antioxidant activity, Total phenolic content

References:1.Šilić, Č. (1979) Monografija radova Satureja L.; Calamintha Miller; Micromeria Bentham; Acinos Miller i Clinopodium L. u flori Jugoslavije, Zemaljski muzej BiH. Sarajevo. 2.Singleton, V. L., Rossi J.A. (1965) Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 16: 144-158. 3.Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., Berset, C. (1995) Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 28: 25-30.4.Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Rice-Evans, C. (1999) Free Rad. Bio. Med. 26: 1231–1237.5.Ćavar, S., Kovač, F., Maksimović, M. (2009) Food Chem. 117: 135-142. 6.Cao, G., Alessio, H., Cutler, R. (1993) Free Rad. Biol. Med. 14: 303-311. 7.Zheng, W., Wang, S. Y. (2001). J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 5165-5170.

P.B.24.VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF Calamintha glandulosa (REQ.)

BENTHAM

Sanja ĆAVAR, Danijela VIDIC, Anela KULENOVIĆ, Amina POLUTAK, Milka MAKSIMOVIĆ

University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Calamintha glandulosa (Req.) Bentham is an aromatic perennial plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae, mostly found on rocky pastures, dry meadows, and abandoned places of the Mediterranean and sub-zones [1]. The essential oil and headspace samples obtained from odorous parts of C. glandulosa were subjected to capillary GC/MS analysis. The identification of the volatile constituents was accomplished by computer library search, retention indices RI, and the visual interpretation of mass spectra with those found in the literature [2] and in the laboratory own database. Fifty-two compounds were identified in six samples obtained using different extraction techniques: steam distillation (SD), hydrodistillation (HD), reflux (R), Soxhlet extraction using petrolether (PE), and the headspace of dry plant (HS), and petrolether extract (HS-PE) as organic solvents. The most abundant components in all examined samples were oxygenated monoterpenes, with piperitone (19.9-59.5 %) and piperitenone (7.1-42.6 %) as the main representatives. The content of the second most abundant components varied depending on the isolation technique of the volatiles. Essential oils showed significant content of menthone and pulegone, while menthone and limonene were abundant in headspace sample.Presented results slightly differ from those previously published [3, 4], concerning the absence of piperiton oxide and piperitenon oxide. This is in agreement with the fact

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of complex chemical polymorphism of this genus. The observed differences confirm the influence of origin of the plant material, as well as environmental conditions on the nature of plant chemical composition.

Keywords: Calamintha glandulosa (Req.) Bentham, Essential oil, Headspace, GC-MS, Piperitone

References:1.Šilić, Č. (1979) Monografija radova Satureja L.; Calamintha Miller; Micromeria Bentham; Acinos Miller i Clinopodium L. u flori Jugoslavije, Zemaljski muzej BiH. Sarajevo. 2.Adams, R.P. (2001) Identification of Essential oil of Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation. Illinois.3.Kitic, D., Stojanovic, G., Palic, R., Randjelovic, V. (2005) J. Essent. Oil Res. 17: 701-703. 4.Cook, C.M., Lanaras, T., Kokkini, S. (2007) J. Essent. Oil Res. 19: 19534-19539.

P.B.25.MACROSCOPIC, MICROSCOPIC AND HPTLC

EXAMINATION OFHORSETAIL Equisetum arvense L.

Tamara BOSNIĆ 1, Sanita PEKMIĆ 2, Sanida OSMANOVIĆ 3, Samira HUSEINOVIĆ 3

1 Department of Drug Control, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; 2 University of Tuzla, Faculty of Pharmacy Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

3 University of Tuzla, Faculty of Science Tuzla, Department: Biology, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The most famous medicinal species of the genus Equisetum, the Polish horsetail Equisetum arvense L., occurs as a weed. It is important to take care to avoid confusion with another type of horsetail, such as Equisetum palustre L. which is poisonous because it contains alkaloids such as palustrin and spermidine. The aim is macroscopic, microscopic and HPTLC examination of species Equisetum arvense L. and comparison with the type of Equisetum palustre L. As TLC fingerprint is used fluorescent orange zone Rf 0.45 and Rf 0.65 and corresponds to a routine and quercetin-3-O-glucoside and is characteristic of Equisetum arvense L. and red and greenish-blue fluorescent zones corresponding to Rf 0.8 brown acid. Macroscopic, microscopy and thin layer chromatography confirm the identification of Equisetum arvense L. on the basis of which it is possible to compare it with the kind of Equisetum palustre L. and show the main differences between the two species.

Keywords: Equisetum, macroscopis, microscopy, thin-layer chromatography

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References: 1.Bosnić T., Pilipović S. (2006): Equiseti herba zamjene i falsifikati. Apotekar 21 21:22. 2.Mamedova K.T. and Gysejnova I.D. (1996): Effect of Equisetum arvense L. on dieresis, Doklady -Akademiya Nauk Azerbaidzhana, 51 175-179. 3.Soleimani S., Azarbaizani F.F., Nejati V. (2007): The effect of Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) in histological changes of pancreatic β-cells in streptozotocin induced Diabetic in rats, Pak J Biol Sc, 10: 4236-4240.

P.B.26.BIOMEDICAL POTENTIAL OF ORNITHOGALUM

UMBELLATUM L. 1753(ASPARAGALES, HYACINTHACEAE)

Milica RAT1, Nilda DOBARDŽIĆ2, Neda LAKIĆ2, Goran ANAČKOV1, Biljana BOŽIN2

1University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Scineces, Department of Biology and Ecology, Novi Sad, Serbia

2University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, SerbiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Although only Ornithogalum thyrsoides is used in folk medicine, other species of this widespread genus inside Europe are also interesting for pharmaceutical industry. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 1753 is the most common species in Southern and Eastern Europe. Its bulbs are reach in cardenolide cardiotonic glycosides and in mucilago. On contrary, in the aerial parts wide range of phenolic compounds are present. However, untill now only the chemistry of cardiotonic glycosides is investigated [1]. There is no data on the presence of other classes of biomolecules, and also on the potential antioxidant activity. Although great morphological and genetical variability is confirmed for this species, detailed biochemical investigations conserned to this topic are not performed.The aerial parts of O. umbellatum are collected during spring of 2011. at four localities: mauntains Vršački breg (1) and Deli Jovan (3), Deliblato sands (2) and Brza Palanka (4). Voucher specimens are deposited at the BUNS Herbarium. Air dried herbs were macerated in 45% ethanol for 24 h at room temperature (1:1 w/v). After maceration, the extracts were filtered and evaporated to dryness under vacuum. The quantities of dry extracts were determined gravimetrically. For the evaluation of the total phenolics and flavonoid content [2] residues were immediately dissolved in water to make 0.1% and 1% (w/v) stock solutions. Free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) was examined by measuring the scavenging activity of extracts on 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazil (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH) [3].All investigated extracts expressed notable RSC, reducing the DPPH• and OH radical formation in a dose dependant manner. The most powerfull activity exhibited the extract prepared from sample 2 (IC50=27.5 µg/mL for neutralisation of DPPH and

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20.6 µg/mL for OH radical). Although no correlation was obtained between RSC and content of evaluated classes of phenolics, the correlation with the dry matter was observed.

Keywords: Ornithogalum umbellatum, biogeochemistry, phenolics, antioxidants

Acknoledgements: The Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development of Vojvodina (grant number 114-451-2056/2011-01).

References:1.Ferth, R. et al. (2001): Stapfia, 75: 121-138. 2.Bozin, B. et al. (2008): Food Chem., 111: 925-929. 3.Bozin, B. et al. (2007): J. Agric. Food Chem., 55(19): 7879 -7885.

P.B.27.HPLC ANALYSIS OF THE SECOIRIDOID GLYCOSIDES AND MANGIFERIN CONTENT IN METHANOL EXTRACT AND ITS FRACTIONS OF GENTIANA ASCLEPIADEA L. ROOTS

Vladimir MIHAILOVIĆ1, Danijela MIŠIĆ2, Slavica SOLUJIĆ1, Milan MLADENOVIĆ1, Milan S. STANKOVIĆ3

1Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; 2Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University

of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; 3Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000

Kragujevac, SerbiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Gentiana asclepiadea L. is a perennial plant belonging to the genus Gentiana (fam. Gentianaceae). The major bioactive constituents of G. asclepidea are secoiridoids, xanthones, and flavone-C-glycosydes [1,2]. Secoiridoids (e.g. swertiamarin, gentiopicrine and sweroside) are the bitter principles in various gentians which are used for preparation of bitter tonics. In addition, secoiridoid glycosides have a variety of biological effects, such as anti-tumor, fungitoxic and hepatoprotective activities. According to the literature, xanthone compounds often exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, eg, antioxidative, hypoglycemic, antiviral, antibacterial and hepatoprotective [3]. The aim of this study was to determine amounts of secoiridoid glycosides (gentiopicrine, swertiamarin and sweroside) and xanthone compound mangiferin in methanol extract and its chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of G. asclepidea roots by HPLC-DAD analyses. Extracts were chromatographically separated, and amounts of secoiridoids and mangiferin were quantified using calibration curves of the corresponding standards. Results indicate that secoiridoid compounds; sweroside, swertiamarin and gentiopicrine exist in G. asclepiadea root extracts at different amounts, depending on the solvent used for

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the extraction. All values were expressed on a dry mass basis of extracts in mg/g. The results (Figure 1) showed that the most abundant secoiridoid compound in the extracts was gentiopicrine, and its amount varied within the range of 14.39 to 442.89 mg/g, depending on the extraction procedure. The sweroside contents in the extracts were 1.52-27.85 mg/g, while the swertiamarin contents ranged from 5.74 to 16.62 mg/g. The n-butanol fraction possessed the highest amount of secoiridoid compounds and its swertiamarin, sweroside and gentiopicrine contents were found to be 16.62, 27.85 and 442.89 mg/g of extract, respectively.

Figure 1. Secoirridoid compounds

No detectable amounts of mangiferin were found in roots extracts of G. asclepiadea. Obtained results suggest that G. asclepidea root, especially n-butanol fraction, was a rich source of bioactive secoiridoid compounds.

Keywords: Gentiana asclepiadea L., secoiridoid glucosides, HPLC-DAD

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (project No. III 43004).

References: 1. Szücs Z. et al. (2002) Chromatographia. 56 Suppl., S-19-S-23. 2. Mpondo E.. et al. (1988) Planta Med. 54: 185-186.3. Struwe L., Albert V. (2002) Gentianaceae-systematics and natural history, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

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P.B.28.INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GALLING INSECTS AND

PLANT TOTAL PHENOLİC CONTENTS IN Rosa canina L. GENOTYPES

Saliha CORUH1, Sezai ERCISLI2

1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University 25240 Erzurum-Turkey; 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University

25240 Erzurum-Turkey, Corresponding author: [email protected]

This study aimed to determine interactions between gall induction by Diplolepis sp. and leaf total phenolic content in Rosa canina genotypes. A total 20 Rosa canina genotypes with and without insect damage has been selected in different parts of Northeast Anatolia and the leaf samples collected in July 2009. Total phenolic content was estimated by the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in mg/g dry weight. The results showed that seven genotypes without insect damage had significantly greater total phenol content in its leaves compared to insect damaged R. canina plants. These results clearly indicate that total phenolic content in R. canina genotypes that had no galling insect damage may have an important part of chemical defense of R. canina plants against Diplolepis sp. This may have also suggested that these resistant genotypes against galling insect are important for sustainable and organic rose hip production.

Keywords: Rosa canina, galling insect, Diplolepis spp, total phenolics

P.B.29.SATUREJA MONTANA L. THE HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

OF GLANDULAR TRICHOMES

Marija MARIN 1, Lia ASCENSAO2, Slavica GRUJIĆ 1 and Petar D. MARIN2

1Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 2Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciencias da

Universidade de Lisboa, PortugalCorresponding author: [email protected]

Satureja montana L. winter savory, is an aromatic species, used as spice and as a traditional medicinal plant, widely distributed in the submediterranean region. S. montana has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic and immune stimulating effects. Considering the importance of this medicinal plant, due to essential oils produced in glandular trichomes, in this study we investigated the

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histochemistry of the secretion products of glandular trichomes on the leaves of S montana.Histochemical analysis were performed on hand – sections of fresh leaves using the following tests: FeCl3 for phenols [1], K2Cr2O7 for tannins [2] and Sudan IV for lipids [3]. Standard control procedures were carried out simultaneously. The observations were made under a Leitz Dialux light fluorescence microscope HBO 50W blok filter A – excitation wavelenght were BP 340 – 380. Results of histochemical tests showed positive reaction to phenolic and tanin compounds in secretory heads of both type of glandular trichomes, with brown colour. Staining with Sudan IV for lipids gave a positive reaction showing dark red colour in subcuticular spaces of peltate and in stalk cells of capitate trichomes.

Figure 1. Glandular trichomes

The examined stains showed certain differences in colour of secreted material between peltate and capitate trichome, and we can conclude about them with detailed chemical analyses. Strong red autofluorescence of the secreted material was observed also with CLSM.

Keywords: Satureja montana, glandular trichome, histochemistry

Acknowledgments1 We are grateful to the Serbian Ministry of Science and Technologies for the financial support, Project No. 173029.2 We are grateful to the Center for laser and confocal microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade

References: 1. Johansen, D. A. (1940). Plant Microtech. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2. Gabe, M. (1968). Techniques histologiques. Masson and Cie,Paris. 3. Pearse, A. G. E. (1985). Histochemistry: theoretical and applied. Vol. II, 4th ed. Longman

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P.B.30.EVALUATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND

PHENOLIC CONTENT OF MOUNTAIN GERMANDER (TEUCRIUM MONTANUM L.)

Milan S. STANKOVIĆ1, Mila JUKIĆ2, Franko BURČUL2, Mladen MILOŠ2, Olivera POLITEO2, Ivana CAREV2

1Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Kragujevac, Serbia; 2Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, Split, Croatia;


Mountain germander (T. montanum - Lamiaceae) is a perennial, shrub-like plant with half-ligneous branches, up to 25 cm high and inhabits thermophilic calcareous rocks, dry mountain meadows and edges of forests in Europe and Anatoly. T. montanum is a popular medicinal species of Teucrium genus and is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of digestive and respiratory diseases. In the present study, antioxidative potential, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), total phenolic content as well as flavonoid concentration of methanolic, acetone and ethyl acetate extracts from T. montanum were investigated. Antioxidative potential was assayed using three methods: Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction and ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. FRAP values were between 90 and 734 µmol Fe2+ equ/l. Results for Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction were expressed as a time (in minutes) requierd for regeneration of osscillations and obtained values were: 30.0 for methanolic, 10.0 for acetone, while ethyl acetate extract had no activity. DPPH results were expressed as IC50 values rangeing from 44.12 to 200.32 µg/ml. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was measured using slightly modified Ellman’s method and results indicate a weak inhibitory activity of extracts. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the values ranged from 70.23 up to 163.26 mg of GA/g of extract. The concentration of flavonoids in various plant extracts of T. montanum was determined using spectrophotometric method with aluminum chloride. The values of flavonoid content in plant extracts ranged from 49.17 up to 75.41 mg of RU/g of extract. Methanolic extract was most active in comparison with other extracts for all measurments. The results suggest the great value of T. montanum as a rich source of phenolic compounds with an effective biological activity.

Keywords: Teucrium montanum L., phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity

References: 1. Benzie, IFF. & Strain, JJ. (1996) Analytical Biochem. 239:70-76. 2. Briggs, TS & Rauscher, WCJ. (1973) Chem. Educ. 50:496. 3. Ellman, GL. et al., (1961) Biochem. Pharm. 7:88-95.

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P.B.31.POPULATION VARIABILITY IN SECONDARY

METABOLITES CONTENT OF TEUCRIUM CHAMAEDRYS L. FROM LOCALITIES IN SERBIA AND BOSNIA AND

HERZEGOVINA

Milan S. STANKOVIĆ1, Marina TOPUZOVIĆ1, Slavica SOLUJIĆ2, Zora DAJIĆ-STEVANOVIĆ3, Dragana PAVLOVIĆ1, Gorica ĐELIĆ1, Vladimir MIHAILOVIĆ2

1Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Kragujevac, Serbia; 2Faculty of Science,

Department of Chemistry, Kragujevac, Serbia; 3Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia; corresponding author: [email protected]

Wall germander, Teucrium chamaedrys L. – Lamiaceae is a perennial herbaceous plant with half-ligneous and shrub-like low stem up to 30 cm high. The plant inhabits rocky limestone areas, dry mountain meadows and pastures, the edge of the sparse oak and pine forest up to 1000 meters above sea level in Central Europe, Mediterranean region and Western Asia. T. montanum is medicinal species of Teucrium genus and used in the treatment of digestive disorders, abscesses, gout and conjunctivitis and in stimulation of fat and cellulite decomposition. Total phenolic content and flavonoid concentrations in acetone extracts obtained from T. chamaedrys of two natural populations from Serbia (Trgovište, south Serbia and Paraćin, central Serbia) and one from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Gornji Vakuf, central BiH) were investigated and compared. The above-ground parts of plants were collected during the flowering phase and the acetone extracts were prepared. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and expressed as gallic acid equivalent - mg of GA/g of extract. The obtained values varied between 70.58 mg GA/g and 170.52 mg GA/g of extract. The concentration of flavonoids was determined using AlCl3 and expressed as rutin equivalent - mg of Ru/g of extract. The obtained values for flavonoid concentrations varied between 76.85 mg Ru/g and 87.06 mg Ru/g of extract. The results obtained in the analysis point out that the concentration of secondary metabolites depend on the ecological properties of the plant habitats.

Keywords: Teucrium chamaedrys L., phenolic content, flavonoids

References: 1. Josifović, M. (1974) Flora SR Srbije. SANU. Beograd. 2. Sarić, M. (1989) Lekovite biljke SR Srbije. SANU. Beograd. 3. Stanković, SM. et al, (2010) J. Med. Plant. Res. 4:2092-2098.

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P.B.32.TOTAL POLYPHENOL CONTENTAND ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF

SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS

Rachid KACEM¹, Sara TALBI¹, Yasmina HEMISSI ¹, Sofia BOUGUTTOUCHA ¹1 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Ferhat Abbas University, Department of Biology, Sétif

19000, Algeria Corresponding author: [email protected]

The present work aims to assess the total polyphenolic content and In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of three selected medicinal plants used in traditional medicine; Eucalyptus globules, Peganum harmala and Nigella sativa. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by applying two methods; ß-carotene bleaching assay and the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging assay. The aqueous and MeOH extracts were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against clinically important bacteria E.coli 25922 ATCC (American Type Culture Collection), S.aureus 25923 ATCC, P.aeruginosa 27853 ATCC using agar diffusion technique. The MeOH extracts presented high levels of polyphenolic compounds (up to 333 ± 0.77 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) / mg plant extract. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the three selected medicinal plants were found to be dose dependent with polyphenols concentration. The alcoholic extracts displayed stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity than did water extracts. Using the DPPH free-radical scavenging assay The MeOH extract of E. globulus showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 14.8 ± 0.61μg /ml). The test of β-carotene bleaching indicates that the MeOH extract of E. globulus showed the highest percentage of the antioxidant activity (69.9%). Results of this study demonstrate that leafs extracts of E. globulus possess strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and therefore could be used in pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords: polyphenol, Plant, Antioxidant, Reactive oxygen species, Antibacterial activity

Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Pr. Farida sahli, Department of Medicine, University Hospital for providing bacteria strains and Dr. Saliha Dahamna Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Ferhat Abbas University for technical assistance.

References:1.Kartal, N., Sokmen, M., Tepe, B., Daferera, D., Polissiou, M., Sokmen., A. (2007) Food Chemistry. 100: 584–589. 2. Lu YR., Foo LY., (2000). Food Chem 68: 81-85.3. Hernandez M., Logez R.(1994) J. Ethnopharmacology 41:115-119. 4. Quinto, E. A. and M.G. Santos. (2005). Microbiology. A Guidebook to Plant Screening: Phytochemical and Biological, 2nd Ed., Manila, UST Publishing House, pp.67-87. 5. Li, H.B., Cheng, K.W., Wong, C.C., Fan, K.W., Chen, F., Jiang, Y. (2007). Food chemistry. 102: 771-776.

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P.B.33.ESSENTIAL OIL POLYMORPHYSM IN THREE THYMUS L.

SPECIES FROM SERBIA

Ivan ŠOŠTARIĆ1, Mirjana PETROVIĆ2,Zora DAJIĆ STEVANOVIĆ1

1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, , Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; 2Institute for Forage Crops, 37251 Globoder, Kruševac, Serbia;


Species of genus Thymus L. are well known for their medicinal and aromatic properties. In this work we included one population of Th. praecox, one population of Th. moesiacus and four populations of Th. balcanus, which all belong to subsection Pseudomarginati. Dried leaves of each sample were examined by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The essential oil components were identified by comparing retention indices (calculated against an n-alkane series) and by comparing mass spectra with published data. In population of Th. praecox the dominant components were (E)-Caryophyllene and γ-Cadinene (20.48% and 17.84% respectively) and in Th moesiacus dominant component was α-Terpinyl acetate (66.59%). In two populations of Th. balcanus Linalyl acetate was the dominant component ranging from 22.94% to 33.89%, in one population geranial (19.06%) was the major component and in one it was Linalool (34.42%) In order to establish relationship between examined populations of Thymnus the total 75 compounds of essential oils was statistically analyzed through cluster analysis and PCA.

Keywords: Thymus, Essential Oils, PCA

Acknowledgements: Ministry of Science and Technological development of the Republic of Serbia for financial support (Project number TR 31089).

References: 1.Dajić Stevanović, Z., and I. Šoštarić (2006). Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of South-East European Countries, 28-31 May, Iasi, Romania, 63-71. 2. Morales, R. (1986). Taxonomía Ruizia 3, 1-324.3. Thompson, J. D., Manicacci, D., and M. Tarayre (1998). BioScience 48, 805–815. 4. Sáez, F., and E. Stahl-Biskup (2002). Thyme: The Genus Thymus. Taylor and Francis, London and New York.

SESSION CETHNOBOTANY AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PLENARY LECTURES

PL.C.1.PATTERNS IN THE USE OF WILD GREEN VEGETABLES

ACROSS THE GLOBE

Łukasz ŁUCZAJDepartment of Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Werynia, 36-

100 Kolbuszowa, Poland Corresponding author: [email protected]

The green parts of plants have probably been consumed by humans since the origins of our species. However, the extent to which they occur in human diets varies considerably.In the 1950s Wasson introduced the concept of mycophilous and mycophobous cultures, i.e. those which like and those which avoid fungi in their diet. In 2008 I introduced a parallel distinction – herbophilous and herbophobous – for cultures which use and do not use wild green vegetables.The most herbophilous cultures can be found in Eastern Asia – in China, Korea, Japan and parts of Indochina, where dozens of species of wild green vegetables can be used in one village. In some other parts of the world wild green vegetables are widely consumed and appreciated, although not necessarily so many species per village. Here we can mention India, parts of Africa, Italy, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Greece.On the other side of the spectrum are countries where either meat, fruit or/and starch rich staples dominate the diet. Here we can mention Amazonia, Polynesia, the Arctic and northern Europe. These cultures can be classified as herbophobous.The distinction is not always clear and some cultures remain somewhere in the middle of the spectrum, e.g. Spain (slightly herbophilous) or Poland (slightly herbophobous).Transformation in the level of herbophilia/phobia can happen over time. For example in Poland, a few hundred years ago at least, a few wild green vegetable species were widely used, this was reduced to two (Chenopodium, Rumex) in the mid-20th century and one (Rumex) at the end of the 20th century. In Poland wild vegetables were replaced by cultivated ones. Another reason for the disappearance of eating wild greens is an association with famine. Only in countries which associate eating a variety of wild greens with health (e.g. China and Japan) can such customs be effectively preserved once the population gets richer and can afford a large choice of cultivated vegetables.

Keywords: ethnobotany, herbophilia, herbobphobia, wild food plants

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PL.C.2.ETHNOBOTANY IN THE BALKANS AND ITS POTENTIAL

FOR THE FUTURE

Andrea PIERONIFood and Medical Botany, Ethnobotany, and Ethnobiology, University of Gastronomic

Sciences Pollenzo/Bra, ItalyCorresponding author: [email protected]; www.andreapieroni.eu

The Balkan region represents in Europe a unique arena for conducting ethnobiological studies, given its remarkable bio-cultural diversities. Moreover, the modern ethnobotany was born at the end of 19th Century also here in Sarajevo, with the work of the Austrian physician/dermatologist Leopold Glück.I will show a few examples from recent field ethnobotanical studies conducted in Northern Albania, in the Serbian/Bosniak Sandjak, and in the Romanian Dobruja and I will try to analyse how medicinal plant perceptions are strongly influenced by different cultural settings and how the recorded medicinal plant uses may be sometimes very different from those propagated by the Western evidence-based phytotherapy. Additionally, to cross-culturally analyse different perceptions of medicinal plants can also enlighten human ecological research questions, such us how human plant knowledge changes over time.Despite a recent growing interest in ethnobotanical studies in the Balkans, very important future research trajectories should focus on:- plant uses within communities living on “cultural borders”;- traditional plant Knowledge and its transformation among minority groups and/or new diasporas; - more stringent links to possible research applications in the fields of: medical herbalism, eco-tourism, sustainable rural development, material and immaterial cultural heritage, eco-museology, local and neglected specialty foods, and culturally-sensitive public health/nutritional policies devoted to diverse ethnic groups.

Keywords: medicinal plants, ethnobotany, flora, Balkan

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SESSION LECTURES

SL.C.1.AN ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF INNER-WEST

ANATOLIA, TURKEY

Mustafa KARGIOğLU1,2, Süleyman CENKCI1, Ahmet SERTESER1, Muhsin KONUK1

1Address: Faculty of Science and Literatures, Biology Department, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03030 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey


This study is focused on ethnobotanical usages of wild plants growing within the Afyonkarahisar province districts of Sinanpaşa, Hocalar and Dazkırı. Ninety local informants in 11 villages were interviewed. A total of 129 different usages of wild plants in the study area were recorded. Out of 650 plant species commonly present, 93 plant taxa (14.3%) belonging to 43 families were used for medicinal (52 citations), foodstuff (37 citations), fodder (14 citations), dye (six citations), firewood (five citations), construction materials (four citations) and miscellaneous purposes (11 citations). At least 15% of the information regarding ethnobotanical uses of wild plants was obtained by showing herbarium voucher samples to the informants. It was noted that Sideritis leptoclada and Verbascum stenostachyum are endemic to Turkey and their endangered status has markedly increased in recent years because of increased collecting for ethnobotanical purposes. Informants indicate that members of the younger generation have a much reduced interest in ethnobotanical knowledge and that this is a danger to the continued use of local plants.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Afyonkarahisar (Turkey), Endemic Anatolian plants, Economic plants

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SL.C.2.TRADITIONAL USES OF WILD PLANTS IN THE MIDDLE

AEGEAN REGION OF TURKEY

Mustafa KARGIOğLU1,2, Süleyman CENKCI1, Ahmet SERTESER1, Muhsin KONUK1, Gürsel VURAL1

1Address: Faculty of Science and Literatures, Biology Department, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03030 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey


This study investigated ethnobotanical uses of wild plants found on Honaz Mountain and its vicinity in Denizli Province in the middle Aegean region of Turkey. Eighty-one persons from 13 villages and six townships were interviewed. Nine hundred and sixty-four species, belonging to 60 plant families, were identified for which 381 different uses were recorded. Informants reported ethnobotanical uses for 19% of the identified species (184 out of 964): food (65), fodder (111), medicinal (119), firewood (28), handicrafts (16) and various other purposes (26). Medicinal tar production was particularly noted. We note that the oral transmission of traditional knowledge from older to younger generations is declining in the region. Consequently, this research is important to document this valuable information and to provide the basis for the development of an urgent project to encourage the local people to preserve their ethnobotanical knowledge.

Keywords: Traditional Wild Plant Uses, Ethnobotany, Local Ecological Knowledge Medicinal Tar Production, Denizli (Turkey)

SL.C.3.COMMONLY USED AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANTS

IN ANTAKYA (HATAY-TURKEY)

Volkan ALTAY1 and İbrahim İLKER ÖZYIğIT2

1Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Biology Department, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey 2Marmara University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Biology Department,

Göztepe, Istanbul, Turkey

Antakya is located on the banks of the Orontes River (36°12′N 36°09′E / 36.2°N 36.15°E), approximately 22 km inland from the Mediterranean coast. The city is in a valley surrounded by mountains, the Amanos to the north and Mount Keldağ to the south, with the 440 m high Mount Habib Neccar forming its eastern limits. It is 80 m above sea level, with a population 683,991 and a population density of 256.6

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inhabitants per square kilometer (Turkstat, 2010). Antakya has a Mediterranean climate with an average annual temperature of 16- 21°C and rainfall of 570-1,160 mm. One of the typical climate features of the Antakya is that the wind blows primarily from the south-west. Additionally, due to its higher altitude, Antakya has slightly cooler temperatures than the coast (Doğanlar and Atmaca, 2011).Antakya is one of the three largest cities of the Roman Empire and capital city of the east. It is the first city where Christianism is expanded besides Jerusalem. It has the second largest museum of mosaics in the world. Hatay is one of the most cosmopolitan provinces of Turkey, home to communities of various races and religions including Turks, Arabs and Armenians, Sunni and Alevi Muslims and Christians of many denominations. The High Council of Monuments and Immovable Cultural Properties declared Antakya on 15th Nov ember 1985 (IHS, 2011). Although the port of Iskenderun has become the largest city in Hatay, Antakya is a provincial capital still of considerable importance as the centre of a large district. The draining of Lake Amik and development of land has caused the region’s economy to grow in wealth and productivity.The economy relies of agriculture (cereals, olives, citrus fruits, corn, cotton, and mulberries), soap production, olive oil, silk and cotton textiles, honey and beeswax production. Flora includes the bay trees and myrtle (Sangun et al., 2007). In this study, aromatic and medicinal plants, which are commonly used by the local community, were obtained from nature, neighborhood markets and herbal shops in Antakya, Turkey in 2010 and 2011. Their botanical names, families, specimens, local names, treated ailments, used parts, preparations, administrations, number therapeutic effects, used dosages, duration of the treatment were presented.

Keywords: Aromatic plants, Medicinal plants, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey

References:Turkstat, (2010), The official web site of Turkish Stastistic Institution, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr .Ihs, (2010), The official web site of International Society for Horticultural Science, http://www.ishs.org.Doğanlar and Atmaca, (2011), J Environ Biol, 28(4) 731-733.Başgel S. and Erdemoğlu S.B., (2006), Sci Total Environ 359: 82- 89.

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SL.C.4.SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS OF KAYSERİ AND THEIR

TRADITIONAL USES, TURKEY

Ahmet AKSOY and Sevil ALBAYRAKUniversity of Erciyes, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 38039 Kayseri-Turkey


In this study, some medicinal plants in Kayseri province of Turkey, and their traditional applications were investigated. Scientific excursions have been made through many districts and their villages of Kayseri in various seasons. As a result of study, 348 plants used with medicinal, aromatic and other purposes were reported. Most used families were Compositae, Labiatae and Rosaceae. It is determined that 246 of these plants were used for medicinal purposes. 70 of these plants were used as food, 8 in dying, 24 as both drug and food, 1 as perfume and in producing broom. 9 of these plants were determined to toxic effects. These medicinal plants have been mostly used in diseases of the digestive system (stomach, intestine), respiration system (influenza, cough), excretion system (kidney, as diuretic), circulation system and diabetes. They have been used as antiseptic, sedative, wound healing and blood pressure regulating properties, as well.

Keywords: medicinal plant, folk medicine, Kayseri, Turkey

SL.C.5.THE ETHNOBOTANICAL ASPECTS OF GENUS Pinus L.

(PINACEAE) IN TURKEY

Ece SEVGI1, Çağla KIZILARSLAN1

1 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih/İstanbul, Turkey


Genus Pinus L. (Pinaceae) is one of the most important and widespread genus of Gymnospermae in terms of species in northern hemisphere. There are 5 Pinus L. species naturally growing in Turkey. These are Pinus brutia Ten, Pinus halepensis Miller, Pinus nigra Arn., Pinus pinea L. and Pinus sylvestris L. The total diffusion area of Pinus L. forests is approximately 10.91 million hectare in Turkey. There are a lot of settlements inside or near these wide forest lands. Because of this closeness between forests and settlements, the usages of Pinus L. species is very common among local people in Turkey. Besides pine wood has very different uses, because of this it has first-order importance in trade.

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In this study, 130 ethnobotanical and traditional medicinal studies in Turkey which were made in different areas are examined and the usages of Pinus L. taxa are determined inside 56 of them. According to the results of the identifications, the most frequently used species are Pinus brutia Ten and Pinus nigra Arn. respectively. Pinus halepensis Miller has a narrow distrubition in Turkey. Because of this limited distrubition, there isn’t any record about ethnobotanical usage of it inside examined literatures. Pinus brutia Ten, Pinus nigra Arn., Pinus pinea L. and Pinus sylvestris L. are used as, in mostly traditional medicine such as common cold, flu, cough, shortness of breath, stomachache, gastritis, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, diabetes, psoriasis, goiter, hemorrhoids, wounds, abscess etc. These species are also used as food, veterinary medicine, cosmetic, natural dye source, firewood, timber, boat care, insecticides, beeplants, making handycrafts (woodwork like containers, spoons, staff, toys, pipes, musical instruments) in Turkey. The mostly used plant part’s are root, stem, branch, bark, leaf, cone, seed, resin and tar.

Keywords: Pinus, Ethnobotany, Turkey

SL.C.6.ETHOBATANICAL STUDIES OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

OF SUKUR CULTURAL LAND-SCAPE

Areo Adebowale BIODUN (Ph.D)1, Anthony Ifeayin OKEDE2

¹National Commission for Museums and Monuments, No 16 Cotonou Street, Wuse Zone 6, Abuja, Nigeria ²Plot 18 Patrick O Bokkor crescent, Jabi District, Abuja, Nigeria

Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Sukur was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999. It is a traditional society where human beings who are over 25,000 hill-top settlers enjoy an intimate relationship with the ambient vegetation. They have up to date depended on herbs for their health care needs. Much of the traditional knowledge of these herbalists passed orally from generation to generation in this unlettered society is still extant in many parts of the world. Yet it has not been studied by specialist of modern civilization. Many factors put these wonderful plants in grave danger of being extinct, they are: Bush burning, hunting, soil erosion, land pressure and deforestation. The Nigerian Natural Medicine Development Agency (NMMBA), UNESCO and other Federal Government of Nigeria’s Agencies collaborated to carry out a detailed inventory of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Sukur as a WHS. The main objective was to slow down or stop all activities that may lead to the extinction of these MAPS. A total of fifteen experts comprising of botanists, foresters, pharmacologists, traditional hunters and local herbalists partook in a four-week survey, using Rapid Assessment Method.122 plant species belonging to 58 families were encountered as having herbal remedy for the Sukur people. The survey ended with a two-day workshop for the stakeholders

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such as hunters, blacksmiths, farmers and traditional healers on the sustainable use of their bio-resources.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, study, traditional medicine

SL.C.7.THE RESURGENCE AND GROWING POPULARITY OF

MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN MODERN DAY AFRICA

Gabriel ADEGOKE, Akolawole ABIODUN, Samuel Ovoriode OVBURIE

Kosofe Local Government Council, Ikere Ekiti, Ekiti State Department: Department of Medicinal Plants Research. College of Education, Ikere Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Since the ancient times in the continent of Africa which Nigeria is part of our traditional medicine known as herbal medicines derived from medicinal plants was our only mode of treatment and even source of food to us and our livestock (domestic animals). It remained so for ages because our fore-fathers were so successful with the usage of these herbal medicines until few/recent decades ago when the popularity or acceptance of the herbs was reduce due to the facts that there were no proper documented records kept or recorded by our fathers couple with the fact that most of the plant species were not preserved or cultivated. These amongst other reasons made majority of our people abandon the herbs until in the recent past decades when there has been a resurgence in the acceptance of herbs again due to knowledge/ popular awareness that wide range of drugs of which are not derived from plants have drastic after effect detrimental to health. It is also a common knowledge that some of the other medicines are sub-standard, without the required components that may have been lost during manufacturing process and some even turned poisonous much earlier before their expiration dates.The recent resurgence and popular acceptance of botanical medicine is even growing by the day as people are aware that herbs work wonderfully well with few or no side effect.Researchers have been encouraged to work tremendously well since the 19,h century studying the plants and identifying their constituents. It has been established that herbal medicines are very effective for illness and some of the herbs have several purposes, the effects of which made herbal medicine institution categorized them into primary, secondary and tertiary effects. They contain lots of properties that must always be put into consideration such as the warming or cooling properties. However, in this modern day, herbal and pharmaceutical components are promoting some herbs.

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Botanical medicine is both simple and sophisticated. Most people these days have privilege to treat their sickness effectively with information/tips recorded in some good books by herbal medicine researchers/institutes. It is even of more great relief to a lot of more people that herbs now come in many forms: tablets/pills, extracts, powdery form, bulk and as tea. With this latest development, any individual can choose any form of herb that will be convenient for his or her use.In recent time, researchers are establish the fact that dosage of herbal medicines has to be properly adhere to as some users tends to take too little or over dose which in some cases affect the desired result. In conclusion, because of the increasing acceptance and popularity of herbal medicine, all sectors concerned are relentless in their efforts to make the product readily available which even the majority who are underprivileged are benefiting from as it is very affordable. Now the forestry, workers, farmers, researcher, pharmaceutical, drug companies, medical laboratory scientists are working together. Presently about 25% of drugs are derived from medicinal plants.

Keywords: ethnobotany, tradicional medicine, Africa

Acknowledgments: Extract from Health Journal of July 2001 title “New Dawn for Health In Africa” Courtesy:- Dr. Gabriel Adegoke and Dr. Akolawole Abiodun Kosofe Local Govt. Council. Department of Medicinal Plants Research

SL.C.8.THE ETHNOBOTANY OF THE HIGHLANDERS OF

LUKOMIR, BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA: A CROSS-CULTURAL APPROACH TO TREATING DIABETES

Jonathan FERRIER1,2, Lana ŠAČIRAGIĆ3, Sulejman REDŽIĆ4, Emira ALIKADIĆ5

Michael BALICK2, John ARNASON1

1 University of Ottawa, Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, Ottawa, Canada; 2 The New York Botanical Garden, Institute of Economic Botany, Bronx, USA; 3University of Ottawa, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ottawa, Canada;

4 University of Sarajevo, Center of Ecology and Natural Resources, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ; 5 Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Foundation for Sustainable

Development, Sarajevo, BiH Corresponding author: [email protected]

This article is the first presentation of wild medicinal plants used by the native Highlanders of Lukomir, Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The Highlanders of Lukomir are a community of 60 semi-nomadic Bosniak families. Many Highlanders of Bjelašnica were historically Bogomil – a heretical medieval Balkan sect. Their seasonal migrations still take Lukomir’s shepherds through Bjelašnica’s mountain pastures and to their summer

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homes in Lukomir. In the summers of 2008 and 2010, we consulted 25 of Lukomir’s elders and herbalists, who cited 64 species from 40 families for use as adaptogens or remedies. The average consensus on individual plant use was five, while a maximum consensus reached 15. There was a high local and cross-cultural use of Vaccinium spp. leaves for the treatment of diabetes. Vaccinium members from B&H were tested in an advanced glycation end-product (AGE) inhibition assay and were phytochemically analyzed using HPLC-MS techniques. Ethnobotanical results describe an ancient use of endemic medicinal plants in Lukomir. High consensus Vaccinium spp. used by Lukomir healers for diabetes were rich in phenolics and displayed concentration dependent antidiabetic activity. This work facilitates a post war development initiative between Canada and B&H for increasing access to health care and conservation of Europe’s most diverse botanical region, stewarded by one of Europe’s last known tribes.

Keywords: Highlanders of Lukomir, Traditional medicine, Diabetes, Post war ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology

Acknowledgements: The Healers of Lukomir, Municipality of Konjic, Canadian International Development AgencyReferences: 1. Ferrier, J. et al. (2011). Anti-glycation activity of New and Old World Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae) from the Sam van der Kloet Collection for the treatment of type II diabetes. Submitted to: Botany, September 7, 2011. 2. Redžic, S.S. 2010. Wild medicinal plants and their usage in traditional human therapy (Southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, W. Balkan). J. Med. Plants Res. 4, 1003–1027. 3. Redžić, S. et al. (2008). Bosnia and Herzegovina - Land of Diversity: First national Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Convention on Biological Diversity. Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Sarajevo.

SL.C.9.PHYTOTHERAPY IN LIVNO AREA (BOSNIA-

HERZEGOVINA)Slobodan BRDAR1

, Igor BRDAR1,2

1Livanjsko bilje/Livno-herbs, 80101 Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina1,2Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


One of the oldest treatments for century’s man has any herbal medicine, or phytotherapy.Phytotherapy is the basis for preserving the health of modern man, and additional treatment options and dieses prevention. Today, phytotherapy is defined , as method of treatment, mitigation, and prevention of disease using, whole plants, or parts thereof and vegetable ingredients/essential oil, teas, tinctures, fat/.French physician Henri Lecklerc /l870-l955/ introduced an herbal medicine in the medicine and gave it the scientific name Phytotherapy. Phytotherapy in Livno/Bosnia- Herzegovina, dates buck hundreds of years. The knowledge of herbal medicine, for family, or monks, who have recorded and preserved in books. More

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well-know herbalist in this region for many years successfully treating patients, with phytotherapy.From medical circles, I personally do herbal medicine for 3o years. With my company Achillea doo/ 80101 Livno/BH, www: Sippo2002/Achillea, performed at fairs in Nuernberg/Germany, Novi Sad/Serbia, Mostar/BH, Sarajevo/BH, and Prijedor/BH- and, was known certificate IMO/CH/2002/ Nuernberg Messe/Germany. The most common plants in the treatment of my patients are: Chamomille, Lemon balm, marigold, wild onion, gentian, valerian, blueberry, John s worth herb. Those plants used for different diseases: lung, kidney, skin, menthal health, rheuma, heart and digestive system. Later I open additional activity for the processing of medicinal and aromatic plants - Livno herbs/Livanjsko bilje /Livno/BH, and begins with the cultivation of Chamomillae, Mint, Lemon balm, Calendula, and Buckhweat in small plantations in Livno field.In the last teen years especially I started the treatment of infections with oil of wild oregano and tea with a lot of success. In this region, the representatives of the companies visited GTZ/Germany, IMO/CH/ and SIPPO/CH/ and the proposed plantation cultivation of medicinal herbs and spices. Suggestions and assistance are also provided, Prof. Z. Devetak, Prof. S. Redzic, and Prof. N. Tanovic, from Sarajevo University. Interest in plantation growing Mint, Lemon balm, Chamomile, Buckwheat, Marigold and spices, features a company from BA, Croatia, and Italia. With all the diseases of modern man, with my patients, I give suggestions on nutrition and diet, and use of medicinal herbs.

Keywords: medicinal and aromatic plants, traditional phytotherapy, cultivation of medicinal plants

Acknowledgement:I greet the organizers of the International conference of medicinal and aromatic plants/MAP/ in Sarajevo, and its president Prof. S. Redzic, and all participants, with desire to improve the cultivation and use of medicinal and aromatic plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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P.C.1.THE INTRODUCTION OF WATERCRESS AS AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANT IN IRANIAN

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Sadrollah RAMEZANI1

1 Tarbiat Modares University, College of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture Science, Tehran, I. R. Iran


Watercress (Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum, N. microphyllum) belongs to Brassicaceae family, is most important vegetable crops in the World in terms of medicinal use. Also, this plant used as fresh vegetable form in Iran. It contains remarkable amounts of Fe, Ca, Folic acid and less amount of A and C vitamins. Watercress has been used traditionally in ancient to improve human vigor, baldness and white jaundice of younger girls. Based on recent research watercress leaf extracts are currently used as a remedy for breast and lung cancers; improve thyroid function and indigestion (having digestive acids). Eating watercress regularly could help protect against cancers. In this review, the use of watercress medicinal plant has been mentioned.

Keywords: Anticancer, Watercress, Medicinal Plant, Traditional Medicine

P.C.2.ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN SOME REGIONS OF W.

