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Santa Marta, Colombia. 25-27 November 2014 International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences and strategies for the implementation of the listing of species included in Appendix II © Copyright CITES Secretariat 2005 © Copyright CITES Secretariat 2005 www.CITES.org

International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

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Page 1: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Santa Marta, Colombia. 25-27 November 2014

International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences and

strategies for the implementation of the listing of species included in

Appendix II

© Copyright CITES Secretariat 2005© Copyright CITES Secretariat 2005

www.CITES.org

Page 2: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

International commerce in the framework of CITES related to tariff codes, traceability and non‐detriment findings

Page 3: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

CITES Parties’ concerns about sharks are not new

• Issue raised by the USA at CoP9 in 1994

• Led by Panama, the CoP adopted a Resolution which   requested inter alia:

‐ FAO and other international fisheries management   organizations to establish programmes to collect and assemble the necessary biological and trade data on shark species‐ all nations using and trading specimens of shark species cooperate with FAO and other international fisheries management organizations

Page 4: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Consistent narrative• CITES CoP10 (1997): Decisions adopted to give effect to implementation of the 1994 Resolution

• CITES CoP11 (2000): Following adoption of IPOA‐Sharks, 1994 Resolution repealed. CITES Animals Committee instructed to maintain liaison with COFI in order to monitor the implementation of the IPOA‐Sharks and to report at the CoP in 2002 on progress.

Page 5: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Consistent narrative• CITES CoP12 (2002): Concern that insufficient progress with implementation of the IPOA‐Sharks and NPOAs ‐ trade in sharks and their products was not sustainable. New Resolution adopted urging improvement and reporting on progress by the Animals Committee at the next CoP.Animals Committee to identify key species and examine these for possible listing under CITES.

Page 6: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Consistent narrative

• CoP13 (2004) Animals Committee provided a substantive report. More Parties reporting progress in implementation of the IPOA‐Sharks, but not much evidence of improved shark fisheries management. Animals Committee instructed to carry on its review work. FAO requested to convene a review of progress with IPOA‐Sharks. 

Page 7: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Consistent narrative

• CoP14 (2007) Further extensive programme of work on sharks agreed ‐ for Parties, Secretariat and Animals Committee 

• CoP15 (2010) and CoP16 (2013). Continued concern at unsustainable trade and insufficient progress with IPOA‐Sharks. Shark Resolution revised and updated.

Page 8: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

CITES listing of sharks• In 2000, while these policies were evolving, shark species began to be listed in the CITES Appendices.

• This process has continued and 18 species are now listed in the Appendices

Page 9: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Sharks on the CITES Appendices

SPECIES APPENDIX EFFECTIVE DATE

Cetorhinus maximus(Basking shark)

II(previously III since 13/09/00)

13/02/03

Rhincodon typus(Whale shark)

II 13/02/03

Carcharodon carcharias(Great white shark)

II(previously III since 29/10/01)

12/01/05

Pristidae spp.(Sawfishes – 7 species)

I 13/09/07

Lamna nasus(Porbeagle shark)

II(previously III since 25/09/12)

14/09/14

Carcharinus longimanus(Oceanic whitetip shark)

II 14/09/14

Page 10: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Sharks on the CITES AppendicesSphyrna lewini(Scalloped hammerhead)

II(previously III since 25/09/12)

14/09/14

Sphyrna mokarran(Great hammerhead shark)

II 14/09/14

Sphyrna zygaena(Smooth hammehead shark)

II 14/09/14

Manta spp.(Manta rays)

II 14/09/14

Page 11: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Sharks on the CITES Appendices

Other proposals:CoP14 (2007)Squalus acanthias (Spiny dogfish)CoP15 (2010)Carcharhinus plumbeus (Sandbar shark)Carcharhinus obscurus (Dusky shark)Squalus acanthias (Spiny dogfish)

Page 12: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Conclusions• Concerns of CITES Parties about effects of international trade on sharks have steady increased since 1994 and continue to do so

