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International Colloquium “Renewable Energy Sources: Environmental and Social Issues” Oporto (Portugal), 23rd September 2009 The results of the work of CIGRÉ WG C3.05 “Environmental impact of Dispersed Generation (DG)” Dr. Thomas Smolka, Convener of WG C3.05. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
International Colloquium
“Renewable Energy Sources:
Environmental and Social Issues”
Oporto (Portugal), 23rd September 2009
The results of the work of CIGRÉ WG C3.05 “Environmental impact of Dispersed Generation (DG)”
Dr. Thomas Smolka, Convener of WG C3.05
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
1000
Total energy
consumption, EJElectric energyconsumption TWh
500
1998 2000 2010
30,000
20,000
10,000Forecast by IEA
Electric energy
Total energy
Year
Expected energy consumption growth (2000-2020):- total energy: + 2.5 %/a- electric energy: + 3,5 %/a
Adaption of installed power generation and transmission resp. distribution capacity required
Emission and greenhouse-gas reduction in future Energy systems
Limitation of the political-economical dependency on energy imports
Increasing prices of fossil fuels caused by resource limitations and cost-intensive exploration
Ensuring access to cheap and high quality use-energy
Integration of dispersed generation (mainly renewables) in future power grids
Motivation – global trends and prerequisites
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Change in Power Generation in each Country Example: Energy Generation Mix Scenarios for Germany in 2030
• Increasing renewable power
• Gas (incl. Biogas) is the dominating energy source
• High increase of Renewables in the system0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
Basis Efficiency Nuclear Renewable
Po
wer
Gen
erat
ion
Pro
po
rtio
n [
%]
Black Coal Black Coal CHP Brown Coal Brown Coal CHP
Nuclear Fuel Oil Gas Gas CHP
Hydro Power Wind Power PV Geothermal Energy
others (Biomass, waste)
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Climate Change Effects in different Scenarios
• General trend of reduced emissions in all scenarios
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2010 2020 2030
GW
P in
g C
O2-
eq./k
Wh
Basis
Efficiency
Nuclear
Renewable
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Aim of the Working GroupMission
The aim of the working group is to define procedures and methods to evaluate the environmental impact of Dispersed Generation (DG).
The WG shall proceed by developing the steps that follow:
• Collection and analysis of practical experience (from technical literatures and/or “case studies”) about assessments of the environmental impacts of DG and of legislation and technical standards in various countries.
• Synthesis and benchmarking of methods and experiences-> Identification of critical issues.
• Definition of criteria and proposal of a standardized methodology.
• Illustration of methodology in a case study
• Dissemination of conclusions (Target Groups: National and Local Authorities and Agencies, Regulators, Manufacturers, Electric Utilities)
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Difficulties in the Definitionof Dispersed Generation
How should DG be defined?
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Definition of Dispersed Generation
WG C3.05 defines Dispersed Generation (slightly modified to to CIGRE SC C6, WG 37-23 definition from 1999):
• today not centrally despatched• today not centrally planned• connected to the distribution network (MV, LV)• smaller than 50 MW• based on co-generation units (heat and electricity), renewable energies or
other conventional sources• Examples for DG are micro turbines, internal combustion engines, wind
energy and photovoltaic converters, mini hydropower systems, biomass and waste material power systems fuel cells, etc..
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
LCA Methodology by ISO 14042ff
RAW MATERIALEXTRACTION
DISPOSAL
PRODUCTION
UTILIZATION
Life cycleof a
product or system
Life-Cycle Assessment approach is a proven methodology for environmental impact assessment of any product or technical system
Work flow
1. Definition of a methodology/model for assessing the environmental impacts of DG
2. Explanation of the procedure by case studies
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Impact categories and areas of protection
Resources
HumanHealth
NaturalEnvironment
Climate change
Resource depletion
Land use
Water use
Human toxic effects
Ozone depletion
Photochemical ozone creation
Ecotoxic effects
Eutrophication
Acidification
Areas of protection
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Different Approaches for Environmental Impact Evaluation of DG
Component Level• Environmental Impacts of different
technologies (over whole lifecycle)e.g. WEC approx. 20-30 g CO2/kWh
• Results available by LCA studies for all DG technologies
System Level• Operation of DG with other DG units in
distribution networks influenced by centralized power plants
• System aspects on component level view not included e.g.