BALKAN

Nedžad PRAZINA1, Sulejman REDŽIĆ1

1 Department of Biology of the Faculty of Science University, 33-35 Zmaja od Bosne St., 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Due to various disturbances in the environment is increasing the proportion of patients with respiratory diseases. A very high proportion are obstructive lung disease in relate to climate changes [1]. Especially children suffer from asthma and bronchitis. In the treatment using antibiotics and other pharmacological means, if

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it comes to acute diseases. However, in chronic respiratory disease than the classic drugs, often used in various herbal medicines. Many of them used since ancient times in traditional phytotherapy, particularly in high altitudes [2, 3].In order to find effective herbal means in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases are carried out ethno-botanical research in high mountain region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has been use of ethno-botanical interview with 52 adults informants in various locations (SE Herzegovina; mountains Maglic, Zelengora and Volujak in SE Bosnia and mountains in surrounding of Sarajevo). It has been determined 35 plant species used in traditional treatment of respiratory disorders. Most commonly cited species are: Cetraria islandica, Primula intricata and P. veris, Plantago reniformis, Pinus mugo, Picea abies, Abies alba, Allium ursinum, Telekia speciosa, Thymus balcanus, Malva moschata, Orchis sp. (more spcies), Dactylorhiza sp. (more species) and others.Most used were aerial part of plants in the flower, then leaves, root, bulb and rhizome. Those plants use to make infusions, decocts, wraps, and “cigarettes.” Many of the plants should be identified and examined through various laboratory pharmacological tests in order to put some of them in the use as an official phytotherapeutics.

Keywords: biodiversity, medicinal plants, traditional phytotherapy

References: 1. Frumkin, H. et al.(2008) Am J Public Health 98, 435-445. 2. Redzic, S.S. ( 2007) Coll Antropol 31, 869-890. 3. Redzic, S. (2006) Proc.1st IFOAM Intern. Conf. Organic Wild Production, 117-141.

P.C.3.ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY OF

ALLIUM URSINUM L. IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Sulejman REDŽIĆ1, Osman DELIĆ2

1Department of Botany, Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo, 33-35 Zmaja od Bosne, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2 PE Protected Area of Kanton Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The young leaves and bulbs Allium ursinum have always been used in the traditional diet of inhabitants of the Dinaric mountains (W. Balkan) [1]. In some mountain areas of Allium ursinum used in traditional medicine [2, 3].Use of ethno botanical interview of 65 adults (50-83 years, 25 males) tested the use of ports in traditional medicine. Ethno botanical interviews were conducted in the mountains Maglić-Volujak-Zelengora, Bjelašnica, Igman near Sarajevo, Vlasic in central Bosnia and Ravna Gora (around Jajce).

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All informants consumed young leaves in spring, as a salad. About 50% of them use of leaves with yoghurt. However, from the leaves and bulbs are made and different preparations. Milled leaves are placed in olive oil. Preparation stays in the sun 21 to 40 days. Used by one tea spoon of mixture of three times during the day. This product is used in the treatment of diabetes. Own research in 15 patients aged over 50 years, showed that after 40 days of use of this preparation lowers the blood sugar up to 30% with Diabetes mellitus type II. There are claims that this product has been successfully operating with Diabetes Type I.Bulbs port is put in a strong grape brandy or 21 days. Use about 20 drops, three times daily in reducing blood fat. Own research suggests that a period of 21 days, more patients with cholesterol level was lowered to 30%.Ethno-botanical and ethno-pharmacological experience of Allium ursinum species indicate the necessity of botanical-clinical research and further check the results achieved and preliminary pharmacological studies in in vivo conditions.

Keywords: biodiversity, traditional medicine, diabetes

References:1. Redzic, SJ. (2006)Ecol.Food & Nutr. 45, 3,189-232. 2.Redzic, S.S. ( 2007) Coll Antropol 31, 869-890. 3. Redzic, S. (2006) Proc.1st IFOAM Intern. Conf. Organic Wild Production 117-141.

P.C.4.TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USAGES OF ERYNGIUM

SPECIES IN TURKEY

Gülay Ecevit GENÇ, Emine AKALINDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Istanbul,

34452 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey Corresponding author: [email protected]

The genus Eryngium L. (Apiaceae, Saniculoideae) comprises about 250 species, growing in Eurasia, North Africa, North and South America, and Australia. It is the most species-rich genus of the Apiaceae and includes about four-fifths of the species of the subfamily Saniculoideae. 24 species (% 46 of endemic) grow in Turkey. Eryngium species are known in Turkish folk-medicine general as boğadikeni, çalı dikeni, deve dikeni and are known to contain flavonoids, coumarins, essentials oil, acetylenes, and triterpene saponins components. Eryngium species was one of the earliest known remedies, and was declared by Dioscorides to be a specific against flatulence, hence the name eryngium, derived from the Latin erynge - Greek erugge (to eruct, to belch).In Turkish folk medicine species of Eryngium are used for a wide range of ailments; for example various inflammatory disorders, kidney and urinary tract inflammations,

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oedema, sinusitis, urinary infections or antitussive, diuretic, appetizer, stimulant and against wound and burns, snake or scorpion bites, aphrodisiac, hemorrhoids, and goiter.

Keywords: Eryngium, Turkey, Traditional, Medicinal usage

References:1.Ecevit Genç, G., (2010). Türkiye’nin Batısında ve Güneyinde Yetişen Eryngium Türleri Üzerinde Farmasötik Botanik Araştırmalar, University of Istanbul. Health Sciences Institute. Istanbul. 2.Sezik, E., Yesilada, E., Tabata, M., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Fujita, T., Tanaka, T., Takeda, Y., (1997). Traditional Medicine in Turkey VIII. Folk medicine in East Anatolia; Erzurum, Erzincan, Agri, Kars, Igdir provinces. Economic Botany 51, 195–211. 3.Baytop, T., (1999). Türkiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi-Gec¸mis¸ten Bug¨une (Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey-Past and Present), 169., 2nd ed. Nobel Tıp Basımevi, Istanbul, Turkey. 4.Yesilada, E., Sezik, E., (2003). Part 28. A survey on the traditional medicine in Turkey: semi-quantitative evaluation of the results. In: Singh, V.K., Govil, J.N., Hashmi, S., Singh, G. (Eds.), Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. Vol. VII. “Ethnomedicine and Pharmacognosy-II”. Studium Press, LLC, Houston, Texas, pp. 389–412. 5.Tuzlacı, E., (2005). Geçmişten günümüze Bodrum’da Bitkiler ve Yaşam. A. Rıza Baskan Güzel Sanatlar Matbaası. Istanbul.

P.C.5.ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY IN HAMADAN (WEST IRAN)

M. KESHAVARZI*, F. Habibi TIRTASHDept. Biology, Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran


We present the results of an investigation of the traditional ethno botany and ethno medicine of Hamadan (Iran). In this region medicinal plants are often easily accessible and a good alternative for most of the population in rural areas and in fact folk herbal medicine is the most used remedy to cure common diseases. The most frequently used native species and the most common preparations made from them, in order to preserve the plant popular knowledge, which has traditionally been used are presented.

Keywords: Medicinal plants; Ethno medicine; Preparations; Hamadan; Iran

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P.C.6.THE MEDICINAL USAGES OF THE MEMBERS OF

APIACEAE FAMILY IN TURKEY, AN OVERVIEW

Çağla KIZILARSLAN1, Gülay Ecevit GENÇ2, Emine AKALIN2

1 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih/İstanbul, Turkey; 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul

University, Beyazit/ İstanbul, Turkey

Corresponding author:[email protected]

The Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family is represented by approximately 400 genera and 3.500 species worldwide (1). Apiaceae family is the 3. largest family in terms of genus in Turkey. Also in terms of species number, it is the 8. largest family with approximately 455 species and approximately 33 % of these are endemic (2). The Apiaceae family is an important reservoir of condiments and medicinal plants. This family includes many commonly grown vegetables (carrot, parsnip) and condiments (anise, caraway, coriander, cumin, dill, parsley). They owe their distinctive flavor largely to diverse volatile compounds in fruits, seeds and leaves, which not only account for their culinary use but for their wide application in medicine (3). Local people in Turkey have a long history of medicinal usages for plants, which was gained through long experiences. The members of Apiaceae family are used mostly as food, spice and traditional medicine in Turkey.In this study, different ethnobotanical and traditional medicinal studies which were made in Turkey are examined. According to the results of the identifications, the most used taxa are Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman, Eryngium billardierei Heldr. ex Boiss., Daucus carota L. and Anethum graveolens L. The most used genus are Eryngium L., Ferula L. and Heracleum L.

Keywords: Apiaceae, Medicinal usage, Turkey

References:1.Doğan, B. et al. (2010) Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(2): 113-120. 2. Özhatay, N. et al. (2008-2009) J. Fac. Pharm. İstanbul 40: 1-9. 3. Stephen, R.D. et al. (2000) Am J Bot 87(1): 76–95.

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P.C.7.LOCAL NAMES AND ETHNOBOTANICAL FEATURES OF SOME PLANTS IN THE PROVINCE OF USAK (TURKEY)

Ahmet SERTESER1, 2, Mustafa KARGIOğLU1, Lütfiye DENIZ1, Muhsin KONUK1

1Faculty of Science and Literatures, Biology Department, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03030 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.


In this study, ethnobotanical features of some plant species which are distributed as wild or cultivated in the province of Usak (Turkey) was carried out between 2006 and 2007. In this region, 97 taxa belonging to 38 families and 90 genera were determined. Usages of the plants which have ethnobotanical features are as follows: 72 for medical, 51 for food, 25 for tea, 6 for spices, 6 for ornament plants, 5 for firewood, and others (26) are used for different purposes.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Usak (Turkey), Economic plant

P.C.8.EPILEPSY TREATMENT IN THE GREAT FOLK-MEDICINE

MANUSCRIPT FROM SINJ

Jasna JABLAN, Nikola KUJUNDŽIĆ, Dženis ŠABULIĆFaculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Analitical Chemistry

University of Zagreb, A.Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The folk-medicine books – ljekaruše are handwritten collections of recipes for the make and use of medicine. They were created as a result of the tendency to make medicine available for the poor and uneducated people who lived far away from the cities and towns where doctors and official medicine were not available. The folk-medicine books were mostly written by priests, especially the Franciscans who were the best educated at the time, had contact with the people and knew their problems, the biggest of which were connected with health. The folk-medicine books represent a real treasury of data for the study of our ethnic medicine and pharmacy, as well as a rich source of diverse ethnographic material. Much information about folk-medicine terminology, names of medical plants and pharmaceutical procedures can be found in these manuscripts.A part of the manuscript which deal with epilepsy treatment and a transcript from the archaic Croatian script called poljička bosančica to the Latin alphabet, which belongs to the folk-medicine book written by an unknown author from Sinj, is published here

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for the first time. The folk-medicine book itself is currently kept in the archive of the Franciscan monastery in Sinj. It was made around 1750, and is now known as The Great folk-medicine book of Sinj (Velika sinjska ljekaruša). It contains approximately 1700 recipes, in which plants are the most widely used materials. Some of the materials from the recipes are used even today, and they often represent a subject of study for biomedical sciences. The Great folk-medicine book of Sinj also contains a great number of recipes which involve materials of animal origin, while materials of mineral origin were not so widely used. Besides its ethnographic value, these folk-medicine books represent an interesting source of data about treatments with plants that are neglected nowadays, regardless of possessing healing effects. Despite the development of scientific medicine and pharmacy, which are also held responsible for the diminishing share of plants preparations in the market of pharmacy, their application is nevertheless important and has an important place in the pharmacy science.

Keywords : Folk-medicine manuscript, folk recipes, medicinal plant

References:1.Kujundžić N., Glibota M., Škrobonja A., Gašparac P., Libar od likarij -The folk-medicine book by Petar Kaštelan from 1776., Acta med-hist Adriat 2008; 6(1): 15-40. 2. Jeronim Šetka, MP. O. Dr Stanko Petrov, u: MNP. O. Dru Fra Stanku Petrovu, 1887 – 1963, In Memoriam, ur. K. Kosor, Sinj 1963. P.5 – 13. 3. Wichtl M., Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals, Medpharm, 2004., Scientific Publisher.

P.C.9.PLANTS DERIVED SKIN CARE PRODUCTS

Fred-Jaiyesimi ADEDIWURA, Odeyemi TOLULOPEDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus. Nigeria


Plant products are commonly utilised in folklore medicines and may be used as cosmetics recipes to calm, soothe, smoothen, heal, restore and protect the skin. In this study, information on plants used as cosmetics were obtained from four targeted areas in the Southwest Nigeria by administering structured questionnaires in the local language and there were a total of twenty five respondents.A total of thirty-nine cosmetics recipes with sixty-three plant species from different families were obtained. The cosmetics recipes obtained in this study revealed the use of herbal cosmetics products for tattoos, hair care, treatment of skin diseases, body odour, to freshen and smoothen skin, hair growth, colouring of palms, feet and as perfume.Some of the identified plants in the traditional cosmetics recipes of the studied areas are Eugenia aromaticum, Xylopia aegyptica, Bombax buonopozense, Glorisa superba,

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Citrullus colocynthis, Delonix regia, Butyrospermum parkii, Borreria filifolia, Cassia alata, Lawsonia inermis, Cocos nucifera, Grewia venusta, Azadirachta indica and Anacardium occidentalis.A comparison of the cosmetics recipes in this study revealed similarities with those used traditionally in other areas.

Keywords: Traditional cosmetics, recipes, respondents, plants

ReferenceSchweta K. Gediya, Urvashi K. Patel, Blessy M and Hitesh N. Jain. (2011)J. Nat prod. Plant Resour. (1): 24 – 32.

SESSION DSTANDARDIZATION IN HERBAL SECTOR

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

SESSION LECTURES

SL.D.1.PREPARATION, METHOD OF MAKING AND COMPARATIVE VIEW THE ORIGINAL AND

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF SAGE (SALVIA OFFICINALIS L.)

Tatjana VIDOVIĆ Institute for standardisation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Institute for Standardization of Bosnia and Herzegovina prepares, adopts and publishes in “Official Gazette” standards of Bosnia and Herzegovina: as the original BAS standards, assumed an International/European standards and if necessary national standards of other countries through the BAS Technical committees dealing with specific areas of work. Way of making the original BAS standards in the field of medical and aromatic plants is determined by the “Model B&H standard” in accordance with the requirements of CITES and WHO. CITES is abbreviation English name “Convention on International Trade in Endengered Species of wild Fauna and Flora” and WHO is abbreviation English name World Health Organisation. 1,2,3 The aim of the presentation is a comparative overview and introduction of original BAS – standard - “Sage leaf-Salviae folium” and accepted International standard “Dried sage Salvia officinalis Linnaeus – Specification” 1,4,5. Due to specific composition and high quality of medicinal and aromatic plants from Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is a need for creating original national standards in this field in order to protect potentially vulnerable and endangered medicinal plant species.

Keywords: standards, medicinal and aromatic plants

References:1.European pharmacopoeia (2001), Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 4th ed. 2. 2.WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (1999), Geneva, vol. 1. 3.CITES species database [database on the Internet; cited 2011 Sept 10]. Available from: http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html. 4.Technical committee BAS/TC 23, BAS 1006 (2003): ”Sage leaf-Salviae folium”. “Official Gazette” of the Institute for standardization of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2003/3-4. 5.Technical committee BAS/TC 23, BAS ISO 11165 (1995): “Dried sage Salvia officinalis Linnaeus – Specification“. “Official Gazette” of the Institute for standardization of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007/4.

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SL.D.2.ANALYSIS AND STANDARDIZATION OF ‘PINDA OIL’ - AN AYURVEDIC MEDICINAL OIL TRADITIONALLY

USED FOR INFLAMMATIONS AND DERMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Chandani RANASINGHE1, Ajita M. ABEYSEKERA2, G. M. Kamal B. GUNAHERATH1

1 The Open University of Sri Lanka, Department of Chemistry, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; 2 University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Department of Chemistry, Gangodawila, Nugegoda,

Sri Lanka Corresponding author: [email protected]

The Ayurvedic medicinal oil - ‘Pinda oil’, is a highly effective poly herbal topical medication widely used in Sri Lanka and India for inflammations and dermatological conditions such as red skin, itchy skin, cracked skin and eczema. The traditional process of preparation of ‘Pinda oil’ involves extraction of compounds of the three plants Rubia cordifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Cryptolepis buchanani into hot water followed by partitioning into an oil phase with continuous concentration of the aqueous phase by evaporation.1

Analysis and standardization of ‘Pinda oil’ was a challenging task due to the difficulty in obtaining a suitable extract of secondary plant metabolites incorporated into the oil devoid of fatty matter. ‘Pinda oil’ was subjected to liquid-liquid partitioning. The thin layer chromatographic profiles (‘fingerprints’) of the fractions thus obtained were developed to identify the constituents. It revealed the presence of pseudopurpurin, purpurin, xanthopurpurin, rubiadin, alizarin, b - sitosterol, scopoletin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, lupeol acetate and a - amyrin acetate as the major constituents.A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to standardize ‘Pinda oil’ in terms of the major phenolic constituents present in it. The extract for the standardization was obtained by solid phase extraction of ‘Pinda oil’ using polyamide as the sorbent. Fatty matter was removed by eluting with iso-octane.

Keywords: Ayurvedic, herbal, medicinal oil, standardization, dermatological

Acknowlegements: National Science Foundation, Prof. U.G.Chandrika

References: 1. Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia (1976), Vol I, Part 1, Department of Ayurveda, Sri Lanka, 281.

SESSION EORGANIC CERTIFICATION AND SAFETY

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

SESSION LECTURES

SL.E.1.PLANNING FOR COMMUNITY BASED FOOD AND

HEALTH SECURITY THROUGH THE CULTIVATION OF PLANTS HAVING FOOD AS WELL MEDICINAL VALUES

RATH S.N 1, Kodali VIJAYANTHIMALA 2

MGNIRSA, 17-Gagan Mahal Road, Domalguda, Hyderabad, A.P, IndiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Tribal communities living in the hilly areas of Northern Andhra Pradesh and the adjoining areas of Odisha, make use of large number wild plants: some for food, some for medicine and some for both foods as well for medicine. In a study among the Kandha, a community of this area, we found that it makes use of around 56 different plants for both medicine and food. Among these plants some are found to be amenable for cultivation.The Kandha is a community of marginal farmers, and in certain locations they also supplement their economy from forest collections. In Andhra Pradesh as well as in Odisha, the community is classified as a Primitive Tribal Group (PTG) on the basis of their poverty, among other criteria. An intervention strategy to induce the Kandha to cultivate such plants having both food and medicinal value may be able to take care of food basket as well their health needs to some extent while adding a healthy component to the environment and the eco-system of the area.

Keywords: Tribal, Kandha, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Food Security

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SL.E.2STATUS OF MEDICINAL AND HERBAL PLANTS

PRODUCTION AND RESEARCH IN SUDAN

Awatif Ahmed MOHAMMED AHMEDHead Department of Agro technology

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute (MAPRI), SudanCorresponding author: [email protected]

The paper highlights and outlines the status of research and production in Sudan and speaks about the National Program for developing the production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and spices which has been adopted by the Department of Agro technology. It also speaks about the efforts exerted by different sections in Sudan for Quality assurance; such efforts include establishing of quality standards for medicinal and aromatic plants and good agricultural practice. It also high lights the activities of the NGO’s and private sector endeavors. Also it covers the Constrains facing production and the Recommendation for promoting Medicinal and herbal Plants production as Establishment of National Organization comprising organizations those working in the same field to be responsible for improving the quality standards of Medicinal and herbal Plants through.

Keywords: medicinal and aromatic plants, spices, income generation

SESSION FMOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PLENARY LECTURE

PL.F.1.CURRENT OUTCOMES DERIVED FROM TURKISH MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH NEUROPROTECTIVE

POTENTIAL

Ilkay ERDOGAN ORHAN1,2

1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey2Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern

Mediterranean University, Gazimagosa, North Cyprus

Neurodegeneration is a complex and multifactorial procedure in human brain and, unfortunately, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is on increase. Effective treatments and medications are still absent to seize these diseases. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects particularly the elderly population. Since pathogenesis of AD has not been clarified totally, yet, it is only a symptomatic treatment available. The most prescribed drug class against AD is cholinesterase inhibitors, which increase the level of acetylcholine/butyrylcholine in the brain. Oxidized dopamine metabolites having a crucial function in the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in PD are induced by tyrosinase (TYRO) through its oxidase activity and, therefore, inhibition of TYRO is important in prevention of PD. Another factor contributing to pathology of neurodegenerative diseases is oxidative stress, which leads to neuronal death. Inflammation is also linked to neurodegeneration by different mechanisms such as accretion of proteins with abnormal conformations or via signals emanating from injured neurons.Considering the rich flora of Turkey, we initiated an intensive research on neuroprotective activity of the Turkish medicinal plants through the enzyme inhibition linked to neurodegeneration and antioxidant activity methods, which have so far let us to screen over 300 plant species, 500 extracts, and 80 pure molecules as well as some marine sponges. The enzyme inhibitory activity has been tested against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase (TYRO), and lipoxygenase (LOX) by microtiter plate assays using ELISA. Antioxidant activity of the samples has been tested in a number of tests such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylendiamine (DMPD), super oxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide

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radical scavenging, metal-chelation capacity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and phosphomolibdenum-reducing antioxidant power (PRAP) assays. In this presentation, various striking examples from our enduring studies will be mentioned.

Keywords: medicinal plants, neural disorders, inflammation, antioxydant

SESSION LECTURES

SL.F.1.EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF Boesenbergia rotunda ETHANOL EXTRACT AGAINST

THIOACTAMIDE-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE IN RATS

Suzy M. SALAMA, Mahmood A. ABDULLA, Ahmed S. ALRASHDI, Pouya H. DARVISH

Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, MalaysiaCorresponding author:[email protected]

Boesenbergia rotunda has been used in traditional folk medicine for the treatment of many elements. Recently many trials have been conducted to inhibit liver cirrhosis caused by viral infection and alcohol addiction. The purpose of this study is one of these trials undertaken to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of Boesenbergia rotunda on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were respectively administered orally with distilled water (cirrhosis control group), Silymarin (50 mg/kg) (reference control group), 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg ethanol extract of Boesenbergia rotunda (experimental groups) daily for 8 weeks. Thioacetamide (TAA) 200 mg/kg) was injected intraperitonealy to all animals 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Liver injury was assessed by serology, as well as macroscopic and microscopic analysis.TAA, a hepatotoxin, causes the progression of liver fibrosis. The histopathology score of fibrosis, liver biochemical markers (ALT, AST and AP), together with liver Malondialdehyde level (MDA) were significantly higher in liver cirrhosis group compared to those treated with Silymarin or Boesenbergia rotunda ethanol extract. On the other hand, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in the liver was low in the cirrhosis control group compared to plant extract treated groups. Our results showed that TAA induced oxidative stress with extensive tissue damage in liver cirrhosis group. Boesenbergia rotunda prevented the oxidative stress-related change associated with TAA toxicity.

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In conclusion, the study showed that Boesenbergia rotunda prevents the tissue damage and fibrosis associated with TAA-induced liver cirrhosis in rats as ascertain by liver biochemical markers and by liver histopathology.

Keywords: medicinal plants, traditional medicine, toxicity, hepatoprotective effects

SL.F.2.TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND METABOLOMICS ANALYSIS OF

BRASSICA SPECIES

Abdul Razaque MEMON1, Minela JUSOVIC1 and Karsten NIEHAUS2

1Genetics and Bioengineering Program, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; 2Dept of Proteomics and Metabolomics,CeBiTec, Univ of Bielefeld, Germany

Corresponding author: [email protected] [email protected]

Several Brassica species are not only being used as a vegetable, oil or herbal spices but many of them are used as medicinal plants for treatment of rheumatism, neuralgia and spasms. Hot water poured on bruised seeds makes a stimulant foot bath, good for colds and headaches. Brassica nigra and Brassica juncea are two well known species in Brassicaceae which are not only being used for oil production but also reported to be good medicinal and heavy metal accumulator plants. In the last decade, the tremendous developments in molecular biology and the success of genomics have highly encouraged studies in molecular genetics, mainly transcriptomics, for the identification of the functional genes implied in metal tolerance in plants. These studies have already succeeded in the identification of hundreds of genes that largely belong to the metal-homeostasis network. In this presentation we will describe recent advances in understanding the genetic and molecular basis of the metal induced gene expression in Brassica sps. The heavy metal accumulating species Brassica nigra has received attention due to its possible use for phytoremediation in heavy metal-polluted soils. Our data showed that ~ 20000 µg Cu g-1 DW was accumulated in the shoots of B. nigra when grown at 500 µM Cu. The expression γ-ECs and PCS was also increased 11 and 6 fold respectively in shoots when plants were subjected to high Cu concentration. Microarray analysis showed several hundred fold up regulation of metal related genes including the genes involved in glutathione pathway, metal ATPase and ABC transporters in B. nigra when treated with 500 mM Cu. Currently we are carring out metabolomic studies with metal treated accumulator and non accumulator ecotypes of B. nigra by using HPLC-MS-MS inorder to identify metabolomic pattern in accumulator and non-accumulator ecotypes. Our aim is to identify the metabolites which are upregulated and/or down regulated with Cu treatment in both ecotypes. In this comminication we will discuss the strategies

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for exploring these immense and valuable genetic and biological resources for phytoremediation of heavy metal pollutants from the environment and the use of these plants for medicinal purpose. Keywords: Accumulator plants, transcriptomics, metabolomics, metallothioneins, phytochelatins, phytoremediation

References:1. Memon, AR. et al. (2000 ) Gene expression of heavy metal stress protein in plants. Turkish J. Botany 25: 111-121.2. Memon, A.R. et al. (2006) Cu tolerance and accumulation in Brassica nigra and development of in vitro regeneration system for phytoremediation. COST 859 WG 2 & WG 3 second Scientific Workshop, “-omics approaches and agricultural management: driving forces to improve food quality and safety?” 31 August – 2 September 2006, Saint-Etienne, France: 38. 3. Memon, AR, Schroder P (2009) Implications of metal accumulation mechanisms to phytoremediation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 16: 162-175. 4. Memon AR, et al. (2009) Transcriptome analysis of Cu responses in metal accumulator plant Brassica nigra Diyarbakir ecotype. COST 859 Phytotechnologies to promote sustainable land use and improve food safety April15-17, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary: 63. 5. Memon , AR et al. (2008) Phytoremedıatıon of heavy metals from contamınated areas of Turkey. 4th European Bioremediation Conference Sept 3-6, Chania, Crete, Greece, ID04 , ISBN 978-960-8475-12-0: 1-4.

SL.F.3.THYLAKOID MEMBRANE PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN SENESCENT LEAVES – A POSSIBLE TRIGGER FOR

DIFFERENTIAL ACUMULATION OF ANTIOXIDATIVE ENZYMES

Hrvoje LEPEDUŠ1, Rifet TERZIĆ2, Sandra RADIĆ3, Vlatka JURKOVIĆ1, Ivna ŠTOLFA4, Vera CESAR4

1Agricultural Institute Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; 2Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina; 3Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Zagreb, Croatia;

4University of J.J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Department of Biology, Osijek, CroatiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Leaf natural senescence represents a genetically programmed developmental process which includes a variety of internal and external stimuli as inducers of a senescence program (1). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are recognized as important players in senescence signaling pathways (2). The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible link between down regulation of photosynthetic performance and the modulation of the activities and electrophoretic pattern of key antioxidative enzymes (APX, GR, CAT, GPOD and SOD) during the natural senescence of maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) leaves. Analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence transient measurement (OJIP test) in senescent leaves showed striking decrease

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in photosynthetic performance index (PIABS) during senescence, accompanied by increased absorption, trapping and dissipation of excitation energy per reaction centre as well as by a marked decrease in electron transport beyond the primary electron acceptor (QA). Antioxidative enzymes revealed different dynamics of their activities and isoenzyme patterns. Activities of CAT, GPOD and GR decreased while activities of SOD and APX appeared to be remarkably up regulated during senescence. New SOD, APX, and GPOD isoenzymes were detected in senescent leaves as well as the degradation of CAT1 isoenzyme. This study will contribute to the current understanding of the biochemical and physiological changes during natural leaf senescence in deciduous woody species and their potential use as a valuable source of new antioxidative protein components.

Keywords: antioxidative enzymes, maple, oxidative stress, photosynthesis, senescence

References:1. Noodén, L. D. et al. (1997) Physiol. Plant. 101: 746-753. Neill, S. J. et al. (2002) Current

Opinion in Plant Biology 5: 388-395.

SL.F.4.ANTIGENICITY OF CLONED MYT272 PROTEIN OF

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Ahmed S.AL RASHDI, Salmah ISMAIL, Mahmood A.ABDULLAHDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Malaysia


Tuberculosis (TB) ranks second only to human immunodeficiency virus as a cause of death from an infectious agent with 3 million deaths from TB in 2010. Calmette and Camille Guerin (BCG), is the current vaccine used against TB. BCG has been administered worldwide. However, doubts about its efficacy are increasing, reflected by its highly variable protective efficacy in controlled clinical trials. The development of biotechnology field has provided the facility to reveal 16 genomic regions deletions from the genome of M. bovis BCG strain and subsequently caused over- attenuation of the BCG vaccine. These regions contain virulence factors and certain key protective antigens. Immunological evaluation of the antigens encoded by these regions was suggested to identify antigens of M. tuberculosis critical for developing specific diagnostic reagents and vaccines to control TB. In the present work, Myt272 gene was constructed in prokaryotic system. The antigenicity of expressed protein was evaluated in laboratory animals. The capability of Myt272 protein to induced humoral immune response in mice which characterized by an elevated IgG1 antibody level may support this candidate as tuberculosis vaccine.

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Recombinant Myt272 protein was produced and isolated as a fusion protein containing N-terminal His6-tag. The protein has a mass of approximately 13kDa and was presented in the soluble fraction from the cell lysate. The antigenic property of Myt272 protein in mice sera were assessed by ELISA. Significantly, higher levels of antibodies to Myt272 were detected in the sera of immunized mice as compared to negative controls. In conclusion, Myt272 Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promised to be an important source to develop vaccine against tuberculosis

Keywords: tuberculosis, antigen, Myt272 protein, vaccine

SL.F.5.PREPARATION OF NANOCAPSULES OF PLANT EXTERACT

Akbar ESMAEILI, Betsabe SAREMNIA

1Department of Chemical Engineering, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran


Nanocapsules with coating medicinal plants based drug have many applications in drug manufacturing. Plant based drugs loaded nanocapsules with polyesteric triblock copolymer poly ethylene glycol - poly butylene adipate - poly ethylene glycol (PEG-PBA-PEG) as shell and olive oil as core of nanocapsules were prepared by the interfacial polymer deposition solvent evaporation method. In this research, first, certain amount of polymer, Matricaria recutita extract and olive oil were mixed with acetone and then, the solution was added the water using magnetic stirred. After which the acetone was removed by vacuuming and finally nanocapsules were found by freezing-drier. The study showed the size of nanocapsules depends on variety of factors such as: the ratio of polymer to oil and concentration of polymers and plant exteract. The nanocapsules were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and zeta potential sizer (ZPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Keywords: Triblock copolymer, polymerization, nanocapsules, emulsion, Matricaria recutita

References:1. Gupta, V., Mittal, P., Bansal, P., Khokra, S., Kaushik, D.,(2010) Pharmacol. Potent. 2(1): 12-16.

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SL.F.6.IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS FOR GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN SUGAR BEET (Beta vulgaris L.) AND CHARACTERIZATION BY USING ISSR MARKER

Ayse SEN, Sema ALIKAMANOGLUIstanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 34459, Vezneciler, Istanbul,

Turkey Corresponding author: [email protected]

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is most important cultivated plant used for sugar production in Europe and in temperate zones of other regions of the world. Drought is one of the most serious problems for agriculture in general. This stress is the major abiotic factor that limits sugar beet productivity and quality in semi-arid regions. For this reason, drought tolerant sugar beet genotype should be developed to prevent from yield losses due to drought. Radiation mutagenesis combine with in vitro tissue culture has proved effective in the induction of novel genetic variation, selection, and multiplication of mutant clones aimed at crop improvement.In the current work, induction of somatic mutation in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Felicita) was investigated by irradiation of shoot tips with 15 Gy and 20 Gy gamma rays. Irradiated shoot tips were vegetatively propagated and M1V1-M1V3 generations were obtained. Among the M1V3 plantlets drought tolerant mutants were selected on MS medium, supplemented with 10 g/l and 20 g/l PEG 6000. The genetic diversities were detected between control and putative drought tolerant mutants by DNA fingerprinting using ISSR markers. A total of 106 PCR fragments were amplified with 19 ISSR primers and 91 of them were polymorphic. The dendrograms of ISSR analysis have been drawn using the MultiVariate Statistical Package V3.1 program. The dendrograms separated into two clusters. First cluster included M8 mutant plant, which was applied to 20 Gy gamma radiation and regenerated in selective culture media containing 10 g/l PEG 6000 concentration, and the second cluster was further divided into five subclusters.

Keywords: Drought Stress, ISSR Marker, Mutation Breeding, Plant Tissue Culture, Sugar Beet

Acknowledgements: This study was supported by The Research Fund of Istanbul University, Project No: 811.

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SL.F.7.ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR

PATTERNS OF F. gummosa LANDRACES

Mohammad Reza NAGHAVI, Zahra KHINANI, Mansour OMIDIAgronomy and Plant Breeding Dept, Agricultural College, University of Tehran, Iran


Ferulla gummosa is one of the most important pharmaceutical, industrial and aromatic plants in Iran. In the present study, genetic diversity of 24 landraces of F. gummosa was studied using 10 AFLP selective primer combinations to determine (1) If the samples of galbanum taken from different parts of Iran are similar to each other in genetic point of view? (2) Possible relationship between genetic diversity and geographic distribution. Totally 296 bands were numbered that 89% of them were polymorphic. The number of alleles per each primer combination varied from 20 to 43. The highest and the lowest levels of genetic similarity were 0.87 and 0.56, respectively. The maximum of similarity was observed among landraces of Aridineh-garnadeh velar (Damavand-Tehran) and Polur (Mazandaran), while the minimum of similarity was observed between Ardineh–ashkrizeh (Damavand –Tehran) and Namad kousar lar (shemiranat_Tehran). Cluster analysis using UPGMA method indicated a high genetic diversity among f. gummosa landraces. There was not any relationship between genetic diversity and geographic distribution. The existence of genetic diversity in the samples of f. gummosa indicates that the phytochemical differences in samples are not just controlled by environmental effect, but it also controls by genetic factors. The result of this study is useful for genetic resource management in f. gummosa landraces.

Keywords: AFLP markers, genetic diversity, Ferulla gummosa

SL.F.8.ELICITORS EFFECT ON ARTEMESININ IN SUSPENSION

CULTURE OF Artemisia annua

Parisa JONOUBI ¹, Mohammad Reza NAGHAVI ²,³, Mandana SAMIMIZAD ¹,³ ,Elias ARIAKIA ³, Abolhasan SHAHZADEFAZELI ³, Saied AIERIAN ¹, Beniamin

YAZDANI ¹.1Biology Department, Faculty of Science,Tarbiat Moallem University, Karaj,Tehran,Iran.2Biotechnology Group, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource,University of Tehran,

Karaj,Tehran,Iran.3 Iranian Biological Resource Cent, Karaj, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Artemisinin is one the most effective antimalarial drug. It is a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide and derived from Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae). It is also effective

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against wide kinds of cancers. Because of the low content of atremisinin in leaves and uneconomical chemical synthesis, alternate ways to produce artemisinin have been sought.The purpose of this research is to evaluate the cell suspension culture to increase Artemisinin. Callus cultures were induced from root explants in MS medium with sucrose (30 g1-¹), BA (0.5, 1, 1.5 mgl-¹) and NAA (0.05, 0.25, 0.5 mgl-¹). The highest callogenesis was on BA (1.5 mgl-¹) and NAA (0.5 mgl-¹). Suspension culture were initiated by transferring friable fraction of root callus into liquid MS medium with BA (1.5 mgl-¹) and NAA (0.5 mgl-¹). In an effort to increase the artemisinin production, methyl jasmonate (2.5, 5, 7.5 mgl-¹), mevalonic acid lactone (25, 50, 75 mgl-¹) and potassium nitrate (250, 750, 2250 mgl-¹) were used in Suspension culture. Artemisinin was analyzed by HPLC with some modification in the method of Zhao and Zeng (1985). Using of methyl jasmonate at 5 mgl-¹ concentration make in an increase artemisinin production of 7. 3 µg/l. Artemisinin content was the highest as 6.6 µg/l when 750 mg/l potassium nitrate was used in medium. Mevalonic acid at 75 mg/l concentration caused to increase artemisinin production of 10.6 µ gl-¹.

Keywords: cell suspension culture, methyl jasmonate, mevalonic acid lactone, potassium nitrate

References:1.Zhao S. S., Zeng M.Y. 1985. Studies on the analysis of qinghaosu by high-pressure liquid chromatograph and spectrometry (HPLC). Planta Med. 51: 233–237. 2.Jing F., Zhang L., Li M., Tang Y., Wang Y., Wang Y., Wang Q., Pan Q., Wang G. and Tang K. 2009. Abscisic acid (ABA) treatment increases artemisinin content in Artemisia annua by enhancing the expression of genes in artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. Biologia. 64/2: 319–323. Baldi, A. and Dixit V.K. 2007. Yield enhancement strategies for artemisinin production by suspension cultures of Artemisia annua. Bioresource Technology. 99: 4609-4614.

SL.F.9.IMPORTANCY OF BALANCING RALATIONSHIPS

BETWEEN OMEGA - 6 AND OMEGA - 3 FATTY ACIDS IN HUMAN NUTRITION

Mirsad VELADŽIĆ1, Suzana JAHIĆ2, Halid MAKIĆ3, Azra BEĆIRAJ4

University of Bihac, Biotechnical faculty, Bihac, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author:[email protected]

From total population mortality in Bosnia and Herzegovina cardiovascular diseases participate with 53%. It is believe that the main cause of diference between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are cardovascular diseases. It is possible to make certain relationship of this fatty acids in human blood serum by making analysis on omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in nutrition of certain human populations in the world. In this paper are presented causes of wrong diet and given suggestions how to improve this state.

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Keywords: fatty acids, human, nutrition

References:1.Veladžić, M., Šahinović, R., Makić, H., Jahić, S., Bećiraj, A., Galijašević, E., Toromanović, S., Uticaj animalnih i biljnih masnoća u hrani pilića na sadržaj holesterola u jetrici. Simpozijum stočarstvo, veterinarska medicina i ekonomika u ruralnom razvoju i proizvodnji zdravstveno bezbedne hrane u organizaciji Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Novom Sadu . Zbornik kratkih sažetaka, str. 85. 2. Jahić, S., Veladžić, M., Šišić, I., Makić, H., Uticaj biljnih i animalnih masnoća u ishrani brojlera na mehaničke osobine tibijalne kosti. IX Savjetovanje hemičara i tehnologa Republike Srpske, Banja Luka 2010. Zbornik izvoda radova, str. 79. 3.Veladžić, M., Jahić, S., Makić, H., Galijašević, E., Analysis of the effects of vegetable and animal fats on lipids and cholesterol contents in broiler’s plasma. 5th Central European Congress on Food, Bratislava, Slovak Republik, 2010. Book of Full Papers, pages 205-209.

SL.F.10.APPLICATION OF IN VITRO CULTURE FOR GERMINATION

AND TUBERIZATION OF BLACK ZIRA (BUNIUM PERSICUM)

Seyed Mahdi ZIYARATNIA1, Abdul-Reza BAGHERI2, Hossein MARDANI3

1Khorasan science And Technology Park, Mashhad, Iran;2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; 3 Department of Horticultural Science,

Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Blach zira (Bunium persicum) is one of medical and spice plants that is native in a limited area of the West of Asia and the Eastern parts of Iran. In this experiment the growth of Black zira from germination to the seeding and tuberization were investigated in vitro. Germination of black zira seeds on a simple medium containing 0.5 (w/v) percent sugar was better than others. It happened in dark at 4 °C after at least 3 - 4 weeks. The seedlings were cultured on MS medium and then stored at 25 °C and 16 hrs photoperiod. At this conditions cotyledons appeared and then a single tuber formed at the end of the root. The true leaves appeared one month after tuber formation. The effect of different concentrations of sugar on tubers size was found to be non significant. While the MS medium at different levels of total nitrogen and ammoniums to nitrate ratios were significant. The MS medium containing 30 mM total nitrogen was more effective than 60 mM on the tuber size (length and diameter). The production of bigger tubers requires both sources of nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), but nitrate source was found to be more effective. The effect of different strengths of MS medium (MS, ½ MS, MS with ½ NO3 content) on weight, length and diameter of tuber was statistically non significant, but in all of traits, ½ MS medium has bigger tubers.

Keywords: Black zira, Bunium persicum, Tuberization, Nitrogen, Nitrate to ammonium ratio, In vitro

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P.F.1ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES AND DNA INTERACTIONS

OF SPIRO-ANSA-SPIRO- AND ANSA-SPIRO-ANSA-CYCLOTETRAPHOSPHAZENES

Leyla AÇIK1, Gamze EGEMEN2, Aytuğ OKUMUŞ2, Zeynel KILIÇ2, Nagehan RAMAZANOğLU1 and L. Yasemin KOÇ3

1 Gazi University, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey; 2 AnkaraUniversity, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey; 3 Department of Biology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey


Cyclophosphazenes are an important family of inorganic ring systems [1, 2]. Biological activities and DNA interactions of a very limited number of cyclophosphazene derivatives are investigated [3]. The condensation reactions of octachlorocyclotetraphosphazatetraene, N4P4Cl8, with N2O2 donor-type aminopodands (1a and 1b) afford two kinds of substituted novel phosphazene architectures, namely, spiro-ansa-spiro (sas) (2a-2f) and ansa-spiro-ansa (asa) (3a-3f) phosphazenes. The partly substituted sas phosphazenes (2a and 2b) reacted with the exess pyrrolidine and morpholine in THF to produce the tetrakis pyrrolidino (2c and 2d) and tetrakis morpholino (2e and 2f) phosphazene derivatives. Afterwards, the reactions of partly substituted asa phosphazenes (3a and 3b) with the exess

spiro-ansa-spiro

P N P

X

X X

XN

PN

N

P

R ( NN

(CH2)3 Cl 2b (CH2)2 Cl 2a

R X Compounds

N O O

(

ansa-spiro-ansa

P N PX

X

X X

N

PN

N

P

N (

R(

O

O

N

N

(CH2)3

(CH2)2

(CH2)2

(CH2)3

2c

2d

2e

2f 3f

3e

3d

3c

(CH2)3

(CH2)2

(CH2)2

(CH2)3

N

N

R X Compounds

(CH2)2 Cl 3a(CH2)3 Cl 3b

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pyrrolidine and morpholine produce partly substituted 2-trans-6-dicloro geminal pyrrolidino (3c and 3d) and morpholino (3e and 3f) phosphazenes. The compounds 2a-2f and 3a-3f are screened for antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and for antifungal activities against yeast strains. Compounds 2e, 3e and 3f show no antibacterial and antifungal activity. Whereas compound 2d exhibits weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, compounds 3c and 3d display strong antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis. In addition, the evaluation of the compounds with plasmid DNA demonstrate that the compounds 2e, 2d, 3a, 3b, 3e and 3f promote the formation of strand breaks in DNA.To determine the binding site of these compounds, restriction analysis of DNA is carried out, and they also inhibit HindIII cleavage of pBR322 DNA while restricting BamHI.

Keywords: spiro-ansa-spiro- and ansa-spiro-ansa-cyclotetraphosphazenes, DNA interactions, DNA cleavage, antimicrobial activity

Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the “State Planning Organisation (Turkey) (Grant 1998K121480)”.

References: 1. Asmafiliz, N., Kılıç, Z., Öztürk, A., Hökelek, T., Koç, L.Y., Açık, L., Kısa, Ö., Albay, A., Üstündağ, Z., Solak, A.O. (2009). Inorg. Chem. 48 (21) 10102-10116. 2. Işıklan, M., Asmafiliz N., Özalp, E. E., İlter, E. E., Kılıç, Z., Çoşut, B., Yeşilot, S., Kılıç, A., Öztürk, A., Hökelek, T., Koç B. L. Y., Açık, L., Akyüz, E. (2010). Inorg. Chem. 49 (15) 7057-7071. 3. İlter, E. E., . Asmafiliz, N., Kılıç, Z., Açık, L., Yavuz, M., Bali, E. B., Solak, A.O., Büyükkaya, F., Dal, H., Hökelek, T. (2010). Polyhedron. 29, 2933-2944.