• CITES activities have helped stimulate otheractions in the right direction ‐ especially IPOA‐Sharks

Page 13: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Tariff codes

• Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System: Harmonized System (HS) of tariff nomenclature

• Effective since 1988. Managed by the World Customs Organization

Page 14: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

HS codes for sharksProposal: To insert shark fins and fish heads, tails, maws and other edible fish offal in fresh or chilled and frozen forms, with a major emphasis on shark fins, and to introduce shark fins in prepared and preserved form.HS 2012 Structure 

HS 2017 Proposed Structure: Fish fins, heads, tails, maws and other edible fish offal: 

HS Code Item Description0302.90 Livers and roes

HS Code Item Description0305.73 Dried, whether or not salted, fins of hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae), with 

skin and cartilage 

0305.74 Dried, whether or not salted, fins of oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinuslongimanus), with skin and cartilage 

0305.75 Dried, whether or not salted, fins of blue shark (Prionace glauca), with skin and cartilage

0305.76 Dried, whether or not salted, fins of porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus), with skin and cartilage 

0305.77 Other shark fins 

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Traceability

Page 16: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Traceability

• Two senses:• Reporting on permits issued/used: tradeundertaken

• Linking specimens with documentation.

Page 17: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

• Record and trace trade from the country of origin to the country of destination, through:– Issuance of appropriate CITES permits or certificates– Inclusion of all relevant trade in national annual reports (CITES Trade Database)

– Identification/verification of specimens– collaboration between CITES Authorities and fisheries agencies 

– enhancing enforcement authorities

Traceability

Page 18: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Traceability

• CITES uses a system of permitsand certificates to regulateinternational trade in specimens  of shark species

• An appropriate permit orcertificate accompanies shark specimens, which makestheir trade traceable

Page 19: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Non‐detriment findings

Page 20: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Scientific Assessments: Non‐detriment findings (NDFs)

Parties must ensure trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species, through scientific assessments on species status in areas under national jurisdiction/marine areas not under the jurisdiction of any State 

(CITES Art. III & IV)

NDF is effectively an advice of a Scientific Authority of the exporting country that a proposed action will 

not be detrimental to the survival of a species 

Page 21: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Scientific Assessments: Non‐detriment findings (NDFs)

• NDFs are the responsibility of the competent scientific authorities in the State undertaking the export or introduction from the sea

Page 22: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

NDFs are……

• NDFs are essentially a risk assessment– Information required should be proportionate to the potential risks

– The evaluation should be founded on the best available information available

– Try to obtain extra information if you can– Experience is very helpful

Page 23: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

NDFs are not…

• A prescriptive ‘standard’ with specific thresholds or demands

• Determined by bodies outside the State of export/introduction from the sea  

Page 24: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

NDF considerations• Species biology, range, population, threats• Population structure, status and trends• Harvest and mortality data• Management measures in place or proposed• Population monitoring

(Resolution conf. 16.7)

Page 25: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

NDF considerations

Recommended issues to take into account– Volume of trade vs. vulnerability of species– Correct identification of the species– Methodology reflecting origin, type, taxonomic characteristics of specimen exported

– Implementation of adaptive management

(Resolution conf. 16.7)

Page 26: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

In making NDFs, States may use…• Scientific literature• Ecological risk assessments• Scientific surveys• Knowledge and expertise of local and indigenous communities

• Consultations with local, regional and international experts

• National and international trade information 

(Resolution conf. 16.7)

Page 27: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Science: Non‐detriment findings (NDFs)

• Parties are encouraged to: – explore methods for making NDFs– share experiences and examples of ways of making NDFs, including through regional or subregional workshops

– maintain written records of the science‐based rationale included in the Scientific Authorities’ NDF assessments

– to offer, on request, cooperative assistance to developing countries, for improvement of capacity to make NDFs, based on nationally identified needs. 