– Impacts by Cogenerated heat – Impacts by reduced/increased power
losses– Which scenario of DG in power grids
leads to minimized emissons?• Results NOT available or known over the
whole lifetime of DG in operation in a distribution network
New Analysis on System Level
necessary
Operation of DG in Distribution Networks
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Energy - Flows in Distribution Networks
Energy Supply of a Distribution Network (MV/LV)
Thermal and Electrical Energy Demand
of End-Consumer
Dispersed Generation Units
<50MW
Large Power Plant
(Thermal, Nuclear, Hydro,
Solar, Wave Power Plant
etc.)>50MW
Output of the System: Thermal Energy Electrical Energy
Primary Energy Carrier (e.g. Coal, Gas, Biomass, Wind, Sun)
Thermal EnergyHeat Supply System
(Heat Network)
Power Supply System(Power Grid)
High Voltage Network (HV/EV)
Elec. + therm.
StorageElec.
Storage
Elec. Storage
Primary Energy Carrier (e.g. Coal, Gas, Biomass, Wind, Sun)
Primary Energy Carrier (e.g. Coal, Gas, Biomass, Wind, Sun)
DG Unit<50MW
g CO2/kWhel
g SO2/kWhth
t CO2/a....
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Scenario Analysis as Tool in Case Study Analysis
AnalyzingActual Situation
2010
2020
2030
PositiveDesperate Scenario
NegativeDesperate Scenario
Trend Scenario
A
A1
Failure Decision Point / Correction
Scenario Developement of ScenarioChange of Developement
Pathby Failure
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Future Topics in Distribution Networks
Assessment of dispersed electric vehicles in distribution networks
• Can electric vehicles offer new ancillary services for the power grid?• How should the vehicles be integrated to ensure a sustainable mobility and higher energy efficiency in future smart grids?
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Thank you very much for your attention!
Questions?
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Backup
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
LCA of a Distribution Network with DG
Technical analysis
Software based LCAAsset management & Disposal
Operation
Power Generation, Energy Demand, Transmission losses, SF6 losses, etc.
Service and maintenance
Basic conditions
Installation & Manufacturing
Materials, energy consumption
External conditions
Political demands, generation-mix out of HV
Environmental impacts
Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential, etc.
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Key questions for a global procedure
How can environmental impacts of dispersed generation in distribution grids be measured (methodology -> Life-Cycle Assessment, Eco-Efficiency)?
How to deal with technical impacts on the system e.g. reduced power losses, cogenerated heat?
Under which conditions has distributed generation (DG) advantages to today‘s power plants (ecological and economical) ?
Does a wide decentralisation lead to less emissions in distribution networks or should the central power generation structure be maintained?
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Critical Issues by influencing parameters integrated in the balance object
• DG Technology– Efficiency of current und future DG technologies might be considered due to
long operation times of DG in distribution networks-> time dependence of evaluation -> importance for power grid planning
– Operating modes of DG (heat, power or net optimized operation)– Lifetime of components– Generation costs and CO2 trading
• Impacts on the system level– Power and Heat Reduction out of the overlaying system– Reduced power losses -> reduced emissions?– Efficiency of current und future of large power plant technologies– Allocation
• Consumer Side’s Influence– Uncertainties in heat and power demand of consumers (time dependent)– Influence on energy efficiency programs on consumer behavior
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Technical Model of Electrical Energy Supply
Electrical Demand of the End Customer in the Model System
DG based on Renewables
Environmental Impacts of End-Consumers Electricity Demand
Gas Distr.System
DG based on fossil Energy
Carriers
Local Electrical Energy Mix
Balance Object Electrical Energy
Supply of a Distribution Network (MV/LV)
Global Electrical Energy Mix from Large Power Plants of HV power Grid
Primary Energy Carrier (Coal, Natural Gas, Oil etc.)
Primary Energy Carrier (e.g. Coal, Gas, Biomass, Wind, Sun)
Renewables (Wind, Sun, Water,
Biomass etc.)
STUDY COMMITTEE C3, System Environmental Performance
Technical Model of Thermal Energy Supply
Thermal Demand of the End Customer
Heat Mix
Environmental Impacts of End-Consumers Heat Demand
Secondary Energy from Power Plant Fleet
Electr. Power Grid
DistrictHeating System
Heat Pumps/ Direct Electr. Heating
Balance Object Electrical Energy Supply of a Distribution Network (MV/LV)
DG based on Renewables
Gas Distr.System
DG based on fossil Energy
Carriers
Primary Energy Carrier (Coal, Natural Gas, Oil etc.)
Renewables (Sun,
Biomass etc.)
Gas Distr.System
Renewables (Wind, Biomass, Geothermal Sun, Water, Air etc.)
Primary Energy Carrier (Natural Gas)