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P.F.02.EFFECT OF ETHANOL AND ESSENTIAL OILS ON

EXTENDING VASE_LIFE OF CARNATION CUT FLOWER (DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS CV. ‘YELLOW CANDY’)

Hassan BAYAT1, Majid AZIZI2, Mahmmud SHOOR3, Hossein MARDANI4, Shahram RIAHINIA5

1,4, MSc Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; 2 Associated professor, Department of Horticultural Science,

Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; 3 Assistant Professor, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; 5 PhD student, Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture,

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol and essential oils of three medicinal plants namely Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and Ajwain (Carum copticum L.) on extending Dianthus caryophyllus vase_life. For this purpose three individual trials were conducted using a completely randomized block design with three replications. In the first trial, effects of ethanol 4% (v/v) applied as continuous or pulse treatment was determined and results showed both applying methods increased vaselife and marketability of the carnation, but no significant difference was observed between them. In the second trial, effects of selected essential oils with concentrations of 100, 150 and 200 ppm were investigated. All essential oils prolonged carnation vaselife. Summer savory essential oil (100 ppm) showed the highest effect (increasing 4.4 days) in comparison to control. In the third trial, the interactions between ethanol and the essential oil treatments was studied. Results showed no significant difference in vaselife and marketability of carnation between applied of essential oils alone and co-treated of essential oils with ethanol. The highest relative fresh weight in sixth day after start of the experiment was observed in flowers treated with Summer savory essential oil at 100 ppm which was nearly two times more than control. According to the results of this experiment can be concluded that essential oils as natural, safe and biodegradable compounds can be suitable novel alternatives materials for common chemicals in order to prolong vaselife of carnation.

Keywords: essential oil, marketability, medicinal plants, post harvest, vascular blockage

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P.F.03.BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum

L.) MUTANTS INDUCED BY GAMMA RADIATION

Sema ALIKAMANOGLU*, Orkun YAYCILI & Ayse SENIstanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 34459, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey


Drought is among the most important environmental factors which have negative effects on productivity of agricultural crops that have high economical and nutritional importance Therefore, improvement of drought stress tolerant plant will play an important role in reducing damages due to drought. In vitro culture and radiation techniques are frequently used for breeding of agronomically important plants for tolerance to stress factors (such as drought etc.).In this study, node explants of Konsul and Agata potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties were irradiated with 15 Gy and 20 Gy gamma rays. Irradiated node explants were sub-cultured and M1V1-M1V3 generations were obtained. Mutants for tolerant to drought stress were selected on MS medium, supplemented with 20 g/l, 30 g/l and 40 g/l PEG 6000. Among the M1V3 plantlets putative drought tolerant mutants were determined. Leaf soluble proteins obtained from control and putative drought tolerant mutants were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) were investigated from control and putative drought tolerant mutants.

Keywords: Antioxidant Enzymes, Drought Stress, Mutation Breeding, Plant Tissue Culture, SDS-PAGE

Acknowledgements: This study was supported by The Research Fund of Istanbul University, Project No: 2786.

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P.F.04.THE EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON SOME

VEGETATIVE AND GENERATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICINAL PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA PEPO L.)

SH. SOOREH1, H. AROOIE2, M. AZIZI2

1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran;2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of

Mashhad, Iran; 3Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Aim of this study was to determine the effects of seed priming and foliar application of growth regulators on medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). Vegetative and generative characteristics have been measured during the experiment. Seeds were socked on priming solution (distillated water, IBA, GA3 and Ethephon) and growth regulators were spraying (distillated water, IBA, GA3 and Ethephon) on pumpkins seedlings. Seed priming with IBA and spraying with IBA had more significant effects on seed number in fruit. Combination of seed priming with Ethephon and spraying with IBA increased the seed yield. Application of IBA priming (socking) enhanced the yield significantly than the other treatments with priming by other growth regulators and control. Seed characteristics (length and width) increased by IBA Priming. Generally, priming and spraying with IBA could increase the seed yield in medicinal pumpkin.

Keywords: Seed priming, growth regulators, seed yield, medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.)

P.F.05.ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES AND TOXICITY STUDY OF

THE MEDICINAL PLANT BAECKEA FRUTESCENS

Somayeh RAZMAVARMolecular Bacteriolog , Department of Molecular Medicine, Kuala Lumpour, Malaysia


Baeckea Frutescens L Is a medicinal plant known locally as cucur atap .To study the chemical constituents of the traditional herb Baeckea Frutescens L., a new flavonol glycoside, named 6, 8-dimethylkaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (1), together with seven known compounds: quercetin (2), quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (3), myricetin (4), myricetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (5), gallic acid (6), ursolic

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acid (7) and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-(2’-methoxylpropionyl)-5-methoxy-6-methylbenzene (8) were isolated by using silica gel column chromatography, HPLC and LCMS . Their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis. Among them, compounds 2-7 were isolated from this plant for the first time and compound 8 was first isolated from plant. Baeckea frutescens of the Myrtaceae family found wild in mountains, low hills and open grasslands of South China, South East Asia, and Australia. Amongst its many local names are cucur atap in Malaysia, jung rahab in Indonesia, gang song in China, and dwarf mountain pine in English. Traditionally, various parts of the Baeckea frutescens except the roots have been used in the form of a decoction or essential oil as insecticides, health tonics, and as therapy for headaches, fever, sunstrokes, rheumatism, colic, jaundice, hemorrhagic dysentery, and menstrual disorders (Institute of Materia Medica - HANOI - WHO /WPRO, 1990). It has been found to contain strong cytotoxic activity against leukaemia cells in tissue culture (Fujimoto et al., 1996), anticariogenic activity (Hwang et al., 2004). However, all its antimicrobial properties & anti oxidant properties have yet to be fully explored and the chemical compounds isolated from its extracts show promise as such. The entire plant, except the roots, is used as an anti bacterila, and antidysentery, an antipyretic and a diuretic. It is claimed to be effective in treating influenza, coryza, epitasis, fever, headache, measles, colic, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, jaundice, hemorrhagic dysentery and irregular menstrual cycles. Its external usage is treating furunculosis and impetigo. [Herbal medicine research centre].The leaves are also used to treat impetigo. Chinese use the leaved as remedy for sunstroke and fever. In Malaysia and Indonesia, they are used as an ingredient of the traditional medicine given to mothers during confinement [Herbal medicine research centre].The flowers of this plant are used to treat dyspepsia and menstrual problems. They are also used in massaging postpartum women for the treatment of body aches and numbness of limbs. The essential oil from this plant is used in treatment of rheumatism [Herbal medicine research centre].This is study try to find out others anti oxidants properties of Beackea ethanol extract, cytotoxicity of the Beackea ethanol extract on few cell lines and find the active compound of Beackea ethanol extract against MRSA bacteria.

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P.F.06.YEASTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUNKOYO ROOTS

(Rhynchosia Species), USED IN PREPARATION OF CHIBWANTU- A CEREAL FERMENTED BEVERAGE

1 Mercy M. MWALE2, Bennie VILJOEN 1, 2 The University of the Free State, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food

Biotechnology, 9300 Bloemfontein, South AfricaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Chibwantu is a non-alcoholic beverage produced from maize grit and the root (Rhynchosia insignis and/ or Rhynchosia heterophylla or Rhynchosia venulosa). The root is generally called Munkoyo by the local people. The root is either white or yellow. There is inadequate information on the roots of Rhynchosia species particularly their effect on the microbiology of the beverage. The process of Chibwantu preparation is, thin or thick maize grit porridge is prepared and the root (Munkoyo) and/ or extract added to the warm porridge and left to ferment spontaneously. Fermentation occurs at ambient temperatures (25oC to 30oC) in 24 to 48hrs. The beverage becomes more alcoholic if it is left to ferment for longer time due to the presence of yeasts (Simwamba et al, 1986; Zulu et al, 1997).Samples of the Munkoyo root were purchased from different markets in Zambia and transported to South Africa. The microbiological quality of the Munkoyo roots was investigated and yeasts associated with the root (yellow and white) were isolated and identified. The total aerobic count for the yellow root ranged from 2.7x 105 to 8.5 x 108 cfu/g and white root from 2.5 x 107 to 2.9 x108 cfu/g. The number of yeasts and molds ranged from 1.2 x 104 to 9.7x 105 cfu/g yellow root and 4.1x 104 to 1.2x 105 cfu/g white root.The isolated yeasts were identified as Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus liquefaciens, Clavispora lusitaniae and Yarrowia lypolitica from the yellow root and Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Cryptococcus liquefaciens, Cryptococcus laurentii and Rhodotolula mucolaginosa from the white root. Wickerhamomyces anomalus were the dominant yeast species for both yellow and white roots. The high aerobic counts indicates that the root contribute a lot to the fermentation of the cereal beverage and the different species of yeast indicate that they contribute to the beverage becoming alcoholic after a longer time of fermentation.

Keywords: Chibwantu, Munkoyo Root, Yeasts

Acknowledgements: Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) for financial support.

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References:1.Simwamba, C. G. and Elahi, M. 1986. Journal of agriculture and Food Chemistry (34) 573-575. 2.Zulu R. M., Dillion V. M., Owens J. D. 1997. Int. J. Food Microbiology (34) 249 – 258.

P.F.07.OPTIMIZATION OF CELLULASE ENZYME PRODUCTION

BY USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANN)

Lamija SUBAŠIĆInternational Burch University, Genetics and Bioengineering,

Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Abbreviations:ANN Artificial Neural NetworksBPN BackpropagationR Multiple linear regression coefficient (correlation coefficient)MSE Mean squared errorMATLAB Matrix LaboratoryR2 Determination coefficient

Agro-industrial residue such as Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) can be used to produce cellulase enzyme by submerged fermentation. The production processes need to be optimized to increase the yield of cellulase enzyme at feasible cost. In this research study, artificial neural network (ANN) has been selected as the optimization method. ANN models were created and optimized using MATLAB software. The data was taken from previous research study (Rashid et al., 2009) that used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for optimization. The data consists of media constituents and process conditions. However, the optimization process was done mainly to the media constituents that consist of cellulose and peptone. The optimum levels of these inputs were predicted using ANN. The data for media constituents was also used to determine the best parameters for ANN model. The values of R and R2 for ANN were 0.99864 and 0.997 respectively which were higher than the 0.99749 R and 0.995 R2 obtained from RSM. Optimal solution of media constituents for validation process was obtained by ANN model which consists of 0.48% peptone and 0.48% cellulose with the maximum yield of cellulase enzyme of 18.35 U/ml. Consequently, optimal process conditions were found with agitation at 202 rpm, pH at 7.1 and aeration at 1.7 with the maximum yield of cellulase enzyme of 27.05 U/ml by using ANN model approximations. Therefore, it is shown that in the case of media constituents optimization ANN model derived better results than RSM, and in the case of process conditions optimization vice versa.

Keywords: Molecular biology, Enzymes, MATLAB software

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Acknowledgments: International Islamic University Malaysia, Assistant Professor Dr. Mohammed Saedi Jami, Dr. Md. Zahangir Alam.

References:1.Rashid S S, Alam M .Z., Karim MI A, Salleh, M H. (2009). Optimization of the Nutrient Supplients for Cellulase Production with the Basal Medium Palm Oil Mill Effluent. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 60, 2009. 2.Abbasi Babak (2008). A neural network applied to estimate process capability of non-normal processes Advertisement. Expert Systems with Applications 36(2), 3093-3100. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2008.01.042. 3.Annadurai Gurusamy & Lee Jiunn-Fwu (2007). Application of artificial neural network model for the development of optimized complex medium for phenol degradation using Pseudomonas pictorum (NICM 2074). Journal of Biodegradation 18, 383-392. doi:10.1007/s10532-006-9072-8.

P.F.08.GENETIC BEHAVIOR OF CAPSULE LENGTH AND DENSITY

IN SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM L.)

Bülent UZUN, Engin YOL, Şeymus FURATDepartment of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, TR-

07058, Antalya, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

The use of sesame plants, seeds and oil for medicinal purposes has gained popularity although its nutritive and health-related value were known from the ancient times. The health benefits are thought to be primarily due to unique phenylpropanoid compounds. Recently, much interest has been attracted to sesame’s phenylpropanoids for medicinal use as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-virus, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and antibacterial agents. Despite the medicinal, culinary, aromatic and agronomic importance of this crop, sesame seed yield is still far from its potential. The number of capsules per plant along with more seeds bearing capsules is one of the most important contributing characteristics to seed yield in sesame. Therefore, we investigated genetic behavior of capsule length, capsule density and their genetic association in a three years experiment. For developing cultivars with long and high number of capsules, a detailed understanding of the genetics of two characters and easy means of describing the character are required as the inheritance association of these two characters has not been reported elsewhere. The F1 and F2 population seedlings were obtained from a cross between registered cultivar “Muganli-57 (♀)” and the genotype, “ACS 352 (♂)”. ACS 352 parent provided long and dense capsule while Muganli-57 completely had normal plant type with respect to either capsule length or capsule density. The results in the F1 generation indicated that long and dense capsule were dominant over normal one. In F2 population, 12:3:1 segregation ratio was monitored, indicating that long capsule character had dominant epistasi over

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dense capsule. Thus, individuals with single or both dominant genes for long capsule (A-B-, aaB-) produced both dense and long capsule as a result of dominant epistasis. It was suggested that positive selection for long and dense capsule characteristics in sesame should be given high priority to increase seed yield.

Keywords: Sesamum indicum L., epistasi, dominancy, seed yield, breeding

P.F.09.

AN INVESTIGATION OF MUTATIONS (FECXI, FECXH, FECXG, FECXB) ON BMP-15 GENE IN SOME LOCAL SHEEP

BREEDS RAISED IN TURKEY

M. Soner BALCIOğLU, Taki KARSLI, Emine ŞAHIN, Bahar KARSLI,Akdeniz University, Agricultural Faculty, Antalya, Turkiye

corresponding author:[email protected]

Genetic mutations on major genes increase ovulation rate and litter size in sheep. Three major genes have been identified belonging to the TGF-β superfamily until now. These genes are BMPR-IB (Bone morphogenetic protein receptor IB), BMP-15 (Bone morphogenetic protein-15) and GDF9 (Growth differentiation factor 9). Different mutations (FecXB, FecXG, FecXI, FecXH, FecXL and FecXR) on Bone Morphogenetic Protein-15 gene either increase ovulation rate or cause infertility in sheeps. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether four different mutations (FecXI, FecXH, FecXG and FecXB) on BMP15 gene or not in five local sheep breeds reared in Turkey. In order to determine these mutations was used PCR-RFLP method. A total of 96 blood samples were provided from Akkaraman (24 samples), Dağlıç (19 samples), Ivesi (19 samples), Tuj (15 samples) and Karakaş (19 samples) sheep breeds. As a result, FecXI, FecXH, FecXG and FecXB loci couldn’t be determined.

Keywords: BMP-15 gene, Prolificacy, Sheep

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P.F.10.EFFECT OF PHYTOHORMONES ON SECONDARY

METABOLITE PRODUCTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Origanum vulgare L. IN VITRO

Erna KARALIJA1, Nudžejma NUHANOVIĆ1, Jasmina ČAKAR2, Adisa PARIĆ1

1 Faculty of sciences, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, Sarajevo; 2 Institute for genetic engineering and biotechnology, Gajev trg 4, Sarajevo


Shoot cultures, derived from epicotyls of in vitro germinated seeds, were established in Murashige and Skoog culture medium (MS) supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 3-indole butyric acid (IBA). Effect of BAP and IBA on secondary metabolite production and antimicrobial activity of oregano extracts was tested. For this purpose shoots were cultivated on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0,1-4 mg/l) and combination of BAP and IBA. Addition of plant growth regulators enhanced adventive shoot formation. The highest number of shoots was obtained on MS medium with 0,5 mg/l BAP (5,44). Improvement of phenol production was recorded for shoots cultivated on MS medium with 4 mg/l BAP with 0,1 mg/l IBA. The production of flavonoids showed no increase in addition of BAP and BAP with IBA, respectively. Also, oregano extracts had no inhibitory effect on the growth of microorganism strains used in this experiment.

Keywords: in vitro micropropagation, secondary metabolite production, Origanum vulgare L.

SESSION GPHARMACOINFORMATICSIN MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

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P.G.01.PRINCIPLES OF HERBAL ANATOMICAL-THERAPEUTIC

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS (HATC)

Armin ŠKRBO1, Selma ŠKRBO1 Faculty of Pharmacy; Sarajevo; Bosnia and Herzegovina;


With the experiences of ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical) classification of drugs recommended by WHO (World Health Organization) HATC (Herbal Anatomical Therapeutic Classification) was created. The need for a new classification is indicated becouse of the importance of treatment plants, and it is as old as the human race. Expansion of various herbal preparations in the pharmaceutical market is evident, and therefore legislation and classification of such products were necessary. Centre for Cooperation in the WHO in Uppsala, proposed a new HATC classification with the rules that are based on science, which proved to be an excellent way of systematization and encryption herbal preparations. Assigning ATC code to herbal preparations can not be carried out only on the basis of indications. Preparations have to be tested on its effectiveness and safety. Preparations which are obtained from the same plant species, and which are used for different indications, have different HATC codes. The principles for classifying simple and complex herbal medicines are clearly prescribed and should be followed. For each herbal preparation HATC code consists of 6 levels. These levels are: Level 0 - herbal preparation (H); Level 1 – shows the 14 main anatomical groups, Level 2 - represents the main therapeutic groups (when in the regular ATC system is not provided an appropriate second level, herbal preparations are added to the numbers 70-99 which are specifically reserved for herbal ATC code); Level 3 - the therapeutic-pharmacological subgroups (where in the regular ATC system third level is not appropriate, a new level is created. The letter W is used where it is not possible to define an appropriate third level.); Level 4 - a therapeutic-pharmacological and chemical sub-group (as in the third level, letter W is used for specific herbal products); Level 5 - an individual herbal species. Proposed HAT classification allows proper classification of all herbal products, ensure their proper use in therapy, and contributes to the avoidance of any confusion in the use of different synonyms for the same plant species.

Keywords: classification, ATC, herbal preparations

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P.G.02.DATABASES AND INFORMATION ABOUT MEDICINAL

PLANTS ON THE INTERNET

Armin ŠKRBO1, Alisa VELAGIĆ1

1 Faculty of Pharmacy; Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Healing with herbs has always been interesting for people. Many plants that have successfully been used in traditional therapies have been adopted in medicine and they are important raw materials in modern materia medica (Digitalis species, Claviceps purpurea, Carapichea ipecacuanha, Cinchona species, Rauvolfia species, etc.) (1). Fitoterapeutics have been and will remain irreplaceable as a medical cure or help in treatment (2).It is believed that a large majority of modern drugs are synthesized on the basis of isolated principles of medicinal herbs. Scientific discoveries during the Second World War and later, especially epoch-making discovery of antibiotics (from the fungus Penicillium notatum), and extended findings on the role of vitamins, hormones, and provitamin, are turning scientists to the nature in which they are seeking new sources of medicinal substances. All over the world manufactures are trying to produce more drugs which have the basics in plants. Today this trend is particularly popular in the search for plants that have the effect on the HIV virus and the diseases of modern times. The way of getting information is an integral part of science, without which one can not imagine its existence and development. The informations that are “offering” have different quality and reliability. Finding necessary and quality information which are need for pharmacists, requires knowledge and use the latest information technology. There are several ways of getting some information: through written materials (technical and scientific publications), numerous databases (CD-ROMs, Internet) and other modern information media. For users of the Internet, it is an endless source of practical and “quality” of information since millions of people worldwide are able to communicate via the Internet and they can exchange information. The Internet is the world’s first library which can be accessed by all at any time (3).The quality of medical informations and informations about medicinal herbs on the Internet varies greatly. In the absence of general control of information that is presented to a wide range of users, it is necessary to draw attention to the harm of the bad and the usefulness of the good information, and the possibility of self-assessment of the quality of the selected Web addresses on the Internet. Quality source of information needs to satisfy three main criteria: accuracy, actuality and reliability (3).

Keywords: Internet, Databases, Medicinal Plants

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References:1.Lukić P. Farmakognozija. Farmaceutski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, Beograd, 1981. 2.Kukalj M. Korištenje i zlouporaba ljekovitog bilja. Ljekarništvo u Hrvatskoj jučer, danas, sutra. IX savjetovanje farmaceuta Istre i Kvarnera, Pula: 1994: 65-67. 3.Škrbo A. i saradnici. Farmacija na Internetu. Farmacon, Sarajevo, 2001.

P.G.03.INFORMATICS IN MEDICINAL PLANTS AND

PHYTOTHERAPY

Miralem HADŽIĆJU „Apoteke Sarajevo“, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Medicinal and aromatic plants used in the treatment and dietetics from the foundation of a reasonable man. How did the process of anthropogenesis grew during the experience of etnobotanical adn ethnopharmacological use of medicinal plants in traditional therapy. After the development of natural bio-medical sciences medicinal plants and phytotherapy have completely different treatments offer. Today, various preparations of medicinal plants around the world play a major role in both prevention and treatment of various diseases. In addition, they also have high pharmacoeconomic value. To experience and data that we got to be functional and useable at any time, require the systematization and the creation of a database [1]. In spoken for such a process of it support is crucial. Based on available information, and knowledge of software, it is possible to access the establishment of a database on medicinal plants [2,3].The results arrived at in the development of herbal sector in the JU „Apoteke Sarajevo“ indicate the possibility of using different indicators (parameters) in a successful phytotherapy. These indicators are as follows: (i) pharmaceutical and botanical (identification of medicinal plants, distribution, ecology, conservation status) (ii) pharmacognostic-phytochemical (use a part, during harvesting, preservation method, the active principle), (iii) pharmaceutical zechnology (preparation, design , the stabilization of the preparation); (Iv) pharmacological and clinical (mode of application, action, side effects), (v) pharmacoeconomic (marketing, market definition, product protection, etc.).For the actual software development requires the engagement of specialists in the field of medicinal plants and phytotherapy, and several pharmaceutical informatics specialists to create the detailed plan of how software should look and what all should work. The more information you have at the beginning of the software to the software better. Already we know from experience that a good computer science or more of them can do everything you can imagine. This software and database would have to work with the best tools and best database in the world (eg Oracle). As a starting

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step in the realization of this project is already on the road making a small “demo program” as a kind of presentation which could be demonstrate at least a small part of the possibilities offered by one such software. This software would have a universal value and contributed to the establishment of information systems in the field of medicinal plants as a precondition of its rational and profitable use.

Keywords: phytotherapy, pharmaco informatics, pharmaco economics, ethno-botany, ethno-pharmacology, information system, medicinal and aromatic plants

References:1. Babu, P.A. et al. (2006). Bioinformation 1(4): 130-131. 2. Arulrayan, N. et al. (2007).Bioinformation 2(1): 22 -23. 3. Kasirajan, B. et al. (2007).Bioinformation 5; 2 (3):105-106.

SESSION HCULTIVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BOTANY

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PLENARY LECTURE

PL.H.01.SUSTAINABILITY AND EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR MAPS –

THE ROLE OF FAIRWILD

Robbie HOGERVORSTProFound – Advisers in Development, Utrecht, The Netherlands http://www.ThisIsProFound.

com; representing the FairWild Foundation, Weststrasse 51, CH-8570 Weinfelden, SwitzerlandCorresponding author: [email protected]

The international trade in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is undergoing profound changes. Wild-availability is becoming more limited for many species from many developing countries. Overharvesting continues to endanger numerous MAPs and in some countries the number of endangered species is increasing. As cultivation is not feasible for many species, alternatives are needed to ensure a sustainable supply of key wild-collected species. At the same time, low prices have led many collectors to seek alternative livelihoods and younger generations are not attracted to the trade anymore.An additional factor that reduces availability in the North is strongly increasing South-South trade. Markets for MAPs in the south are growing due to increasing demand from pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic companies in these countries, but also to export processed ingredients; e.g. saps and extracts or further processed ingredients to markets in the North. These trade flows are increasingly shaping market realities in Europe.This presentation will provide the audience with information on the market for MAPs in Europe in an international supply perspective, taking into account key trends such as;- increasing demand for natural ingredients in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and

food sector- increasing demand for saps and extracts, instead of MAPs, bypassing EU processors,- market consolidation in Europe- the Traditional Herbal Medicine Product Directive and its effects on European

MAP marketsIn the presentation, these trends and figures will be related to the increasing emphasis on sustainability of supply, both in quantity and quality and their necessary reflection in prices for well-documented plant material. The presentation will offer a perspective on the important role systems that ensure sustainable supply are likely to play in the future with a specific focus on FairWild.

Keywords: market, trade, sustainable supply, FairWild

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SESSION LECTURES

SL.H.01.USE OF CALAMINTHA NEPETA SUBSP. GLANDULOSA AS A BIOMONITOR ORGANISM IN DIFFERENT POLLUTED

AREAS OF KOCAELI-TURKEY

Zeki SEVEROğLU1, Ülkühan YAŞAR2, İbrahim İlker ÖZYIğIT1, Mustafa KESKIN1, İlhan DOğAN3, Azim ÖZTÜRK1, Göksel DEMIR4, Onur ZORLUER1,

İbrahim Ertuğrul YALÇIN1,4 and Fatih Mahmut BULUT1

1Marmara University, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, Biology Department, Göztepe, Istanbul, Turkey, 2Bartın University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department,

Bartın-Turkey, 3Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gülbahçe, Urla, Izmir, Turkey, 4Bahçeşehir University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental

Engineering Department, Beşiktaş, Istanbul, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

Environmental pollution with toxic metals has increased significantly in the last decades as a result of industrial revolution, and causing serious ecologic problems. Soil pollution with heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead and zinc and their mobility in the environment threatens to introduce these metals into life cycle, a danger for all living organisms (Badora, 2002; Yılmaz et al., 2006). The term biomonitor [Greek bios (βίος) = life and Latin monitor = anything displays viewable objects] is defined as an organism that provides quantitative information on the quality of the environment around it (Akguc et al., 2008). Biomonitoring, in a general sense, may be defined as the use of bio-organisms/materials to obtain (quantitative) information on certain characteristics of the biosphere. The relevant information in biomonitoring (e.g. using plants or animals) is commonly deduced from either changes in the behavior of the monitor organism (impact: species composition and/or richness, physiological and/or ecological performance, morphology) or from the concentrations of specific substances in the monitor tissues (Wolterbeek, 2000). Many organisms (cyanobacteria, lichens, mosses, trees, mollusks, fishes, birds and small mammalians) and some of their parts (tree barks, tree rings, pine needles, grasses, leaves, blood, urine hair and nails) have been used as biomonitors (Yasar et al, 2010)In this study, Calamintha nepeta subsp. glandulosa was used as study materials. Plant and soil materials were collected from different types of polluted areas such as brook coast, expressway, railway, industrial zone in Kocaeli, Turkey. Control samples were collected from Başıbüyük Forest (Control), where there is no motor vehicle traffic and any industrial activities. Leaf samples were divided into two sub-samples; some of them were thoroughly washed several times with tap water followed by dis-

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tilled water to remove dust particles in a standardized procedure, and rest of them was untreated. Standard procedures were used and the determinations of the heavy metals and nutrient elements (B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Zn) in all samples (washed-unwashed leaf, stem, root and soil) were done using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). In addition, the usability of this plant as a heavy metal pollution monitor to define the pollutant types and to calculate the ratio of airborne and soil borne contaminations in Kocaeli region was investigated. As a result of the measurements, it was observed that heavy metal pollution is affected by the industrial activities significantly and Calamintha nepeta subsp. glandulosa could be use a biomonitor organism, especially with its leaves and roots.

Keywords: Heavy metal, trace elements, pollution, industry, traffic, biomonitor

References:1.Wolterbeek, B., 2000, Proceedings of an international workshop organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency in co-operation with the Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear and the Universidade dos Açores and held in Praia da Vitória, Azores Islands, Portugal. 2.Akguc, N. et al., (2008), Pak. J. Bot., 40(4), 1767-1776. 3.Yılmaz, R., et al., (2008), Pak. J. Bot.,38(5), 1519-1527. 4.Badora, A., (2002). Polish J. Environ. Stud., 11(2), 109-116. 5.Wolterbeek, B., (2002). Environ. Pollut., 120, 11-21. 6.Yasar, U., et al., (2010), Rom. Biotech. Let. 15(1), 4979-4989.

SL.H.02.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HARVESTING TIME AND FRUIT

QUALITY IN SEEDLESS BARBERRY, AS A MEDICINAL SHRUB

Parviz Rezvani MOGHADDAM1, Mahsa AGHHAVANI-SHAJARI1, Jabbar FALLAHI1, Marziyeh NASIRI-MAHALLATI2

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran; 2 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran


Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is a dicotyledon, perennial species and well-known medicinal plant in Iran and has also been used as a food product. Barberry is cultivated as a domestic plant for many years in southern parts of Khorasan province of Iran. There is evidence that the barberry was domesticated about 200 years ago in this region [6]. Different parts of this plant such as fruit, root and stem have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether early or late harvesting have any effect on quality of fruit production? In order to study the effect of different harvesting date (10 September, 2 October, 23 October and 13 November) on some qualiattives characterstics of seedless barrbery an experiment

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was conducted in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications at Qayen, Southern Khorassan province, Iran, in 2008 and 2010. In each harvesting date the amounts of pH, brix and acidity were determined by using the Bideli method[2], also the amount of anthocyanin was measured by Timberlak and Bridle method [5]. Results of combined analysis showed that the effects of year and harvesting time were significant in all of the studied factors. All of experimental parameters except acidity had an increasing trend with delaying in harvesting date, so that the highest amounts of pH (3.36), brix (15.9%), maturity index (8.76) and anthocyanin (40 mg/100 ml extract) were obtined on 13 November and the lowest amount of these factors were observed on 10 September. Results of interaction effects showed that the highest amount of medicinal component of anthocyanin (48 mg/100 ml extract) was gained in 2008 and on 13 November. The results of correlation coefficient showed that, correlation of anthocyanin was positive with brix and maturity index (r=0.85** r=0.86*, respectively). Overall, medicinal quality of fruit barberry was improved with delaying in harvesting. Our results showed that the best harvesting date was 13 November that improved qualitative indices of seedless barberry in the studied region. This results were correspondence with the other researches [1,3,4]. Soluble solids and acidity are useful chemical traits that define the optimal time for harvesting [1], and forth harvesting date had the best condition for these indices. Moreover the amount of anthocyanin was higher in final harvesting date. These secondary metabolites are produced during the plateau phase of the fruit growth curve, when growth ends and carbon is no longer needed in large quantities for primary metabolism and secondary compounds are more actively synthesized [1].

Keywords: Berberis vulgaris, medicinal plant, maturity index, anthocyanin

Refrences:1. Arena, M. E., Curvetto, N. S. (2008). Sci. Hort. 118: 120–127. 2. Bideli, N. (2000). Effects of Intercepter in Inhabitation of Non-enzymatic Browning of Barberry. Mashhad: Institution of Agricultural Researches. Iran. 3. Chandra, K., Todaria, N.P. (1983). Sci. Hort. 19:, 91-95. 4. Fallahi, J., et al. (2010). Iranian Field Crops Res. 8: 225-234. 5. Timberlake, C.F., Bridle, P. (1982) Distribntion of anthocyanins in food plant: Anthocyanins as food colores. Academic Press. London. 6. Kafi, M., Balandari, A. (2004) .Barberry (Berberis vulgaris): Production and Processing. Ferdowsi University Press. Mashhad.

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SL.H.03.RESPONSE OF SAFFRON TO PLANTING DISTANCES AND

IRRIGATION TIMES

Parviz REZVANI-MOGHADDAM1, Ali Asghar MOHAMMAD-ABADI1, Jabbar FALLAHI1, Mahsa AGHHAVANI-SHAJARI1

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Saffron as a spicy and medicinal plant has more than of 62,000 ha cultivation area, with about 210 ton annual production, in Iran [3,4]. Improvement of agronomical methods in saffron production has an important role in increasing yeild of this plant [4]. Therfore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of planting distances and irrigation management on yield and growth of saffron. This experiment was conducted in organic farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, as a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, in 2008, 2009 and 2010. First studied factor was planting pattern of saffron (planting distances of 20*5, 20*10, 20*15 and 20*20 cm) and the second one was irrigation management (first irrigation performed in the beginning of September, the beginning of October and early November). Results of combination analysis showed that flower yield was 5.2, 238 and 262 kg/ha in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively and these values for fresh stigma yield were 0.2, 17 and 30 kg/ha, respectively. Effects of first irrigation time was not significant, however irrigation at early november was more effective. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest amounts of flower and stigma yield were obtained in pattern 10*20 cm, and this subject is because of the maximum amounts of diameter, weight and bud number in corms of this treatment. The highest value of total weight of corms was observed in pattern 5*20 cm, that the remarkable amount of this was belonged to their scales. It seems that increasing of competition between corms, were caused increasing of scale weight, in this planting pattern [4]. Respect of this observations, and other investigations it seems that the size and weight of corms had more important role than number of corms in final yield [4]. Overall, the best conditions for growthing and yield of saffron was in 20*10 cm, these results are corresponding to other researches [1,2,4].

Keywords: Crocus sativus, Medicinal plants, flower yield, stigma yield

Refrences:1- Alavi, H. et al. (1994) 2nd National Seminar on Saffron and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants. Gonabad. Iran.2- Ghalavand, A., Abdollahian, M. (1994) 2nd National Seminar on Saffron and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants. Gonabad. Iran. 3- Hassan-Beygi, S. R. et al. (2010) Sci. Hort. 124: 109–115. 4- Mohammad-Abadi, A. A. et al. (2011) J. Agroeco. In press.

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SL.H.04.EFFECT OF WATER AND SALINITY STRESSES ON

GERMINATION INDICES AND SEEDLING GROWTH IN ARTICHOKE (CYNARA SCOOLYMUS) AND PURPLE

CONEFLOWER (ECHINACEA PURPUREA)

Parviz Rezvani MOGHADDAM1, Mohammad Behzad AMIRI1, Hamid Reza EHYAYI1, Jabbar FALLAHI1, Mahsa AGHHAVANI-SHAJARI1

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Drought and salinity are widespread problems around the world [4]. Germination is one of the most critical phases of plant life in which greatly influenced by stress [2]. Poor germination and decreased seedling growth result in poor establishment and occasionally crop failure [4]. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the effects of water and salinity stress on germination properties and early seedling growth in Artichoke and Purple coneflower medicinal plants. For this four laboratory’s experiments were conducted in completely randomized design with four replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2009. Treatments were eight levels of water stress (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12 and -14 bar) for first and second experiments and six levels of salinity stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 Mmol of NaCl) for third and fourth experiments. Results showed that germination percentage in two studied plants was decreased with increas in stress levels. The decrease in germination under drought and salt stress conditions is due to the fact that seeds develop an osmotically enforced dormancy in these conditions [3]. Artichoke was more resistance than Purple coneflower to water and salinity stress, where amount of germination in Artichoke and Purple coneflower were 72 and 5% in -10 bar of water stress, these amounts were 75 and 8% in 150 Mmol of salinity stress. Moreover, mean germination time (day-1) increased by increasing in water stress in Artichoke but there were not significantly different in Purple coneflower. Radicle to plumule length ratio was increased by increasing in water and salinity levels in artichoke, while this ratio was without difference in water stress and was decreased in salinity stress in purple coneflower. Reported that an increased root/shoot ratio appears to be an adaptation to stress, resulting in more efficient water and nutrient uptake under stress conditions [1]. Also, seedling dry weight was decreased by increasing water and salinity stress in two studied plants. Overall, it seems that germination indices and seedling growth in Artichoke were superior than Purple coneflower.

Keywords: Drought, Mean Germination Time, Radicle, Plumule

Refrences:1. Gorham, J., et al. (1999) Plant Soil. 89:15–40. 2. Misra, N., Dwivedi, U.N. (2004) Plant Sci. 166: 1135–1142. 3. Saboora, A., Kiarostami, K. (2006) Pak. J. Biaol. Sci. 9 (11): 2009-2021. 4. Soltani, A., et al. (2006) Environ. Experi. Bot. 55: 195–200.

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SL.H.05.

SELECTION THE BEST INVITRO CULTURE FOR PROPAGATION OF MOUNTAIN MEDICINAL PLANT

(HYMENOCRATER PLATYSTEGIUS RECH.)

Mozhgan Sabet TEIMOURI1, Mehdi Nassiri MAHALLATI2

1Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, College of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Iran,2Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, College of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Iran


Hymenocrater platystegius Rech. is indigenous to Khorasan province in the north east part of Iran. Sampling was conducted from six habitats (Bazangan, Bezd, Bezgh, Golmakan, Kalat and Zoshk) of H. platystegius in the Khorassan-e-Razavi province. In order to investigate the effect of different B5, MS and 1/2MS invitro culture hormonal treatments and carbon activate and non carbon activate added for reproduced this herb. There is different rooting and shooting hormones for propagated. Therefore, a series of experiments were performed in laboratory study was carried out in 2009-2011 at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experimental design was factorial of kind of hormones based on completely randomised block with 5 replications. Treatments included 4 Hormones with 5 levels of NAA (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/lit), IAA (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/lit), IBA (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/lit) and 5 levels of BAP (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/lit). Results indicated that NAA and MS culture is the best treatments in others. That hormones imposed a significant effect on shooting propagated (P<0.01) and MS+3 (mg/lit) BAP significantly negative effects of length and number of roots as well as fresh weight per sample plant. The MS and carbon activate culture is the better than non carbon activate culture. In this culture, 1 (mg/lit) IBA and 3(mg/lit) BAP interactions were also significant (100 % of samples were live). But there were not propagated samples in vitro culture of this plant. Adaptation for this plant is very hard and research on this part of study is continued.

Keywords: BAP, hymenocrater platystegius, IBA, Invitro, NAA.

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SL.H.06.IMPACT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN

MORPHOLOGY AND SECONDARY CHEMICAL PRODUCTION IN MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

Mahdi FARAVANI1, Baki Hj. BAKAR2 and Baratali GHOLAMI1 1Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Research Resources Center, Mashhad, Iran

2Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Corresponding author:[email protected]

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere has reached to approximately 390 ppm in 2010. The present level is higher than at any one time during the last 800 thousand years and likely to be higher than in the past 20 million years due to inter-alia, the industrial revolution and uncontrolled use of fossil fuels, land degradation and deforestation principally in the tropical rainforest regions. Such level of emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere plays a significant deleterious role in the greenhouse effect. Global climate change is known as one of the greatest challenges to the humankind and all other life-forms on Earth. Worldwide changes in seasonal patterns namely early flowering, late cold spring, weather events, temperature ranges, and other related phenomena have all been shown as the resultant effect of global climate change. Global climate change is causing noticeable effects on the life cycles, growth and active ingredients of herbs and these may lead to parallel short- and long-term changes to the spatio-temporal distribution of medicinal plants around the world, and the phenology of local species. These changes may be partially attributed to invasive plant species entering into particular habitat(s) and ecosystem(s) leading to competition over space and resources between the invasives and their endemic counterparts. Climate change may not directly initiate chemical changes in the profile of metabolites and constituents produced by plants but it could add to existing stresses among competing plants, and can affect secondary metabolites and other compounds that plants produce, and these in effect could impact on their medicinal activity.

Keywords: Climate change, herbs, phenology, carbon dioxide, active ingredients

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SL.H.07.EFFECT OF WATER STRESS, BIO-FERTILIZER AND

MANURE ON SEED AND ESSENTIAL OIL YIELD OF CUMIN (CUMINUM CYMINUM)

Mohammad Javad SEGHATOLESLAMI1 and Hamid Reza ZABIHI2 1Islamic Azad university, Birjand branch, Birjand, Iran; 2Agricultural and Natural Resource

Research Centre of Khorasan-e- Razavi, Mashhad, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Optimizing irrigation management together with the cultivation of suitable crops is appropriate in arid regions. In this condition, soil fertilizing method is very important. In order to study the effect of fertilization method and supplemental irrigation on seed and essential oil yield of cumin, under a rain fed system, an experiment was conducted during two successive seasons, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, at the Agricultural Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch, Iran. Experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block with three replications. Two irrigation treatments (rainfall + 3 irrigations, water stress and rainfall + 6 irrigations, control) were as main plots and 7 fertilization methods (control- no fertilizer, 10 t/ha manure- 10M, 5t/ha manure- 5M, 50 kg/ha nitrogen as urea- 50N, 5M+25Nand seed inoculation with Pseudomonas putida and P. fluorescence ) were as sub plot. Manure was used only in first year. Total rainfall in growing season were 123 mm and 62 mm in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, respectively. Water stress significantly reduced seed and essential oil yield, but had not any significant effect on essential oil percent. Interaction of irrigation and fertilization method on essential oil yield was significant. The highest seed yield in water stress conditions (38.2 and 24.2 g/m2 in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, respectively) was related to 5M+25N, but in control irrigation treatment, the highest seed yield in 2009/2010 (73.2 g/m2) and 2010/2011 (63.6 g/m2) was related to 50N and 5M+50N, respectively. Using Pseudomonas sp. had not any positive effect on the yield. Treatments with the highest seed yield, had the highest seed essential oil yield, because essential oil percent was not significantly different between treatments. In conclusion, application of 5 t/ha manure + 25 kg/ha nitrogen with 6 irrigations had the highest seed essential oil yield.

Keywords: cumin, bio-fertilizer, manure, water stress, essential oil

References: 1. Ahmadian, A. et al. (2011) African J of Agric. Res. 6(10): 2309-2315. 2. Bhattacharyya, R. et al. (2008) Europ. J. Agronomy 28: 33-46. 3. Khazaie, H. R. et al. (2008) Ind. Crops Prod. 27: 315-321.

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SL.H.08.ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN DRIED STEVIA

LEAVES BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER GROWN UNDER VARIOUS SOIL CONDITIONS

Raman DANG1*, Kuntal DAS2 and Laxminarayan HEGDE3 *1Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Hosur Main Road, Bangalore- 27, India.

2St. John’s Pharmacy College, #6, R.P.C. Layout, Vijayanagar, Bangalore-40, India.3KRC College of Horticulture, Arabavi, Belgaum, India.Corresponding author: [email protected]

Stevia cultivation were conducted at different places of South India viz. Ripponpet (Dist. Karnataka) and Aravavi (Dist. Gokak), under an acidic and basic soil zones (pH 6.10 and 8.20 respectively) to procure the high yield foliage production and to determine the accumulation of non essential heavy metal contents (Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd) in dried leaves of Stevia plant by applied of bio-fertilizers. Analyzed results revealed dried Stevia leaves contains very trace amount of Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd where as the amount of leaf biomass increased up to six months of the study (341g) procured from acidic soil zone. The same trends were followed in case of basic soil samples, where dried biomass increased up to 325 g during total six months of study. The level of heavy metal content differed in the same Stevia plant collected from environmentally different sites and were found to be varied in both the soil zones but calculated lesser than that of toxic level. This may be due to nature of soil environment and intake of nutrients by supplied biofertilizers in soil.

Keywords: AAS, Heavy metals, Biofertilizers, Soil condition

References:1.Chalapathi MV, Thimmegowda S, Gangadhar Rao G, Devkumar N, Chandraprakash J. Influence of fertilizer levels on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of ratoon crop of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). J. Med. Aromatic Plant Sci. 1999; 21: 947–949. 2.Neil PO. Minor Element and Environmental Problems. Envir. Chem, 2nd ed; 1993. 3.World Health Organization. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, WHO Geneva Switzerland. 1998.

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SL.H.09.EVALUATION OF ELEVATED CO2 AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS,

ESSENTIAL OIL AND YIELD OF LEMON BALM (Melissa officinalis L.)

Farzad MONDANI1, Mahmoud SHOOR2, Akbar ALIVERDI3

1- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Mashhad, Iran; 2- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticultural Science, Mashhad, Iran; 3- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of

Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Mashhad, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

CO2 enrichment and nutritional improvement can usually increase photosynthesis and growth of different crops that production can be subsequently enhanced. There has been little information about elevated CO2 on medical plants. The aim of the present study was to assess interactive effects of CO2 enrichment and fertilizer on physiological characteristics and essential oil of lemon balm. Experimental units are composed of CO2 at 380, 700, and 1050 ppm with and without the application of manure and N fertilizer. Results indicated that, with increasing of CO2 concentration, a continuous increasing trend of individual plant leaf area, total dry weight accumulation and relative growth ratio were recorded. When CO2 concentration was elevated from 380 to 1050 ppm, the values of height (24.3%), SPAD reading (2.7%), essential oil yield (26.3%) and final yield (65.3%) were increased. Unlike, Stomatal conductance (35.2%) and essential oil percentage (53%) were decreased with CO2 enrichment. Moreover, the highest and the lowest values (except essential oil percentage) were obtained under application of N fertilizer and no fertilizer, respectively. Except SPAD reading, interaction between the elevated CO2 and each fertilizer on all measured characteristics had a significant effect so that the effect of CO2 enrichment was intensified by applying each fertilizer. Therefore, it can concluded that when the temperature increase caused by rising CO2 is not considered or there is not a limitation for resources, CO2 enrichment will lead an improvement in lemon balm biomass and essential oil yield.