Page 28: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

CITES Secretariat work on sharks

Page 29: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

External funding

• European Union EUR 1.2 million [USD 1.6 million] support

• “Strengthening capacity in developing countries for sustainable wildlife management and enhanced implementation of CITES wildlife trade regulations, with particular focus on commercially‐exploited aquatic species”

• Implementation commenced October 2013 –until July 2016 (CoP17)

Page 30: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

EU project• Working very closely with FAO on implementation

• Identification of key CITES‐shark fishing and trading States

• Regional consultative workshops on capacity assessment: Africa (February 2014), Asia (May 2014)

• Similar meeting already held separately in Latin America (December 2013) and Oceania (December 2013)

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EU project

• Follow‐up activities based on needsassessment

• Engagement with RFMOs: ICCAT, WCPFC, SEAFDEC, CPPS…..

• CITES website portal and associated products

Page 32: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Target countries – FAO report

Range states of the species

Significant shark catches and/or trade

Developing countriesOrange: high priority countries

Yellow: priority countries

Page 33: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

FAO/CITES Regional consultative workshop on sharks for AfricaCasablanca, Morocco. 11-13 February

FAO/CITES Regional consultative workshop on sharks for Asia Xiamen, China. 13-15 May

Page 34: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Contributions to other shark events• 23‐25 October 2013 Southeast Asia Fisheries Development and Education Center (SEAFDEC) Regional Workshop Data 

Collection Methodology for the Assessment of Shark Stock Status, Bangkok, Thailand• 29‐30 October 2013. Comité Técnico Científico – CTC del Plan de Acción Regional – PAR para la Conservación y Manejo 

de Tiburones, Rayas y Quimeras en la Región del Pacifico Sudeste. Cali, Colombia• 24‐28 November 2013. First Congreso Latinoamericano de Rayas y Quimeras, Manta, Ecuador• 18‐25 November 2013. Twenty‐third regular meeting of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic 

Tunas, Cape Town, South Africa• 2‐6 December 2013. Tenth regular session of the Western & Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Cairns, Australia• 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks Listed in Appendix II of CITES ‐

Preparing for Implementation, Tamandaré, Recife, Brazil• 9‐11 December 2013. Oceania Regional Workshop: Implementation of CITES CoP16 Shark and Ray Appendix‐II Listings, 

Wollongong, Australia• 24‐28 February. 14th meeting of the FAO Committee on Fisheries Sub‐Committee on Fish Trade, Bergen, Norway• 11‐12 March. Workshop to Discuss a Potential Shark CITES Non‐Detriment Finding (NDF) in Central America, Guatemala 

City, Guatemala• 9‐13 June. 31st session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries, Rome, Italy• 7‐14 June. 5th meeting of the Regional Fishery Body Secretariats’ Network, Rome, Italy• 26‐28 August. Bay of Bengal Capacity Building Workshop on CITES Appendix II Listings of Shark and Manta Ray Species, 

Chennai, India• 10‐17 November. 19th Special Meeting of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Genoa, 

Italy• 25‐27 November: International workshop sharks: articulating experiences and strategies for implementation of 

species included in CITES Appendix II, Santa Marta, Colombia

Page 35: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

Results/Common main limitations

• Roadmap• Action Plan

• Lack of effective shark management measures• Limited knowledge and expertise to identify products in trade• Lack of traceability mechanisms to verify the origin and 

legality of products in trade• Lack of coordinated networking and collaboration among 

agencies• Insufficient  prolonged and targeted  funding for the 

implementation of CITES requirements 

Page 36: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

What next?

• Direct support to key fishing and trading States – based on self‐assessment and consultant’s report.

• Key RFMO engagement• Opportunistic follow‐up through existing FAO activities.

• Further shark portal development• iSharkFin

Page 37: International CITES sharks workshop: Articulating experiences … Event... · 2015-02-18 · • 3‐4 December: 2013. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sharks

CITES SecretariatGeneva