Keywords: Climate change, essential oil yield, medicinal plant, stomatal conductance

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SL.H.10.THE EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE AND DIFFERENT

LEVELS OF MANURE CATTLE ON TWO CULTIVARS OF BASIL IN THE FIELD (Ocimum basilicum L.)

R. Soroor EMAMI¹ J. DANESHIAN²and M. BIGDELI³Department of Agronomy, Takestan Branch , Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran;

Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Iran; 2 Education and Extension Organization of Iran(AREEO) 3Department of Agronomy, , Takestan Branch , Islamic Azad University,

Takestan, Iran Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected]

Nowadays, demand for organic production of basil is increasing because its medicinal characteristic has a strong association with organic production (Toyes-Aviles, 2003). In order to study the effect of planting date levels and different levels of cattle manure and cultivars on yield and yield components of basil, a field experiment was conducted at Guilan region in 2008. The experiment was carried out using Factorial in position Experiment (Factor 1: 3 levels of cattle manure including 0, 15&30 T.ha-1; Factor 2: 3levels of planting date was considered in 3 levels include: 28, May.2008 -7, Jun.2008 -17,Jun.2008 and Factor 3: 2 cultivars including green & purple cultivar) based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Means comparison performed at 5% probability level using Duncan’s test. Result indicated that cattle manure effect was significant on most of yield components and essential oil yield like leaf dry weight, total dry weight, plant height, biological yield, seed yield and essential oil yield which the highest level of each trait was 85.5 g.m-2, 350.4 g.m-2, 58.5 cm, 14135Kg.ha-1, 2042 Kg.ha-1& 58 L.ha-1 respectively reached from applied 30T.ha-1cattle manure. So result indicated that planting date’s effect was significant on some of yield components like total dry weight and biological yield .Kind of cultivar significantly affected leaf dry weight, total dry weight, biological yield, seed yield with the highest levels 85 g.m-

2, 313.3 g.m-2, 13198 Kg.ha-1, 1590.8 Kg.ha-1 that Respectively achieved from green cultivar but the highest levels of essential oil yield that achieved from purple cultivar(42 L.ha-1). The significant interaction effect between planting date and cattle manure on total dry weight achieved from applied 30T.ha-1cattle manure on first planting date .The significant interaction effect between cattle manure and cultivar on total dry weight achieved from applied 30T.ha-1cattle manure on green cultivar.

Keywords: planting date, basil, cattle manure, essential oil

Acknowledgements: 1.Islamic Azad University, Takestan ,Iran, , Takestan Branch

References: 1. Toyes-Avilés, S.R. 2003. Productores orgánicos Del Cabo: un caso exitoso de producción y comercialización orgánica. Memoria de la XV semana internacional de agronomía. FAZ-UJED. Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. 8 al 12 de septiembre de 2003. pp. 104-108.

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SL.H.11.EFFECT OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS ON SEED

GERMINATION AND DORMANCY BREAKING IN WITHANIA SOMNIFERA L.

Shahram RIAHINIA1 ,Fatemeh RANJBAR 2 ,Nafiseh KAMAYESTANI3 Hossein MARDANI 4

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; 2,3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran;

3 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Seeds of most medicinal plant species have dormancy to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions. So, understanding ecophysiological factors affecting dormancy and create optimal conditions for seed germination and cultivation of medicinal plants to produce them is necessary. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different treatments on seed dormancy and germination of withania somnifera and recommendation the effective treatment to increase germination and early seedling growth. To evaluate the effect of sulfuric acid on seed germination of withania somnifera, plots were arranged as factorial, using a completely randomized design with three replications. The study was conducted in Ferdowsi University of Agricultural Sciences, research laboratory in 2011.Treatments consisted of two concentrations of sulfuric acid 70% and 98% in various time intervals (10,30 and 60 minute),and distilled water were used as controls.The results showed that treatment with sulfuric acid increased significantly germination rate and germination percentage, (P<0.05). Soaking seeds in concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) increased mean germination time and decreased seed vigor. Scarification with concentrated sulphuric acid (98% purity) for 10 min was the most efficient treatment to promote germination in withania somnifera seeds.

Keywords: seed germination, dormancy breaking, Withania somnifera L.

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SL.H.12.THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GIBBERELLIC ACID DOSES ON THE GERMINATION OF SOME ENDEMIC SIDERITIS

SPECIES

Ahmet GÜMÜŞÇÜ1, Osman TUGAY2, Yüksel KAN3, Gönül GÜMÜŞÇÜ4

1Selçuk University, Cumra High Educational College, 42500, Çumra-Konya, Turkey2Selçuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Konya, Turkey

3Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Konya, Turkey 4Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Center, Karatay, Konya, Turkey


This study was carried out at the laboratories of the Selcuk University, Cumra High Educational College, Konya, in 2009. The plant materials were Sideritis congesta P.H. Davis et Hub.-Mor., Sideritis condensata Boiss. et Heldr., Sideritis leptoclada O. Schwarz et. P.H. Davis, Sideritis tmolea P.H. Davis and Sideritis libanotica Labill. ssp. linearis. All of these plant materials were endemic to Turkey. All plants of the Sideritis species generally have germination problems. Therefore, the research on the cultivation of such species via seeds has difficulties. For this reason, the gibberellic acid hormone was used to solve this problem. The hormone doses were used 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm, at the room temperature and 8 hours light, 16 hours darkness conditions in the laboratory conditions. According to the results; the highest germination rate determined in different hormone doses were 54% in 500 ppm of S. leptoclada seeds and followed by 46% in 1000 ppm, 40% in 100 ppm, 40% in 750 ppm of the same species.

Keywords: Sideritis, Lamiaceae, germination, gibberellic acid, endemic

Acknowledgments: This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK). This paper was prepared from a part of this study.

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SL.H.13.THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS)

Ahmad GHOLAMI1, Roja FARHOODIAN2, Hassan MAKKARIAN1, Mostafa GOVAHI3, Hamid ABBASDOKHT1

1 Shahrood University of Technology, Department of Agronomy, Shahrood, Iran, 2MSc Agronomy, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran, `3Medicinal Plant Centre of

Jahad-e Daneshgahi of Mazandaran, Sari, IranCorresponding author:[email protected]

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is member of Lamiaceae family, which distributes in different areas of Meditaranea and Asia. An experiment was conducted during 2010 to study the effects of chemical and biofertilizers on yield and quality of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) at experimental farm in research station of Jahad-e Daneshgahi of Mazandaran. The factors were vermicompost (0, 2, 4 and 6 ton/ha), Nitroxin (0, 25%) and NPK (0,100:50:50 kg/ha). The experiment design was factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with sixteen treatments and three replications. Results show that the highest plant height (27.3 Cm) was obtaind with 6 ton/ha vermicompost + NPK (100:50:50 kg/ha) treatment. The maximum fresh and dry weight (1063.33 and 200 kg/ha) was related to the application of 4 ton/ha vermicompost + NPK and nitroxin. The highest essential oil percent (2.5%) was obtained with consumption of 6ton/ha vermicompost + application of nitroxin. The highest thymol content (70/80 %) in essential oil was obtained with application of 6 ton/ha vermicompost + NPK. The results indicated that application of 4 ton/ha vermicompost + nitroxin + NPK in relation to yield and application of 6 ton/ha vermicompost +NPK in relation to essential oil and thymol content, were better than control.

Keywords: Biofertilizer, Thymus vulgaris, Thymol

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SL.H.14.INFLUENCE OF BIOFERTILIZERS ON STEVIOSIDE

CONTENT IN STEVIA REBAUDIANA GROWN IN DIFFERENT SOIL ZONES IN INDIAN SUBTROPICS

Raman DANG1 and Kuntal DAS2

1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Hosur Main Road, Bangalore-27, India. 2 Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,

St. John’s Pharmacy College, Vijayanagar, Bangalore-104, IndiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The present study was carried out to evaluate the influence of biofertilizers on stevioside content (Main active principle) in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana grown in different soil conditions. The six month field experiment study was revealed the combined application of three biofertilizers from both the soil zones improved the total yield of fresh biomass over that of their corresponding sole applications. However the amount and percentage increase of bio-mass yield were recorded highest (22.14% and 928 g respectively) in the treatment when all three bio-fertilizers were applied together in acid soil zone over basic soil zone (12.84% and 887 g respectively). Simultaneously the number of branches increased with the decreased of plant height from both the zones. Finally the contents of stevioside were recorded significantly higher (20.17 %) in Stevia leaf collected from acid soil zone with the same treatments (T8) over control and their corresponding sole applications by applied HPLC chromatogram. The chromatographic separations were carried out using a C18 column with mobile phase, Methanol and water (80:20), detected UV at 210 nm. The limit of determination of stevioside was 4 μg ml-1. The improved amount of Stevioside was due to the standardized agronomic method, geographical and soil nature of the country.

Keywords: Biofertilizer, HPLC, biomass, Stevia

References: 1.Bovanova L, Brandsteterova E, Baxa S. Estimation of Stevioside in Stevia extract by HPLC chromatography. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitte luntersuchung and - Forschung A., 1998; 207 (5): 352. 2.Chalapathi MV, Thimmegowda S, Gangadhar Rao G, Devkumar N, Chandraprakash J. Influence of fertilizer levels on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of ratoon crop of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). J. Med. Aromatic Plant Sci. 1999; 21: 947–949.

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SL.H.15.DETERMINATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS IN SOILS AND Mentha spicata SUBSP. tomentosa GROWN IN AN INDUSTRIAL AREA,

DILOVASI-KOCAELI-TURKEY

İbrahim İlker ÖZYIğIT1, Zeki SEVEROğLU1, Mustafa KESKIN1, Ülkühan YAŞAR2, İlhan DOğAN3, Azim ÖZTÜRK1, Göksel DEMIR4, Onur ZORLUER1,

İbrahim Ertuğrul YALÇIN1,4 and Fatih Mahmut BULUT1

1Marmara University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Biology Department, Göztepe, Istanbul, Turkey, 2Bartın University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department,

Bartın-Turkey, 3Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gülbahçe, Urla, Izmir, Turkey, 4Bahçeşehir University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental

Engineering Department, Beşiktaş, Istanbul-TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

Phytotherapy, which is healing with plant is old, and has become as increasingly popular as the history of humanity and botanical medications (Başgel and Erdemoğlu, 2006). Thus, medicinal plants are consumed worldwide for the treatment of several diseases and are important raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry for the production of phytopharmaceuticals (Mamani et al., 2005). However, many medicinal herbs and their mixtures can present a health risk such as injury to the kidneys, symptoms of chronic toxicity, renal failure and liver damage due to the presence of some toxic trace elements such as Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn (Abou-Arab et al.,1999). The release of trace metals through human activities into the environment has increased over the years and their excess in the environment has been reported to be extremely dangerous to human health (Olowoyo et al., 2010). Environment conditions in developing countries, pollution from irrigation water, the atmosphere and soil, sterilization methods and inadequate storage conditions all play an important role in contamination of medicinal plants by heavy metals (Mamani et al., 2005). Uptake of trace elements by plant varies and depends largely on several factors, such as soil pH and organic matter content (Logan et al., 1997). Plant uptake is one of the major routes of food chain exposure to trace elements in the soil. It is important to have a good quality control for medicinal herbs in order to protect consumers from contamination (Garcia et al., 2000). In this study, Mentha spicata subsp. tomentosa and soil samples were collected from 4 different localities in Dilovası Organized Industrial Zone, Kocaeli Turkey. Samples of control group (plant and soil) were collected from the Prince Islands, where there is no motor vehicle traffic and any industrial activities. Leaf samples were divided into two sub-samples; some of them were thoroughly washed several times with tap water followed by dis tilled water to remove dust particles in a standardized procedure, and rest of them were untreated. Standard procedures were used and the determinations

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of the heavy metals and nutrient elements (B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Zn) in all samples (washed-unwashed leaf, stem, root and soil) were done using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). As a result of the measurements, it was observed that heavy metal pollution is affected by the industrial activities significantly.

Keywords: Mint, heavy metal, nutrient, pollution, industry.

References:1.Abou-Arab, A.A.K. et al., (1999). Food Chem., 67 357-363. 2.Mamani, M.C.V. et al., (2005). J Pharmaceut Biomed., 37, 709-713. 3.Olowoyo, J.O. et al., (2010) Atmos Environ., 44, 1826-1830. 4.Logan, T.J. et al., (1997) Water Environ Res., 69, 28-33. 5.Garcia, E. et al., (2000) Sci Total Environ, 247:51– 56. 6.Başgel S. and Erdemoğlu S.B., (2006) Sci Total Environ 359: 82- 89.

SL.H.16.DOSE HARVESTING SEEDLESS BARBERRY AT DIFFERENT

HOURS PER DAY MAKE ANY DIFFERENCES IN FRUIT QUALITY INDICES?

Jabbar FALLAHI1, Parviz Rezvani MOGHADDAM1, Mahsa AGHHAVANI-

SHAJARI1, Marziyeh NASIRI-MAHALLATI2

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran ; 2 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran.


Today many researches are focused on the small fruits such as seedless barberry that are considered as source of organic and inorganic nutrients and medicinal compounds [1]. Qualtative indices of berries such as anthocyanins are affected by many invironmental factors as temperature and light [4,6]. Therefore, this expriment was conducted to evaluated the effects of variability of daily temperatures on qualitative indices of seedless barberry. The experiment was carried out as a split plot in time based on CRBD with three replications in Qayen, Southern Khorassan province, Iran, in year 2010. The experimental treatments were five different times of harvesting per day at 16 Sept. and 17 Oct., 2010. Harvesting was done every three hours which strated from 07.00 am (before sunrise) and ended at 19.00 pm (after sunset). Different hours temperatures were recorded at 16 Sept. and 17 Oct (Table 1). The qualitative indices such as pH, brix percenatge, acidity and anthocyanin were measured in each harvesting time. Results showed that qualitative indices of barberry fruits were improved in early morning and late afternoon, moreover, all of the indices were improved with delaying in harvesting date (Table 2). Many researches were shown that the amounts of anthocyanin, acidity and soluble solids are affected by

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changing temperature [3]. Anthocyanin and acidity had a decreasing trend with increasing of temperature (Table 1,2), that it seems to be related with decreasing of brix [5]. It has been reported that anthocyanins are more stable in low temperatures and high acidity [3,4] that observed before sunrise and after sunset.

Table 1. Temperatures recorded at different times of harvesting at 16 September and 17 October, 2010

Table 2. Effects of harvesting time and harvesting date on quality indices of barberry fruit.

Treatment pH Brix (%) Acidity(%) MI † ACY‡Hours of harvesting

07.00 am 3.245a 21.2a 3.7b 3.40a 23.7a

10.00 am 3.246a 9.70b 3.1c 3.03b 16.6b

13.00 pm 3.246a 10.0b 2.9c 3.33a 17.6b

16.00 pm 3.185b 11.9a 3.8ab 3.19ab 24.8a

19.00 pm 3.183b 12.5a 4.0a 3.18ab 25.7a

Dates of harvesting16 September 3.0b 10.1b 3.7a 2.6b 16.3b

17 October 3.3a 12.5a 3.3b 3.7a 27.1a

† MI: Maturity index, ‡ ACY: Anthocyanin (mg/100 ml extract)

Keywords: Berberis vulgaris, medicinal plant, Anthocyanin

Refrences:1- Arena, M. E., Curvetto, N. S. (2008). Sci. Hort. 118: 120–127. 2- Buttrose, M.S. et al. (1971) Am. J. Enology and Viticulture. 22: 71-75. 3- Jyothi, A. N. et al. (2005) Int. J. Food. Prop. 8: 221–232. 4- Laleh, G. H. et al. (2006) Pakistan J. Nut. 5: 90-92. 5- Mazza, G., Miniati, E. (1993) Anthocyanins in Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains. CRC press, Cambridge, USA. 6- Yamane, T. et al. (2006) Am. J. Enology and Viticulture. 57(1): 54-59.

07.00 am 10.00 am 13.00 pm 16.00 pm 19.00 pm16 September 13 oC 21 oC 32 oC 19 oC 15 oC

17 October 4 oC 17 oC 27 oC 15 oC 11 oC

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SL.H.17.

DETERMINATION OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS SEED GERMINATION PROPERTIES USING COLD TREATMENT

Eray TULUKCUUniversity of Selcuk Cumra Vocational High School Medicinal Plant Program, Turkey


Some medicinal plants seeds of the germination rate and velocity properties were investigated in this research,In this research, 24 different medicinal plants seeds were used in Cumra Vocational High School in 2009-2010. The medicinal plants seeds thousand grain weights calculated 4 times 100 counting and some seed were kept in the refrigerator 0 0C for 30 days. Germination tests were carried on four replicates of 100 seeds at 20ºC. At the end of study, germination rate and velocity was recorded.In this study, it was used 24 medicinal plants seed. The number of germination rate days decreased 13 medicinal plants, Some plants increased such as Flax (Linum usitatissimum), Rose Mallow (Alcea rosea) and Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus). Using cold treatments the number of germination rate days was an average of 7 days, Normal germination practice was 10 days.

Keywords: Germination rate, Germination velocity, Medicinal plants, Seed

SL.H.18.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION AND HARVESTING TIME IN DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGE OF FLOWER ON

YIELD AND ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT OF Matricaria chamomilla L.

A. MOLLAFILABI1, A. FARIBORZI 2, M. H. RASHEDMOHASEEL2

1-Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Torbat-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University,Torbat-Jam, Iran; 2-Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of

Mashad. IranCoresponding author: [email protected]

According to importance of medicinal and aromatic plants and potential abilities of Iran province for producing this plants an experiment was conducted in 2010 at agricultural experiment station Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and three time of flower harvesting depend to

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growing stage of flower (immature, semi-mature and mature flower) were compared in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete bloke design with 4 replicates. Results of this experiment showed that by increasing nitrogen up to 150 kg/ha, plant height and yield of plant (dry & wet flower yields) were increased. The number of branches, the number of flower per plant, flower yield, essential oil content and chamazulene were maximized at 100 kg/ha of N application. Highest concentration of nitrogen caused a decrease in the above mentioned parameters. The flower harvesting time treatment in all growth and quality parameters was significant (p<0.05). Semi-mature flower treatment showed highest number of flower per plant, the total yield (dry & wet flower yields) and essential oil content. The highest content of chamazulene was observed in the mature flower treatm

Keywords: Matricaria chamomilla, essential oil, nitrogen, chamomile

SL.H.19.THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ZINC DOSES ON THE YIELD

AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF FENUGREEK (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.)

Rüveyde TUNÇTÜRKDepartment of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Yuzuncu Yiıl University, Van, Turkey


This study was carried out to determine the effects of different zinc doses (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha) on yield and some yield attributes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in Van ecological conditions in 2006 year. Field trials were designed by Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications at the experimental fields of Agricultural Faculty of Yuzuncu Yıl University. In the study, plant height (cm), the number of branches (branch plant-1), first pod height (cm), the number of pods (pods plant-1), the number of seeds in pod (seeds pod-1), pod lenght (cm), thousand-seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg ha-1) were determined. According to statistical analysis, all the growth and yield parameters were significantly (P<0.05) affected by zinc fertilization. Seed yield increased by increasing zinc doses. As a result, the highest seed yield (707.2 kg/ha) was obtained from 60 kg ha-1 zinc fertilizer application.

Keywords: Fenugreek, seed yield, zinc

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P.H.01.EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON PERCENTAGE OF RUTIN AND

EXTRACT YIELD OF CALENDULA (Calendula officinalis L) UNDER WATER DEFICIT STRESS

J. DANESHIAN 1, N. RAHMANI 2 and P. JONOBI3

1 Islamic Azad University, Takestan branch, Iran. 2 Member of Young Research Club Islamic Azad University, Takestan branch, Iran; 3 Tarbiat Moalem University of Tehran, Iran

Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

The effects of water deficit stress and nitrogen were studied on flavonoid rutin perecent and extract yield of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). An experiment was conducted at Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Takestan-Iran branch in 2006. Field experiment was carried out by a split plot design based on completely randomized block design with 4 replications. treatments were three levels of stress as irrigation after 40, 80 and 120 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan, and consumption of 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg.ha-1nitrogen . The results indicated that water deficit stress had significant effect on petial yield , petial weight to flower ratio ,extract perecent ,extract yield and flower quality .The highest of petial yield (809.8 kg.ha-1),weight of petial to flower ratio (33.56 %),extract yield (218.6 kg.ha-1) and flower quality (45.79) were got when plants were irrigated after 40 mm water evaporation,however plants peroduced the highest extract weight with 31 perecent when irrigated after 80 mm evaporation .Nitrogen had signification effect on extract perecent ,extract yield and rutin perecent .The most extract perecent (30 %), petial yield (495 kg.ha-1) and extract yield (133.7 kg.ha-1) were got by applying of 90 kg.ha-1nitrogen. However, highest rutin percent was obtained with 1.449 from without non applicition and 30 kg.ha-1nitrogen. Irrigation and nitrogen interaction effect were signification in petial yield and rutin perecent .The highest petial yield was obtained normal water deficit stress and application 90 kg.ha-1nitrogen,whereas the highest rutin perecent was obtained 80 mm water evaporation and application 30 kg.ha-1nitrogen.The different levels of application nitrogen indicated no diffrents with to gether in 120 mm water evaporation. It seems that for maximum petal yield the optimum irrigation level is adequate along with the maximum nitrogen consumption.

Keywords: Calendula, water deficit stress, nitrogen, rutin perecent and extract yield

References: 1.Pirzad,A., Alyai, H. Shakiba, M.R. Zehtab-salmasi, S.and Mohammadi, A..( 2006) Eessential oil content and composition of German chamomile(Matricaria chamomilla L.) at different irrigation regims.J.of Agron .5(3):451-455.

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2.Omidbaigi,R., Hassani, A.and sefidkon, F.(2003).Essential oil content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different irrigation regimes.jeobp.6:104-108

P.H.02.THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION LEVELS ON THE OLEUROPEIN CONTENTS OF OLIVE TREE (Olea europaea L. cv. Memecik) IN THE WESTERN COASTAL

REGION IN TURKEY

Işın YAZICI1, Fatih KARABEY1, Şeref AKAY 2, Ünal KAYA3, Hatice DEMIRAY1

1University of Ege Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Section of Botany, Bornova-İzmir Turkey; 2University of Ege Faculty of Engineering Department of Bioegineering, Bornova-İzmir

Turkey; 3Bornova Olive Research Institute, 35100, Izmir, TurkeyCorresponding author:[email protected]

In this study, the effect of different irrigation levels on olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Memecik) oil quality parameters was researched in the Aegean Region during the crop seasons 2007-08. Six different irrigation water levels of drip irrigation were tested using Class A pan evaporation technique (I0 (kpc:0), I0.25 (kpc:0.25), I0.50 (kpc:0.50), I0.75 (kpc:0.75), I1.00 (kpc:1.00), I1.25 (kpc:1.25)). Oleuropein (fig 1.)contents of them were detected by HPLC Olive leaves shoved considerable contents of oleuropein (16.25 %) in summer collected and no irrigation existed. İn the same irrigation regime contents of oleuropein were decreased depending upon the increasing irrigation regimes: 0.25 (10.28 %) ; 0.50 (2.19 %); 0.75 (1.43 %) ; 1.00 (0.09 %) .But in winter period contents of oleuroropein were 0.55 % in waterless regime, while the content increased as two folds of this value ( 1.14 %) in 1.25 irrigation regime. Contents of oleuroropein was observed to be increased inversely proportional with increased irrigation regimes in autumn period. The oleuropein values were 1.21 % in waterless, 0.76 % in 0.25 irrigation, 0.45 % in 0.50 irrigation, 0.44 % in 0.75 irrigation, 0.33 % in 1:00 irrigation and 0.25 % in 1.25 irrigation regimes. It did not observe any important increase or decrease between contents of oleuropein depending upon the gradually increased irrigation regimes in spring period (waterless (0.51 %) , 0.25 (0.39 %) ; 0.50 (0.38 %); 0.75 (0.11 %) ; 1.00 (0.79 %).

Keywords: oleuropein, irrigation, Olea europaea

Figure 1. Oleuropein structure

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P.H.03.EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHOSPHOROUS,

POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON YIELD, YIELD COMPONENETS, ESSENTIAL OIL AND CHEMICAL

COMPOSITION OF THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS L.)

Toktam GHOREYSHI1, Majid Amini DEHAGHI2,1Department of Natural Resources of Torbat-e Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-

Jam, Iran; 2Faculy of agriculture, Shahed University, IranCorresponding author:[email protected], [email protected]

Thyme is one of the most important spices, is used all over the world, and includes many species. One of the most important commercially grown species is Thymus vulgaris L., which is endemic to the Mediterranean area. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of nitrogen, phosphor and potassium applications on growth, yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield of thyme. Three treatments nitrogen (0, 50 kg.ha-1and 100 kg.ha-1), three treatment phosphor (0, 40 kg.ha-1, 80 kg.ha-1) and three treatment potassium (0, 40 kg.ha-1, 80 kg.ha-1) were used, and the experiment was repeated at were conducted during 2007-2008 in medicinal plant field Shahed Univercity in a sandy loam. The showed results with increase application scale fertilizers nitrogen, phosphor and potassium slice fresh weight yield, dry herb yield increased. Also effects polar twofold N50K80, N100P80 on morphologic yield and N50k80, P0K80, N100P40 on essential oil yield highest effect and effects polar threefold N50P80K80 on dry herb yield and highest effect N100P40K80 on Carvacrol ratio. With increase dry herb yield, essential oil yield increased, But nitrogen no significant on essential oil ratio and Thymol ratio that was symptomatic want effect fertilizer treatment.

Keywords: Nitrogen, P-cymene, Phosphor, Potassium, Thyme, Thymol, Carvacrol, Yield

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P.H.04.EVALUATION OF GERMINATION FACTORS OF

SALVIA SAHENDICA IN DROUGHT AND SALT STRESS CONDITIONS

A. MOLLAFILABI1, M.T. EBADI2, A. FARZANEH 3, E. EBADI4 1Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Torbat-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Torbat-Jam, Iran; 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 3Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Iran 4- Researcher of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center or Khorasan Razavi Provinc, Iran.


Salvia genus has 58 annual and perennial herbaceous species in Iran that 17 species are endemic and Salvia sahendica is one of them that grows in Sahand mountains in Iran. In order to investigate the effects of drought stress caused by PEG 6000 and salinity stress induced by NaCl on germination factors of Salvia sahendica, two experiments were carried out based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. In the first experiment, the effects of drought levels (0, -2, -4, -6, -8 and -10 bar that zero bar as control) and in the second one, the effects of salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mmol that zero as control) on percentage and rate of germination, vigor index, radicle and plumule length were studied. According to the results, different levels of drought and salt stress had significant effects on all measured characteristics. S.sahendica was more sensitive to salinity stress because of rapid decrease of percentage and rate of germination. Radicle length was affected less than plumule length in these stress conditions. It seems that S.sahendica has well tolerance to drought and salt stress in germination stage and it has high potential for cultivation in stressful regions.

Keywords: Salvia sahendica, drought stress, salt stress, germination

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P.H.05.EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURE ON ECHIUM AMOENUM

FLOWER PRODUCTION

Parviz Rezvani MOGHADDAM1,Azam LASHKARI1, Mahsa AGHHAVANI SHAJARI1,

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Dry violet blue flowers of Echium amoenum (Gol-e-Gavzaban) has long been used in traditional medicine of Iran. In order to meet the ever-increasing demand of E. amoenum, for the indigenous systems of medicine as well as for the pharmaceutical industry, E. amoenum need to be cultivated commercially, but the physical and chemical situation of the soil fertility to plant production of E. amoenum is not known clearly. This experiment was conducted based on Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications and four treatments at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in year 2009-2011. Treatments included: cow manure (30 t/ha), Urban compost (20 t/ha), vermicompost (5 t/ha) and control. The results showed that studied treatments had significant effect on the most of studied indices. The highest plant height was obtained in vermicopost treatment. The highest main and lateral branches numbers and number of flowers per plant were obtained in cow manure and vermicompost. In addition, the highest and lowest fresh flower yield and dry flower yield were observed at second and fourth harvest, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest number of flower per 5 g of flower obtained at fourth and first harvest, respectively. Hussien [3] reported that some of growth indices, dry and fresh yield of Dracocephalum moldavica increased by application of compost [3]. It has been stated that growth indices of plants increased through improving of physical and chemical characteristics of soil by application of organic manure [1, 2]. Tahami Zarandi et al.[4] found that the maximum dry and fresh yield of Ocmimum basilicum were obtained at third harvest [4]. Overall, our results showed that studied organic manures have positive effect on E. amoenum petals production.

Keywords: compost, cow manure, vermicompost, medicinal plants, yield

References:1. Azeez, J.O. et al. (2010). Biores. Tech. 101: 2499–2505. 2. Darzi, M.T. (2009). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 25(1): 1-19. 3. Hussien, M. S. (2006). Sci. Hort. 108: 322-331. 4. Tahami Zarandi, M.K. et al. (2010). J. Agroecology. 2(1): 63-74.

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P.H.06.HEAVY METALS DETERMINATION IN SPESIES OF FAMILY

GERANIACEAE AND CORRESPONDING SOILS AFTER WILD FIRE

Marija ILIĆ1, Violeta MITIĆ1, Marija MARKOVIĆ2, Vesna STANKOV JOVANOVIĆ1, Snežana NIKOLIĆ MANDIĆ3

1 Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry, Niš, Serbia, 2 Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, Niš, Serbia,3 University of

Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, SerbiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Fire has been considered as an improving factor in soil quality, but only if it is controlled. In the same time, wild fires are classified as a natural catastrophe, with various consequences on living beings- diversity of plant species, possible changes in plant’s physiology, chemical composition and potential biological activities. In the summer 2007 on the Vidlic Mountain (Serbia), severe wild fire occurred and an attempt to estimate a part of its impact was made. Plants from Geraniaceae family have been commonly used in traditional medicine, and significant interest in assessment of eventual elevated content of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn) as an influence of wild fire exists. Besides that, in aim to determine ways of contamination, main soil characteristics and abundance of heavy metals in different fractions obtained after sequential extraction of soil and their distribution in aerial parts and roots of selected Geraniaceae family species (Geranium robertianum, Geranium macrorrhizum i G. bohemicum) from post fire area were studied also. The same plant species that inhabitate area not suffered from fire were used as a control, except G. bohemicum, which was found only in the post fire area.Though the amounts of analyzed heavy metals in soils fractions and in investigated plants are generally elevated as a consequence of wild fire, their levels were still below the harmful limits for all investigated plant species.

Keywords: wild fire, Geraniaceae, heavy metal, soil, sequential extraction

Acknowledgement:The research was supported by the Serbian Ministry of Science and Technological Development (grant no 172051).

References: 1. Amiri,S. et al. (2008) Afr J Biotechno 7(21):3912-3916. 2. Macdonald, E. (2007) Forest Ecol Manag 239(1-3):21–31. 3. Garcia-Marco, S., González-Prieto, S. (2008) Sci Total Environ 407:297–303. 4. Gonzalez, M. et al. (1994) Intern J Environ Anal Chem 57:135-150. 5. Hoenig, M. (2001) Talanta 54:1021-1038. 6. Intawongse, M., Dean, J. (2006) Food Addit and Contam 23(1):36–48. 7. Jung, C. (2008) Sensors 8: 2413-2423. 8. Kokaly, R. et al. (2007) Remote Sensing Environ 106:305–325. 9. Quevauviller Ph (1998) Trends Anal Chem 17(5) 17:289–298. 10. Ramos, L. et al. (1999) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62(3):301-308. 11. Umoren, I., Udousoro, I. (2009) Environmentalist 29:280–286. 12. Zheljazkova, V. et al. (2008) Environ Exp Bot 64:207–216

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P.H.07.SEED YIELD AND WATER USE EFFECIENCY OF Carum

copticum AS AFFECTED BY WATER STRESS, SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND MAGNETIC FIELD

Hassan FEIZI 1, Parviz REZVANI MOGHADDAM 2, Mohammad Javad SEGHATOLESLAMI 3, Hossein SAHABI4

1,2Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, 3College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch, Iran. 4 Member of Scientific Board, Torbat Heydarieh

Technical and Engineering Faculty, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Magnetic fields produce physiologic changes in cell structure and thus can affect plant performance. On the other hand nanoparticles may bind with different cytoplasmic organelles and interfere with the metabolic processes at that site. In order to study the effect of silver nanoparticles and magnetic field on Carum copticum and its role in the reduce of water and fertilizer consumption, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block with three replications in Agricultural Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch, Iran in 2010. Irrigation levels (control- once a week until the end of growth and water stress- once a week until the begin of flowering and after that every other week until the end of growth) were as main plot and soil fertilizing methods (control with no fertilizer, fertilizing with N-P-K based on soil analysis-F, using of magnetic band-M, using of silver nanoparticles - N, M+N and M+ N + 50% F) were as subplots. The results show water stress had not any significant effect on biomass and seed yield, seed and umbels number per plant and biomass WUE, but in water stress conditions 1000 seed weight, seed WUE and harvest index increased, significantly. Soil fertilizing method had significant effect on biomass and seed yield, umbels and seed number per plant and biomass and seed WUE. The use of base fertilizer (F) or magnetic band (M, M+N and M+N+50% F) caused the highest seed and biomass yield and their WUE, however silver nanoparticles had not any significant effect on these traits. Harvest index had not significantly affected by fertilizing method. Also, interaction of irrigation levels and soil fertilizing method was not significant on any measured traits. In conclusion, although making magnetic field could increased crop yield probably through nutrient uptake improvement, but it could not reduce water use in Carum copticum.

Keywords: Magnetic field, Silver nanoparticles, Water use efficiency, Yield

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P.H.08.THE EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE AND PLANT DENSITY ON MORPHOLOGICAL TRITS, YIELD AND WATER USE

EFFECIENCY OF Plantago ovata

Seyed Gholam Reza MOUSAVI1 , Hamed JAVADI2 and Elham ANSARINIA3

1Islamic Azad university, Birjand branch, Birjand, Iran; 2 Payamenoor university of Birjand,3Member of Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Iran


In order to study the effect of planting date and plant density on Morphological traits, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of Plantago ovata, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at experimental field of Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Birjand, Iran in 2008. The main plot was planting date at three levels of April 19, May 9 and May 30, 2008 and the sub-plot was plant density at three levels of 16.6, 22.2 and 33.3 plants/m2. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of planting date was significant on plant height, spike length, leaf number per plant, leaf, husk and grain yield, and WUE for grain production. Means comparison indicated that retarding the planting from April 19 to May 30 decreased plant height, spike length, leaf number/plant, husk, leaf and grain yield, and WUE for grain production by 24.5, 29.9, 18.2, 65.4, 60.2, 60.2 and 46.9%, respectively. The traits of plant height, spike length, leaf number per plant, tiller number per plant, leaf, husk and grain yield, and WUE for grain and biomass production were affected by plant density. As the results showed, with the increase in plant density from 16.6 to 33.3 plants/m2, plant height, grain yield and water use efficiency were increased by 7.8, 82.8 and 82.1%, respectively, but leaf number per plant, spike length and tiller number per plant were decreased by 24.8, 5.9 and 28.9%, respectively. The highest husk and leaf yield and WUE for biomass production was obtained at the density of 33.3 plants/m2 which were higher than those at the density of 16.6 plants/m2 by 2.11, 2.10 and 2.06 times, respectively. Swelling factor was not affected by planting date, plant density and their interactions. Also, the interaction between planting date and plant density significantly affected leaf, husk and grain yield and water use efficiency for grain production. In total, according to the results, the planting date of April 19 with the density of 33.3 plants/m2 is recommended to realize maximum yield and water use efficiency in Plantago ovata cultivation in Birjand region, Iran.

Keywords: Plantago ovata, planting date, plant density, yield, WUE.

References: 1.Sabagh Nekonam, M. and K.H. Razmjoo (2007) Inter. J. Agriculture Biology, 9(4): 606-609. 2. Karimzadeh, G. and R. Omidbaigi (2004) J. Agric. Sci. Technol. Vol. 6: 103-110. 3.Najafi, F. and P. Rezvanimoghadam (2002) Agricultural Science and Technology Journal. 16(2): 59-65.

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P.H.09.THE EFFECT OF WATER DEFICIT STRESS AND NITROGEN

FERTILIZER ON FLOWER YIELD COMPONENTS OF POT MARIGOLD (Calendula officinalis L.)

Seyed Gholam Reza MOUSAVI1 , 2 Mansor FAZELI- ROSTAMPOOR 1Islamic Azad university, Birjand branch, Birjand, Iran; 2 Ph.D. Student of Islamic Azad

university science and research campus, Tabriz, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen levels on flower yield, yield components and water use effeciency of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, at research field of Islamic Azad University of Birjand branch in 2009. In this research water deficit stress set as main factor with three levels (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A) and nitrogen set as sub factor with four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1). The results showed irrigation trearments had significant effect (α=1%) on fresh and dry flower yield, flower number per m2, biological yield, water use efficiency for flower and biomass and plant height. The mean comparison showed that increasing interval irrigation from 60 to 120 mm cumulative evaporation reduced flower no.m-

2, flower dry weight, biomass yield and plant height 60,18.2, 69.3 and 39.4 percent, respectively. Also in comparison with control, irrigation after 120 and 180 mm evaporation reduced try flower yield 16.2 and 72 percent, respectively. However, the highest wue was related to irrigation after 120 mm evaporation (0.161 and 0.788 kg. DM/m3 for dry flower and biomass, respectively). Nitrogen utilization increased significantly flower yield, flower number, biomass yield, WUE and plant height, but usually there was not any significant difference between 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 treatments. Interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was not significant. Totally, the results indicated irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 120 kg N ha-1 are suitable treatment for pot marigold cultivation in Birjand.

Keywords: Calendula officinalis L., irrigation , nitrogen, flower yield, WUE.

References:1.Mohamadkhani N. and R. Heydari (2007) Pakistan journal of biological science, 10(22):4022-4028. 2.Pop G., et al. (2007) 1th international scientific conference on Medicinal, Aromatic and Spice plant: Nitra, 20-23. 3.Shubhra K., et al. (2004) Biologia Plantarum, 48(3):445-448.

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P.H.10.ENHANCING YIELD AND ALOIN CONCENTRATION OF ALOE VERA PLANTS BY APPLICATION OF NITROGEN

Saeid HAZRATI1, Zeinolabedin TAHMASEBI SARVESTANI 1*

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Aloe Vera is extensively used as a base element in preparation of medicine, cosmetics and food supplements. The objective of this study was to find out the effect of different nitrogen rates on the growth, yield and aloin concentration of Aloe vera plants. Treatments include four levels of nitrogen (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg pot-1). After 12 months growing morphological and physiological treats were measured. The results showed that the application of nitrogen increased the growth factors such as leaf number, leaf thickness, offset numbers and leaf weight. The highest levels of aloin concentration and chlorophyll content were obtained in 1500 mg nitrogen. Therefore, the results of this study showed that the application of nitrogen increased growth, yield and aloin concentration in Aloe vera plants.

Keywords: Aloe barbadensis, Aloin, Growth, Nitrogen, yield

References:1. Babatunde, FE., yongabi, KA. (2008). Effect of nitrogen on productivity of Aloe barbadensis L. and its inhibitory effect on Trichophyton rubrum. Adv. Hort Sci. 22(3): 187-190. 2. Ji-Dong, W., Zaho-pu, L., Qing-song, Z., Ling, L., Feng- zhi P. (2006). Effects of different nitrogen levels on seedling growth, nitrat and its secondary metabolites in Aloe vera seeding. Plant. Nutr. Fertil. Sci. 12 (6):864-868. 3. Khandelwal, SK., Meenakshi, J., Choudhary, MR., Gupta, KN. (2009). Effect of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Indian aloe (Aloe barbadensis L.). J. Med. Aromat. Plant. Sci. 31 (3): 203-205.

P.H.11.MEDICINAL PLANT OF PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. AS A BIOINDICATOR OF SOIL CONTAMINATION BY HEAVY

METALS (Pb, Cd and Zn)

Suvada BORIĆ ŠAĆIRAGIĆ1,2 1Electrotechnic School, Sarajevo 2Center of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Faculty of

Science, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The species of Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae) from time immemorial have been used in both traditional medicine and in the official phytotherapy [1]. From leaves and roots of this type are made by various traditional preparations as well

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as official pharmacs in the prevention and treatment of respiratory tract, skin, and gastroinstetinal system [2].The species of Plantago lanceolata shows a tendency towards land that is contaminated by heavy metals. This may restrict the use of this kind in human therapy and nutrition. However, the ability of this species to absorb heavy metals, can also be used in the processes of phytoremediation of land contaminated by heavy metals [3].In different localities of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been sampled plant material of Plantago lanceolata and soil. The material was prepared for standard chemical analyse to determine of heavy metals (lead, cadmium and zinc). Chemical analysis of samples was done at the atomic absorption spectrometer-firing techniques (Aanalyst 100, Perkin Elmer, AAS). The results of research are presented at the Table 1. Table 1. The concentration of heavy metals at the aerial and ground part of Plantago lanceolata L. species

The concentrations of mean valuesof heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Zn) were higher in the rhizome with the roots than in above plant parts and ranged over values. The presence of heavy metals in this plant species to limits its use in modern phytotherapy.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, phytotherapy, contamination, standarization, herbal sector

References:1.Plants for the Future.www.pfaf.org (Access: September 15, 2011). 2. Chiej R: Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. Edinburgh: MacDonald; 1984. 3. Dimitrova, I., Yurukova, L. (2005) Phytologia Balcanica 11 (1): 89–96.

Plant part The value of concentration

The Concentration of heavy metals (mg/kg)

Pb Cd Zn

Aerial part

Mean 5,36 0,45 43,42

Maximal value 12,87 0,84 60,35

Minimal value 1,24 0,25 27,05

Ground part

Mean 8,59 0,65 84,44

Maximal value 31,05 0,95 138,52

Minimal value 1,48 0,28 42,08

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P.H.12.PLANT POLYPHENOLS AS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY

CORROSION INHIBITORS

Ivan DRAGIČEVIĆ, Zora PILIĆ & Ivana MIŠKOVIĆUniversity of Mostar, Faculty of Science and Education, Department of Chemistry,

Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Corresponding author: [email protected]

Plant extracts have became important as an environmentally admissible, readily available and renewable source of materials for wide range of corrosion prevention. In this work corrosion inhibition of spectroscopically pure iron was studied in chloride solution in presence of environmentally friendly polyphneols such as (+)-catechin, gallic acid in different concentrations and neutral phenolic fractions of plant extract of the species Satureja montana L. (winter savory). Spectroscopic, electrochemical and quantum-chemical methods were used. Spectroscopic research of the plant extracts showed presence of tannic compounds, especially condensed tannins, which are known as a good non-toxic corrosion inhibitors. Potentiodynamic polarization research showed that (+)-catechin, gallic acid and fractionated (phenolic) plant extracts of Satureja montana L. were effective as cathodic inhibitors of iron corrosion process. Inhibition efficiency was dependant on (+)-catechin and gallic acid concentration, and maximum value was achieved at highest concentration. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used for adsorption process analysis on iron. Calculated Gibbs energy values indicated a physical adsorption of (+)-catechin and gallic acid on the electrode surface. Passive layer thickness was calculated from cyclic voltamograms on iron, which indicated a decrease in presence of (+)-catechin, and the lowest value was determined for the highest concentration. Impedance spectra measured on open circuit potential on iron in presence of (+)-catechin, gallic acid and neutral phenolic fractions of plant extract of the species Satureja montana L. showed an increase of passive layer resistance. Maximum value of passive layer resistance was achieved for the highest concentration of gallic acid and (+)-catechin. Results of quantum-chemical research indicated a good accordance of the calculated molecular properties (HOMO energy) with their behaviour as corrosion inhibitors. Research given in this work has confirmed positive effects of plant polyphenols as environmentally acceptable corrosion inhibitors.

Keywords: iron, corrosion, polyphenols, (+)-catechin, gallic acid.

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P.H.13.EFFECTS OF APPLICATION OF ORGANIC, BIOLOGICAL

AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON SEED YIELD OF CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum)

Mahsa AGHHAVANI-SHAJARI1, Parviz REZVANI MOGHADDAM1, Reza GHORBANI1, Mahdi NASSIRI MAHALLATI1

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, IranCorresponding author: [email protected]

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is an annual medicinal plant that its seeds and leaves have many food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics applications [6]. Therefore, study the agronomical aspects of this plant is so important. It was reported that plant nutrition management has significant effects on quantitative and qualitative indices of coriander. In order to study the effects of single and combined application of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Coriander, an experiment was conducted based on a Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications and 12 treatments at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in year 2011. Treatments included : 1- mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices), 2- biosulfur (Thiobacillus sp.), 3- chemical fertilizer (NPK), 4- cow manure, 5- vermicompost, 6- mycorrhiza + chemical fertilizer, 7- mycorrhiza + cow manure, 8- mycorrhiza + vermicompost, 9- biosulfur + chemical fertilizer, 10- biosulfur + cow manure, 11- biosulfur + vermicompost and 12- control. Results showed that the highest number of umbel per plant (19) and number of umbelest per umbel (5) were observed in mycorrhiza treatment. These results are accordance with the results of Kapoor et al. [5]. The highest number of seed per umbel (22), number of seed per plant (366), seed yield (1468 kg/ha) and harvest index (55%) were obtained in mycorrhiza + chemical fertilizer treatment. It was reported that mycorrhiza improves growth indices and yield of plant by penetrating in the micro pores of soil and increasing root absorption area [1, 2, 3]. Combined application of biosulfur with chemical fertilizer had a noticeable effect on 100-seed weights and biological yield indices. The highest essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were observed in mycorrhiza and mycorrhiza with chemical fertilizer treatments, respectively (0.2% and 2602 g/ha). Overall, results of this experiment showed that application of biological fertilizer especially mycorrhiza had a significant effect on improving of quantitative and qualitative seed yield of Coriander. Furthermore, the combined application of mycorrhiza with organic and chemical fertilizer had better effects than their single application. It has been reported that combined application of nutritional sources increase plant growth through increasing of soil nutritional balance [4].

Keywords: Biosulfur, Mycorrhiza, Essential Oil, Essence Yield

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References:1. Arpana, J., Bagyaraj, D.J. (2007). American-Eurasian J. Agric. Sci. 2(1): 33-38. 2. Backhaus, G.F. et al. (1986). Can. J. Forest. Res. 16: 103–108. 3. Ghazi, A. et al. (2007). Africa. Crop. Sci. Soc .8: 1-5. 4. Kanchikerimath, M., Singh, D. (2001). Agric. Ecos. Environ. 86:155-162. 5. Kapoor, R. et al. (2004). Biores. Tech. 93: 307–311.6. Wangensteen, H. et al. (2004).Food Chem. 88(2): 293-297.

P.H.14.POSSIBILITY OF USE ESSENTIAL OILS INSTEAD

ANTIBIOTICS IN ORGANIC AQUACULTUREVera NIKOLIĆ1, Dubravka ŠKRABA1, Predrag SIMONOVIĆ1 Ana TOŠIĆ1, Imre

KRIZMANIĆ1 and Zora DAJIĆ STEVANOVIĆ2

1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia; 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, 11080, Serbia


Because intensive fish farming provides various diseases and parasites ideal conditions to spread, many infectious diseases are treated with large quantities of antibiotics added to feed. Increased public awareness of the negative effects caused by overexposure to synthetic chemicals has led to the search for “green solutions” such as organic food products (Abutbul et al, 2004). Some studies on the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of some Thymus spp. have shown activity against viruses, bacteria and fungi (Rasooli et al., 2006). Results of Iranian study suggests that the essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica is a potential source of natural antibacterial against Streptococcus iniae from cutaneous lesions of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Pirbalouti et al., 2011). A new report from China (Yea et al., 2009) led to a new perspective on the use of natural extracts in aquaculture. This study reported that extract from Cinnamomum kanehirae sowed antibacterial effects against different pathogens of aquatic animals. In future, in Serbia as agriculture country, such formulations may represent alternative therapeutic treatments in aquaculture and hatcheries.

Keywords: essential oils, aquaculture, antibiotics

References: 1.Abutbul, A., Golan-Goldhirsch, A., Barazani, O. and D. Zilberg (2004): Use of Rosmarinus officinalis as a traitmant against Streptococcus iniae in Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Aquaculture 238 97-105. 2.Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti, Vahid Nikobin Broujeni, Manouchehr momeni, Fatemeh Malek Poor and Behzad Hamedi (2001): Antibacterial activity of Iranian medicinal plants against Streptococcus iniae isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Arch. Biol. Sci. 63 (1), 59-66. 3.Rasooli, I., Rezaei, M.B., and A. Allameh (2006). Ultrastructuralstudies on antimicrobial efficacy of thyme essential oils on Listeria monocytogenes. Int. J. Infect Dis. 10, 236-241. 4. Yeh R., Shiu Y., Shei S.C., Cheng S., Huang S., Lin J. & Liu C.(2009) Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of leaf andtwig extracts of stout camphor tree, Cinnamomum kanehirae,and the e¡ects on immunity and disease resistanceof white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish and Shellfiish Immunology 27, 26-32.

SESSION IECONOMY OF HERBAL SECTOR

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PLENARY LECTURES

PL.I.01.BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND MEDICINAL AND

AROMATIC PLANTS: THE TREASURE BOX FOR EUROPE

Klaus DUERBECK1, Dragana PECANAC²1Senior Consultant, SIPPO/Osec, Zürich, Switzerland; ²SIPPO National Expert, University of

Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Corresponding author: [email protected]

The Balkan region is one of the most important export regions for medicinal and aromatic plants in Europe. During the 1990s, no less than 8% of the total global MAP export volumes were exported from Eastern and South-eastern Europe. In 2006 BiH share on the EU market for organic wild medicinal and aromatic plant production was 5%. On the world and EU market BiH is recognized for the efforts to offer sustainability of supply MAPs raw material and natural ingredients implementing FairWild certified wild collection. Traditionally, wild-harvesting of MAPs predominates in this region. Besides the export market the primary health care segment for the national and regional market is also very important and contributes to the basic health care system of BIH. From a development perspective, the sub-sector of wild-harvested plants has a very attractive potential since the most deprived segment of the population is involved in this industry. The sector is mainly comprised of SMEs, hence, any increase in sector’s competitiveness will have a favourable impact on the large numbers of people. BiH is with a forest cover of more than 50% one of the leading countries in Europe. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the land area of BiH is used for rural income generation through wild collection. About 100 000 families are engaged in wild collection year by year. There is a continuous need for training of collectors. Since 2001 SIPPO is the supporting the SMEs in BiH for market entry in Europe through access to information, training of SMEs and matchmaking. The potential for international trade based on international and national (BiH) legislation is discussed.

Keywords: FairWild, sustainability, collection, income, SIPPO

Acknowledgements:Armin Klöckner, former GTZ team leader, Private Sector Development, Sarajevo, BiHFranziska Staubli, former Head of Food Section, SIPPO Headquarters, Zürich, SwitzerlandRainer Baechi (died 2010), former Member of Board of Trustees, FairWild Foundation

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References: 1.SIPPO study(2011), The Organic Market in Europe, Overview and Market Access Information2.CBI (2011), Market Information: Natural Ingredients for Pharmaceuticals. 3.Pecanac, Dragana (2007); Conceptions of Sustainability in the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Master Thesis.

PL.I.02.MARKET ACCESS FOR HERBAL PRODUCTS IN THE

EUROPEAN UNION. AN OVERVIEW

Thomas BRENDLER1, Denzil PHILLIPS2, Stefan SPIESS3

1Plantaphile Ltd., Belforter Strasse 20, 10405 Berlin, Germany2Denzil Phillips International Ltd., 25 Stanmore Gardens, Richmond, Surrey TW9 2HN;

United Kingdom; 3Grünwalder Gesundheitsprodukte GmbH, Ruhlandstraße 5, 83646 Bad Tölz, Germany


Herbal products can enter the European Union in various ways and categories, ranging from herbal medicines, supplements, foods and food ingredients all the way to cosmetics and cosmetic ingredients. The European Union is in the process of harmonizing the regulatory framework for each of those categories. Individual routes of access will be described and discussed with regard to their relevant regulatory requirements. Focus will be put on market authorizations of herbal medicines, for full drug status, as bibliographic registrations for well-established use and under the framework provided in the Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive (THMPD)1, as well as on food supplements in their various regulatory manifestations, specifically regarding related functional and health claims. Market opportunities will be highlighted as well as regulatory procedures and constraints.

Keywords: herbal products, herbal medicines, market access, EU regulations, THMPD, EFSA

References:1Brendler T, Phillips LD, Spiess S. A Practical Guide to Licensing Herbal Medicinal Products. Pharmaceutical Press 2009, London, UK.

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PL.I.03.THE POTENTIALS AND STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS

OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC COMPONENTS TO PRODUCE MEDICINE OR COSMETIC PRODUCTS IN IRAN

Mb. REZAEEResearch Institute of Forest and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran-Iran


Iran with 1.64 million km2 areas is located in the Middle East, with 33% of the land cultivable, 14 million km2 pasture, 60 million km2 steppe and 16 million km2 desert. Persians were pioneers in using medicinal and Aromatic plants. Geographical and climatic situations of Iran are unique in the world. So there are at least 800 to 1000 Medicinal and Aromatic plants in Iran. The results of research show that growing some herbal plants in Iran have many advantages. For example cultivation of Thymus spp and Mentha spp. in Iran produced the highest herb yield and accumulated the highest amount of essential oil main components. More than 200 species are economical plants, although so many species which are commonly used traditionally for treatment are endemic in Iran.

Keywords: herbal plants, essential oil, economy, cultivation, aromatic plants

SESSION LECTURE

SL.I.01.FINDING SOLUTIONS TO THE POVERTY PROBLEM IN THE

EMANCIPATION OF THE AFRICAN RURAL WOMAN: A REVIEW OF THE MORINGA OLEIFERA TREE

Chibuzo N. UMEH1, Nwora A. OZUMBA2, Innocent IGWILO3

1Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikwe Unversity, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria. 2Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,

PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria; 3Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria

Corresponding authour:[email protected], [email protected]

One of the commonest phrases in Africa is “women and children”. Therefore, the African woman is saddled with the burden of caring and the nurturing of her child. This child is usually vulnerable to a good number of diseases ravaging Africa. The Moringa tree has been described as the ‘Miracle Tree’ and, with its useful attributes

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can alleviate some of these problems and in the process lead to her emancipation. When the Moringa oleifera tree is easily available to the rural woman, it can be put to uncountable uses.The tree parts can act as dependable pharmacies for traditional medicines. The leaves, rich in vitamins A, C and E can find good use in the nutrition of the malnourished child. Tree on farms can save long, hard foraging search for fuel wood thereby making time available for other chores. Trees can be used as live fences against intruders, as wind breakers, as near-enough gardens to provide nourishment. Oil from the seed can be used in soap making, for cooking, aside from use as chew sticks, twine for the making of baskets, mats and bags. This paper aims to review the many uses of the Moringa plant and how it can be used in poverty alleviation, un-burdening of the rural woman and the actual emancipation and empowerment of the woman.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, poverty reduction, African rural woman, medicinal plant

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POSTER PRESENTATION

P.I.01.MEDICINAL PLANTS SOLD AT OPEN BAZAARS OF SOME

COUNTY AND CENTRE OF RİZE

Gülsüm YALDIZ, Hüseyin BAYKAL Rize University, Pazar Vocational School, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,

53300, Rize, TURKEY. Corresponding author: [email protected]

This study was conducted to determine the medicinal and aromatic plants on sale open bazaar of Rize center, some county (Pazar, Çayeli, Ardeşen and Fındıklı ) which are located on east of Rize. In this study, total ten open bazaars were investigated markets in November 2009 to October 2010. Knowledge information on how and why people use plants was provided by going to consumers and seller in the region. The socio-economic characteristics, the reasons of preference of the consumers are evaluated. The collected plants were identified at the laboratory Faculty of Biology, University of Rize. Additional, medicinal properties of the plants as a traditional remedy, their local and scientific names, used parts, the purpose of consumptions and the way of utilizations were also given. As a result from this study it is determined that only a small number of rather same or similar medicinal plant sold at open bazaars of some county and centre of Rize. These herbs can be listed as follows: Achillea millefolium L., Coriandrum sativa L., Hypericum perforatum L. Laurocerasus officinalis L., Mentha longifolia L., Mentha piperita L., Nasturtium officinale L., Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica L. Thymus praecox subsp. caucasicus var. caucasicus, Vaccinium myrtillus L. Vaccinium vitisidea L., Urtica dioica L., etc. It was realized that medicinal plants can not be used effective becuse of the inadequate information of the medicinal plant sellers at open bazaars. Because of this people must be informed about the medicinal plants and the the flora must be well-known.

Keywords: Rize, Some county, Open bazaar, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

SESSION JSUSTAINABLE USE AND CONSERVATION OF MAPs

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PLENARY LECTURES

PL.J.01. SUSTAINABILITY IN MAP SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPE: OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH

FAIRWILD

Anastasiya TIMOSHYNA1, Bryony MORGAN2, Kristina RODINA3

1TRAFFIC International, located at WWF Hungary, Budapest, Hungary, 2TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 3TRAFFIC Central Eastern Europe, Budapest,

HungaryCorresponding author: [email protected]

South Eastern European (SEE) countries are species-rich sources of wild plants used for food, aromatic, medicinal, and cosmetics purposes, for both domestic use and export, including to Western Europe. In all countries of SEE, especially in rural areas, collection, use, processing, and trade of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are important contributors to the livelihoods of local people. With multiple threats to sustainability of wild plants, that include overharveting, land-use changes, habitats loss, there is a need for coordinated approach to ensuring sustainable use of wild plants.Sustainable management of wild plants requires a multi-level, multi-stakeholder approach, involving actors from government, civil society, academia and the private sector. The FairWild Standard offers a set of principles and criteria to verify sustainable and ethical sourcing practices of plants from the wild. Elements of the FairWild Standard are being evaluated as a basis for CITES non-detriment findings (NDF) required for perennial plant species (CITES 2010). Guidance for resource assessment, including development of a system for evaluating risks of unsustainable harvest, have benefitted from work supported by FAO (Wong et al 2001). Building this capacity will enable SEE countries to deliver concrete progress on Targets 11, 12 and 13 of the Global Strategy for Plants Conservation (GSPC) of CBD. Meeting the conservation needs of these species will also require area-based conservation approaches, for example by identifying “Important Plant Areas” that include priority MAP species, and enabling their integration into national and regional protected areas management systems (Plantlife International 2004). A need to integrate sustainable use of MAPs into various sectoral policies, including rural development, health, environmental, and economic has been identified among most necessary follow-up needed on national and regional levels (FAO and TRAFFIC, 2010). However, the promotion and development of sustainable use of

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MAPs as well as informed policy decision making requires the gathering, analysis and dissemination of key technical information on MAPs, including full appraisal of the socio-economic contribution of MAPs to sustainable development as well as improved networking among individuals and organizations dealing with MAPs. Current presentation will address the sustainability of wild MAP sector harvesting and trade in SEE, based on the outcomes of the recent TRAFFIC/BfN/FAO organized workshop that brought together experts from over 10 countries, including seven SEE countries (report preparation in progress). It will emphasize the needs and suggested action points for sustainable sector development, and further link these to the experiences with implementing FairWild Standard by TRAFFIC, FairWild Foundation and other partners to achieve ecological and social sustainability of wild resources management.

Keywords: South East Europe, FairWild, sustainability, wild plants

References:CITES 2010, Non-detriment findings for timber, medicinal plants and agarwood. – CoP15 Doc. 16.3. Fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Doha (Qatar), 13-25 March 2010. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Retrieved from http://www.cites.org/eng/cop/15/doc/E15-16-03.pdf FAO and TRAFFIC, 2010, Budapest, Report FAO/TRAFFIC Expert Consultation on Institutional Needs for Sustainable Non-Wood Forest Product Sector in South-East Europe Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina – 10-12 February 2010.Plantlife International (2004) Identifying and Protecting the World’s Most Important Plant Areas: A Guide to Implementing Target 5 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Salisbury, UK: Plantlife International.Wong, J.L.G., K. Thornber and N. Baker. 2001. Resource Assessment of Non-wood Products: Experience and Biometric Principles. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).

PL.J.02. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF FEW CRITICALLY ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE NATURAL FORESTS OF

CENTRAL INDIA.

Manish MISHRA and H.S. GUPTA Indian Institute of Forest Management, (MoEF), Faculty of Forestry, Post Box: 357, Nehru

Nagar, Bhopal (M.P). Pin:462 003 India. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Due to over-exploitation of many medicinally important species, few herbaceous species falls under critically endangered or vulnerable category. Currently medicinal plants are collected without paying attention to the stage of maturity. The kali

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haldi(Curcuma caesia) and Baichandi (Dioscorea spp.) are an indigenous medicinal plant of India. Over-exploitation of these herbaceous species has made them endangered species in the natural forests of central India. Both the species earlier found abundant in the districts of Mandla and Dindori of Madhya Pradesh state. These species is recently adopted as one of the important drugs from natural source for the treatment of respiratory ailments. The study was conducted in the central part of Madhya Pradesh, which is rich in the herbaceous medicinal plants. Few districts of central India have been selected for the present study. The ecological status, plant density, regeneration and current harvesting practices adopted by the primary collectors and its adverse impact on biodiversity were assessed in this paper. The paper also discusses the sustainable management of few selected medicinal plants under wild conditions.

Keywords: Endangered, Over exploitation, Medicinal plant, Harvesting, Herbs

SESSION LECTURES

SL.J.01.CONSERVATION OF WILD NON-TIMBER FOREST

PRODUCTS IN RUSSIAN FAR EAST

Anastasiya TIMOSHYNATRAFFIC International, located at WWF Hungary, Budapest, Hungary,


In Russian Far East – important habitats for Amur tiger – WWF through cooperation and joint work with the indigenous Udege and other communities, protects valuable Korean pine forests, ensuring survival of ecosystems and traditional lifestyle of communities. The wilderness around the middle and upper Bikin River in the Russian Far East covers an area of 1,3 million hectares. It is the habitat for about 40-45 Amur tigers – around one tenth of Russia’s tiger population. These habitats are under the risk of illegal timber logging, due to the high demand for precious Korean pine, Oak, Ash and other valuable species. The WWF project in the Bikin River area aims to demonstrate that harvesting and utilization of wild non-timber forest products (NTFPs), providing the major source of income for local people, is a viable alternative to timber logging (often illegal and unsustainable). These efforts lead to the conservation of Korean pine forests and Amur tiger habitats. TRAFFIC supports the development of sustainable trade component in NTFPs, which would create a mechnism of income generation and re-investing into the conservation.

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Parts of Korean pine forests - Nut Harvesting Zones (NHZs) are under the concession ownership rights by a number of partners. Four NHZs are under the lease for 49 years at the moment. They work together with Amur branch of WWF on forest protection and conservation, as well as the development of system for the income generation of communities that are traditionally involved in harvesting of wild NTFPs. Among the NTFPs used, Korean pine nuts (Pinus koraiensis) has the biggest potential for economically sustainable future for the community development in the Bikin river area, due to the high market prices for nuts and potential harvesting amounts (average total estimated harvested from four leased NHZs is over 2000 tonnes of shelled nuts). Project partners expect to generate additional revenue from NTFP trade for nature conservation, fire and illegal logging prevention, and sustainable development activities in the region. The achievements that project demonstrates to date include the proven legality of the product harvested under the long-term concession rights, generated social effects, link to Amur tiger conservation, and work towards the long-term environmental sustainability of resources and ecosystems. Besides Korean pine nuts, a number of NTFPs is wild-harvested and traded from RFE based on harvest quantities approved in forest management plans. The NTFPs include range of berries (Schisandra berries (Schisandra chinesis), Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), Viburnum berries (Viburnum sargentii), Hawthorn berries (Crataegus spathulata), (Berberis amurensis), Actinidia (Actinidia kolomikta), Cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-ideae), mushrooms (e.g. Chaga mushrooms (Inonotus obliquus), ferns (Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), Osmunda/Cinnamon fern (Osmunda regalis), medicinal plants (Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus), roots, Manchurian aralia (Aralia elata), Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense). Project also explores various value-addition opportunities, including processing, and certification (FairWild, organic or tiger-friendly).This presentation will present the project in Russian Far East that links sustainable use in wild medicinal plants, conservation of forest and species, as a model to be promoted in various places around the world.

Keywords: Russian Far East, NTFPs, sustainable trade and use, forest conservation

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P.J.01.MODELS OF SUSTAINABLE USE OF WILD MEDICAL AND

AROMATIC PLANTS

Hazim BAŠIĆ1,2, Sulejman REDŽIĆ2, Senka BARUDANOVIĆ2, Sabina TRAKIĆ2

1,2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University o f Sarajevo, 2CEPRES – Center of Ecology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Due to the past extensive and random use of wild medicinal plants in this territory - including the western Balkan countries (SE Europe) - those plants are significantly endangered. Many of them even appeared on “red lists of endangered floras” [1]. In order to preserve natural gene-funds of medicinal plants, it is necessary to set methods and models that would result in sustainable models for their use. Sustainability would be achieved by exploiting the biomass from natural populations with respect of the biological and ecological characteristics of given plant species and if possible according to the market requirements. This approach includes the determination of variables that could be used as a basis for the development of mathematical and statistical models in order to reach “function of sustainability”. Sustainable function implies results of two key variables, production of biomass of given medicinal plants and amount of biomass that is used or is exploited in natural populations. The graphic model for that function is diversified and it largely depends on the plant species, the used part of the plant, the vegetation season, the ecological circumstances in which the given plant is being developed, the form of picking, the total anthropogenic pressure of cutter, the pasture, the wood cutting and the global changes. This ecological statistical approach is applied to several species of medicinal plants that are intensively exploited in the Western Balkan [3, 4]. In the Mediterranean belt, it is Salvia officinalis, in the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean belt it is the species Helichrysum italicum, in the Mediterranean mountain belt they are the species Satureja montana and Satureja subspicata, in the mountain belt they are the species Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra and Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi, and in the belt of the deciduous forests, it is the species Atropa belladonna. Research shows that the gradient of sustainable use is different in different belts. In the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean belt it is about 50%, in the mountain belt it is 30 %, while in the belt of forests it is up to 70 % (per km2). That means it is necessary to leave about 50 % of units of sage in free nature, approximately the same number of units of the order Satureja, about 70 % of units of Gentian and about 30 % of biomass of the species Atropa belladonna in order to reach the effect of sustainability. This approach is beneficial for the protection of medicinal plants and could be used as a

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practical instrument in reaching organic production and certification of medicinal and aromatic wild plants.

References: 1. Redzic S (2006) Proc 1st IFOAM Intern Conf Organic Wild Production, 117-141. 2. Basic, H. et al. (2010). Systems and models in Ecology. University of Sarajevo., Sarajevo (in Bos.). 3. Redzic SS (2007) Coll. Antropol. 31: 869-890. 4. Redzic SJ (2006) Ecol. Food & Nutr. 45: 189-232.

P.J.02.LANDASCAPE GRAPH CREATION: CASE STUDY OF

SIX MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES AT OZREN MT. NEAR SARAJEVO

1Mersad OMANOVIĆ, Sulejman REDŽIĆ2

1KJKP ‘’Park’’ d.o.o. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina2Academy of Sciences and Arts of BH, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Ecologists are defined a relevé as a basic methodological tool in plant communities research. It contains basic information about the quantitative participation of each species (abundance, ground cover and sociality)[1]. As a phytocoenological table by its nature is a typical relational database, transformation in the spatial database (raster or vector) is essential for its graphics expression. In this way it is possible to explore the connection between a plant species within the various plant associations. If we separate the target plant species from relevé, with the assigned spatial reference, we fulfill the requirement for the creation of landscape graph. Landscape graph allows us to merge population process with landscape pattern, both for individual patches and for whole landscapes.In this paper, we treat the six medicinal plant species (Achillea millefolium L. stronger Centaurea jacea L., Lotus corniculatus L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago media L. and Trifolium repens L.), within twelve plant associations, at the Ozren mountain near Sarajevo.

Keywords: relevé, landscape graph, medicinal plant, MapInfo Professional 9.0

References: [1] Redžić, S. (1990). Monographs of Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 360p. 2.

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P.J.03.ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN BOSNIA AND

HERZEGOVINA AND POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR EFFECTIVE PROTECTION

Fadila MUFTIĆ1, Sedik VELIĆ1, Belma BAŠIĆ1

1Center of Ecology of the Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


In Bosnia and Herzegovina is used about 900 species of plants in traditional phytotherapy. Even today, many plants used as traditional as well as official phytotherapy [1]. Many of them are due to overuse of natural habitats, endangered and are on the „red list“[2]. To protect those species, a necessary development of the ecological approach in their management and achieving the necessary sustainability.According to the provisional list of plants for the Red Book [3] in BiH there are over 600 species. Assessment of conservation status was performed on the basis of criteria IUNC, according to data of Redzic [4, 5].Determined by the following plant species with conservation status: Lycopodium alpinum L. (NT), Adiantum capilus veneris L. (VU), Taxus baccata L. (EN), Pinus heldreichi Christ. (VU), Polygonum alpinum All. (VU), Paeonia corallina Retz. (EN), Paeonia officinalis L. (EN), Aconitum toxicum Reichenb. (NT), Helleborus hercegovinus Martinis (NT), Berberis croaica Horvat (VU), Viola elegantula Schott (VU), Drosera rotundifolia L. (CR), Sorbus chamaemespilus (L.) Crantz (VU), Prunus padus L. (VU), Petteria ramentacea(Sieb.) C.Presl. (NT), Daphne laureola L. (NT), Pancicia serbica Vis. (NT), Cyclamen purpurascens Mill. (NT), Primula columne Ten. (NT), Mandragora officinalis L. (EN), Hyosciamus albus L. (VU), Digitalis lanata Ehrh. (VU), Pinguicula vulgaris L. (VU), Teucrium arduini L. (NT), Satureja subspicata Vis. (VU), Micromeria thymifolia (Scop.) Fritsch (NT), Micromeria croatica (Pers.)Schott (NT), Acinos orontius (K.Maly) Silic (EN), Hyssopus officinalis L. (VU), Thymus balcanus Borb. (NT), Origanum heracleoticum L. (VU), Plantago reniformis G.Beck (VU), Gentiana lutea L. subsp. symphyandra(Murb.)Hayek (CN), Menyanthes trifoliata L. (CR), Achilea ptarmica L. (VU), Achillea abrotanoides (Vis.)Vis. (VU), Achillea clavennae L. (VU), Arnica montana L. (EN), Lilium martagon L. (VU), Lilium cattaniae (Vis.)Vis. (VU), Ruscus hypoglossum L. (EN, Iris bosniaca K.Maly (VU), Orchis morio L. (VU), Orchis purpurea Huds. (V), Acorus calamus L. (VU).Sustainable protection of endangered species is possible through: (i) the establishment of protected areas, (ii) limited use of natural populations, (iii) assisted propagation in nature, (iv) in vitro conservation.

Acknowledgement: We thank to Professor Sulejman Redžić, for transferred data and useful advice.

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References: 1. Redzic, S. (2010). J Med Plant Res 4(11): 1003-1027. 2. Redzic, S. et al. (2009). Planta Med 75(9): 902-902. 3. Silic, C. (1992-95). GZM (PN), sv. 31: 323-367.4. IUCN//SSC (2001). IUCN Red List Categories, version 3.1. INCN, Gland, Switzerland. Redzic, S. et al. (2009). Bosnia and Herzegovina – land of diversity. Federal Ministry of Envitronment and Tourizm, Sarajevo.

SESSION KPHYTOTHERAPY AND CLINICAL STUDIES

189

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PLENARY LECTURES

PL.K.01NEW STRATEGIES IN THE SEARCH FOR NATURAL

PRODUCTS WITH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY

Rudolf BAUER Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Austria

Corresponding author: [email protected] Natural products possess a great structural diversity which is not commonly seen in synthetic molecules. Therefore, they continuously play a predominant role in the discovery of new drug leads. PPARγ is one of the three Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) subtypes and is involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and therefore an important target for metabolic diseases. Additionally, PPARγ plays a role in other chronic diseases such as inflammation, cancer and atherosclerosis. Within a national research network we have investigated Chinese medicinal plants for new anti-inflammatory compounds including PPARγ agonists, using an in-silico and activity guided approach.From the roots and rhizomes of Notopterygium incisium Ting ex H. T. Chang (Qiang Huo) we have isolated several polyacetylene and frulic acid derived compounds with anti-inlammatory activity. They showed inhibitory activity on NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, inhibory effects on leukotriene and prostaglandine formation, and PPARγ agonistic effects. Therefore they are good candidates for further drug development.

Keywords: anti-inflammatory, natural products, polyacetylenes, Notopterygium incisium, PPARγ

Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) within project NFN S 10705-B13.

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SESSION LECTURES

SL.K.01.ANTI-NEUROINFLAMMATORY AND ASTROPROTECTIVE

PROPERTIES OF ACHILLEA FRAGRANTISSIMA Anat ELMANN¹, Sharon MORDECHAY¹, Alona TELERMAN¹, Hilla ERLANK¹,

RINDNER M¹, Elie BEIT-YANNAI², Rivka OFIR³ 1 The Volcani Center; Agricultural Research Organization, Department of Food Science, , POB 6 Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences,

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; 3The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center; under the auspices of Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Hazeva, DN Arava, 86815, Israel


Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. These processes involve two main cell types in the brain – astrocytes and microglial cells. Upon activation, microglial cells, which are the major immune cells in the brain, release proinflammatory mediators that play important roles in eliciting neuroinflammatory responses. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell types in the brain, provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons and modulate synaptic activity. Accordingly, impairment in these astrocytic functions would influence neuronal survival. Indeed, recent studies show that astrocyte apoptosis may contribute to pathogenesis of many acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Achillea fragrantissima (Af; Asteraceae) is a desert plant that for many years has been used as a hypoglycemic medicinal plant in traditional medicine in the Arabian region, and for the treatment of gastrointestinal disturbances. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Af was tested for its antineuroinflammatory and protective effects using primary cultures of astrocytes and microglial cells. We have found that the extract of Af inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - elicited expression of the proinflammatory mediators interleukin1β (IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and down-regulated nitric oxide (NO) secretion from the activated microglial cells, without affecting cell viability. In this study, we could also show that Af ’s extract protected primary cultures of astrocytes against H2O2-induced cell death, and inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production following H2O2 and ZnCl2-exposure. Af extract also reduced 2,2’-azobis(amidinopropane) (ABAP)-mediated peroxyl radicals levels in both astrocytes and microglial cells. Thus, the extract of Af might be beneficial in the prevention/treatment of neurodegenerative diseases where neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are part of the pathophysiology.

Keywords: Achillea fragrantissima, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, astrocytes, microglial cells

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Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Science, Israel, and by THE ISRAEL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (grant No. 600/08).

SL.K.02.THE EXAMİNATİON OF PROTECTİVE EFFECTS OF

GALLİC ACİD AGAİNST DAMAGE OF OXİDATİVE STRESS DURİNG INDUCED – EXPERİMENTALRENAL İSCHEMİA-

REPERFÜSİON IN RATS

Mediha CANBEK¹, Gökhan BAYRAMOGLU², Hakan SENTURK¹, A.Pınar OZTOPCU VATAN¹, Mustafa UYANOGLU¹, Emre CEYHAN¹, Ahmet OZEN¹,

Basak DURMUS¹, Kazım KARTKAYA³, Gungor KANBAK³¹Eskisehir Osmangazi University Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Arts and Science

Department of Biology 26480 Eskisehir, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

In this study, as an antioxidant, probable effects of gallic acid were investigated against experimentally induced renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. For this purpose, 5 experiment groups, each consisting 7 Spraque dawley type male albino rats, were formed. Groups were determined as follows: Group I: control group; Group II : I/R group; Group III, IV and V : I/R + Gallic acid (50, 100 and 200 mg.kg-1 respectively – i.p.) Before the experiment, left kidneys of the animals belonging to Groups II, III, IV and V were removed by nephrectomy. After 15 days of recovery period, I/R (45 mins / 6 hrs) was performed for the other kidney under anesthesia. Gallic acid application was performed 15 mins before the ischemia operation, into the peritoneum. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and kidney tissues were taken quickly. In the kidney tissue, SOD, CAT and Gpx enzyme activities were determined by gel electrophoresis and MDA, NO, MPO levels were determine d biochemically. Also, histopathological investigations were performed in kidney tissues by hematoxylin & eosin staining and immunohistochemical INOS staining. Also, AST, ALT, BUN, Creatine levels in blood serum samples were determined. Analysis results were evaluated statistically. It was determined that BUN, Creatin, AST, ALT, MDA and NO levels has increased in group II statistically, and it was seen that increase in MPO level was not significant statistically. In SOD, CAT, Gpx enzyme activities belonging to Group II’s kidney tissue, an increase was determined with respect to Group I. In histopathological investigations, widespread hyperemia in glomerulus, expansion of the structure between tubules and cell disruptions were encountered (determined) in Group II. In immunohistochemical evaluations, INOS was very intense in Group II, while there was almost no intensity in Group V. It was determined that this evaluation is concordant to (in correlation with) NO level.

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In the group which was given 200 mg.kg-1 gallic acid (Group V), in terms of biochemical parameters, in spite of the significant decrease in AST, ALT, BUN, Creatin, MDA and NO levels; a decrease was determined in SOD, CAT, Gpx isoenzyme activities. Concordantly, Group V’s histological findings showed that I/R injury was prevented to a great extent and appearances were close to the control. As a result, in terms of the methods applied in our study, evaluations regarding kidney functions and histopathology has shown that gallic acid has protective effect in renal I/R injury.

SL.K.03.ATMOSPHERIC POLLENS FROM TURKIYE AND THEIR

ALLERGIC EFFECTS

Aykut GÜVENSEN1, Salih GÜCEL2, Münir ÖZTÜRK1

1Ege University, Botany Department, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey2Near East University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Lefkoşa, The Northern Cyprus


Pollens have variety of allergic effects on human beings. This is because pollen grains cause respiratory system diseases such as allergic asthma and hay fever (pollinosis) in sensitive persons. Therefore, the preparation of atmospheric pollen calendars for different regions, contribute to the treatment of allergic diseases and improve the quality of life of people who are sensitive to pollen allergies. For this reason great importance has been given to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of atmospheric pollen studies during the last 10 in Turkey like many other countries in Europe. Various investigators have obtained data by using gravimetric (cm2/pollen grains) and volumetric (m3/pollen grains) methods in many regions where atmospheric conditions and vegetation exhibits structural differences. According to this data, during March, April, May, June and July the pollen concentrations are at very high levels, however pollen densities for each month varies with the region investigated. The results published by different workers reveal that in general the pollens of following taxa are abundant in the atmosphere; Alnus glutinosa, Carpinus spp., Castanea sativa, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Cupressaceae, Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Fagus orientalis, Juglans regia, Morus spp., Olea europaea, Oleaceae, Pinaceae, Pinus spp., Pistacia spp., Plantago spp., Platanus orientalis, Poaceae, Populus spp., Quercus spp. and Urticaceae. In this review, allergenic effects of the pollen of these taxa will be presented.

Keywords: Atmospheric pollen, allergy, pollen calendar, Turkiye

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SL.K.04.HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA ETHANOL EXTRACT AGAINST

THIOACETAMIDE TOXICITY IN RATS

Salim S. ALKIYUMI, Mahmood A. ABDULLADepartment of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia


Curcuma xanthorrhiza is a common Southeast Asian ginger plant that is traditionally used for food and medicinal purposes. It is the most popular Indonesian herbal for hepatitis remedy. Recently, researches have been done on various plant species to inhibit liver cirrhosis. In the present study, C. xanthorrhiza is evaluated for its hepatoprotective effect against thioacetamide-induced liver damage in rats.Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups designed as group I (orally administrated with normal saline), group II (200 mg/kg thioacetamide + orally administration of normal saline), group III (200 mg/kg TAA + 50 mg/kg silymarin), group IV (200 mg/kg TAA + 250 mg/kg C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract) and group V (200 mg/kg TAA + 500 mg/kg C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract) daily for 2 months. Thioacetamide was injected intraperitonealy three times per week for 2 months. Liver injury was assessed by serology, biochemistry as well as well as histopathology studies.Thioacetamide (TAA) is a known potent hepatotoxic chemical used to induce liver cirrhosis in experimental models. Specific liver enzymes (ALT, AST and AP) and the liver Malondialdehyde level (MDA) were significantly higher in liver of TAA group compared to those treated with Silymarin or Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanol extract. On the reverse, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) levels in the liver tissue homogenates was low in the TAA group compared to silymarin or plant extract treated groups. Histopathology study confirmed the results showing extensive tissue damage in liver of group I compared to all other groups of animals.In conclusion, the study showed that Curcuma xanthorrhiza inhibited the oxidative stress-related change and associated with TAA-induced liver cirrhosis in rats as ascertain by liver biochemical markers and by liver histopathology.

Keywords: medicinal plants, therapy, Southeast Asian ginger plant

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SL.K.05.THE INFLUENCE OF PHYTOTHERAPY ON PROLACTIN

LEVEL IN MACROPROLACTINOMA PATIENTS

Ivo TROGRLIĆ1, Dragan TROGRLIĆ1 and Zoran TROGRLIĆ1

1 Family business “DREN” Ltd, Žepče, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The study aims at demonstrating the efficiency of phytotherapy in regulation of prolactin levels in patients diagnosed with pituitary macroprolactinoma.

The study made use of workup outcomes submitted by treating healthcare facilities where the patients were first diagnosed with macroprolactinomas based on diagnostic imaging (MRI and/or CT), laboratory workup, and hormone status estimation. The data in reference served as the baseline for a comparative follow-up of phytotherapeutic efficiency in terms of comparison of medical data obtained prior to phytotherapy and those submitted following herbal remedy use. The study displays the results of a five-year follow-up of macroprolactinoma patients undergoing phytotherapy. In well-responding patients, the benefit of phytotherapy in terms of prolactin level putdown can be seen 3-5 months following the phytotherapy commencement. A special attention should be paid to the favourable results obtained with patients who chose to resort to phytotherapy only. The primary outcome measure used to monitor the efficiency of the administered phytotherapy was prolactin level determined prior to, during the course of, and following phytotherapy.Implementation of phytotherapy to the effect of prolactin level regulation in patients diagnosed with macroprolactinoma, represents a completely novel therapeutic approach. The majority of the diseased resorted to phytotherapy once they were left out of any other therapeutic option offered by their treating healthcare facilities. This fact gives a substantial rise to the significance of the results presented herein and justifies the role of phytotherapy in macroprolactinoma-induced hyperprolactinaemia treatment.

Keywords: phytotherapy; macroprolactinoma; prolactin; pituitary gland

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SL.K.06.EMBELIN – ANTIFERTILITY EFFECT IN MALE RAT

Sudha AGRAWAL 1 and Sudha CHAUHAN2

1 Bhilai Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Department of Zoology,Bhilainagar,District – Durg (C.G.) India. 2 Indian Council of Medical Research, Publication wing , New Delhi 110029 India


Embelia ribes Burm. (vern. Vidang, Virang, Baivirang, Sanskrit – Kirmighan, chitratundal), a member of family Myrsinaceae, has been reported to possess antioxidant and antifertility activity both in the crude powdered berries as well as in petroleum ether and methanol extracts. Embelin (2,5 Dihydroxy 3-Undicyl, 1-4 benzoquinone) islolated from the berries and administered subcutaneously to different groups of rats at doses of 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg body weight for 7 and 35 days resulted in considerable reduction in the wet weight of testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate gland. Arrest of spermatogenesis accompanied by large number of empty, collapsed or atrophic seminiferous tubules showing dysgenesis and dysplasia was observed. Intensely eosinophilic germ cells having 2-9 nuclei and more than one giant cell were observed . D iameter of seminiferous tubules and nuclear diameter of Leydig cell were significantly reduced. Sertoli and Leydig cell counts decreased significantly. Embelin altered the histology of caput and cauda epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate. The compound is suggested to possess antiandrogenic and antifertility activity in male albino rats.

Keywords: Embelin,antiandrogenic,antifertility,Spermatogenesis and Histology

SL.K.07.PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIDIABETIC

POTENTIALS OF “WATER OF LIFE” A SEAWEED DECOCTION

Antoinette OKAKA, Ugochukwu UZUEGBUNA, Aloysius OZUAH, Chibuzo UMEH, Josephine NEBEDUM, Nnamdi AZIKIWE

University Department of Applied Biochemistry, Awka, Anambra State, NigeriaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The phytochemistry and antidiabetic potential of “water of life” were studied. Water of life is a popular seaweed decoction used as remedy to a number of ailments including diabetes mellitus. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phlobotanins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and anthracene glycosides. Other constituents of the extract were free fatty acids, proteins and carotenoids. All these

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compounds were quantified. The antidiabetic potential of the extract was investigated using alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Alloxan increased blood glucose significantly (p<0.05) to 231.47mg/dl. Glibenclamide, a routine anti-diabetic drug used as control reduced the glucose level to 136± 2.68mg/dl. Water of life was administered orally by intubation in doses of 100mg/kg, 150mg/kg, 200mg/kg. The extract appeared to be hypoglycaemic in a dose dependent manner with 200mg/kg dose giving the lowest reduction of glucose level (176±24.32mg/dl). The LD50 of the extract was estimated to be 565.69mg/kg. For the first time the water of life was subjected to chemical analysis. These results support the therapeutic use of water of life however further studies are required to assess the toxicity and effectiveness of this extract for other ailments.

Keywords: Water of life, decoction

Acknowledgements: We acknowledge the contributions of Jude-Mary Olekanma in producing and providing the water of life extracts.

SL.K.08.STUDY OF SOME SCHIFF BASES LINGAND & THEIR

COMPLEXES COMPOUNDS AGAINST FEW CANCER CELL LINES & THIER MECHANISMS

Pouya HASSANDARVISH¹, Muhammad SALEH SALGA², Suleiman Nura GWARAM², Mahmood AMEEN ABDULLA¹, Siddig Ibrahim ABDELWAHAB³,

Happipah MOHD ALI²¹ University of Malaya, Department of Molecular Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ²

University of Malaya, Department of Chemistry, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ³ University of Malaya, Department of pharmacy , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


Schiff bases have regularly been used as chelating ligands in organization chemistry. Schiff base with donors (N, O, S, etc) have formation similarities with neutral biological systems and because of presence of amine group are utilized in elucidating the mechanism of conversion of racemisation reaction in biological system. Schiff bases signify an important class of compounds because they are utilized as starting materials in the synthesis of industrial products. They show biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal anti-diabetic antitumor, anti-proliferative anticancer herbicidal and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore this study investigating some Schiff bases compounds against breast cancer (MCF7, MDA-MB231), colon cancer (HT29) & liver cancer (HEPG2) cell lines and their mechanisms of the compounds to find out their way of treatment. The compounds were tasted on Normal liver cell lines (WRL68) to absorb the toxicity of the compounds in normal cells. our complexes

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working so good against the cancer and two of our complexes have shown fantastic result against cancer and those compound which they are cadmium and sulfate complexes they inhibit the cancer cells in very low concentrations. Those compounds were tested against normal cell line and the results shows they don’t kill normal cells in the higher concentration. As a solution for cancer treatment now a day’s most of the drugs for cancer treatment also got some sight effect to normal cells. To find out a new treatment for the cancer which it doesn’t have that serious sight effect to our body can solve so many of our problems.

Keywords: Anti cancer, Schiff bases compound, MCF7. MDA-MB231, HT29

Acknowledgments:We would like to gift our great thanks to all the students and the stuffs of Molecular Medicine department and pharmacy department who their kind help got so much effect to our research progress.

References:1.E. J. Martin, P. G. Forkert 1,1-Dichloroethylene-induced mitochondrial damage precedes apoptotic cell death of bronchiolar epithelial cells in murine lung J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 313, (2005) 95-103. 2. A. Jarrahpour, D. Khalili, E. De Clercq, C. Salmi, J. M. Brunel, Synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity evaluation of some new bis-Schiff bases of isatin and their derivatives, Molecules 12 (2007)1720-30. 3. T. Hongwu, C. Bei, C. Guanquan, Y. Yong, Z. Yun’e, S. Haoyu, Preliminary screening of anticancer drugs by acridine orange-cellular DNA fluoresecence inhibition. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 43, (1997) 711-716. 4. S. Fulda, Klaus-Michael Sensitization for Anticancer Drug-Induced Apoptosis by Betulinic Acid Debatin, Neoplasia. 7 (2005) 162–170. 5.Abu-Dahab R, Afifi F. Antiproliferative activity of selected medicinal plants of Jordan against a breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF7). Sci Pharm. 2007; 75: 121–136. doi:10.3797/scipharm.2007.75.121. 6. Unnikrishnan,M.C. and Kuttan, R. 1988. Cytotoxicity of extracts of spices to cultured cells, Nutr cancer 11: 251-257. 7. Araujo-Junior, J.X.D., Da-Cunha, E.V.L., Chaves, M.C.D.O. and Gray, A.I. 1996. Piperdardine, A Piperidine Alkaloid from Piper tuberculatum. Phytochemistry 44(3): 559-561. 8. McMahon, I., Vistica, D., Waren, JT., Bokesch, H., Kenney, S., Boyd, MR, 1990. New colorimetric cytotoxicity assay for anticancer drug screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 1107-1112.

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SL.K.09.ANTI-HEPATOCARCINOMA, FREE RADICAL

SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES AND TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS OF Orthosiphon stamineus

Mohammed ALSHAWSH*, Mahmood ABDULLA and Salmah ISMAILUniversity of Malaya, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,

50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Corresponding author: [email protected]

Orthosiphon stamineus considered as an important traditional folk medicine, commonly used in Malaysia for treatment of many diseases including hepatitis and jaundice. In this study, the aqueous and ethanol extracts of O. stamineus were evaluated in vitro for their anticancer activity, free radical scavenging properties, as well as for their phenolic contents. The anti-proliferative effect investigated against HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma and WRL-68 normal liver cell lines in a microtiter plate based on MTT assay, while the DPPH radical method was used for the determination of antioxidant activity and The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to measure the total phenolic content. Both extracts of O. stamineus showed anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 liver cancer cell line. The ethanolic extract exhibited a remarkable cytotoxicity effect on HepG2 cells with IC50 values 68 μg/ml, at the same time showed a little inhibition to normal human liver cell line WRL-68. Moreover, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed high free radical scavenging activity with IC 50 9.6µg/ml and 21.4µg/ml respectively. On the other hand, the total phenolic contents were 294.3± 0.005 mg (Gallic acid equivalents) per g of extracts. These finding indicate that O. stamineus showed potential anticancer and high antioxidant activity and there is a need for further study to identify the active constituent.

Keywords: Hepatocarcinoma, Antioxidant, Medicinal plants

Acknowledgements: University of Malaya, Malaysia. Grant no. (PS182/2009C).

References:1. Alshawsh, M.A., et al. (2011) Hepatoprotective effects of orthosiphon stamineus extract on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2011, Article ID 103039, 6 pages. 2. Brand-Williams, et al. (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Science and Technology, 28, 25-30. 3. Mosmann, T., (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of immunological methods, 65, 55-63. 5. Wiart, C. (2002) Medicinal plants of southeast Asia, orthosiphon stamineus benth. In: F.K. Wong ed. Prentice Hall, Selangor, 264-265.

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SL.K.10.WOUND HEALING ACTIVITIES OF HYPERICUM SPECIES

Yusuf ÖZTÜRKAnadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Tepebasi

TR-26470, Eskisehir, Turkey Corresponding author: [email protected]

Wound-healing activity of Hypericum species is not only an effect known since ancient times, but also an activity investigated lesser when compared to nervous system activities. Species like H. japonicum, H. perfoliatum, H. lydium, H. papuanum, H. perforatum, etc. have been used for healing of wounds and burns in the folk medicine. It has demonstrated that oily extract of H. perforatum promotes healing of surgical wounds in caesarean section due to the increase in epithelial reconstruction. In in vivo experiments, the healing of wounds has been reported to be increased by oral administration of a tincture of H. perforatum. H. patulum, H. mysurense and H.hookerianum are other Hypericum species of Indian origin, whose wound-healing activities are observed in in vivo wound models. Conventional models of wound healing have ethical and methodological issues. Moreover, studies on the mechanism of wound healing activities are quite difficult in these models. To overcome these issues we developed a new method based in cultured fibroblasts [1] and applied this method some plant products including H. perforatum [2-4]. This method consists of counting stained cells which have different morphological shapes of fibroblasts reflecting their functional states. So, we have various experimental parameters which provide experimental evidences for the mechanism of action: 1) Numbers 1) cells and 2) proliferating cells by mitosis in an area under microscope; Percentages of 3) fusiform, 4) polygonal 5) round 6) vacuol containing cells 7) number of collagen granules.Using these parameters, we found that alcoholic extract of H. perforatum having small quantities of hypericin and pseudohypericin exhibits wound healing activity due to fibroblast migration and stimulation of collagen synthesis [3]. We also investigated extracts of two subspecies of Italian origin: H. perforatum ssp. perforatum and ssp. veronense and obtained similar results [4]. In an on-going study, we are investigating oily extract of H. perforatum and its various fractions. Similar experiments is being performed with Hypericum species of Italian origins: H. montanum, H. hyssopifolium, H. hirsutum, H. tetrapterum. It is our hope that our studies may serve for the devolopment of better drugs for the management of wounds.

Keywords: Wound healing, St.-Johns Wort, Hypericum, Cell culture, Fibroblasts

References: 1. Korkmaz, S. et al. (2000) Altern Lab Anim 28:41. 2. Öztürk, N. et al. (2006) Planta Med 72:289. 3. Öztürk, N. et al. (2007) J Ethnopharmacol 111:33. 4 Dikmen, M. et al. (2011) Phytother Res 25:208.

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SL.K.11.NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SOME MEDICINAL

PLANTS AGAINST ALUMINIUM TOXITY (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MICE)

Noureddine DJEBLI, Khayra ZERROUKIUniversity of Mostaganem, Mostaganem, AlgeriaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The versatility of Aluminium chemistry will ensure its burgeoning use in the future in all manner of applications. This very same chemistry will also ensure its increased biological availability in all biota including Man. We do not know enough about the biological chemistry of a chronic exposure to Aluminium to be able to predict its impact on human health. The scientific evidence linking Aluminium with Alzheimer’s disease is as strong as it is for any other single a etiological agent. If we can identify where Aluminium fits into the a etiology or pathogenesis of diseases such as neurotoxicity and Alzheimer’s we may be able to accurately assess the risk to human health posed by biologically available Aluminium.Although the hypothesis of a link between Aluminium and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has been supported by several epidemiological studies, there is much controversy regarding these findings and their interpretation. The epidemiological results obtained regarding this hypothesis and the methodological difficulties in studying such an association. Further research leads are also discussed.There is no doubt that the drogs discovered are far from ideal, there are no more then acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, in fact alternative medecine could be moderate and protect nerves from neurotoxicity and AD. Curcumin and convolvulus are among the strong medecinal species that prove antioxidative stress effect against reactions cascade of neurofibrillary tangles.

Keywords: medicinal plants, toxicity, model of animal

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SL.K.12.PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GALLIC ACID AGAINST

REMOTE ORGAN INJURY INDUCED BY RENAL ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION

Basak DURMUS, Mediha CANBEK, Emre CEYHAN, Hakan SENTURK, Mustafa UYANOGLU

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

In this study, protective effects of gallic acid on oxidative strees which occurs on liver as a result of experimental kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury on rats was investigated. For this purpose, by randomly selecting Spraque dawley rats; Group I (Control), Group II (I/R), Group III (I/R + 50 mg.kg-1 gallic acid), Group IV (I/R + 100 mg.kg-1 gallic acid) and Group V (I/R + 200 mg.kg-1 gallic acid) were formed. To these groups, 45 min. of ischemia / 6 hours of reperfusion was applied. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and liver tissues were taken from all of the groups. Serum ALT and AST values and liver tissue’s SOD, CAT, Gpx activities in I/R group were observed to increase. A decrease was observed in these parameters dosage dependent, in application groups. As for histopatalogical analysis, high level of necrosis, dense nuclear infiltration, vacuolization and dense bleeding was observed in I/R group’s liver tissue; whereas, these findings were not encountered in Group V (200 mg.kg-1). As a result; our study showed that 200 mg.kg-1 dosage of intraperitoneally applied gallic acid has protective effect on liver that was affected by renal I/R injury.

Keywords: Ischemia/Reperfusion, Gallic acid, Remote organ, Liver, Antioxidant, Oxidative Stress.

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P.K.01.BIOACTIVE GUIDED FRACTIONATION AND POST-COITAL ANTIFERTILITY EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CURCUMA

LONGA VARIETIES

Shailendra GURAV1, Nilambari DESHKAR2, Shrikant TILLOO3,1 P.D.E.A.’s Seth Govind Raghunath Sable College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy,

Saswad- 412 301, Maharashtra, India. 2 Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy Nari, Kamptee Road, Nagpur- 440 026, Maharashtra, India


Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), beauty of ‘Indian Ayurveda’ commonly known as ‘Indian Saffron’ and ‘Haldi’ in the Indian system of Medicines, is an erect perennial herb and grows as an annual crop. The world population explosion has pointed out the need for the research of effective contraceptive methods as well as agents. The present research work deals with bioactive guided fractionation and post-coital antifertility evaluation of different Curcuma longa varieties (Indian) i.e. Salam, Krishna and Rajapuri. Defatted dried plant materials were subjected for hydroalcoholic maceration which is further fractionated to n-hexane, chloroform and acetone subfractions. Bioactive fractions subjected for column chromatography resulted into isolation of three compounds which were identified as two flavonoids and oil after UV, Mass, NMR, IR and Gas chromatographic spectral analysis. Post-coital antifertility evaluation of different hydroalcoholic extracts (100-1000 mg/kg/body wt), subfractions (50-180 mg/kg/body wt) and isolated compounds (5-40 mg/kg/body wt) were carried out on albino rats (Sprague-Dawley). Abortifacient, antiovulatory and spermicidal activities of bioactive compounds were carried out to confirm the mechanisms of action. This study clearly proved traditional claims of antifertility activity of present research plant.

Keywords:Curcuma longa, bioactive guided fraction, antifertility, abortifacient, antiovulatory, spermicidal

References:1.Chopra, R., Nayer, S.and Chopra, C. (1986) Glossory of India Medicinal Plants, CSIR Publication, New Delhi, India. 2. Bhargava, S., (1988) Fitoterapia 3 : 163 – 177. 3. Stahl, E. (1969) Thin Layer Chromatography, 2nd ed. Toppan Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. 4. Chaudhary, R., Haq, M., (1980) Bull Medico Ethno. Bot. Res, 1: 420-7. 5. Garg, S. (1974) Plant. Med. 26: 225. 6. Gupta, S. (1972) Ind. J. Physiol and Pharmacol 16: 289-94.

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P.K.02.EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STEEP LIQUOR EXTRACTS

OF Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa ON SOME PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS

Ruth A.O. GARIEL-AJOBIEWE1., Mojisola C CYRIL-OLUTAYO2., Victor G. OLUMEKUN1 and Folayemi J. AKINBILEJE 1

1Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko. Ondo State. Nigeria; 2Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo

University, Ile-Ife, NigeriaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Bambusa tuldoides cv. Ventricosa, bamboo is a common plant in the tropical regions of the world, which is known to have multiple biological activities. Typhoid fever is one of the killing diseases among the poor people of Africa, hence research for the antityphoid properties of Bambusa tuldoides becomes essential. Cereal steep liquors have been known to have some antibacterial effects against the faecal bacteria and as principal sources of energy, vitamins and minerals to the poor. The bamboo leaves were washed, dried, stretched, and soaked for five days with the different steep liquors for the dried leaf extracts. While the fresh leaf extracts were done by washing, stretching and milling the weighed leaves with the different steep liquors. Nine different organisms were isolated from the different steep liquors, mostly the Lactobacillus species. All the steep liquors shows a general increase in total reducing sugar for the first six days of continues fermentation from 0.252 to 1.001 mg/ml. There was a general increase in the bacterial counts of the different liquors from 8 x 106 (red sorghum) to 110 x 106 (yellow maize). Generally, the pH of the liquors shows a decrease of 7.9 to 7.4, while the total titratable acidity generally increased (5 – 14 %). The dried leaf extracts of all the steep liquors shows antibacterial activities for the tested bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli). While, there was no antibacterial activities for the ethanolic extracts of S. typhi and S. faecalis. The fresh leaf extracts of the steep liquors at a concentration of 20g/100ml showed antibacterial activities for all the tested bacteria, but the ethanolic extracts also did not show any antibacterial activities for both S. typhi and S. faecalis. At higher concentrations of ratio 1:2, there was a high antibacterial activity of all the liquor extracts against the tested organisms. In conclusion, the combination of bamboo leaves and steep liquors especially those of the maize and in particular the yellow maize liquor displayed excellent antibacterial activity against the pathogenic organism of typhoid fever.

Keywords: Leaf extracts, Steep liquors, antityphoid properties, Bambusa tuldoides, and pathogens.

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P.K.03.THE NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS OF ALUMINIUM AND

CONTRIBUTE TO A PHYTOTHERAPY BY CURCUMIN –EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN MICE

Noureddine DJEBLIDepartment of Biology, faculty of SNV University of Mostaganem, Algeria


The continued occurrence of occupational Aluminum overexposure and Aluminum poisoning in the World remains a serious problem despite awareness of its adverse health effects. Aluminium is suspected to play a role in the emergence of some forms of dementia and degeneration of the central nervous system. Turmeric root which is frequently used as a spice contains a polyphenolic pigment, curcumin, known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.The present study is an exploratory analysis of the effects of Aluminum exposure in brain. By identifying affected brain structures, the associated functional deficits can be more efficiently targeted and understood .the contribute to a treatment by the Curcimen in mice. Mice’s were exposed to 1.6g/l chloride Aluminium drinking water for eight weeks and treated with Curcimen solution (200mg/Kg) during one month. The treatment was effective in decreasing Al levels in mice’s, and helps Al detoxification. On hematological parameters, aluminum induces a hypochromic microcytic anemia resulting in the decrease in hemoglobin, red blood cells and hematocrit. On the biochemical level, a slight increase in cholesterol and decreased levels of protein and calcium were recorded.Keywords: Aluminium, Al toxicity, mice, curcumin, treatment

P.K.04.AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANTS AS A SOURCE OF

SCENTS, THROUGHOUT HISTORY OF THE HUMAN RACE

Armin ŠKRBO1

1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The story of the essential oils and perfumes is, above all, a story about human nature, and its progress has always been guided by human needs, desires and imagination. Since the birth of civilization, our ancestors used the aromatic and medicinal plants as a source of odors, and later in the Middle Ages, except for the finishing cosmetic products, used for control of certain diseases. Fragrances have evolved in one

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particular industry in the 19th century, and they were part of cosmetology in the manufacture of perfume and aromatic ingredients of cosmetics. The usage of it has become more sophisticated with time, considering that the nature was mixed with modern chemistry and synthesis of new aromatic components. Production of new odors, throughout history, was true hard work, particularly because of the complexity of production, as well as, a form of art, because of its design and high interest for collectors. Essential oils are an integral part of aromatic and medicinal plants. Aromatic and medicinal plants that contain essential oils, obtained from different parts, kept their popularity during all periods of the human race. Essential oils are the basis for development medicinal preparations for treatment and for making perfumes that have represented the spiritual satisfaction and status throughout history. This unique approach to the therapeutic use of essential oils is known as the French school of aromatherapy, medical aromatherapy or aromamedicine. With a large supply of various essential oils and perfumes, as well as manufacturers, a complete insight into their quality and selection, is the natural choice for anyone who has a need for their therapeutic effect and other applications. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the historical importance of the use of fragrances and essential oils from the earliest period of the human race. Hard evidence and traces of their application date from the earliest periods of human history. Sources are found ranging from the early beginnings in Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Islamic world, from the Middle Ages to the Baroque and the twentieth and twenty-first century, explaining how the use in cosmetology and for therapeutic purposes. Keywords: Essential oils, aromatherapy, perfume

P.K.05.IN VITRO ANTISICKLING PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS

EXTRACTS OF ZANTHOXYLUM HEITZII

P. NANFACK1, C.A. PIEME2, P. BIAPA1, M.V. AMA2,3, M.B.MOUKETE1, J. NGOGANG2,3

1Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 1364 Yaoundé,

Cameroon; 3Laboratory of Nutrition and Nutritional Biochemistry, 3University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon


Sickle cell disease is a real public health problem in our country with about 40% of the population being heterozygous. Treatment of homozygote patients is very expensive. Medicinal plants are the alternative way of treatment in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-sickling properties of Zanthoxylum heitzii.

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Root barks, root without barks, leaves and fruits of Zanthoxylum heitzii. were extracted with distilled water during 72 hours. The anti sickling properties of these aqueous extracts were tested on HBSS red blood cells after induction of sickling by 2% Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5). Blood samples were taken from five HBss patients out of crisis.The incubations were done during two hours in 2% Sodium metabisulfite at different doses of the extracts. Osmotic fragility of RBC was also evaluated in the presence of 250 µg/ml of each extract using standards methods.In native RBC, the proportion of sickled erythrocytes varied between 18,88 and 43,36% depending on the patient. These values increased significantly from 40,42 to 65,11% after 2h incubation in 2% Sodium metabisulfite. In the presence of the extracts, the sickling process decreased significantly depending on the type or the concentration of the extract .Extracts from the fruits showed the best anti-sickling activities with reductions ranging between 7,5 to 12,5%. We obtained the same results with native RBC incubated during 24 hours in the presence of extracts. At a concentration of 250 µg/ml of extracts, hemolysis reduced significantly revealing a protective effect of the extracts on the erythrocyte membranes. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, polyphenols, mucilage, flavonoids and glycosids in most extracts.Aqueous extracts from Zanthoxylum heitzii inhibits the sickling process and protect erythrocyte membranes against hemolysis..

Keywords: Sickle cell , Anti-sickling, Erythrocyte fragility, Zanthoxylum heitzii.

P.K.06.HERBAL MEDICINES IN THE TREATMENT OF

PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (W. BALKAN)

Anesa ZAIMOVIĆ MOYER1, Amira REDŽIĆ2

1 University Vitez in Travnik, Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2Department of Biology and Human Genetics of Medical Faculty University, 90 Cekalusa St., 71 000 Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina

Correspondig author: [email protected]

Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has increased markedly over the past decades. To date however, a comprehensive review of herbal antidepressants, anxiolytic and hypnotic psychopharmacology and applications in depression, anxiety and insomnia has been absent [1]. The Ovid Medline, Pubmed and the Cochrane Library were searched for pharmacological and clinical evidence of herbal medicines with psychotropic activity [2]. Specific emphasis in this research was given to emerging phytomedicines. These studies are based on the results of ethno pharmacological

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research in Bosnia and Herzegovina [3]. Special attention is paid to the following species: Hypericum perforatum L., Melissa officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Ballota nigra L., Humulus lupulus L., Valeriana officinalis L., Valeriana sp., Sambucus nigra L., Datura stramonium L., and Orchis morio L. These species have been found in different formulations (infusums, tincture, powder, oils, etc), however they have all been used in different doses administered orally in the treatment of depression, anxiety, insomnia and other psychiatric conditions. The results indicate favorable outcomes especially for chronic conditions. This research indicates a potential for good results, however, it requires a complex clinical study of certain products and certain psychiatric conditions [4].

Keywords: psychopharmacology, medicinal plants, clinical botany, psychiatric diseases

Aknowledgements: Authors are thankful to S. Redžić for his support in determination of plant species.

References: 1. Sarris, J. (2007). Phytother Res. 21(8):703-16. 2. Sarris, J, Panossian, A, Schweitzer, I, Stough, C, Scholey, A (2011). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. [Epub ahead of print]. 3. Redzic, S. (2007). Collegium Anropologicum 31, 869-890. 4. Faustino TT, Almeida RB, Andreatini R (2010). Rev Bras Psiquiatr. [Epub ahead of print].

SESSION LPHARMACOLOGY AND GENOTOXIOLOGY

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PLENARY LECTURE

PL.L.01.PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF Nigella sativum’s AQUEOUS

EXTRACT ON OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE

Muhsin KONUK, İbrahim Hakkı CIğERCI, Şöhret YÜKSEKAfyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Biology Department,

03200-Afyonkarahisar-TurkeyCorresponding author: http://www.muhsinkonuk.com; [email protected]

The black cumin (Nigella sativa) is claimed to have beneficial properties for human health, such as anti-bacterial, anti-carsinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The antioxidant effects of the black cumin may be partly explained by protection of cell components against free radicals. We evaluated the effect of aqueous black cumin extract for its potential protecting agent against oxidative damage to DNA in mononucleer leukocytes. Cells were pre-treated with various concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12,5, 6,25, 3,125 μg/mL) of the extract for 30 min-60 min at 37°C. Cells were then exposed to 10 and 50 mM of H2O2 for 5 min as an induction of oxidative stress. Evaluation of oxidative damage was performed using alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) for DNA fragmentation. Pre-treatments with black cumin extract reduced DNA damage at the concentrations of 100-25 μg/mL. Thus, black cumin showed cellular protection against endogenous DNA damage produced by H2O2. On the other hand, different type of extracts’ antioxidative and antigenotoxic effects of the black cumin are being studied especially on the ER stressed β-cells by using cell-culture techniques.

Keywords: DNA demages, medicinal plants, protective effects

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SESSION LECTURES

SL.L.01.CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF Datura

stramonium EXTRACTS ON CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES

Zeynep ULKER, Lokman ALPSOYFatih University, Biology Department, Istanbul, Turkey


Datura stramonium is a plant in the Datura genus, within the Solanaceae family. The active tropane alkaloids, are atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinergics used as a hallucinogen and internally to treat madness, epilepsy, and depression. In this study, we aimed that determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of D. stramonium methanolic seeds extract (DE) on human lymphocytes culture by using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and TUNEL test(genotoxicity test), Lactate dehydrogenease (LDH) and cell proliferation(WST-1 ) as a group of cytotoxicity test. Our results show that all DE do not have significant cytotoxic effects (LDH assay) on human lymphocytes on the other part DE inhibited 24th and 48th cell proliferation significantly (p<0.001). Also tunel assay results show that the concentration of DE cause DNA damage significantly (p<0.001). In addition that SCE frequency was increased when 125x103µg/ml and 50x103µg/ml concentration of DE added in the lymphocyte culture (p<0.05). All of the assay result suggested that the component of D. stramonium atropine and scopolamine which are classified anticholinergic agents have genotoxic and slight cytotoxic effects on human cultured lymphocytes.

Keywords: Datura stramonium, tropane alkaloids, Lymphocyte, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, sister chromatid exchange (SCE)

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SL.L.02.PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND IN VITRO NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE ROOT AND BARK EXTRACTS OF Delonix

regia (FLAMBOYANT TREE)

Ndana REBECCAH , Edozie CHICHIDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria


Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) have been shown to be one of the three most economically damaging genera of plant parasitic nematode on horticultural and field crops. This study was carried out to screen root and bark extracts of Delonix regia as a potential nematicide and to carry out phytochemical screening to detect the presence of phytochemical constituents. Water extracts of the root and bark were tested for nematicidal activity against the eggs and juveniles of root knot nematode. The extracts were prepared at different concentrations (0, 10, 40, 70, and 100%) and it was observed that the 100% concentration treatments were more effective in bringing about juvenile mortality and inhibiting egg hatch. While the 10% concentration of the extract was found to be the least active as the egg hatch and juvenile mortality is almost insignificant compared to the control. Reducing sugar, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins were present in the root material while tannins, volatile oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin and hydrolysable tannin were found to be present in the bark of the plant material. Terpenoids were absent in both the root and bark of Delonix regia. These plant extracts hold promise as an alternative means of reducing or inhibiting the effect of root knot nematode.

Keywords: Extracts, phytochemical rootknot nematodes, Delonix regia, nematicidal

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SL.L.03.ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME CAMEROONIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST Plasmodium berghei K173

GROWTH IN MICE MODEL.

K.B PONE1 and P. ANIRBAN1

1Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Lucknow-IndiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Developing countries, where malaria is endemic, depend strongly on traditional medicine as a source for inexpensive treatment of this disease. However, scientific data to validate the antimalarial properties of these herbal remedies are scarce. Consequently, it is important that antimalarial medicinal plants are investigated, in order to establish their efficacy and to determine their potential as sources of new antimalarial drugs.In this study, we evaluated the claimed antimalarial properties of six extracts from two plants used in traditional medicine against malaria and fever, mainly in some African and Asian regions. The air dried powdered plant parts (leaves, roots and bark) were extracted with water and ethanol as solvents. The blood schizontocidal activity was measured using a standard in vivo assay, with Plasmodium berghei K173 strain. The ahcoholic extracts were the most effective and have shown a significant activity (P<0.05). The bioassay-guided fractionation of the most active extract is ongoing.

Keywords: Traditional medicine; Medicinal plants; Antimalarial; Plasmodium berghei K173

SL.L.04.ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF

Echinophora tenuifolia L.

M. Serdal SAKÇALI1, Lokman ALPSOY1, Abdullah KIRAN2, Zeynep ÜLKER1, Güzin KEKEÇ1

1 Fatih University, Biology Department, Istanbul, Turkey; 2 Marmara University, Biology Department, Istanbul, Turkey


The genus Echinophora (Apiaceae) is represented in the flora of Turkey by six species including three endemics. Echinophora tenuifolia L. (Turkish pickling herb), a bushy plant, is the most widespread one, through the rural and rudeal areas of

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Turkey. E. tenuifolia is about 20-50 cm height, perennial, thorn less, soft fur, yellow flowered and strong scented plant. Beside of its pharmaceutical usage, it also has some etnobotanical applications. People use it picling hern in pickle (stabilization and conservation). Its leaves and flowered branches gives particular odor and taste to pickles. It also used for healing wounds and to treat gastric ulcers due to its antifungal, carminative, and digestive properties. Main constituents of essential oils from pickling herb (Echinophora tenuifolia L.) are δ-3-carene, methyl eugenol, α-phellandrene, p-cymene and β-phellandrene. In this study, the antimicrobial and antioxidant enzymes activity of the extract of Echinophora tenuifolia L. were investigated. The total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content were measured by using CUPRAC, ABTS and Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric methods.

Keywords: Echinophora tenuifolia L., antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, ethnobotanical

SL.L.05.GENOTOXIC AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF STORAX IN

VITRO

Bulent KARADENIZ1, Zeynep ULKER1, Lokman ALPSOY1

1 Fatih University, Biology Department, Istanbul, Turkey Corresponding author: [email protected]

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the storax balsam which is a kind of sweet gum obtained from the Liquidambar orientalis Mill trees, on cell viability, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human lymphocyte in vitro. We studied the genotoxic effects of the extract of storax balsam (SE) by using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test system. Also the cytotoxic and inhibitory effects on cell proliferation of SE were evaluated by using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and cell proliferation (WST-1) assay. The SCE frequency was increased when cells were treated with 1.6 and 4.0 µg/ml SE concentrations (p<0.05). Moreover treatment of the cells with the same concentrations significantly depleted the cell number at 24th and 48th hours and elevated the LDH levels (p<0.05) at 48th hour. These results suggest that SE can be used as an alternative anti-bacterial and anti-pathogenic agent due to cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.

Keywords: Liquidambar orientalis, storax, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, sister chromatid exchange (SCE).

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SL.L.06.ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS OF MEDICINAL HERBS

Midhat JAŠIĆ1, Ramzija CVRK1, Džemail FERHATOVIĆ2, Sead NOĆAJEVIĆ2

1Faculty of Technology, University of Tuzla, Department of Food Technology, Tuzla, B&H2Faculty of Science, University of Tuzla, Department of Biology, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Spices and herbs used for thousands of years in many cultures, to improve the taste and aroma of food. Early cultures have recognized the value of using spices and herbs for preserving food products as well as their medicinal value, but only since the end of the nineteenth century are well-known scientific experiments that have documented antimicrobial properties of some spices and herbs. For this reason, spices and herbs are increasingly used as natural agents for slowing the process of food spoilage (food shelf) and to prevent the growth of microorganisms, including pathogenic Microorganisms (food safety), as well as replacement of antibiotics to which some bacteria show resistance.Research conducted in the latest decade have shown that herbs and spices contain essential oils in the range of 0.05-0.1% showed activity against pathogens in foods such as Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. However, the use of herbs, spices and their essential oils with antimicrobial effects compared with synthetic additives are still limited due to lack of known effects, strong odors, and high prices.This paper provides an overview of the effects of various kinds of herbs, spices and their essential oils on gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, fungi and mold. Also described are natural compounds present in spices and medicinal herbs that have shown antimicrobial functions, such as sulfur compounds (allicin and allyl isothiocyanate ), terpenes and terpene derivatives, phenols (eugenol, carvacrol, thymol), esters, aldehydes, alcohols and glycosides, and etc.

Keywords: herbs, spices, antimicrobial compounds.

SL.L.07.PHARMACOVIGILANCE IN HERBAL MEDICINE: A

PARADIGM TO DRUG TOXICITY MONITORING

Shailendra GURAVP.D.E.A.’s Seth Govind Raghunath Sable College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy,

Saswad- 412 301, Maharashtra, IndiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related

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problems. The specific aims of pharmacovigilance are to; improve patient care and safety in relation to the use of medicines and all medical and paramedical interventions, improve public health and safety in relation to the use of medicines, contribute to the assessment of benefit, harm, effectiveness and risk of medicines, encouraging their safe, rational and more effective (including cost-effective) use, and promote understanding, education and clinical training in pharmacovigilance and its effective communication to the public.Recently, its concerns have been widened to include herbals, traditional and complementary medicines, blood products, biological, medical devices, vaccines etc. Many other issues are also of relevance to the science; substandard medicines, medication errors, lack of efficacy reports, use of medicines for indications that are not approved and for which there is inadequate scientific basis, case reports of acute and chronic poisoning, assessment of drug-related mortality, abuse and misuse of medicines and adverse interactions of medicines with chemicals, other medicines and food.Herbal medicines are widely used in both developed and developing countries however, in recent years, there are several high-profile herbal safety concerns having an impact on the public health. The use of herbal and traditional medicines raises concerns in relation to their safety. There is wide misconception that ‘natural’ means ‘safe’. There is the common belief that long use of a medicine, based on tradition, assures both its efficacy and safety. There are examples of traditional and herbal medicines being adulterated or contaminated with allopathic medicines, chemicals such as corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and heavy metals. Many traditional medicines are manufactured for global use and they have moved beyond the traditional and cultural framework for which they were originally intended. Self-medication further aggravates the risk to patients. When traditional and herbal medicines are used in conjunction with other medicines there is the potential of serious adverse drug interactions.The pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines exhibits particular challenges because such preparations are available from a wide range of outlets typically where there is no health care professional available, most purchases are in conventional OTC environment. For all these reasons, inclusion of herbal and traditional medicines in national pharmacovigilance programmes has become important and inevitable. Healthcare providers, including traditional health practitioners, regulators, manufacturers and the public share a responsibility for their informed and safe use.Various methods in pharmacovigilance are passive surveillance includes spontaneous reporting and stimulated reporting, active surveillance by sentinel sites, drug event monitoring, registries, comparative observational studies by survey study, case control study, targeted clinical investigations by investigate drug-drug interactions and food- drug interactions . A number of national pharmacovigilance centres are now monitoring the safety of traditional medicines. For that to succeed, the collaboration and support of

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consumers, traditional health practitioners, providers of traditional and herbal medicines and other experts is necessary. More attention needs to be given to research and to training of healthcare providers and consumers in this area.

KeywordsPharmacovigilance, herbal medicines, safety issues, drug-drug interactions, drug-food interactions,

References:1.M. Mosihuzzaman, M. Choudhary. (2008) Protocols on safety, efficacy, standardisation and documentation of herbal medicine, Pure Appl. Chem., 80:10; 2195-2230. 2. Guidelines for the regulation of herbal medicines in the South East Asia Region, WHO Regional office, New Delhi, SEA Trad. Med. -82. 3. WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance system, WHO Geneva 2004. 5. Reporting adverse drug reactions associated with herbal products, PhD thesis by Rishma Walji, University of Toronto.

SL.L.08.THE EFFECTS OF SOME ANTIBIOTICS AND ESSENTIAL

OILS ON CONTROLLING OF E.COLI BACTERIA

Mahsa AGHHAVANI-SHAJARI1, Parviz Rezvani MOGHADDAM1, Mahdi HEDAYATI2, Marjan BANI-HASSAN1, Jabbar FALLAHI1

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran ; 2

Department of Poultry, Faculty of Veterinary, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding author: [email protected]

Incorrect use of antibiotics caused an increase in drug resistant strains of bacteria [2,4], since study of the antibacterial effects of medicinal plants can be useful method for a sustainable controlling of those bacteria[2]. Some researchers showed that these plants have an antimicrobial effects on E. Coli [3,5]. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of some essential oils on E.coli bacteria. In this study a number of 100 samples froms yolk sac and liver of dead chicken with 7 dayes old were taken. The samples were first enriched in modified trypticase soy broth, containing novobiocin, followed by plating on sorbitol Mac Cankey agar supplemented with Cefixime and potassium tellurite. Consequently the suspected non sorbitol fermenting (NSF) colonies were confirmed by biochemical tests (IMViC) as E. coli, that 20 samples were positive. The antibiogram test of isolated bacteria was performed by disc diffusion method using some botanical and synthetic antibiotic mentioned in table 1. Among antibiotics, the most susceptibility was seen for Nitrofurasone and among mentioned essential oils the most susceptibility was seen for Thyme (Table. 1). Likes similar researches [3,5], our results showed that essential oils had an inhibitory effect on E.Coli growth. Some researches reveled that monoterpenic compositions stopped the cell division[1]. With recent studies it has been recognized that essential oils due to their oily nature could

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be pass across the cytoplasmic membranes and then with disturbance in structure of polysaccharides, organic asides and phospholipids caused disturbance in turnover of microbial agents [1]. Over all, we could be hopeful about the antimicrobial effects of natural compounds to replace them into the synthetic antibiotics.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Thyme, Disc Diffusion, Nitrofurasone

Table. 1. Growth inhibition halo diameter(mm) for botanic and synthetic antibiotics against E. Coli

Refrences:1. Di Pasqua, R. et al. (2006). J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: 2745-2749. 2. Fallahi, J. et al. (2010) Iranian Vet. J. 6(1): 33-25. 3. Govaris, E. et al. (2010) Food Sci. Tech. 43: 1-5. 4. Hayouni, E.A. et al. (2008). Int. J. Food Micro. 125: 242–251. 5. Oussalah, M. et al. (2007) Food Cont. 18: 414–420.

SL.L.09.ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME Satureja L.

ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST Pseudomonas aeruginosa

T. MIHAJILOV-KRSTEV1 , D. RADNOVIĆ2, D. KITIĆ3, B. ZLATKOVIĆ1,2 and J. JOVIĆ1,3

1Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia 2Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and

Mathematics, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia 3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bul. Dr Zoran Đinđić 81,

18000 Niš, SerbiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes a variety of diseases in humans including different infections. According to previous studies, pathogenic strain P. aeruginosa shows the greatest resistance treating by essential oils isolated from aromatic plants, due to the hydrophilic cell surface. In this investigation, we used microwell-dilution method in order to analyse antibacterial activity of some Satureja L. essential oils against the pathogenic strain P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027. Selected essential oils showed the activity in range of MIC/MBC=0.78-25.00/6.25-50.00 μLmL-1, which is very good antimicrobial effects in comparison with the referent antibiotic streptomycin (MIC/MBC=8.00 μLmL-1). Those essential oils could present the real natural source of

NitrofurasoneKanamycinCeftioximeStreptomycinThymeRosemaryPennyroyalPepper mint

2515145261282

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antimicrobial compounds in medical treatments against the strains which rapidly develop resistance.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Satureja L., essential oil, antimicrobial activity

Acknowledgments - The authors are very grateful to the Ministry of Education and Sciences of the Republic of Serbia for the financial support of Grant No. III-41018 and the Project “Training and Research in Environmental Health in the Balkans, D43 TW00641” supported by the NIH/Fogarty International Center, USA. Also, The authors are thankful for financial support from the Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia, in the Frame of the project “Molecular and phenotypic diversity of taxa of economic and epidemiological importance, and endangered and endemic species in Europe.”

References: 1. Bežić, N., Skočibušić, M., Dunkić, V. (2005) Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten. essential oils. Acta Botanica Croatica, 64 (2): 313-322. 2. Burt, S.A., Reinders, R.D. (2003) Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 36 (3): 162–167. 3. Dorman, H.J.D. and Deans, S.G. (2000) Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88: 308-316. 4. Oussalah, M., Caillet, S., Saucier, L., Lacroix, M. (2006) Antibacterial effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth of a Pseudomonas putida strain isolated from meat. Meat science, 76: 236-244. 5. Redzić, S. (2006) Wild Edible Plants and Their Traditional Use in the Human Nutrition in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 45: 189–232. 6. Skočibučić, M., Bežić, N. (2006) Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Satureja subspicata Vis. growing in Croatia. Food Chemistry, 96: 20-28. 7. Skočibušić, M., Bežić, N. (2004b) Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Two Satureja Species Essential Oils. Phytotherary Research, 18: 967–970.

SL.L.10.ANTIFERTILITY EFFECT OF BUTEA MONOSPERMA

FLOWERS IN MALE RATS

Sudha CHAUHAN¹, Sudha AGRAWAL² ¹Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India and

²Bhilai Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bhilai, Durg, IndiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Antifertility activity of ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma flowers was investigated. Adult male albino rats were administered the crude extract orally at 150 and 600 mg per kg doses for 12 day. The testis of treated rats showed vacuolization of seminiferous tubules, exfoliation of germ cells in the tubular lumen and Leydig cell hyperplasia. There was atrophy of epididymal tubules and increases in fibromuscular stroma. The lumen of vas deferens was occluded accompanied with atrophy of luminal

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epithelium. Histological findings were corroborated by biochemical alterations such as decrease in testicular glycogen and increase in testicular acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities. Further studies are needed in this field.

Keywords: Butea monosperma, Antifertility, male reproduction

Acknowledgements: Authors are thankful to Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi for financial support

SL.L.11.DETERMINATION OF CD-INDUCED GENOTOXICITY IN

ROMAN NETTLE (Urtica pilulifera L.) USING RAPD-PCR TECHNIQUES

Ilhan DOGAN1, Ibrahim Ilker OZYIGIT2, Guzin KEKEC3, Mehmet Serdal SAKCALI3, Goksel DEMIR4 Hüseyin TOMBULOGLU3

and Ibrahim Ertugrul YALCIN2,4

1Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey, 2Marmara University, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, Biology Department,

Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey 3Fatih University, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, Department of Biology, Hadımköy, Istanbul, Turkey, 4Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental

Engineering Department, Besiktas, Istanbul, TurkeyCorresponding author: [email protected]

Urticaceae family members are very common and widespread species found in the margins of arable fields, gardens and countryside throughout Europe, Asia and Northern Africa (Firbank et al., 2002). They are very rich in terms of chemical constituents and have been used as herbal medicines (Manganelli et al., 2005). The leaves of Urtica contain histamine, formic acid, acetylcholine, acetic acid, butyric acid, leukotrienes, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and other irritants (Wagner et al., 1994) On the other hand, nettle`s main plant chemicals include acetophenone, acetylcholine, agglutinin, alkaloids, butyric acid, astragalin, caffeic acid, carbonic acid, chlorogenic acid, chlorophyll, cholin, coumaric acid, folacin, formic acid, histamin, lectins, lecitin, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, panthotenic acid, quercetin, xanthophyll, violaxanthin, succinic acid, stigmasterol, serotonin, scopoletin, quinic acid, neoolivil, palmitic acid, kaempherols, coproporphyrin, plastocyanins, glycoproteins, carotenoids, fatty acids, sterols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, terpenes, and lignans (Taylor, 2005). Urtica pilulifera L. (Roman nettle) is one of the most important traditional drugs in Turkey (Baser et al., 1986). Whole plant shows antiasthmatic, antidandruff, astringent, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, purgative, galactogogue, haemostatic, hypoglycemic effects, and is a stimularity tonic for medicinal purposes. It was especially used as a remedy for diabetes mellitus, eczema, rheumatism, hemorrhoids,

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hyperthyroidism, bronchitis and cancer (Baytop, 1999; Kavalalı, 2003). Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential element and negatively affects plant growth and development (Benavides et al., 2005; Gratao et al., 2005). It is known as an extremely significant pollutant due to having a toxicity of up to 20 times higher than that of many other heavy metals (Vassilev et al., 1998). In this study, Roman nettle (U. pilulifera L.) was used as bioindicator for Cd pollution in the range of 100 μM - 200 μM. The inhibitory rate of root growth was indicated by an increase of Cd at 100 μM (35%) or 200 μM (85%), a gradual decrease in total soluble proteins from 334.6 μg to 112.8 μg and the genomic instability observed by the comparison of RAPD-PCR profile changes. Genotoxic effects of Cd were determined by comparing to Parents’ and F1 individual plants’ band profiles. Thus, DNA polymorphisms detected by RAPD analysis could be used as an investigation tool for environmental toxicology and as a useful biomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects of Cd pollution on plants. In this work, U. pilulifera was also used to investigate the differences in the absorption, accumulation and usage of mineral nutrients at different levels of the Cd exposure for two months. Uptake of some mineral nutrients (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn) and Cd by U. pilulifera was examined in roots and leaves by using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The data proved that plant growth and uptake and accumulation of microelements are altered extensively in U. pilulifera grown with Cd. Cd reduces the uptake pattern of certain elements and increases that of others, the patterns depending on the element and the plant part being compared to the control. Genotoxic effects and the accumulation of mineral nutrients were better correlated with Cd levels in U. pilulifera used in this study. Therefore, changes in genetic material may result in altered metabolism of mineral nutrition.

Keywords: RAPD-PCR, genotoxicity, cadmium (Cd), Urtica pilulifera, mineral nutrition.

References1. Baser, K.H.C, Honda, G., Miki, W., 1986. Herbs Drugs and Herbalists in Turkey. Toyo Publishing, Tokyo. 2. Baytop, T. 1999. Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey (Past and Present), Istanbul University Press, Istanbul. 3. Benavides, M.P. et al., (2005), Braz J Plant Physiol., 17, 49-55. 4. Firbank, L.G. Norton, L.R and Smart, S.M. 2002. Recording cereal field margins in Countryside Survey 2000. 5. Gratao, P.L. et al., (2005), Func Plant Biol, 32, 481-494. Kavalalı, G. et al., (2003), J Ethnopharmacol., 84, 241-245. 6. Manganelli, R.E.U. et al., (2005), J Ethnopharmacol., 98, 323-327. 7. Taylor, L., 2005. The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. Square One Publishers, New York. 8. Vassilev, A. et al., (1998), Environ. Pollut.103, 287-293. 9. Wagner, H. et al., (1994), Phytomedicine, 1, 213-224.

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SL.L.12.COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL AND

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF WILD GROWING FRUITS JUICES

T. MIHAJILOV-KRSTEV1 , B. ZLATKOVIĆ1,2, M. ILIĆ2, V. STANKOV-JOVANOVIĆ2,1, V. MITIĆ2,2

1Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia 2Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry, Višegradska 33,

18000 Niš, SerbiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of juices freshly derived from fruits of several trees and bushes growing wild in Serbia: Viburnum lantana, Viburnum opulus, Sambucus nigra, Cornus sanguinea, Paliurus spina-christi and Pyrus spinosa. The antimicrobial activity of the tested samples have been investigated using microwell-dilution method against commonest human gastrointestinal pathogenic bacterial strains: Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Shigella sonnei (ATCC 25931), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644), Ecsherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10786). Their antioxidant properties have been evaluated employing DPPH and total phenolic and flavonoid content assays. The obtained results have been suggested potential application of selected fruit extracts as natural sources of valuble antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds.

Keywords: wild growing fruits, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Acknowledgments - The authors are very grateful to the Ministry of Education and Sciences of the Republic of Serbia for the financial support of Grant No 172047.

References: 1. Chen, J.L., Yan, S., Feng, Z., Xiao, L., Hu, X.S. (2007) Changes in the volatile compounds and chemical and physical properties of Yali pear (Pyrus bertschneideri Reld) during storage. - Food Chemistry, 97: 248–255. 2. Grlić, Lj. (1986) Atlas samoniklog jestivog bilja. – ITRO Augus Cesarec, Zagreb, 392 pp. 3. Haruyasu, S. (1990) Changes in the volatile composition of La France pear during maturing. - Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 52(3): 421–429. 4. Hummer, K. E., Janick, J. (2009) Rosaceae: Taxonomy, Economic Importance, Genomics. In: Folta, K.M., Gardiner S.E. (eds.): Genetics and Genomics of Rosaceae, Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models 6. - Springer Science+Business Media. 5. Neda Mimica-Dukic, natasa Simin, Jelena Cvejic, Emilija Jovin, Dejan Orcic, Biljana Bozin, Phenolic compounds in field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) as natural antioxidants, Molecules 2008, 13, 1455-1464; DOI: 10.3390/molecules13071455. 6. Rizzolo, A., Lombardi, P., Vanoli, M., Polesello, S. (1995): Use of Capillary Gas Chromatography/Sensory Analysis as an additional tool for sampling technique comparison in peach aroma analysis. - Journal High Resolution Chromatography, 18:309–314. 7. Russel, T., Cutler, C., Walters, M. (2007) Trees of the world – an illustrated encyclopedia and identifier. – Hermes House-Annes Publishing Ltd, 511 pp. 8. Terpo, A., Amaral Franco, do J. (1968): Pyrus L. In: Tutin T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., Webb, D.A. (eds.): Flora Europaea 1: 65-66. – At the University Press, Cambridge.

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P.L.01.EVALUATION OF ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF

VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF CASSIA FISTULA BY CHEMICALLY INDUCED CONVULSIONS

ZIYAURRAHMAN A.R1, JAYVADAN PATEL, DR.2

1. M.C.E. Society’s Allana College of Pharmacy, Pune. INDIA2. Nootan Pharmacy College,S.P. Sahakar Vidyadham, Ambaji Road,Visnagar-Gujarat, India


Epilepsy is an excitatory neurological disorder characterized by clonic and tonic seizers. Various chemicals like PTZ, strychnine, isoniazide, picrotoxin induce epilepsy in laboratory animals. These chemical induced epilepsy by a plethora of mechanisms. PTZ is the competitive antagonist at the benzodiazepines receptor complex. Strychnine inhibits the synthesis of inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine this triggers an excitatory response characterized by seizures and convulsions. In the present investigation the chloroform extract of Cassia fistula ameliorated the onset and intensity of the epileptic seizures in a dose dependent manner. This observation provides experimental proof that the chloroform extract possess benzodiazepines receptor modulating activity. It could also be extrapolated from the present study that the chloroform extract may act as an agonist al GABA mediated chloride channel and facilitate the influx of chloride ions leading to antiepileptic activity. The results obtained from the experiments confirm the findings of previous workers Lopez & Casado, 2001. The M.E.S. induced seizures, the onset of seizures was delayed significantly at the highest dose. It is worth noting that the percentage mortality at the highest dose in the various model viz PTZ, Strychnine, M.E.S. were 16, 16, 33 and 50 respectively. This bolsters the assumption that the hydroalchoholic extract may exhibit its antiepileptic activity by modulation of GABAergic transmission.In the present study the hydroalcoholic extract exhibited dose dependent inhibition of epileptic seizures. It is evident from the research conducted by the previous workers that PTZ induces epilepsy by blocking the BZD receptor complex. In the M.E.S. induced seizures, the onset of seizures was delayed significantly at the highest dose. It is worth noting that the percentage mortality at the highest dose in the various models viz. PTZ, Picrotoxin, Strychnine and M.E.S. were 16, 16, 33 and 50 respectively. This bolsters the assumption that the hydroalcoholic extract may exhibit its anti epileptic activity by modulation of GABAergic transmission. On the other hand strychnine possesses the property of inhibition of synthesis of glycine. The hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia fistula ameliorated the seizures by prolonging the onset and reducing the mortality.

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Keywords: Pentylenetetrazole, strychnine, isoniazide, picrotoxin, Cassia fistula

Acknowledgements: Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan

P.L.02.USEFUL TRAITS OF C.CYANUS L.

Arzu HUSEYNOVAInstitute of Botany of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Azerbaijan

One of the poor researched and large spread genuses of Asteraceae Dumort. is Centaurea L. which is known as a Profit Flower by people. The researcher of the genus was a point of argument for a long time in Soviet Union. Most of authors who researched Centaurea genus state that it comprises of up to 700 species. The study of the genus in the flora of Azerbaijan didn’t involve enough interest. Only Karyagin studied its taksonomy before last 60 years. On the basis of the latest studies we can state that 29 species was included to the Azerbaijani flora and these species are systematically very important for their morphological, anatomical, paleontological and biochemical traits.The useful usage of the Centaurea genus was known since the time of the famous mytholog Kentavr Khiron, the latin name of the plant was taken from that. By the myth he was able to treat people by the plants.Nowadays Centaurea species get attention of the world scientists as a medicine plants. In a national medicine most species of the genus are being used as a analgetic, against to illnesses of different systems such as heart-vascular, malary, diabet, nervus, kidneys and so on. In medicine C.cyanus is mostly used specie.According to the morfological signs we can say that alcoloids of the funnel-shaped flowers of this specie enlarges the blood vessels and has a hypnotic effect. Apart from that it has effects such as above mentioned ones. The sap of the stem was used for treatment of injuries in past. According to the literature dates Centaurea is rich with antocyan. This is a strong antibiotic. Thats why Centaurea extract has antifever, analgetic and recovering traits and increases resistance against infections.C.cyanus extract is more effective for treatment of fire injuries, exema, and eye illnesses. For takeing the fatigue ofeyes and increase its light it is used in cosmetology as well. The extract of fresh centaurea has an effect of correction of the skin and is useful for sensitive skins.

Keywords: Centaurea L., C.cyanus L.

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P.L.03.EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SIDERITIS TROJANA BORNM. SIDERITIS ATHOA PAPANIKOLAOU &

KOKKINI WATER AND ETHANOL EXTRACTS

Hatice TUNCA, E. Burcu BALI1, Fatma AYDIN1, Leyla AÇIK1, Tuncay DIRMENCI2

1Gazi University, Department of Biology, Teknikokullar, 06500, Ankara, Türkiye, 2Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Balıkesir, Türkiye/Turkey


Most of the current medicines originally derived from medicinal plants. The value of medicinal plants as herbal remedies is quite popular around the world and especially in Turkey. There are so many herbs, spices and tea for medicinal purposes. Of these, Sideritis species [Fam. Lamiaceae], are known as “dağ çayı” (Mountain tea), is used as tea among Turkish people. The plants are distirubuted Mediteranian region in Turkey. The genus represented with 45 taxa in Turkey, 39 of them are endemic (1). Sideritis trojana is only grown in Kaz Dağı, Turkey. S. trojana is endemic plant and the local name of the plant is “sarıkız çayı”. S. athoa is grow in Kazdağı and it’s around. The local name of S. athoa is “kedi kuyruğu çayı”. Sideritis species have strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activity due to their phenolic content such as hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids (2). In this study in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of ethanol, methanol and water extracts of Sideritis athoa Papanikolaou & Kokkini and Sideritis trojana Bornm. (Lamiaceae) were investigated. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by agar well diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of Sideritis extracts were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenge method and phenolic contents of the extracts were exemined. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as a positive control for antioxidant activity. Ethanol and methanol extracts of Sideritis species showed antimicrobial activity aganist Bacillus cereus NRRL-B-3711, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 27853, Staphlococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803. Water extracts possesed lower antimicrobial activity than ethanol and methanol extracts. The ethanol and methanol extracts of S. athoa strongly reduced the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (IC50= 20,25±1.2 µg/ml, IC50 = 13,8±0,2 µg/ml) and also S. trojana methanol extract had strong scavenging activity (IC50 = 14,85±0,4 µg/ml) than BHT (IC50= 27,5±0,2 µg/ml). Phenolic content of the methanol extracts were higher than ethanol and water extracts. This study confirms that methanol extracts of two Sideritis species has the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in vitro and they are more effective than antioxidant positive control (BHT). In addition that S. athoa methanol extract possesses more powerful antioxidant capacity than S. trojana.

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Keywords: antimicrobial activity, S. athoa, S. trojana, biological activity

Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the State Planning organisation (Grant 1998K121480

References: 1. Davis H. (1982) Flora of Turkey and East Aegan Islands volume 7 Edınburg University Press. 2. Kilic T. et al. (2003) Chem of N Compounds 39: 453-456.

P.L.04.SCREENING OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF TROLLIUS

EUROPAEUS L. EXTRACTS: ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICHOLINESTERASE PROPERTIES

Strahinja SIMONOVIĆ1, Vesna STANKOV JOVANOVIĆ1, Violeta MITIĆ1, Gordana STOJANOVIĆ1, Marija ILIĆ1

1 Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry, Niš, Serbia Corresponding author: [email protected]

Trollius L. (globeflower) is a genus of about thirty species of plant. They are native to cool, temperate regions of Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest diversity of species in Asia. Among three European species, Trollius europaeus L. has the widest distributional range. It occupies extensive areas of northern and central lowlands areas of Europe, while toward the south of the continent, it growing only in the mountains. There are few papers referring to the phytochemical characteristic of Trollius chinensis and Troliius ledebourii as medicinal plants and their antioxidant activities. Information’s about Trollius europaeus L chemical composition, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities are insufficient. This study evaluated antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of the acetone, ether, methanol and hexane extracts from different aerial parts (leaves, flowers and stems) of plant Trollius europaeus L. The antioxidant activity of these plant parts was evaluated by using the DPPH method and ferric reducing antioxidant power. In addition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by using gallic acid and rutin as a standard.The highest anti-oxidative DPPH radical capacity showed hexane and ether leaf extracts, those extracts also showed highest flavonoids content. Lowest DPPH radical capacity and flavonoids content showed acetone stem extract. Highest level of polyphenols was in acetone leaf extract and lowest in hexane flower extract. Highest ferric reducing antioxidant power showed methanol leaf extract, and lowest hexane flower extract. Cholinesterase inhibitors are a treatment option for most people with Alzheimer’s disease. All plant extracts were screened for potential cholinesterase inhibitory

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activity. Cholinesterase inhibiting activity showed methanol leaf, methanol flower, methanol stem, acetone stem and ether stem extracts of Trollius europaeus L.

Keywords: Trollius europaeus, cholinesterase, antioxidant, extracts

Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Serbian Ministry of Science and Technological Development (grant no 172047).

References: 1.Yao-Lan, L., et al. (2002) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79:365. 2. Li, H., Zhang, M., Ma, G. (2011) Nutrition 27:1061-5. 3. Maciejewska-Rutkowska, I., et al. (2007) Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 16:595-605. 4. Zou, J.H., et al. (2005) Phytochemistry 66:1121.

P.L.05.INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF TWO MAJOR LICHEN

COMPOUNDS (diffractaic and usnic acid) AGAINST Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Erol YILDIRIM1, Bugrahan EMSEN2 and Ali ASLAN3

1Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 25240, Erzurum-TURKEY; 2Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Kamil Ozdag Faculty of Science, Department

of Biology, 70200, Karaman-Turkey; 3Atatürk University, Kazým Karabekir Faculty of Education, Department of Biology Education, 25240, Erzurum-Turkey.


Two major lichen compounds (diffractaic and usnic acid) isolated from Usnea longissima Ach. were tested against adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h and mortalities were recorded at various concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg.ml-1). The results show that secondary metabolites of U. longissima have a significant insecticidal effect on adults of S. zeamais. The mortality rates after 96 h of treatment with the maximum concentration (10 mg.ml-1) of diffractaic acid and usnic acid were determined as 96.97 and 76.77 % for adults of S. zeamais, respectively. However, there was no mortality in the controls of each lichen secondary metabolites. Bioassays with diffractaic acid and usnic acid revealed that the 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) values were 2.657 and 4.001 mg.ml-1 for adults of S. zeamais, respectively. The present results suggest that the lichen secondary metabolites provide an excellent potential for control adults of S. zeamais.

Keywords: Lichens, insecticidal effect, biological control

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P.L.06.SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF ENZYMATIC AND NON-

ENZYMATIC COMPONENTS OF ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN SALVIA OFFICINALIS L.

Dragoljub L. MILADINOVIĆ1, Budimir S. ILIĆ1, Nikola D. NIKOLIĆ2, Violeta N. MILOSAVLJEVIĆ3, Marija S. MARKOVIĆ4

1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia2Laboratory for Geochemistry, Cosmochemistry and Astrochemistry, University of Niš, 18000

Niš, Serbia 3Elementary school “D. Maksimović”, 18000 Čokot, Serbia. 4Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia


Salvia officinalis L. is a perennial woody subshrub, native to the Mediterranean region. Sage is one of the most popular medicinal and culinary herbs. Many studies have been focused on various biological activities of S. officinalis secondary metabolites.1 The Sićevo gorge in the south-east Serbia is an important natural habitat of S. officinalis in the continental part of the Balkan Peninsula.2 Environmental stress, as well as developmental processes induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a plant.3 Being involved in the ROS metabolism, antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic molecules may take an important part in the plants strategies of tolerance, allowing survival in their habitats.4 In this work we studied antioxidant ability of leaves of S. officinalis during active vegetation period, in order to investigate activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), quantities of malonyldialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide (O2

• -) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), reduced glutathione (GSH) and content of total flavonoids, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids and soluble proteins. The highest catalase and peroxidase activities were in summer, while superoxide dismutase peaked in autumn. Total protein, flavonoid and photosynthetic pigments contents were significantly higher in the summer than in other seasons. Determined levels of reactive oxygen species in leaves are not able to damage cell structures. The sage from Serbia is successfully adapted to living conditions.

Keywords: Salvia officinalis, Antioxidant activity, Enzymes, Total flavonoids

Acknowledgements: The research was partially supported by the Serbian Ministry of Education and Science (Grant No. 171 025).

References:1. Armatu, A. et al. (2010) Rom. Biotech. Lett. 15: 5274-5280. 2. Diklić, N. (1974) Flora of SR Serbia. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Belgrade, Serbia. 3. . Jaleel, C.A. et al. (2009) Acta Physiol. Plant. 31: 427-436. 4. Hashida, S. et al. (2009) Ann. Bot. – London 103: 819-824.

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P.L.07.ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE OF ASTRAGALUS ONOBRYCHIS L. SUBSP. CHLOROCARPUS (GRISEB.) S. KOZUHAROV ET D.K.

PAVLOVA

Dragoljub L. MILADINOVIĆ1, Budimir S. ILIĆ1, Nikola D. NIKOLIĆ2, Dejan M. NIKOLIĆ3, Marija S. ILIĆ4

1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia. 2Laboratory for Geochemistry, Cosmochemistry and Astrochemistry, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia. 3Department of Sanitary Chemistry, Institute of Public Health, 18000 Niš, Serbia

4Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia


Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is generally considered the largest genus of vascular plants with an estimated number of 2500−3000 species.1 Many species of Astragalus are used to restore overgrazed range, control erosion and provide useful sources for producing important drugs.2 The high light intensity, high temperature and the temperature difference between night and day, as well as developmental processes induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a plant.3 Being involved in the ROS metabolism, antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic molecules may take an important part in the plants strategies of tolerance, allowing survival in their habitats.4 In this work, we studied antioxidant ability of leaves of Astragalus onobrychis L. subsp. chlorocarpus (Griseb.) S. Kozuharov et D.K. Pavlova during active vegetation period, in order to investigate activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), quantities of malonyldialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide (O2

• -) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), reduced glutathione (GSH) and content of total flavonoids, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids and soluble proteins. The highest catalase and peroxidase activities were in summer, while superoxide dismutase peaked in autumn. The investigated non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds exhibit the highest contents in blooming stage of vegetation.

Keywords: Astragalus onobrychis, Antioxidant activity, Enzymes


References:1. Podlech, D. (1986) Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 89: 37-43. 2. Ebrehimzaden, H. et al. (1999) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 27: 743-751. 3. Jaleel, C.A. et al. (2009) Acta Physiol. Plant. 31: 427-436. 4. Hashida, S. et al. (2009) Ann. Bot. – London 103: 819-824.

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P.L.08.ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTIES OF

POTENTIAL UROANTISEPTIC MEDICINAL PLANTS

Ivan KOSALEC1, Marijana ZOVKO KONČIĆ2

1 Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia; 2 Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, Zagreb, Croatia

Corresponding author: [email protected] Treatment of minor microbial infections of lower urogenital tract are often complementary, with patients using prescribed antibiotics along with traditional herbal medicinal products. Those products may act as uroantiseptic and/or as diuretic. Our recent study has demonstrated the efficiency of several traditionally used herbal uroantiseptics on uropathogenic bacteria (1). In the present study a further research on herbal extracts with record of ethnopharmacological use for treatment for urinary tract infections use was performed. In addition, antioxidant activity, which may conribute to antiinflammatory processes in organism, was also assessed. Antmicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Ribes nigrum and Arbutus unedo, as well as extracts of fruits of Vaccinum myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea was evaluated the in vitro. The study was performed using micro-broth dilution assay according to the CLSI recommendations M07-A8 and M27-A3 on fresh clinical isolates of bacteria and yeasts. The following microbial strains were used: E. coli UPEC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MDR, Entorococcus faecalis MDR, Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by three different test systems, namely DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and β-carotene/linoleic acid assay. Even though fruits of Vaccinum species are considered as potent uroantiseptics, extracts of fruits were ineffective against uropathogens in present study. This is in accordance with results of a recent clinical study where cranberry juice failed to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection. Extracts prepared from leaves of R. nigrum and A. unedo, on the other hand, were active against all the microbes tested, with MIC values equal or lower than 6.25 mg/mL. The latter two extracts were also potent antioxidants than the fruit extracts. The results presented in this study confirm the validity of use of of R. nigrum and A. unedo in treatment of urinary infections.Keywords: arbutin, antioxidant properties, antimicrobial properties

Referencs:1.Kosalec, I. et al. (2007) Comparison of antimicrobial activity of traditionally used herbal uroantiseptics against clinical isolates of uro-genital pathogens. Planta Med 73: 888. 2. Barbosa-Cesnik C, Brown MB, Buxton M, Zhang L, DeBusscher J, Foxman B. (2011) Clin Infect Dis. 52:23-30.

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P.L.09.EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY AND THE ERGOGENIC

ACTION OF A BEVERAGE MADE FROM ROOTS OF Mondia whitei

MIBO’O P1, PIEME C.A2, WOUASSI D1, AMA M.V 2, NJINKIO N.B.LG1, HAMADOU A1, BOUBAKARI D1, OLOMO M.B1, WANDJI D1, MENYANA

N1, HAPPY T.F.L1, DOUGA M.F1, MOUKETE M.B1, DIMO4 T TANYA A.K.N 2, MBOFUNG C.M.F3, NGOGANG J2

1Laboratory of the National Institute of Youth and Sports Yaounde, Cameroon; 2Faculty of Medecine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon; 3Departement of Food

Sciences and Nutrition in National High Scool of Agro-industrial Sciences of Ngaoundere University, Ngaoundere, Cameroon, 4 Faculty of Sciences of the University of Yaoundé 1 ,

Yaoundé CameroonCorresponding author: [email protected]

Physical activities need energy in order to avoid fatigue which is a source of counter-performance. The promotion of safety and healthy sporting without doping in developing countries .may use our traditional knowledge. M. whitea is known to be an ergegonic spice used in Cameroon The aim of our study was to formulate a drink from roots of M; whitei, with composition similar to a standard commercial drink ,to evaluate its toxicity and its ergegonic properties in rats..Root barks were extracted with distilled water during 72 hours Dried powder was obtained after an overnight incubation at +100 °C in an oven The powder was reconstitute at the concentration of 400mg/Kg Adjustment with carbohydrate and NaCL was done in respect of the international norms to solve the problem of hydration and energy intake. The physico-chemistry (water content and dry matter) and nutritional properties (carbohydrate, lipids and protein) were evaluated using standard methods.. Evaluation of the acute and sub acute toxicity was performed according OECD technics. The ergogenic test was done using the rotative rod standard method. This drink contained the four essential elements recommended in a sporting beverage: 97.53 % of water ; 4.04 ±0..6 g/dl of carbohydrate; 80.5 ± 0.21 mg/dl of sodium and a caloric value of 29.30 ± 0, 21 Kcal /dl. Acute toxicity test showed no major changes related to treatment .The DL 50 was above 5000 mg/Kg, showing that the drink is not toxic. After 08 weeks of consumption of the drink by the rats their performance was higher than that of the control group The beverage made with the roots of M. whitei is ergogenic and is not toxic

Keywords: Mondia whitei, Drink, Toxicity, Ergogenic properties

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P.L.10.EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC

POTENTIAL OF ASPLENIUM SCOLOPENDRIUM L. LEAF EXTRACTS

Una GLAMOČLIJA1, Sanin HAVERIĆ2, Jasmina ČAKAR2, Adaleta DURMIĆ2, Anja HAVERIĆ2, Kasim BAJROVIĆ2

1 Hercegovinalijek d.o.o., Mostar Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2Institute for genetic engineering and biotechnology, Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina

Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

Asplenium scolopendrum L. Aspleniaceae is a fern, which has been used for centuries in ethnopharmacology. Most important uses are as a diuretic and astringent, for wound healing (1, 2), for pulmonary diseases (2, 3, 4, 5), troubles related with liver and spleen (2, 6, 7) and to stop bleeding gums (7). Infusum of A. scolopendrium L. frond is still used in folk medicine, so it was very important to evaluate cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of this extract. Fronds of A. scolopendrium L. were collected in September, 2008. on location Ribići, near Konjic, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Voucher specimen (No. 51409) was deposited at the herbarium of National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Extracts of A. scolopendrium L. fronds were tested for their cytotoxic and genotoxic potential using in vitro cytokinesis block micronucleus assay on human lymphocytes (blood samples from four persons were used). Vacuum dried extracts were dissolved in distilled water in three final concentrations (70 mg/ml, 7 mg/ml and 0,7 mg/ml). For every concentration and negative control frequency of micronuclei was counted on 2000 binuclear cells on two microscopic slides for one blood sample (total amount of 8000 cells). Frequency of apoptotic cells, necrotic cells, NPM (nucleoplasmatic bridges) and NDI (nuclear division index) was counted on 1000 cells on two microscopic slides for one blood sample (total amount of 4000 cells). It was found that there was no statistically significant difference between frequency of micronuclei, apoptotic and necrotic cells in negative control and tested concentrations of extracts. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the number of NPM between negative control and tested concentrations of extracts. Extracts showed weak cytotoxic potential because NDI value decreased with increasing concentration of extracts, but there was no statistical significance when compared to negative control (p=0,055).

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Keywords: Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, Asplenium scolopendrium

Acknowledgements: Institute for genetic engineering and biotechnology in Sarajevo, Bosnalijek d.o.o.

References: 1.Tucakov J (1990) Lečenje biljem. Rad. Beograd. 2. Duke J.A. et al. (2002) Handbook of Medical Herbs. CRC PRESS. Boca Raton, Florida. 3. Tanović N., Saličnović A. (2006) Atlas ljekovitog bilja i gljiva Bosne i Hercegovine. Bemust. Sarajevo. 4. Pieroni,A. et al. (2005) Fitoterapia 76: 379-99. 5. Tita, I. et al. (2009) Farmacia 57: 141-56. 6.Joerg Gruenwald et al. (2000) Physicians desk reference for herbal Medicines. Medical Economics Co. Montvale. 7. Deschauer T (1945) Illustrated phytotherapy, Book one. Thos. Deschauer Publications. Maywood Ill.

P.L.11.ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM

SATUREJA MONTANA L. AGAINST CLINICAL ISOLATES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Sabina MEMIŠEVIĆ 1, Anesa JERKOVIĆ-MUJKIĆ 1, Renata BEŠTA1

1University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and usually causes nosocomial infections. Cases of resistance of this bacterium to antibiotics are in the increase. One of the solutions to this medical problem is use of essential oils which have been recognized to have considerable antibacterial effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial acitivity of essential oil from Satureja montana L. against clinical isolates and reference strain of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Essential oil was obtained by a commercial source (Oshadhi, Germany) and the GC/MS analysis identified carvacol (55,21%) and thymol (5,88%) as main constituents. In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil against P. aeruginosa was tested by disk diffusion method.The essential oil of Satureja montana L. expressed significant inhibitory effects on P. aeruginosa isolates with rates of inhibitory zones ranging from 11-30mm, and average value of inhibitory zones of 22mm. These promising results suggest the potential use of Satureja montana L. essential oil as an alternative agent in future treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.

Keywords: essential oil, Satureja montana L., antibacterial activity, P. aeruginosa

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P.L.12.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL

ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF HELICHRYSUM ITALICUM (ASTERACEAE)

Ksenija MILESKI1, Ana DZAMIC1, Mihailo RISTIC2, Ana CIRIC3, Marina SOKOVIC3, Petar D. MARIN1

1Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia 2Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pancic”, Belgrade,

3Institute for Biological research “Sinisa Stankovic”, Belgrade Corresponding author: [email protected]

Helichrysum species are used widely to treat various medical conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don fil. growing in Croatia. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from dried aerial parts of plant in flowering stage was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The yield of essential oil was 0.167 (v/v) and it was characterized by the predominance of oxygenated compounds. Eighty seven constituents were found, representing 95.87% of the total oil. The main components were neryl-acetate (20.44%), γ-curcumene (14.08%), trans-α-bergamotene (6.99%), α-pinene (4.28%) and selin-11-en-4 α-ol (3.58%). The antimicrobial activity of H. italicum essential oil was evaluated in comparison with bifonazol, ketoconazole and streptomycin as standards, against six bacterial and eight fungal strains by the microdilution method. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of tested oil were between 1.5-25 µl/ml. The most resistant strains were Trichoderma viride, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. Essential oil of H. italicum has a stronger activity than bifonazol and streptomycin. This research suggests the potential use of this oil as natural antimicrobial agent.

Keywords: Helichrysum italicum; essential oil composition; antimicrobial; antimicrobial

Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia for financial support (Grant No. 173029.

References: 1. Hanel H. et al. (1988) Mycoses 31:148-154. 2. Adams P. R. (2007) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation. 3. Carol Stream, Illinois, USA. 4. 3. Daouk K. D. et al. (1995) J. Food Prot. 58:1147-1149.

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P.L.13.GENOTOXICITY OF CYNOGLOSSUM SPECIES EXTRACTS

FROM BOSNIA (W. BALKAN)

Amira REDŽIĆ1, Anesa ZAIMOVIĆ MOYER ²1Department of Biology and Human Genetics of Medical Faculty University, 90 Cekalusa

St., 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2 University Vitez in Travnik, Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Correspondig author: [email protected]

The species of Cynogloossum genus (Boraginaceae) have always been used in traditional medicine in Western Balkans [1]. The young shoots in some regions are used for nutritional purposes [2]. A large number of medicinal plants of the family Boraginaceae contains pyrolizidine alkaloids and show genotoxic effects [3]. It is to be expected that a similar action of species Cynoglossum would be discovered. The samples of Cynoglossum officinale were taken for the analysis from five different localities in Bosnia during 2008, and they consisted of extracts of fresh aerial parts of plants at concentrations of 0.5% and 1%. The genotoxicity was performed by Allium-test - the meristems cells of Allium cepa L. Prepared bulbs with developed roots were placed in test tubes, with each concentration consisting of 10 specimens. The extract in selected concentrations was applied onto the specimens, after which the effect of treatment onto the extract was observed following 24 and 48 hours at room temperature. This was followed by removal of the roots and microscopic preparation. Ten preparations for each concentration and five for control were examined, with special emphasis placed on determining the mitotic index (number of cells in division at 1000 cells observed), the frequency of certain phases of mitosis, the frequency of chromosome aberrations and disturbances in the meiotic spindle. The analysis examined 10 x 1000 cells.It was found that extract of Cynoglossum does have an effect on mitotic activity and on other investigated parameters. Index mitosis after 48 hours was 3.5 (conc. 0.5%) and 2.7 (conc. 1%); and 4.8 in control exctracts, with the most cells found in prophase and the least in anaphase. Both concentrations of the extract caused chromosome aberrations. There were C-mitosis, anaphase abnormalities, irregular metaphase and a few cells with two nuclei, with more intense effects in 1% concentration. Based on this research we can furrther discuss citostatic and genotoxic effects of exracts Cynoglossum officinale species

Keywords: biodiversity, citostatic activity, medicinal plants, pyrolizidine alkaloids

References:1. Redzic, S.S.( 2007) Coll Antropol 31, 869-890. 2. Redzic, SJ. (2006) Ecol Food & Nutr 45, 3,189-232. 3. Redzic, A. et al. (2009): Planta Med 75, 987-987.

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P.L.14.ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF

ETHYL-ACETATE EXTRACTS OF THE PLANTS FROM THE LAMIACEAE FAMILY

Aleksandra STANOJKOVIĆ1, Jelena CEKOVIĆ2, Ljiljana ČOMIĆ2, Radmila PIVIĆ1, Aleksandar STANOJKOVIĆ3

1 Institute of Soil Science, Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected]; 2 Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; 3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of

Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The propitious geographic position of Serbia, along with its heterogeneous relief with many productive river valleys, plane lowlands, mountain slopes, as well as the diversity of soil types, are responsible for the heterogeneousness of the Serbian flora. For that reason, the use of medical plants as a therapeutic expedient has, considerably, rich and very long tradition in Serbia. The permanent need for searching the new chemical structures which show the effect on microorganisms provoked, in every part of the world, extensive investigations of the plant extracts. In this study antibacterial activity of the ethyl-acetate extracts of the following aromatic plants from the family Lamiaceae was studied: Lavandula officinalis L., Melissa officinalis L., Mentha piperita L., Mentha pulegium L., Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Satureia montana L., Teucrium montanum L., Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus vulgaris L. The tested extracts of the plants were made in the process of extraction, filtration and evaporation in vacuum. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested in relation to eight bacterial species: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, Erwinia carotovora, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Sarcina lutea and Staphylococcus aureus. The effect on bacteria was determined by filter disc diffusion method. The extracts were tested at the concentration of 5, 10 and 15 mg/disc. A commercial antibiotic dovicin (Galenika a.d., Belgrade) was used as a control.

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The results obtained showed that the least active showed the extracts of M. pulegium, O. basilicum, O. vulgare and T. montanum. As the most susceptible bacteria showed A. tumefaciens, P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens, and as the most resisting - E. coli. The most active were the extracts of M. officinalis, M. piperita, R. officinalis and S. officinalis, which noticeably inhibited most of the tested bacteria. Thus, it can be concluded that the tested extracts of these plants could be used for preparation of the natural antibiotic agents.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Lamiaceae, ethyl-acetate extracts, antibiotic agents

Acknowledgements: Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia, Prof. dr Slavica Solujić, Prof. dr Dragana Muratspahić.

References: 1. Kišgeci J. (2002) Medicinal plants. Partenon, Belgrade. 2. Mirković, B. et al. (1999) Matières Médicales 19:37-42. 3. Verpoorte, R. et al. (1983) J Ethnopharmacology 8:287-302.

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P.L.15.ASSESSING ESSENTIAL OILS FOOD PROTECTION

BY CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Budimir S. ILIĆ1, Dragoljub L. MILADINOVIĆ1, Tatjana M. MIHAJILOV-KRSTEV2, Dejan M. NIKOLIĆ3, Marija S. MARKOVIĆ2

1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia2Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Niš, 18000

Niš, Serbia 3Department of Sanitary Chemistry, Institute of Public Health, 18000 Niš, SerbiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Many food products are perishable by nature and require protection from spoilage during their preparation, storage and distribution to give them desired shelf-life. Recent studies have highlighted the use of essential oils as effective additives for food safety and preservation against microorganisms spoiling the food or making it unsafe.1,2 The aim of the study was to provide information about the similar antibacterial activity of plants essential oil, using the combined micro-broth dilution method and a multivariate statistical analysis. Antibacterial activity was researched for Thymus vulgaris L., Lavandula angustifolia L. and Calamintha nepeta L. The antibacterial activity of researched plants essential oil expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were examined for ten different types of bacteria: (1) P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853; (2) P. aeruginosa; (3) S. enteritidis ATCC 13076; (4) S. enteritidis; (5) S. aureus ATCC 29213; (6) S. aureus; (7) B. cereus ATCC 10876; (8) B. cereus; (9) E. coli ATCC 13706; (10) E. coli. For chemometric study of the system, essential oils-bacteria, we use two different methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering using the SPSS Statistics. For essential oils (as scores) and bacteria (as variable), we used full sized PC model, with cross validation method centering data at first principal component. The score and correlation loading plots of PC model showed a similar influence of MIC and MBC values of tested bacteria for classification of examined essential oils. PCA analysis revealed that essential oil of T. vulgaris and L. angustifolia in contrast to C. nepeta are similar and have strong effect against S. enteritidis and B. cereus. The similar effect was also shown for S. aureus, S. enteritidis ATCC 13076, S. aureus ATCC 29213 and P. aeruginosa (Figure 1). PCA model showed that other tested bacteria have same influence at all essential oils and that are not relevant for their variance. The similarity between essential oils of T. vulgaris and L. angustifolia was also confirmed by hierarchical cluster analysis using between groups-linkage as cluster method and euclidean distance as a measure (Figure 2).

Keywords: Chemometrics, Antibacterial activity, Essential oils


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References:1. Burt, S. (2004) Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94: 223-253. 2. Fisher, K., Phillips, C.A. (2006) J. Appl. Microbiol. 101: 1232-1240.

P.L.16.INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF Tagetes minuta, T. terniflora, T. zipaquirensis ON Drosophila

melanogaster, Prepnotipex vorax, Brevicoryne brassicae.

JáTIVA C.,COFRE C., BALDEóN X., YUMI N.,Biochemestry and Farmacy School. Agronomy, Biology and Pharmacognosy laboratories.

Escuela superior Politécnica de Chimborazo Riobamba-Ecuador-SudaméricaCorresponding author: [email protected]

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Tagetes minuta (T1), Tagetes terniflora(T2) and Tagetes Zipaquirensis(T3). was obtained from steam distillation. Tagetes terniflora(T2), Tagetes minuta and,Tagetes Zipaquirensis were investigated by their phenotypic properties and thin layer chromatography (TLC) using silica gel and toluene ethyl acetate. Ethanolic extract from the bodies of Brevicoryne brassicae, and Premnotipex vorax after contact against t Tagetes minuta (T1), Tagetes terniflora(T2) and Tagetes Zipaquirensis(T3), separetely, was investigated by TLC showing that the essential oil was inside the bodies. Tagetes minuta was investigated also by GLC. The main components of the Tagetes minuta essential oil were eucalyptol, of trans ocimene, 2,2 dimethyl from isopropánole acid , pentyl ester cycle, de trans tagetona(74%). The essential oils from Tagetes minuta (T1), Tagetes terniflora(T2) and Tagetes Zipaquirensis(T3)each one showed pronounced contact toxicity against adults Drosophila melanogaster, Brevicoryne brassicae, and Premnotipex vorax.A commercial insecticide (campex) was tested against the insects and we found that its activiy was similar to the essential oils. Tagetes minuta (T1), Tagetes terniflora(T2) and Tagetes Zipaquirensis(T3).have insecticidal effect on Drosophila melanogaster, Brevicoryne brassicae, and Premnotipex vorax. Essential oils are environmentally friendly and can replace successfully to commercial insecticide.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, insecticide, Tagetes, Drosophylla

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P.L.17.IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF Alnus incana

EXTRACTS

Sabina DAHIJA1, Sanin HAVERIĆ2, Milka MAKSIMOVIĆ3, Danijela VIDIC3, Adisa PARIĆ1

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; 2 Institute for genetic engineering and biotechnology,

Gajev trg 4, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71 000 Sarajevo,

Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Cancer is one of the most prominent human diseases which has stimulated scientific and commercial interest in the discovery of new anticancer agents from natural sources. Water extracts obtained from dry leaves and bark of A. incana in final concentrations of 15 and 30 ml/ml were subjected for cytotoxic study in human fibroblast cultures. The cell viability was carried out by Trypan blue dye exclusion method. The highest percent of cell viability was observed using water leaf extracts of A. incana (93,47%). The results indicated that the water extracts of leaf and bark of A. incana in tested concentrations were not cytotoxic to human fibroblasts. This study supports the use of this plant in the treatment of different diseases in traditional medicine and also suggest the possibility of isolating anticancer agents from Alnus incana.

Keywords: Alnus incana, cytotoxic activity, Trypan blue exclusion method

SESSION MNUTRACEUTICALS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

PLENARY LECTURE

PL. M.1.INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, NUTRITIVE AND BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE EDIBLE

MUSHROOMS FROM MACEDONIA

Biljana BAUER PETROVSKAFaculty of Pharmacy, University of SS Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia


Nutritionally important components were determined with various contemporary nutritients analyses in 53 kinds of cultivated or edible mushroom species from Macedonian areas. Macedonian mushrooms contained relatively high total protein content (av. 30.1 % dry basis) and were low in fats (av. 5.1 %, dry mass). 100 g dry mushrooms comprised low energetic value of 1646.5 kJ on the average. The contents of minerals showed great variation (4.3-17.9 % dry mass) in agreement with literature data. Macedonian mushrooms contained relatively high total dietary fibre content (av. 5.9 % dry mass). Elemental (C, H, N) content of the TDF isolates, obtained according to two parallel applied methods was very constant. The infrared spectras of the both TDF isolates were closed to chitin. The abundance of protein fraction expressed in an average values of all fifty three investigated mushroom samples calculated as a percentage of total nitrogens was in the following order: albumins (24.8 %), globins (12.1 %), glutelins (11.5 %), glutelins like (7.4 %), prolamins (5.7 %), prolamins like (5.3 %). Greater proportions of albumins and globulins at the expense of glutelins and prolamins increased the nutritive value of the proteins in the Macedonia mushrooms. The presence of great amount of residual non-protein nitrogen (av. 33.3 %) in all the investigated samples gave for Macedonian edible mushrooms, protein converting factor of 4.16 %. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that proteins of the investigated mushroom samples greatly differ in their electrophoregical profiles although some similarities could be noticed between the mushrooms from the same family. Different amino acid patterns were found in all samples studied. Cysteine, threonine, aspartic acid were the most abundant protein constituent amino acids. Essential amino acids made 37-75 % of all amino acids. Lysine was the most often found limiting amino acid in the investigated mushroom samples. The biological value of the mushroom proteins varied from 51.3 to 90.4 %. The nutritional value of proteins calculated by biological, value, protein ratio, chemical score and essential amino acid index was very high in the majority of the mushroom studied.

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Keywords: edible mushrooms, proteins, amino acid content, dietary fibre, biological value

Acknowledgements: Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Karadelev M.

References: 1. Bauer Petrovska, B. (2001) European Food Research and Technology; 212 (4): 469-472. 2. Bauer Petrovska, B. (2001) European Food Research and Technology; 212 (4): 469-472. 3. Bauer Petrovska, B., et al. . (2002) Nahrung 2002; 46 (4): 238-239.

SESSION LECTURES

SL.M.01.PURSLANE (Portulaca oleracea L.): AN IMPORTANT WILD EDIBLE WEED USES FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC

PURPOSES

Irfan CORUH1, Sezai ERCISLI2

1Ataturk University Agricultural Faculty Department of Plant Protection 25240 Erzurum-Turkey, 2Ataturk University Agricultural Faculty Department of Plant Protection 25240

Erzurum-Turkey, Corresponding author: [email protected]

Portulaca oleracea L., commonly known as purslane, is an herbaceous weed. The plant growing wild and/or cultivated in much of the world. It is listed in the World Health Organization as one of the most used medicinal plants and it has been given the term ‘Global Panacea’. It is also eighth most commonly distributed plant in the world and eaten both fresh and dry in many parts of the world, including Turkey. Purslane leaves is very low in cholesterol. It is also a good source of Thiamin, Niacin, Vitamin B6 and Folate, and a very good source of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Riboflavin, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Copper and Manganese. One of the things everybody talks about is the fact that Portulaca oleracea has more omega-3 fatty acids than any other leafy plant known on earth. The leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds of the purslane plant are all edible. Most of the people eaten the stems and leaves of the plant. They have a slightly sour edge (not as strong as wood sorrel) and a hint of a mucilaginous quality (not as strong as mallows). Purslane is terrific as part of a salad. Purslane is regarded as a cooling herb and is suggested for help with fevers and inflammatory conditions. Some recommended it for skin problems, similar to the use of aloe vera. In this study, biological properties of this unique plant will be given during presentation.

Keywords: Purslane, antimicrobial effect, antioxidants, fatty acids

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SL.M.02.EFFECT OF SOWING DATE AND PLANT DENSITY

ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF COMMON PURSlANE (PROTULACA OLERACEA L.)

Hamed JAVADIPayame Noor University, Birjand, Iran

Corresponding author: h_ [email protected]

In order to study of sowing date and plant density effect on yield and yield components of common purslane an experiment was conducted in spring 2009 at Azad University of Birjand, Iran. The experiment was done as split plot based on compeletely randomized block design with 3 replication. In this study 4 sowing date including (4, 21 April, 5 and 20 May) were used as main plot and 3 levels of plant density including (5.5, 8.3 and 16.6 plant/m2) as sub plot. In this research triats such as number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight and grain yield were studied. The results showed that effect of harvest was significant on number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule and grain yield and all of triats were high in second harvest. Effect of sowing date were significant about all of traits. Late planting caused to decrease of traits such as number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight. Effect plant density were significant on number of seeds per capsule and grain yield as increase of density caused to decreased of seeds number per capsule and increased of grain yield. Interaction between sowing date and plant density was significant on number of capsules per plant and grain yield. Total grain yield was not affected by sowing date. Plant density had significant effect on total grain yield. As increase of plant density caused to 68.64% increment of total grain yield. Interaction between sowing date and plant density was not significant on total grain yield. According to results of this experiment sowing date of 4 April and density of 16.6 plant/ m2 is optimum for obtain of high yield for common purslane.

Keywords: Common purslane, Sowing date, Plant density, Yield and its components.

References: 1. liu, L. et al. (2000) J of Chromatography. 893: 207- 213. 2. Simopoulos, A. P. et al. (1992) J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 11: 374- 382. 3. Yazici,I. et al. (2007) Enviro and Exper Botany. 61: 49-57.

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P.M.01.EVALUATION OF NUTRITIVE AND MEDICINAL VALUES

OF THE FETUS AND OTHER PLANT PARTS OF WILD CHERRY (Prunus avium L.) FROM TUZLA AREAS

Sead NOĆAJEVIĆ, Džemail FERHATOVIĆ, Midhat JAŠIĆ, Ramzija CVRK, Mensur Noćajević TUZLA UNIVERSITY, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit is healthy, which are fruits and other plant parts under-exploited by man. It has a significant nutritional and medical potential, which can be used much more for the man. This paper seeks to emphasize score nutritional and medicinal values of fruits and other plant parts of wild cherry (Prunus avium) from the Tuzla area. Because of the wealth of nutrients and moderate amounts of calories (32 kcal / 100 g), is an excellent choice for those who keep an eye on their weight and want to live a healthy life. The fruit is rich in phytochemicals which act against free radicals. Botanical research in the Bosnian area indicate that the treatment and prevention of metabolic disease (diabetes) using products from wild cherry (because of the quality of sugar levulose), wild apple and pear. Healing properties of wild cherry is reflected in the strengthening of organisms, enhances the work of organs for digestion (not irritate and is not puffed stomach and intestines), refreshed after exhaustion. Cherry fruits are mainly used for table consumption, to a lesser extent the processing industry in the household or in sweet, jams, fruit salads, juices. Strained juice of the fresh wild fruits is a natural multi-vitamin drink high value. Like the mix of juice and honey that can be used for inflammation of respiratory tract. Since ancient times, there is evidence of diet-therapeutic and pharmacological able Prunus avium, and the ethno-medecine for making tea using pedicle (diuretic) and fruits (for rheumatism). Hopefully it will be the first to exploit more seasonal fruits for both preventive as well as for medicinal purposes.

Keywords: nutritive value, medicinal value, wild cherry, fruit, Tuzla area

SESSION NHONEY AND HONEY PLANTS

251

ORAL PRESENTATION

SESSION LECTURE

SL.N.01.AN OVERVIEW OF THE POLLEN SPECTRUM IN TURKISH

HONEY SAMPLES

Rıza DALGIC*, Ernaz ALTUNDAG**, Aykut GUVENSEN***, Munir OZTURK****Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye

**Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Duzce University, Duzce,Turkiye**Botany Department, Science Faculty, Ege University, Iznir, Turkiye/Turkey


Honey is one of the oldest known medicines used even today in folk medicine. It has been used in the treatment of wounds, burns, ulcers and also in the prevention of infection. The major antimicrobial factors determined in the honey are osmotic effect, acidity, hydrogen peroxide and plant-derived substances such as flavonoids. The total amount of pollens in the honey is one of the criteria for the selection of real honey, because the quality is correlated with the plants visited by bees.Turkiye is exporting honey to many countries therefore this paper presents an overview of the pollen spectrum of honey samples in Turkiye. The nectar concentration of Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Boraginaceae and Rosaceae taxa in Turkey varies between 15-55 percent. In Izmir, Sivas, Afyon and Mugla pollen spectrum is dominated by Chenopodiaceae/ Amaranthaceae, Trifolium spp., Trigonella spp., Zea mays, Anthemis spp. and Cyperaceae. These samples are more effective in the antibacterial action against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans as compared to antibiotics. In 94 central Anatolian honey samples pollens from Astragalus, Rubus, Lapsana communis, Centaurea triumfetti, Heliotropium suaveolens, Brassica oleracea, Teucrium, Peganum harmala, Lotus, Lamium amplexicaule, Xeranthemum, Vicia cracca, Achillea and Hedysarum are dominating. In Bursa area main pollen taxa are Castanea sativa, Daucus carota, Rosa spp., Trifolium spp. and Helianthus annuus. In Denizli province dominant pollens come from Fabaceae, Castanea sativa, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Cistaceae and Asteraceae; whereas in Manisa and Balıkesir area pollen from the taxa Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistaceae and Asteraceae are dominant. In the state of Izmir dominating major pollen spectrum belongs to Castanea sativa, Papaver, Poaceae, Vitex, Cistus, Ericaceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae together with secondary and minor concentrations of pollens from Tilia argentea, Eucalyptus, Helianthus annuus, Daucus carota, Tribulus terrestris and Lamiaceae. The samples from West Taurus

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region abound in Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae. In the States of Mugla, Izmir, Aydin, Manisa, Usak, Denizli and Canakkale dominant pollen are from Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Cistaceae, Apiaceae, Fagaceae and Lamiaceae. Total protein, invert sugar,saccharaose, ash and water content in these samples varies between 0.22-1.08, 52.6-90.6,1.14-8.05, 0.04-0.69 and 0.11-0.24 percent respectively. In the samples from East Anatolia dominant pollens belong to Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae. These samples show HMF: 2.2-17.3 mgr, invert suger: 62.5-90.9 %, saccharose: 19.6-5.90 %, total protein: 1.2-1.7 %, water: 13.4-21.5 % and ash: 0.12-067 %. In the samples from Konya dominating pollen comes from the taxa like Trifolium, Achillea, Euphorbia, Marrubium, Helianthus annuus, Vicia, Lotus, Centaurea, Medicago, Papaver, Linum, Cistus, Quercus and Faxinus. The pollen spectrum of Rize-İkizdere area is dominated by Trifolium aureum, T. campestre, T. pratense, Lotus corniculatus, Castanea sativa and Cynoglossum glochidiatum.

Keywords: Honey, Melissopalinology, Pollen, Chemical Characteristics


P.N.01.ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS AND

ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PROPOLIS AND THEIR POLYPHENOLIC/FLAVONOID COMPAUNDS IN

DIABETES-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS

Nada ORŠOLIĆ1, Domagoj ĐIKIĆ1, Damir SIROVINA1, Duje LISIČIĆ1, Vesna BENKOVIĆ1, Anica HORVAT KNEŽEVIĆ1, and Marijana ZOVKO KONČIĆ2,

Gordana GREGOROVIĆ3

1 Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry,

A. Kovačića 1, Croatia; 3Zoology Department Faculty of Science,University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia


Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes leads to chronic oxidative stress in all tissues because glucose in high concentrations forms reactive oxygen species.1 Therefore, antioxidant properties of aqueous (AEP) and ethanolic (EEP) extract of propolis and several flavonoids (quercetin, naringenin and chrysin) were investigated. Antioxidant activity in vitro was established using several methods. In addition, lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney,

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spleen, brain and plasma of mice with alloxan-induced diabetes was measured. Effects of EEP, AEP and flavonoids on diabetic nephropathy and liver toxicity were examined histopathologicalyExtracts and investigated flavonoids showed notable antioxidant properties in vitro, quercetin and EEP were as effective DPPH radical scavengers as butylated hidroxianisol (BHA), while chrisin was as efficient Fe2+ ion chelator as EDTA. Furthermore, EEP and AEP inhibited heat induced b-carotene-linoleic acid degradation as effectively as BHA. Antioxidant activity in vivo, did not entirely reflect the results obtained in vitro. Contrary to considerable antioxidant properties in vitro, EEP increased the level of lipid peroxidation in spleen and brain of mice. On the other hand some of the investigated samples were able to inhibit lipid preoxidation in liver (quercetin, chrisin, AEP and EEP), brain (naringenin, chrisin) and plasma (naringenin). Histopathological observation of the liver sections of diabetic mice showed several lesions including cellular vacuolization, cytoplasmic eosinophilia and lymphocyte infiltrations. Treatment of diabetic mice with propolis extracts or flavonoids resulted in decreased degree of vacuolization. These findings suggest that propolis treatment may be able to improve the impairment of fatty acid metabolism in diabetes. Renal histology showed corpuscular, tubular and interstitial changes in untreated diabetic mice. Test components did not improve renal histopathology. It seems that antioxidant properties of propolis extracts are not a result of action of one sole principle but rather interplay between several constituents and mechanisms of action.

Keywords: propolis, diabetes

References:[1] Robertson, Harmon, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 2006, 41, 117–184.

P.N.02.EFFECTS OF PROPOLIS COMPONENTS (NARINGENIN,

QUERCETIN, CHRYSIN AND CAFFEIC ACID) ON SERUM AND LIVER LIPIDS OF MICE ON A HIGH FAT DIET

1Matko CANCER, 1Nikolina HANZIC, 2Irena LANDEKA, 3Dunja ROGIC, 1Nada ORSOLIC and 1Domagoj DIKIC

1Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Roosvetov Trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, 2 Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Croatia

3Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; University of Zagreb,CroatiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Naringenin, quercetin, chrysin and caffeic acid are potent natural antioxidants and active compounds of propolis. Lipids are a large group of biological compounds. They are insoluble in water and therefore transferred in blood stream as lipoprotein

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complexes. Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and apolipoproteins. They are classified according to size, density, and lipid - apolipoprotein ratio: chylomicrons, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Large amounts of LDL are not absorbed in the liver and consumed by macrophages, so they accumulate in the blood stream causing oxidative stress and many pathological conditions. In this study we examined the effects of active compounds of propolis on the composition of serum and liver lipids in mice on high-fat diet. The antioxidants from propolis, namely: naringenin, quercetin, chrysin and caffeic acid were given orally to mice at dose of 50 mg/kg/bw every 48 h, for 30 days. At the end of the treatment serum total triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, serum enzymes and metabolites (AST, ALT, ALP i LDH), liver enzymes (MDH and CAT) and MDA product of lipid peroxidation were measured. In our experiment we demonstrated that quercetin, chrysin and caffeic acid have negative effects because they increase the “bad” and decrease “good” cholesterol in serum, and show hepatotoxic effects. On the other hand, no negative effect of naringenin were observed.

Keywords: HDL- cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, propolis

P.N.03.SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF SOME

FLAVONOIDS IN HONEY BY RP LC – DAD METHOD

Harun KURTAGIĆ1, Sulejman REDZIĆ2, Mustafa ĐELILOVIĆ1

1Federal Institute of Agriculture Sarajevo, Butmirska cesta 40, 71 000 Sarajevo, BiH2Pfaculty of Science of the University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Flavonoids are the main bioactive constituents of many medicinal plants which are based on their antioxidant activity and healing [1, 2]. Flavonoids are a large group of natural compounds, which the bees through pollen and honeydew make the hive and loaded into honey. The aim of this study is qualitative and quantitative analysis flavonoids quercetin, naringenin and hesperetina in the samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BiH).In the period from July to September 2010. were collected 12 samples of honeys from BiH, from different botanical and geographical origin. Prepared samples were extracted and analysed on liquid chromatography Agilent Technologies 1200, USA. Analysis was performed on a column Eclipse XDB - C18 RP (4.6 MMX 250 mm, 5 μm particle diameter), mobile phase was acetonitrile / 5% aqueous solution of acetic acid, gradient separation. Quercetin, naringenin, and hesperetin were quantified with

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DAD detector following RP HPLC-separation at 370 nm for rutin and quercetin and 290 nm for naringenin and hesperetin on previosuly established calibration curve ranging from 2.5 ppm to 100 ppm. The coefficient of direction on the calibration curve was > 0.99 [4]. The results show the presence of significant amounts of flavonoids quercetin, naringenin and hesperetina in BiH honeys (Table 1 and 2). Maximum concentrations were found in the honey of Robinia pseudacacia L (43.28 mg / 100 g honey). Significant amounts of naringenin was detected in all types of honey, and the highest among was found in the honey of lime Tilia sp. (41.40 μg/100 g honey). Heperetin was detected in all varieties of honey, but its average concentration of the lowest. In the honey of acacia was found relatively high concentrations of hesperetin (50.12 mg / 100 g honey). In the context of the results of this study can be concluded that BiH honeys have significant amounts of quercetin, naringenin and hesperetina what makes them powerful antioxidants[3].

Keywords: flavonoids, honey, quercetin, hesperetin, naringenin

References:1. Pengpeng Yue1, et.al. (2010). J Med Plant Res. 4 (11): 1053-1058. 2. Suzan Zein Alabedeen Makawi, et.al.(2009) E-J Chem. 6 (S1): S429-S437. 3. Kazazić SP. (2004) Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 55: 279-290. 4. Officel Method 999.05, (2002) Naringenin and Hesperetin in Orange Juice, LC Method Firtst Action 1999, J. AOAC Int. 83: 1155.

P.N.04.THE INFLUENCE OF PROPOLIS EXTRACTION

PARAMETERS ON ITS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

Marijana ZOVKO KONČIĆ1, Ivan KOSALEC2, Mario JUG3

1 Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, Zagreb, Croatia; 2 Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3

Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Zagreb, Croatia


Propolis is a mixture of large number of chemical constituents which contribute to its numerous biological activities. For example, propolis shows immunostimulant, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antioxidative, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, liver-, heart- and brain protective activities. More than 300 compounds have been identified in propolis samples. Among them, phenolic compounds are considered to be the main responsible compounds for antioxidant activity (1). Influence of propolis extraction parameters on the content of extracted phenolic compounds (total phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids), as well as the correlation between the amount of polyphenols

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in the extracts and their antioxidant activity was investigated. The extracts were prepared using different extraction methods (ultrasonication or maceration), solvents (water, 40% or 80% aqueous etanol solution), temperature (25 °C or 50 °C) and pH (pH=3 or pH=7). Content of phenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activities of the samples were determined by three different test systems, namely DPPH radical scavenging activity, β-carotene/linoleic acid assay and chelating activity. The results were compared using one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). The conducted assays have shown that the solvent used for extraction had the greatest influence on the amount of obtained phenols. Temperature and pH, on the other hand, influenced only extraction by maceration. There was no clear connection between the amount of phenolic substances and the method used for the extraction. Regarding antioxidative potential of the prepared extracts, the samples with more phenolic compounds showed significantly (P < 0.05) greater antiradical and antioxidant activity in β-carotene/linoleic acid assay. In addition, antiradical activity was also influenced by amount of flavonoids. Surprisingly, the best chelating activity was showed by propolis samples with the lowest content of flavonoids, which indicates that chelating activity is caused by some other propolis ingredients.

Keywords: propolis, phenols, phenolic acids, antioxidant properties

References1. Lotfy, M. (2006) Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 7: 22-31.

P.N.05.COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL

PROPERTIES OF ALECRIM AND POPLAR PROPOLIS EXTRACTS OBTAINED BY WATER AND AQUEOUS-LYSINE

SOLUTION

Marijana ZOVKO KONČIĆ1, Ivan KOSALEC2, Nada ORŠOLIĆ3

1 Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, Zagreb, Croatia; 2 1 Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3

Faculty of Science, Departmen of Animal Physiology, Zagreb, Croatia;Corresponding author: [email protected]

Propolis is a resinous material produced by honeybees, which exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities. It is frequently used in phytomedicine. It is considered that phenolic compounds are the main principle responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of poplar type propolis, predominant in Croatia. On the other hand, alecrim type propolis, typical for Brazil, is rich in prenylated derivatives of p-cumaric acid and diterpenic acids. Recent studies have shown superior antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts in comparison to aqueous extracts of both propolis types (1).

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However, due to its toxicity, etnanol is not the most desirable solvent for human use. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of amino acid lysine addition during extraction over composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of two propolis type extracts. Content of total phenols were determined spectrophotometrically by using Folin Ciocalteu reagent. Antioxidant activities of the samples were determined by three different test systems, namely DPPH radical scavenging activity, β-carotene/linoleic acid and reducing power assay. Results have shown that addition of lysine have significantly improved the content of phenolic compounds in both types of propolis in comparison to aqueous extraction. So, the content of total phenols in lysine extracts was 6.99% and 8.73% in Croatian and Brasilian propolis extracts, respectively in contrast to 5.42% and 3.55% in corresponding aqueous extracts. Similarly, lysine-extracts showed superior antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity assay and in β-carotene bleaching assay than the corresponding aqueous extracts. (ANOVA, P < 0.05). The reducing power of the extracts obtained by two methods, on the other hand, was not statistically different. The results obtained in this study indicate that addition of lysine in water used for propolis extraction significantly increases phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts. Even though our previous research showed remarkable in vitro antiviral activity of aqueous lysine-solution extracts of both chemotypes against Herpes simplex type I and influenza A/Weybridge H7N7 viruses (2), the antibacterial activity of the extracts were negligible. That influence was irrespective of propolis type (poplar or alecrim chemotype).

Keywords: propolis, phenols, antioxidant properties, antimicrobial properties

References1. Kosalec et al. (2008) Antimicirobial and antioxidative activity of propolis from Croatia and Brasil, Scientific Evidence of the Use of Propolis in Ethnomedicine. Transworld Research Network. Kerala. 2. Kosalec et al., Antiviral activity and flavonoid content of propolis from Croatia and Brazil, 9th Congress on Biology, Rovinj, Croatia, 23-29. 9. 2006.

P.N.06.EFFECT OF HONEY AND QUERCETIN ON MICROFLORA DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND TOXICITY OF OCHRATOXIN A

IN MOUSE

Nada ORŠOLIĆ1, Duje LISIČIĆ1, Vesna BENKOVIĆ1, Anica HORVAT KNEŽEVIĆ1, Domagoj ĐIKIĆ1

1Department of Animal Physiology Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, CroatiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

We investigated independent or combined effects of honey, quercetin and Lactobacillus reuteri on the toxicity caused by ochratoxin A in mice. The link between biochemical, and immunological determinants hematopoietic and DNA damage and whether the food can improve activity of the intestinal microflora and inhibit the harmful and

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genotoxic effects of mycotoxins - link between diet and the number of colonies of intestinal microflora and the protective effect of honey, quercetin and lactobacilli from the consequences of OTA toxicity. Animals were divided into 10 groups of 7 mice according the treatment (control group, OTA, OTA + L, OTA + L + Q, OTA + L + honey, OTA + Q, OTA + MED, Q, MED, L). Each second day over 15 days we used canulla for per os injection of: saline (0.9% NaCl), OTA (100 µg/kg); Lactobacillus reuteri (106 CFU per mouse), quercetin (50 mg/kg), honey (2 g/kg). The number of leukocytes increased in the group that received OTA + honey, as a result of increases in the number of active macrophages and lymphocytes. Stimulation of macrophages confirmed the protective and antioxidant role of honey, and reduced the effect of OTA metabolites. Number of erythrocytes and hematocrit increased in the group that received OTA + honey, quercetin and lactobacilli, but without statistical significance. Increased number of platelets in the group with honey confirmed the ability of honey in the regeneration of cells. Level of urea remained unchanged in the group who received the honey with OTA compared to control. Results obtained by counting colonies of probiotic bacteria column shows the largest number of colonies in mice, treatedwith OTA + L. reuteri + quercetin. This results requires further study of strains that formed a colony by PCR for the or other microbiological analysis. According to the obtained results, while ochratoxin A causes rapid deterioration it appears that honey and quercetin probably slow down the deterioration of cells (apoptosis and/or necrosis) in blood, liver and kidney. Further evaluation of biological efficiency will significantly contribute to the protection of human health and animals frequently exposed to harmful contaminants in food.

Keywords: mycotoxins, protective effects, toxicity, ochratoxin

P.N.7.EFFECTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS IN ANIMAL MODEL OF

PSORIASIS

Nada ORŠOLIĆ1, Jadranaka SKURIĆ2, Duje LISIČIĆ1, Vesna BENKOVIĆ1, Anica HORVAT KNEŽEVIĆ1, Domagoj ĐIKIĆ1

1 Department of Animal Physiology; Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb; 2Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Sveti Duh General Hospital,

Zagreb, CroatiaCorresponding author: [email protected]

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease the immunopathogenesis, prevention and treatment of which have not been fully resolved. Through 5 days we investigated the potential beneficial effects of propolis-based substances and their poliphenolic/

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flavonoid compounds on an animal model psoriasis induced by the Di-n-Propyl Disulfide irritant (PPD). The inflammatory reaction was monitored by a termographic camera, by determining the overall number of cells in the peritoneal fluid, by measuring the hematologic and biochemical parameters in the blood and serum, and by a patohistologic analysis of skin samples. The possible genotoxic effects of stated substances were evaluated by comet and micronucleus tests. Results show that all the used propolis and/or flavonoid substances reduce the overall number of inflammatory cells in the peritoneal fluid of mice. Furthermore, the noticed changes in hematologic and biochemical parameters were well within the reference values, whereas the results of determining the cytokines in plasm showed that the PPD was, alone or mixed with stated substances, responsible for raised levels of inflammatory cytokines, especially the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and when PPD was mixed with a water-soluble derivative of propolis (WSDP) or with quercetin, raised levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) were noticed. Local application of flavonoids had lower G-CSF values in reference to the PPD and the combination of PPD and stated substances. The patohistologic skin analysis showed that combined local application of the irritant and used substances resulted in a much weaker inflammatory reaction than with PPD. The results of the comet and micronucleus tests show that propolis and poliphenols/flavonoids are not genotoxic for peripheral blood cells in mice. Finally, we can conclude that the used propolis and flavonoid substances show antiinflammatory properties, and that they could be used in preventing and treating inflammatory changes in psoriasis, without toxic side effects.

Keywords: psoriasis, propolis, flavonoides

P.N.08.THE USE OF HONEYBEE AS POLLINATORS AND

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Sezai ALKAN1, Kemal KARABAğ2, Fehmi GÜREL2

1 Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Animal Science, 07070, Antalya, Turkey 2 Rize University, Vocational Academy of Pazar, 53300 Rize, Turkey


Bees are important pollinators of many crops and wild flowers because they eat pollen and nectar and, visit many flowers of the same species during a single trip, and have hairy bodies that easily pick up pollen grains. Honey bees are generalist that visits a wide assortment of blooming plants during a season and, also manageable, movable and effective pollinators for many crops. However, there is a difficult question to answer that how many colonies are necessary to ensure maximum pollination for

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crops. Different authors give widely differing estimates, partly because of differences between cultivar requirements, localities and the contributions made to pollination by local wild bee populations. This study seeks to update the state of knowledge on this issue.

Keywords: Honeybee, pollinator, agriculture

SESSION OFREE TOPICS

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POSTER PRESENTATION

P.O.01.GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWBORNS WITH

ANTHROPOLOGICAL FIELD MUNICIPALITY OF BOSANSKA KRUPA

Irma ŠARIĆ KADIĆ1, Azra BEĆIRAJ1, Irma IČANOVIĆ1, Dzenana GAČO2

1 University of Bihac Biotechnical Faculty, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2 University of Bihac, School of Health Studies, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina


Inheritance of quantitative traits is not only influenced by a complex system of action diferent genes, but also under the influence of biochemical-physiological processes inside the organism, but also heavily influenced by exogenous factors. Anthropometric measurements are made at different ages and the boundaries are important indicators of variations of certain features on the basis of which are considered morpho-anatomical features of individuals, but also monitor certain characteristics, and their demonstration of the functionality of a group of organisms. These measurements represent the baseline for impact analysis, the mutual effects and genetic relationship as the primary, and external factors whose impact is not important. This work investigates the basic metric characteristics of newborns with the municipality of Bosanska Krupa area: body weight, body giant, head circumference and volume of the breast. The resulting statistical parameters are compared with assumed factors: age-maternal mothers, the number of births of infants and mothers living place. For statistical analysis, especially the positive linear correlation leads to the conclusion that different factors, exogenous and endogenous, have a distinct impact on the expression of the above quantitative characteristics of infants.

Keyword: newborn child, metric properties, polygenic inheritance, external factors

References: 1. Hadžiselimović, R.: Bioantropologija recentnog čovjeka, Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo, 2005. 2. Crow, James F.: Beleške iz genetike, Savremena administracija, Beograd, 1967. 3. King, Robert C.: Genetika, Vuk Karadžić, Beograd, 1973.

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P.O.02.FLORAL NECTAR AS A PRODUCT OF AROMATIC, MEDICI-NAL AND OTHER PLANT SPECIES AND ITS POSSIBILITIES

IN THE PROCESS OF GENERATING NEW PRODUCTS

Hakija POROBIĆMember of Committee for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants BAS/TC 23

Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCorresponding author: [email protected]

In current ISO standard product quality is defined as assembly of all properties and characteristics of products or services which refer to their possibilities to satisfy de-termined or expressed requirements. That is the measure of fullfilment of all indi-vidual quality properties of product that producers offer to consumer in production-service chain from very beginning of production to the moment of its placement and realization in the market. Therefore in all branches of production industry, measure for product quality is level of fullfilment of set requirements expressed througu its actual characteristics and properties, and the quality is sum of all individual quality properties. In every branch of production industry the most of individual quality properties are defined through relevant regulations or laws in which relevant pa-rameters of individual quality properties of product are specfied. Accordingly, in modern agriculture production and food industry one part of those quailty proper-ties of product should also be composed of quality parameters whereby their values are defined in relevant nominal or descriptive form. These include main biological, physio-chemical, nutritive, microbiological and organoleptic properties of products. Specific significance is given to individual quality properties of product that relate to the method of informing buyers about product quality and are is usually referred as product declaration.

Keywords: Good Regulations on product quality are first condition for constant and good product quality.

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P.O.03.PHYTOCEHEMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL

DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM L. SPECIES

Sejfudin TOKIĆUniversity of Travnik, Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina


The species Epilobium anqustifolium L. (Onagaceae family) is a perennial herba-ceous plant whose population enters into the construction of numerous community connections (Epilobion anqustifolii R.Tx.1950 and Atropion belladonae Br-Bl.1930). It is widespread in habitat clearing, forest logging and burning. The root, leaf and flower of this plant species have been collected from different ecological sites in dif-ferent vegetation periods prior to blooming, during the first blooming plants, and the period of giving fruit. Harvested and then dried plant material was investigated by the content of tannins and polyphenols possible. Bearing in mind the importance eve of widespread plant species as a potential raw material for obtaining medical interesting products, and the increasing role of tannins and polyphenolic compounds in the treatment of a number of diseases of the tests carried out have shown the presence of pharmacologi-cally active substances, especially in newspapers from the period of blooming plants.At the same time the test results of individual parts of Epilobium anqustifolium L. indicates that the content of tannins and total polyphenols in the samples with differ-ent ecological sites is uneven. The largest amounts of these compounds contain plant material collected at sites with higher altitudes and limestone geological base. In all tested plant parts dominated by tannins of hydrolitic group.

Keyword: medicinal plants, polyphenol compounds, Bosnia and Herzegovina

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ABBASDOKHT, H 147ABDELWAHAB, S.I. 196ABDULLA , M. 198ABDULLA, M.A. 104, 107, 193, 196, 198ABEYSEKERA, A.M. 96ABIODUN, A. 80AĆIĆ, S. 12AÇIK, L. 113, 226ADEDIWURA, F-J. 90ADEGOKE, G. 80AGHHAVANI SHAJARI, M. 135, 137, 138, 150, 158, 166, 218AGRAWAL, S. 195, 220AHMED, T. 46AIERIAN, S. 110AKALIN, E. 86, 88AKAY, S. 155AKHLAGHI, H. 56AKINBILEJE, F.J. 203AKSOY, A. 78AL RASHDI, A.S. 107ALBAYRAK, S. 78ALIKADIĆ, E. 81ALIKAMANOGLU, S. 109, 116ALIMPIC, A. 44ALIVERDI, A. 143ALKAN, S. 259ALKIYUMI, S.S. 193ALPSOY, L. 212, 214, 215ALRASHDI, A.S. 104, 107ALSHAWSH, M. 198ALTAY, V. 76ALTUNDAG, E. 13, 251AMA M.V. 205, 232AMEEN ABDULLA, M. 196AMIRI, M.B. 138ANAČKOV, G. 14, 30, 62ANIRBAN, P. 214ANSARINIA, E. 161

INDEX OF AUTHORS

ARGUN KARSLI, B. 22ARIAKIA, E. 110ARNASON, J. 81AROOIE, H. 117ARSLAN, N. 15ASCENSAO, L. 65ASLAN, A. 228ATANACKOVIĆ, M. 39, 55AYDIN, F. 226AZIKIWE, N. 195AZIZI, M. 115, 117BABAC, M. 47, 48BAGHERI, A-R. 112BAJROVIĆ, K. 4, 233BAKAR, B.H. 140BALCIOğLU, M.S. 122BALDEóN X. 240BALI, E.B. 226BALICK, M. 81BALJAJ, B. 4BANI-HASSAN, M. 218BARUDANOVIĆ, S. 4, 18, 183BASER, K.H.C. 4, 27BAŠIĆ, B. 185BAŠIĆ, H. 183BAUER PETROVSKA, B. 245BAUER, R. 4, 189BAYAT, H. 115BAYKAL, H. 19, 22, 175BAYRAMOGLU, G. 191BEĆIRAJ, A. 111, 263BEIT-YANNAI, E. 190BENKHALED, M. 50, 51BENKOVIĆ, V. 252, 257, 258BERBEROVIĆ, LJ. 4BEŠTA, R. 234BIAPA, P. 205BIGDELI, M. 144BIODUN, A.A. 79

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BIVAL ŠTEFAN, M.B. 47, 48BLAŽEKOVIĆ, B. 48, 49BOKIĆ, B. 14BORIĆ ŠAĆIRAGIĆ, S. 4, 163BOSNIĆ, T. 4, 61BOUBAKARI, D. 232BOUGUTTOUCHA, S. 69BOŽIN, B. 14, 30, 62BRDAR, I. 82BRDAR, S. 82BRENDLER, T. 172BUHLING, F. 28BULIĆ, Z. 4, 16, 17BULUT, F.M. 134, 149BURČUL, F. 67BURSAĆ , M. 39, 55CANBEK, M. 191, 201CANCER, M. 253CAREV, I. 67CEKOVIĆ, J. 237CENKCI, S. 75, 76CESAR, V. 106CEYHAN, E. 191, 201CHAUHAN, S. 195, 220CHICHI, E. 213CIğERCI, I.H. 211CIRIC, A. 235COFRE, C. 240COMLEKCIOGLU, N. 31, 57CORUH, I. 246CORUH, S. 65CVEJIĆ, J. 39, 55CVRK, R. 34, 42, 216, 248,CYRIL-OLUTAYO, M. 203ÇAKMAKÇI, E. 45ÇALIŞKAN, M. 15ČAKAR, J. 123, 233ČATIĆ, T. 4ČOMIĆ, L. 237ĆAVAR, S. 59, 60DAHIJA, S. 241DAJIĆ-STEVANOVIĆ, Z. 4, 12, 68, 70, 167

DALGIC, R. 251DANESHIAN, J. 144, 154DANG, R. 4, 142, 148DARVISH, P.H. 104, 196DAS, K. 142, 148DEHAGHI, M.A. 156DELIĆ, O. 85DEMIR, G. 134, 149, 221DEMIRAY, H. 53, 54, 155DENIZ, L. 89DEREBOYLU, A. 54DESHKAR, N. 202DEVEOGLU, O. 45DIMO, T. 232DIRAZ, E. 31, 57, 58DIRMENCI, T. 226DJEBLI, N. 200, 204DOBARDŽIĆ, N. 62DODOŠ, T. 40DOGAN, I. 134, 149, 221DOUGA, M.F 232DRAGIČEVIĆ, I. 165DUERBECK, K. 171DURDU, H. 31, 57DURMIĆ, A. 233DURMUS, B. 191, 201DŽAMIC, A. 44, 52, 235ĐELIĆ, G. 68ĐELILOVIĆ, M. 4, 32, 254ĐIKIĆ, D. 252, 253, 257, 258ĐURIĆ, K. 59EBADI, E. 157EBADI, M.T. 157EGEMEN, G. 113EHYAYI, H.R. 138ELMANN, E. 190ELOFF, J. 4EMAMI, R.S. 144EMSEN, B. 228ERCISLI, S. 65, 246ERDOGAN ORHAN, I. 4, 103ERLANK., H. 190ESMAEILI, A. 108

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FALLAHI, J. 135, 137, 138, 150, 218FARAVANI, M. 140FARHOODIAN, R. 147FARIBORZI, A. 152FARZANEH, A. 157FAZELI- ROSTAMPOOR, M. 162FEIZI, H. 160FERHATOVIĆ. DŽ. 216, 248FERRIER, J. 4, 81FILIPOVIĆ, A. 59FORIĆ, M. 4FOUAD, A. 45FURAT, S. 121GAČO, DŽ. 263GARAKHANI, P. 21GARIEL-AJOBIEWE, R.A.O. 203GEMICI, M. 54GENÇ, G.E. 86, 88GHOLAMI, A. 147GHOLAMI, B. 140GHORBANI, R. 166GHOREYSHI, T. 156GLAMOČLIJA, U. 233GOLEA, L. 50GOVAHI, M. 147GREGOROVIĆ, G. 252GRUJIĆ, S. 44, 65GUNAHERATH, G.M.K.B. 96GUPTA, H.S. 180GURAV, S. 202, 216GUVENSEN, A. 192, 251GÜCEL, S. 192GÜMÜŞÇÜ, A. 15, 146GÜMÜŞÇÜ, G. 146GÜNER, M. 53GÜREL, F. 22, 259GWARAM, S.N. 196HABA, H. 50, 51HADŽIABLAHOVIĆ, S. 16, 17HADŽIĆ, M. 129HAMADOU, A. 232HANZIC, N. 253HAPPY, T.F.L 232

HASSANDARVISH, P. 196HAVERIĆ, A. 233HAVERIĆ, S. 233, 241HAZRATI, S. 163HEDAYATI, M. 218HEGDE, L. 142HEMISSI, Y. 69HOGERVORST, R. 133HORVAT KNEŽEVIĆ, A. 252, 257, 258HUSEINOVIĆ, S. 61HUSEYNOVA, A. 225IČANOVIĆ, I. 263IGWILO, I. 173ILCIM, A. 31, 57ILIĆ, B.S. 43, 229, 230, 239ILIĆ, M. 41, 159, 223, 227ILIĆ, M.S. 43, 230İLKER ÖZYIğIT, I. 76, 134, 149, 221ISMAIL, S. 107, 198JABLAN, J. 89JAHIĆ, S. 111JAYVADAN PATEL, DR. 224JANAĆKOVIĆ, P. 40JAŠIĆ, M. 34, 42, 216, 248JáTIVA C. 240JAVADI, H. 161, 247JERKOVIĆ-MUJKIĆ, A. 234JONOBI, P. 154JONOUBI, P. 110JOVIĆ, J. 219JUG, M. 255JUKIĆ, M. 67JURKOVIĆ, V. 106JUSOVIC, M. 105KACEM, R. 28, 69KAMAYESTANI, N. 145KAN, Y. 146KANBAK, G. 191KARABAğ, K. 259KARABEY, F. 53, 54, 155KARADAğ, R. 45KARADENIZ, B. 215KARALIJA, E. 123

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KARAMAN, S. 31, 57, 58KARGIOğLU, M. 75, 76, 89KARSLI, B. 22, 122KARSU, T. 122KARTKAYA, K. 191KASOM, G. 18KAYA, B. 38KAYA, U. 155KEKEC, G. 214, 221KESHAVARZ, M. 87KESKIN, M. 134, 149KHINANI, Z. 110KILIÇ, Z. 113KIRAN, A. 214KITIĆ, D. 219KIZILARSLAN, C. 78, 88KLADAR, N. 30KOC, LJ. 113KOCA, N. 58KONUK, M. 4, 75, 76, 89, 211KOSALEC, I. 231, 255, 256KOVAČEVIĆ, N. 4KRIZMANIĆ. I. 167KUJUNDŽIĆ, N. 89KULENOVIĆ, A. 60KUMAR VERMA, S. 4KURTAGIĆ, H. 254KUVENDZIEV, S. 42LABOKAS, J. 29LAKIĆ, N. 30, 62LANDEKA, I. 253LASHKARI, A. 158LAVAUD, C. 50, 51LEPEDUŠ, H. 106LISICHKOV, K. 42LISIČIĆ, D. 252, 257, 258LISIČKOV, K. 34, 42LLUGA-RIZANI, K. 20LONG, C. 50, 51LOUCIF, L. 51LOŽIENė, K. 29ŁUCZAJ, L. 4, 73MAHALLATI, M.N. 135, 139, 150, 166

MAKIĆ, H. 111MAKKARIAN, H. 147MAKSIMOVIĆ, M. 4, 59, 60, 241MARDANI, H. 112, 115, 145MARIN, M. 65MARIN, P.D. 40, 44, 52, 65, 235MARKOVIĆ, M. 41, 159MARKOVIĆ, S. M. 229, 239MAŠIĆ, E. 18MATARUGA, M. 4MATEJIĆ, J. 52MATEVSKI, V. 4MBOFUNG, C.M.F. 232MEHIĆ, B. 4MEMIŠEVIĆ , S. 234MEMON, A.R. 105MENEMEN, Y. 38MENYANA, N. 232MIBO’O P. 232MIHAILOVIĆ, V. 63, 68MIHAJILOV-KRSTEV, T. 219, 223MIHAJILOV-KRSTEV, M.T. 239MILESKI, K. 235MILADINOVIĆ, D.L. 43, 229, 230, 239MILIĆ, N. 39MILOŠ, M. 67MILOSAVLJEVIĆ, V.N. 229MISHRA, M. 180MIŠIĆ, D. 63MIŠKOVIĆ, I. 165MITIĆ, V. 41, 159, 223, 227MLADENOVIĆ, M. 63MOGHADDAM, R.P. 135, 137, 138, 150, 158, 160, 166, 218MOHAMED, A. 46MOHAMMAD-ABADI, A.A. 137MOHAMMED AHMED, A.A. 100MOHD ALI, H. 196MOJISOLA, C. 203MOLLAFILABI, A. 152, 157MONDANI, F. 143MORDECHAY, S. 190MORGAN, B. 179

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MOUFFOK, S. 51MOUKETE, M.B 205, 232MOUSAVI, S.G.R. 161, 162MUFLIZOVIĆ, E. 59MUFTIĆ, F. 185MUHAMMED, A. 45MUSLIMOVIĆ, S. 23MWALE, M.M. 119NAGHAVI, M.R. 110NANFACK, P. 205NASIRI-MAHALLATI, M. 135, 150NASSIRI MAHALLATI, M. 139, 166NEBEDUM, J. 195NGOGANG, J. 205, 232NIEHAUS, K. 105NIKOLIĆ MANDIĆ, S. 159NIKOLIĆ, D.M. 43, 230, 239NIKOLIĆ, N.D. 43, 229, 230NIKOLIĆ, V. 167NJINKIO, N.B.LG. 232NOĆAJEVIĆ, M. 248NOĆAJEVIĆ, S. 216, 248NUHANOVIĆ, N. 123OFFOR, C.E. 37OFIR, R. 190OKAKA, A. 195OKAKA, A.N.C. 37OKEDE, A.I. 79OKUMUŞ, A. 113OLOMO, M.B. 232OLUMEKUN, V.G. 203OMANOVIĆ, M. 184OMIDI, M. 110ORSOLIC,N. 252, 253, 256, 257, 258OSMAN, M. 33, 46OSMANOVIĆ, S. 61OVBURIE, S.O. 80OZEN, A. 191OZTOPCU VATAN, AP. 191ÖZTÜRK, A. 134, 149OZTURK, M. 192, 251ÖZTÜRK, Y. 4, 199OZUAH, A. 195

OZUMBA, N.A. 173OZYIGIT, I.I. 76, 134, 149, 221PARIĆ, A. 123, 241PAVLOVIĆ, D. 68PECANAC, D. 171PEKMIĆ, S. 61PETROVIĆ, M. 12PETROVIĆ, M. 70PHILLIPS, D. 172PIEME, C.A. 205, 232PIERONI, A. 4, 74PILIĆ, Z. 165PIVIĆ, R. 237POLITEO, O. 67POLUTAK, A. 60PONE, K.B. 214POROBIĆ, H. 264PRAZINA, N. 84RADAK, B. 14RADANOVIĆ, M. 14RADIĆ, S. 106RADNOVIĆ, D. 219RAHMANI, N. 154RAJČEVIĆ, N. 40RAMAZANOğLU, N. 113RAMEZANI, S. 37, 84RANASINGHE, C. 96RANĐELOVIĆ, V. 4, 52RANJBAR, F. 145RASHEDMOHASEEL, M.H. 152RAT, M. 14, 30, 62RATH S.N 99RAZMAVAR, S. 117RBEŠTA, R. 234REBECCAH, N. 213REDŽIĆ, A. 206, 236REDŽIĆ, S. 4, 11, 16, 17, 20, 81, 84, 85REZAEE, MB. 4, 173RIAHINIA, S. 115, 145RINDNER, M. 190

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RISTIC, M. 44, 235RODINA, K. 179ROGIC, D. 253SAHABI, H. 160SAKCALI, M.S. 214, 221SALAMA, S.M. 104SALEH SALGA, M. 196SALTAN, F.Z. 38SAMIMIZAD, M. 110SAREMNIA, B. 108SEGHATOLESLAMI, M.J. 141, 160SEN, A. 109, 116SENTURK, H. 191, 201SERTESER, A. 75, 76, 89SEVEROğLU, Z. 134, 149SEVGI, E. 78SEYAM, S. 35, 36SHAHZADEFAZELI, A. 110SHERIFI, E. 20SHOOR, M. 115, 143SIMONOVIĆ, P. 167SIMONOVIĆ, S. 227SIROVINA, D. 252SKURIĆ, J. 258SOKOVIC, M. 235SOLUJIĆ, S. 63, 68SOOREH, SH. 117SPIESS, S. 172SRDANOV, J. 30STANIĆ, G. 49STANKOV JOVANOVIĆ, V. 41, 159, 223, 227STANKOVIĆ, M.S. 63, 67, 68STANOJKOVIĆ, A. 237STANOJKOVIĆ, AA. 237STOJANOVIĆ, G. 41, 227SUBAKOV SIMIC, G. 44SUBAŠIĆ, L. 120ŞAHIN, E. 122ŞENOL, S. 53

ŠABULIĆ, DŽ. 89ŠAČIRAGIĆ, L. 81ŠARIĆ, T. 4ŠARIĆ KADIĆ, I. 263ŠKRABA, D. 167ŠKRBO, A. 4, 127, 128, 204ŠKRBO, S. 127ŠOLJAN, D. 4, 20ŠOŠTARIĆ, I. 12, 70ŠTOLFA, I. 106TANYA A.K.N. 232TAHMASEBI SARVESTANI, Z. 163TALBI, S. 69TANOVIĆ, N. 4, 32TARDIO, F.J. 4TEIMOURI, M. 139TELERMAN, A. 190TEPIĆ, A. 34TERZIĆ, R. 4, 106TILLOO, S. 202TIMOSHYNA, A. 179, 181TIRTASH, F.H. 87TOKIĆ, S. 265TOLULOPE, O. 90TOMBULOGLU, H. 221TOPUZOVIĆ, M. 68TORGAN, E. 45TORKAMAN, J. 35, 36TOŠIĆ, A. 167TRAKIĆ, S. 183TRKULJA, V. 4TROGRLIĆ, D. 194TROGRLIĆ, I. 194TROGRLIĆ, Z. 194TUGAY, O. 146TULUKCU, E. 152TUNCA, H. 226TUNÇTÜRK, R. 153ULKER, Z. 212, 214, 215UMEH, C. 195UMEH, C.N. 173URANBEY, S. 15

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USČUPLIĆ, M. 4UYANOGLU, M. 191, 201UZUEGBUN, U.A 195UZUN, B. 121VALLES, J. 4VASILJEVIĆ, S. 39, 55VELADŽIĆ, M. 111VELAGIĆ, A. 128VELIĆ, S. 185VIDIC, D. 59, 60, 241VIDOVIĆ, T. 95VIJAYANTHIMALA, K. 99VILJOEN, B. 119VLADIMIR KNEŽEVIĆ, S. 47, 48, 49VUKOVIĆ RODRíGUEZ, J. 47VURAL, G. 76WANDJI, D. 232WELTE, T. 28WOUASSI, D. 232YALCIN, I.E. 134, 149, 221YALDIZ, G. 19, 22, 175YAŞAR, U. 134, 149YASEMIN KOÇ, L. 113YAYCILI, O. 116YAZDANI 110YAZICI, I. 53, 54, 155YILDIRIM, E. 228YOL, E. 121YÜKSEK, S. 211YUMI, N. 240ZABIHI, H.R. 141ZAIMOVIĆ MOYER, A. 206, 236ZERROUKI, K. 200ZIYARATNIA, S.M. 112ZIYAURRAHMAN A.R 224ZLATKOVIC, B. 219, 223ZORLUER, O. 134, 149ZOVKO KONČIĆ, M. 231, 252, 255, 256

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COUNTRIES OF PARTICIPANTS

AALGERIAAUSTRIAAZERBAJAN

BBOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

CCAMEROONCANADACROATIA

EECUADOR-SUDAMéRICA EGYPAT

FFRANCEGGERMANY

HHUNGARY

IINDIAIRANISRAEL

KKOSOVO

LLITHUANIA

MMALAYSIAMONTENEGRO

NNIGERIANORTH CYPRUS

PPAKISTANPOLANDPORTUGAL

RREPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

SSAUDI ARABIASERBIASOUTH AFRICASRI LANKASUDANSWITZERLAND

TTURKEY

UUNITED KINGDOMUNITED STATE OF AMERICA

Abstracts of presentations of the INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE „MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN GENERATING OF NEW VALUES IN 21ST CENTURY“, November 9-12, 2011, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Editor and Editorial board has been pee reviewed this compendium for scientific merit, technical format and language

Citation suggestions:This book: Redžić, S. (2011): International Conference „Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Generating of New Values in 21st Century“: Book of Abstracts. Special editions, ANUBIH, VOL. CXL, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Vol. 18, Sarajevo.

Abstract:Erdogan Orhan, Ilkay (2011): Current outcomes derived from Turkish medical plants with neuroprotective potential. In: Redžić, S. (2011): International Conference „Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Generating of New Values in 21st Century“: Book of Abstracts. Special editions, ANUBIH, VOL. CXL, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Vol. 18, Sarajevo, p.103.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CIP – Katalogizacija u publikacijiNacionalna i univerzitetska bibliotekaBosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo

615 : 633 . 8] (063) (082) INTERNATIONAL Conference Medicinal and AromaticPlants in Generating of New Values in 21st Century( 2011 ; Sarajevo) Book of abstracts / International conference Medicinal and aromatic plants in generating of new values in 21st century, Sarajevo , 9-12 November 2011 ;editor in chief Sulejman Redžić. – Sarajevo :Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine = Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2011. -275 str. : ilustr. ; 25 cm. –(Special editions / Academy of Sciences and Artsof Bosnia and Herzegovina ; vol. 140. Departmentof Natural Sciences and Mathematics ; vol. 18)

Na spor. nasl. str. : Ljekovito i aromatično bilje u generiranju novih vrijednosti u 21. stoljeću. - Bibliografija uz pojedine sažetke

ISBN 978-9958-501-68-501.Redžić , Sulejman. – I. Međunarodna konferencija Ljekovito i aromatično bilje u generiranju novih vrijednosti u 21. Stoljeću ( 2011 ; Sarajevo) vidi International conference Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Generating of New Values in 21st Century ( 2011 ; Sarajevo)COBISS. BH – ID 19167750

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PublisherANUBiH

EditorSulejman Redžić, corresponding member of ANUBiH

SecretaryMelisa Forić

DTP and printDobra knjiga Sarajevo

Circulation300

Sarajevo, 2011

Documents

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC …