International Centre for Theoretical Phvsics

No. 15October 1988

The Role of Womenin the Development

of Science and Technologyin the Third World

byAkhtar Mahmud, Faruqui,

Third World Academy of Sciencesand

Pakistan Atomic Energy Comrnission

Third World women scientists gotsome measure of their intellectualstrength when they met at Trieste (Italy)from 3-7 October 1988. The occasion:llic first-ever conference on the Role ofWomen in the Development of Scienceand Technology in the Third Worldjointly sponsored by the CanadianInternational Development Agency(CIDA) aqp ttre Third World Academyof Sciences (TWAS).

For five successive days, womenscientists from the three developingcontinents — Africa, Asia and LatinAmerica — representing diversehistorical and cultural backgrounds —identified common problems, soughtconsensus on possible areas ofcollaboration, and debated the futurecourse of action. For many participants,the Conference proved a stimulatingexperience. In the words of Dr. J.Wardlaw (Chairman, Board ofGovernors, International DevelopmentResearch Centre) who chaired theopening session, the Conferencesignified "an important initiative ofTWAS. I expect the Conference will beviewed as a landmsrk."

The Confergnce provided anopportunity to thb participants to formnew links, not only regionally orinternationally, but sometimes at the

Distinguished guests at the chairman's desk with Professor Abdus Salan at theConkrence on the Role of Women in the Development of Science andTechnology in the Third World: (from left to right) Dr. R. L|ger (Director,Division of Internalional NGOs, CIDA, Canada ) , Prof. D.C. Ilodgkin (NobelLaureate for Chemistry, 1964, UK), Senator S. Agnelli ({Jnder-Secretary ofState for Foreign Affairs, Italy), Dr. J. Wardlavy (Chairman, Board ofGovernors, International Development Research Center, Canada), Prof. R. Levi-Montalcini (Nobel Laureate for Medicine, 1986, Italy) and Prof. J. D\bereiner(Chairman of the Organizing Committee and Founding Fellow of the Academy).

national level, which would be helpfulin the development of networks — bothin discipline clusters and on a regionalbasis. The participants were also able torecognize their strength in terms ofnumbers and achievements, especiallyvaluable for young scientists workingeither alone or as a part of a smallminority of women. Outstandingresearchers with successful careersemerged and were accorded recognition."This should be helpful in terms ofpromotion of women scientists to bodiessuch as TWAS", Dr. Wardlawcommented.

Contents

The Role of Womenin the Developmentof Science and Technologyin the Third World 1

Third World Networkof Scientific OrganizationsFormed )

TWAS Awards 1987 3

First TWAS Historvof Science Prize 6

India: Work on Super-conduc,tors Ignored Abroad 6

Activities at ICTP - October 7

Future Activities at ICTP 7

Among the 250 participants weretwo Nobel Laureates — ProfessorDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (UnitedKingdom, Nobel Laureate forChemistry, 1964) and Professor Rita

\ o l s from ICTI| - No. 15 - October 1988

I-cvi lr{ontalcini (Italy, Nobel Laurcatefor lr{cdicinc, 1986) whosc prcscncc,coupled with thc high quality ofprcscn tat ions, tcstified to thc globalsLrcngth of womcn scicntists.

The participants recommcndcd thcurgcncy of dcvcloping an invcntory ofThird World womcn scicnLists to initiatcSouth-South collaborative links. Thcyalso dcsircd that an intcrim study groupbc formcd to elaboratc on ftc dctailcdobjcctives and work plans for anAssociation of Third World WomcnScicntists.

Third World Netrvorkof Scientific Organizations

Formcd

byAkhtar Llahmud Faruqui,

Third V'orld Academy of Sciencesand

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

Onc hundrcd and twcnty lvlinistcrs,IIcads of Scicntific Rcscarch Councils,ancl Prcsidcnts of Acadcmics o[ Scicnccfrom 45 dcvcloping countrics mct in'l'ricstc (Italy) from 4-6 Octobcr to rakctlrc momcntous dccision of forming thcl'hird World Network of ScicntificOrganizations (TWNSO). Thcysuccccdcd in accomplishing what thcUnitcd Nations and its science-sponsoring agcncies havc found anclusivc goal for ovcr four dccadcs now.

Thc presencc of Latin Amcrican,African and Asian Ministcrs rcsponsiblclor scicncc promotion in thcir rcspcctivccountrics, and thcir involvcmcnl. infuturc dcvclopmcntal activity, is sccn asa good omcn for Third World scicncc."ltluch would depend on the Ministersthemselves," said Profcssor AbdusSalam, thc ncwly-clcctcd Prcsidcnt ofTWNSO. "We didn't expect this successthough," the Nobcl Laureate who wonthc Prizc in Physics in 1979 addcd,attributing thc conscnsus on thcNctwork's formation to ftc participanl.s'faith in thc Third World Acadcmy ofScicnccs (TWAS), thc host organization.

Foundc<l in 1983 by Salam andinauguratcd by thc UN Sccrctary Gcncralin 1985, the Acadcmy's initialivcs andprogrammcs arc bcginning to crystallizc

and gathcr stcam. Said Dr. J.N{. Aminu,Nigcrian Ministcr of Education, "TheAcademy's impact is being felt in thescientific community." Twointcrnational conlcrcnces on 'South-South and South-North Coopcration inScicnccs' havc gcncratcd considcrablcintcrcst and cstablishcd South-South, andwhat is morc important, Soulh-Norl.hlinks. Thc sccond Conlcrencc in Bcijing(China) in Scptcmbcr 1981, wasparticularly succcssful. Hcld in a ThirdWorld country, it dcmonstratcd thcmarch of Third World scicncc in thc hostcountry: thc Chincsc had fcwcr than 500rcsearchcrs in 1949 altogcthcr — lcssthan onc pcr million of population.Thcre arc now 300,000 rcscarchcrs inChina and thc country is approachingintcmational norms, with a factor of 600incrcasc in 40 ycars. Thc participatingdcvcloping countrics thus had much tolcarn from China's cxamplc. Thccmphasis in thc TWAS initiativcsremains on South-South and South-North collaboration.

In thc contcxt of South-Northrclations, thc Third World Nctwork ofScicntific Organizations has madc anauspicious bcginning with CIDA, thcCanadian Intcrnrtional DcvclopmcntAgcncy, plcdging to "consider a specialrequest for support for the Netyvork..."Thc Italian Govcrnmcnl. has alsopromiscd a contribution of a quartcrmillion dollars.

Thc formation of TWNSO — rhcscicntific analoguc of thc Founding ofthc Croup of 77 — descrvcs to bcsupportcd. Its mcmbcrship slands at 80today, and is drawn from 60 dcvclopingcountrics. Thc Nctwork could act as anon-political group, both intcrnally andcxtcrnally, to cspouse l.hc causc ofdcvcloping country scicncc. TheMinistcrs who participatcd in thc thrceday mccting plcdgcd TO producc rcsults athomc, a dcvclopmcnt Salam did notexpcct so soon. It is a "bonus" oulcomcof thc TWNSO mccting, hc said.

Thc ncxl. mecting of thc Nctworkwill bc hcld in Colornbia during Octobcr1989. Should Dr. Pcrcz bc votcd inropowcr in Vcnczucla — hc is a grcatsupportcr of scicncc and has promiscd toraise thc cxpcnditurcs in scicntificrcscarch Lo 2Va of thc GNP — a mcctingof Latin Amcrican hcads of statc misht

concurrcnl.ly take place in Colombit,giving Perez and Salam the chancc toimprcss upon thc distinguishcd gathcringthc importancc of sciencc in national,rcgional and global dcvclopmcnt.

Succinctly summing up the thrcc drydclibcrations, the "Tricstc Dcclaration",read out during the TWNSO confercncc,statcd: "Recognizing the fundamentrilimportance of Science in socio-econortticand cultural development antltechnological progress, and keeping inview the recommendations of the SouthCommission pertaining b the crucktlrole of Science in the Third World, osmankind approaches the 2Ist centurJ,the members of the Third lI/orldNetwork of Scientific Organizationspresent at the meeting held in Triestefrom 4 to 6 October 1988 resolve towork towards giving Science antlTechnology a position of highcstpriority in their own countries and tostrengthen their collaboration witll otlrcrcountries of the South as well as theNorth."

According to its statutcs, [hcNctwork will bc a "non-governmentaland non-profit-making organization."Thc gcncral objcctivc of the Network hasbccn dcfincd as thc promotion of "Soutlt-South and South-North Cooperation inthe development and application ofScience and Technology in the T-hirdWorld." This could bc achicvcd by (a)furthcring the contribution of thc Sourhto global projccts of scicncc (such asMan and thc Biosphcre Programmc ofUNESCO and thc IntcrnationalGcosphcrc Biospherc Programmc ofICSU); (b) furthcring thc contribution o[thc South to areas of today's fronLicrscicnce and tcchnology which iuc mostlikcly to havc a strong impact on thccconomic and social dcvclopmcnt of thcThird World (such as space scicnce andtcchnology, trcrmo-nuclcar fusion, hightechnology and biotcchnology); (c)South-South collaboration; (d) Sourh-North collaboration; (c) encouragingThird World Govcrnmcnts to takcappropriatc political action to dcvclopthcir scicntific cntcrprisc through sclf-rcliancc and propcr allocation ofrcsourccs. Thc Nctwork will bc hcadcdby a Prcsidcnt, four Vicc-Prcsidcntsrcprcscnting each of thc African, Arab,Asian and Latin Amcrican regions, and a

News from ICTP 1 5 IS - October 1988

Sccrctary Gcneral.The first Mccting of the Nctwork has

clccted thc following officcrs for anintcrim pcriod of onc year:Pres ident : Prof. Abdus Salam(Pakistan);Vice Presidents: Prof. J.M. Aminu(Nigcria, African Rcgion), Prof. B.A.R.Omar (Malaysia, Asian Region), Prof.I . L . Bougucna (Tunisia, Arab Rcgion),Prof. F. Dcl Rio (Mcxico, LatinAmcrican & Caribbcan Rcgion);Council l\{embers: Prof. O.F. Bizri(Syria, Arab Rcgion), Prof. A. Babalc(Camcroon, African Rcgion), Prof. FIUQihcng (China, P.R., Asian Rcgion),Prof. G.V. Taylor (Jamaica, LatinAmcrican & Caribbcan Rcgion), ProtC. Ponnampcruma (Sri Lanka, AsianRcgion), Prof. L.K.H. Goma (Zambia,African Rcgion);

Secretary Ceneral: Prof. M.II.A.Hassan (Sudan).

In addi[ion, thrcc StandingCommittccs havc bccn formcd:1. Clobal Projects: Chairman: Prof.

C. Pavan (Brazil);2. I lazards: Chairman: Prof. E.U.

Emovon (Nigcria);3. Programmes: Chairman: Prof.

J.M. Aminu (Nigcria).

TWAS Arvards1987

Thc annual Prizcs of thc Third WorldAcademy of Scicnces for 1987 wcreprcscnted to the rccipicnts (Prof. CcsarLattcr for physics, Prof. MudambaiScshachalu Narasimhan for mathcmatics,Dr. Adolfo Martincz-Palomo for biologyand Prof. Chuang-Tian Chcn forChemistry) on 3 Octobcr 1988 in rhcLccturc Hall of thc ICTP.

One of thc main objcctives of thcThird World Acadcmy of Scicnccs is toaccord rccognition to high calibrcscicntific research undcrtaken byindividual scicntists from do,clopingcountrics and to apply it for thc bcncfitof human wclfarc and thc devclopmcnt ofthc Third World.

In pursuancc of ftc abovc objcctive,thc Acadcmy has bccn awarding prizcssincc 1985 to individual scicntists fromdcvcloping countrics who, in thcopinion of thc Council of ttre Acadcmy,

havc madc outstanding conLributions tothe advanccment of scicnce.Considcration is givcn l.o provcnachicvcments judgcd particularly lrom anational and intcrnational vicwpoint.

Each award consists of a prizeamounting to US$ 10,000 as wcll as amedal on which major contribul.ions ofthe award winncr arc mentioncd.

Four Awards in Basic Scicnccs arcgiven cach ycar in the ficlds of Biology,Chcmistry, Mathcmatics and Physics.

Rcscarch Councils, Universitics andScicntific Institutions in devclopingcountrics as well as from ScicntificInstitutions in aclvanced countries.

Nominations for each award arcconsidcred by a Committee ofdistinguished scicntists appointcd by thcCouncil of thc Acadcmy.

Thc awards arc prcscnted on a spccialoccasion during thc Autumn of cachycar.

Prof. Cesar Lattes addressing the audience in the lvlain Lecture llall at ICTP.

Candidatcs for thc awards must. benationals of dcvcloping countrics and asa rule, working and living in thosecountrics.

Mcmbcrs of thc Third WorldAcadcmy of Sciences arc not cligiblc forsuch awards.

Nominations arc madc on spccialNomination fonns and should clcarlystatc thc contributions which thccandidatc has madc towards thedcvclopment of thc particular ficld ofscicncc for which the awards would begivcn. Thc nomination should beaccompanicd by complcte biodata, list ofpublications, and, if possiblc, examplcsof publications or othcr cvidcncc whichcould bc citcd to provc thc candidatc'scontributions.

Nominations for thc awarcls areinvitcd from all membcrs of thc ThirdWorld Acadcmy of Scicnccs as wcll asfrom Scicncc Acadcmics. National

Physics: Prof. Ccsar La il.cs(Ccntro Brasilciro dc Pcsquisas Fisicas,Rio de Janeiro, Brazi,l), "for hisfundamental contributions to llighEnergy Physics and in particular for thediscovery of natural and artificialmesons".

Prof. Ccsar Mansucto Giulio Lattcs,thc sccond son of Italian cmigrants,Giuscppc Lattes and Carolina MaroniLal.tcs, obtaincd his Bachclor's dcgrce inPhysics from the Univcrsidadc dc SioPaulo (USP) in 1943. In a distinguishcdcarccr spanning almost 45 years, thcacadcmic positions hcld by Lattcs havcincludcd: Assistant Profcssor ofThcorctical and Mathematical Physics,USP 1944-1948; Professor of Physics,USP 1948-1949; Profcssor of NuclcarPhysics, Univcrsidadc do Brazil (nowUnivcrsidadc do Rio dc Janciro) 19.19 todatc; Profcssor of Physics, CcntroBrasilciro dc Pcsquisas Fisicas, 1949 to

Nervs from ICTP t r 5 - October 1988

datc; Profcssor of Advanccd Physics,USP 1960-1986 (partial rctircmcnt)Novcmbcr 1986; Profcssor of Physics,Univcrsidade Estadual dc Campinas,1967-1986 (partial rctircmcnl. Novcmbcr1986); and Profcssor of Physics,Pontificia Univcrsidadc Catolica do Riodc Janeiro, 1964.

In thc capacity of a rcscarcher, hc hasscrved as: Rcscarch Associate, BristolUniversity L946-1947; expertconsultant., Radiation Laboratory,Univcrsity of Califomia, Bcrkclcy, undcrcontract with USNA Atomic EncrgyComission 1948-1949: AssociatcProfcssor, Univcrsity of Chicago, 1955-1956; Research Associatc, Univcrsity ofMinncsota, School of Scicncc andEnginrcring, 1957; and visiting scholar,Istituto di Gcologia Nuclcarc, CNEN,Pisa Italy, 1964.

His thcorctical scicntific work hasmainly rclatcd to statisticalthcrmotlynamics at high lcmpcraturcplus high dcnsity and thc abundancc ofnuclei in the universc (in associationwith G.V. Wataghin), and classicalthcory chargcd point particlcs withdipole momcnt (undcr Frcnkcl condition)with W.C. Schutzcr and M. Shonbcrg ascollaborators.

llis non-thcorctical scicntific workhas bccn fairly cxhausLivc and includcdmany important rescarch undcrtakingssuch as: Calibration of conccntratcdIlford Rcscarch Emulsion (produccd byMr. C. Wallcr 196-1); A study of Alfa-radioactivity of rarc earths, unsucccssfulscarch for elcmcnt 6l (1916 Bristol); Anuclcar cmulsion mcthod for thcdctcrmination of cncrgy and momcntumof fast ncutrons in cosmic rays, with G.Occhialini (1946 Bristol); Dctcction ofncgal.ivc pions produccd by 380 McVAlfa-particlcs on fixcd targct, withEugcne Garder (1948 Bcrkclcy);Dctcction of positive and ncgativc pionsphotoproduccd by Brcmstrahlung of 300McV clcctrons accclcratcd in thcradiation laboratory clcctron synchroEon:for Edwin McMillan (January 1949Bcrkclcy); Unsucccssful scarch for theclcctronic dccay of thc posiLivc pion,with L. Andcrson (1956 Chicago), andthc study of thc angular corrcladon inthc dccay of N + into p + , with P.S.Frcicr(l957 Minncapolis).

Prof. Lattcs was thc ad-hoc

coordinator of thc Brazilian part of thcBrazil-Japan collaboration on study ofcosmic rays and high encrgyintcractions: morphology and study ofmultiplc production of hadrons. Startcdin S5o Paulo Univcrsity 1962 and joincdby CBPF 1964, by UFF around 1983,and FUFMT in 1988, also joincd bySovict and Polish groups of Pamircollaboration in 1981.

I a t h e m a t i c s : Prof. MudambaiScshachalu Narasimhan (Tata Institutc ofFundamcntal Rcscarch, Bombay, India),"for his fundamental contribulions tomalhematics in the areas of algebraicgeometry, differential geometry,representalion theory of semi-simplegroups and partial dffirential equations".

Prof. M udambni SeshachaluNarasimhan lecturing after receivingthe Prize.

Born on Junc 7 1932, Prof.Narasimhan joincd thc Tata Institutc ofFundamcntal Rcscarch (TIFR) in 1953as a rcscarch sl.udcnt. and did his thcsis inan lysis undcr thc supcrvision ofProfcssor K. Chandrasckharan. Hispost-doctoral work was carried out inParis for a two-ycar pcriod withProfcssor Laurcnt Schwarl.z. At prcscnthc is a scnior Profcssor of Mathcmaticsat the Tala Instit.ute of FundamentalRcscarch.

1 is contributions to mathcmatics arcin thc ficlds of algcbraic geomctry,diflcrcntial topology, rcprcscntariontheory of lic groups and partial

diffcrcntial cquations.In algcbraic geomctry thc major

contribution (over the past 20 years) hasbeen the dcvclopment of thc theory ofmoduli of algcbraic vcctor bundlcs,starting with thc basic thcorem on Lhcidentity of stablc and unitary bundlcs onalgcbraic curvcs.

Rcsults in differential gcomctryinclude the thcorem on the existcncc ofunivcrsal connections which havc bcencxtcnsivcly uscd by mathematicians andphysicists.

The Langlands conjccturc on thcconcrcte rcalization of thc discrctc sericsrcpresentations was solvcd in thcHcrmitian symmetric case for mostwcights. A charactcrisation of rcalanalytic functions via an ellipticdiflcrcntial opcrator with analyticcocfficicnts was givcn. This contains asa spccial cass wcll known analyticrcgularity frcorcms.

Iliology: (Ccntro dc Invcstigaciony dc Estudios Avanzados dcl IPN,Mcxico D.F., Mcxico), "for hisfundamental contributions to theknowledge of the cell biology of canccrcells and parasites".

Dr. Adolfo Martinez-Palomo wastraincd as a physician in Mexico. Hccarricd out, his postgraduate studics inCanada, whcre hc found thc firstcxpcrimcntal suggcstion that thc hcart isnot. only an cfficicnt pump, but also anendocrine organ. Hc thcn movcd toFrancc whcrc hc made obScrvations nowconsidcred classical on thc abnormaliticsof thc surfacc of canccr cells, with thcusc of thc clcctron microscopc. Back inMcxico hc initiatcd, with thc tools ofmodcrn ccll biology, a far-reaching studyon onc of thc most important parasiticdiscascs of man, amcbiasis. His firstcontribution in this ficld was thcdcmonstration of biological diffcrcncesbctwccn pathogcnic and non pathogcnicamcbas, a discovcry of importancc forundcrstanding thc cpidcrniology of thcinfcction. Aftcrwards, he turned hisail.cnLion to clucidatc thc ccllular bascsof ihc dcsuuctivc cffcct of the parasitc onmammalian tissucs, using in vitro andin vivo modcls. Thc invcstigationgradually broadcncd in scopc to includcaspccts of thc pathology, immunologyand conl.rol of thc infcction. summarizcd

Nervs from ICTP - No. 15 - October 1988

in two books that rcprcscnt thc firstmodcrn and comprchcnsivc monographson amcbiasis. I{c has ail.ractcd sevcraleminenl. investigators and obtaincdsupport to crcatc thc Mcxican Programfor the Study of Parasitc Diseascs, whichrcprcsent onc of thc bcst cxamplcs Lhal.fhst ratc rcscarch on diseases of thc poorcan be donc in the Third World. Hisindividual achicvcmcnts arc bcst framcdwithin thc accomplishment of thisgroup, in constant scarch for acadcmicexccllencc through activc intcrnationalscicntific cooperation.

As Presidcnt of lhc McxicanAcadcmy of Scicnces, hc renewed thecollaboration bctwccn thc NationalAcadcmy of Scicnccs and its Mcxicancountcrpart. FIe is an active mcmbcr ofthc Council of thc Latin ArncricanAcadcmy of Scicnccs and of theInLcrnal.ional Commission on HcalrhRcscarch, an indcpcndcnt initiativc bascdat. I{arvard Univcrsity that sccks ncwsoluLions to thc prcssing health needs ofdcvcloping countrics. IIis morc rcccntrcsponsibility is rhc formulation of theprogram on scicncc and tcchnology forhcalth for thc ncxt adminisLrarion of thcMcxican govcrnmcnt.

His currcnl. acadcmic intercsts includcthc biology of amcbiasis and giardiasis,thc structure and function of cpithclialmcmbrancs, and ncw dcvclopmcnts inimmunoelcckonmicroscopy.

Chenrislry: Prof. Chuang-TianChen (Fujian InsLitutc of Rcscarch onthc Structurc of Mail.cr, Fuzhou, Fujian,China), "for his outstanding contributionlo lhe development of ncw nonlinearoplical materials, the formulation of aquantum chemicql theory that guides thesearch for such materials and thediscovery ofB burium borate and lithiurntriborate".

Prof. Chuang-Tian Chcn was born inNingbo, Zhcjiang, China, on April l,1937. Hc obtaincd a B.S. dcgrce inthcorctical solid-statc physics fromBcijing Univcrsity in 1962. llc washircd as a rcscarch assistanL at thc EastChina (latcr changcd ro Fujian) Instirutcof Rcsearch on lhc Structurc of Mattcr,an institutc of thc Chincsc Acadcmy ofScicnccs in Fuzhou, Fujian, foundcd anddircctcd by Prof. Jiaxi Lu. Hc rosc Lothc rank of full profcssor in 1986 and

bccamc Dcputy Dircctor in chargc ofrcscarch in 1988. Hc did rcscarch atStanford Univcrsity during thc acadcrnicycar 1985-86 and has bcen a frcquentvisitor to major U.S. and Europcanrcscarch institutcs sincc thcn. His workin ncw non-lincar optical matcrials andcontribul.ions to thc national economyhavc bccn rccognizcd and apprcciatcd byboth thc provincial and nationalgovcrnmcnts. Hc was namcd andrcccivcd by thc Prcmicr of China onMarch 12, 1987, as onc of nincoutstanding contribul.ors in the nation.

Hc was initially rcluctant about hisassignmcnt. to Fujian Institutc ofRcscarch, which was Lhcn famous inChina for its structural chcmistryrescarch bul. not known for its physicsand mal.crials scicncc rescarch. Scvcralof his profcssors convinced hirn he couldstudy clcctrooptic and nonlincar opticpropcrtics at this institutc as highquality, largc crystals of NH4H2PO4,KI{2PO4 (KDP), and KD2PO4 wcrcproduccd thcrc for scicntific andtcchnological applications in China.Indccd, hc studicd proton NIr{R spcctraof KDP crystals and, with somc hclpfulsuggcsLions from Prof. Lu, succccdcd incxplaining thc paradoxical spcctralbchavior in tcrms o[ thc proton locationin thc hydrogcn bonds. 1 Hc thcn startcd aslructural chcmical invcstigation into thcorigin and mcchanism o[ nonlincaroptical propcrtics of inorganic oxidcs.Unfortunatcly, this study was soonintcrruptcd by thc Cultural Rcvolutionof 1965-1973. During rhat pcriod hcgrcw singlc crystals from mclts andmcasurcd thcir optical and diclcctricpropcrtics.

Hc rcsumcd his thcorctical study ofstructure-propcrty rclationships innonlincar optical matcrials following thcCultural Rcvolution. Vcry soon hcformulatcd thc anion group ftcory, aquantum chcmical thcory that dcscribcsand prcdicts thc nonlincar opticalbchavior of inorganic solids bascd on thcfunctional, oxygcn-containing aniongroup. Considcr for cxamplc, BaTiO3, awcll known and wcll characLcrizcdmatcrial. Thc anion group thcoryascribcs thc sccond harrnonic cffccl intomicroscopic and macroscopic parts. Thcmicroscopic part ariscs from cachdcformcd TiO6 ochhcdron, which can

bc computcd quantum-chcmically byperturbation theory practically withoutany adjustable paramcters. Thcmacroscopic effect is thcn a lincarsupcrposition of thc microscopic sccondharmonic tcnsors. This way, thc sccondharmonic cocfficients of BaTiO3 wcrccomputcd and agrec satisfactorily withexpcrimcntal dara. Similar agrcemcnnhave also bccn obtaincd for othcrpcrovskites and tungstcn bronzes. Thisinitial succcss immediatcly attracted theattcntion of Prof. Lu, who has sinccprovidcd constant encouragement,support and advice to thc search for ncwmaterials.

Buoycd by this succcss and incollaboration with scvcral collcagucsfrom thc Fujian Insl.itutc of Rescarch,Prof. Chcn expandcd the scopc of hisinvcstigation l.o iodatcs and nitritcs. Thclonc-pair clcctron of thc IO3- anionenhanccs the sccond harmonicgencration. Thc NO2- group is thc firstcxample of a planar functional unit andits nonlincarity is enhanccd by thcconjugatcd n orbirals pcrpcndicular tothc NO2- units. Bascd on thcsc rcsuhson lonc-pair clcctron and RC orbil.als, a sctof structural critcria was dcrivcd asguidclincs for thc scarch for anddcvclopmcnt of new crystals.

Subscquently, the boratc scrics wasdiscovcrcd including borh lithiumtriboratc (-iB3O5) and a low tcmpcraturcform of barium boratc (BaB2O4). Thcsucccssful dcvclopments of thcsc crystalsarc thc culminal.ion of unwavcringsupport and collaboration of collcaguesfrom thc Fujian Institute of Rcscarch andcontribulions from othcr rcscarchinstitutcs of thc Chincsc Acadcmy ofScienccs and worldwidc. Both boral.csarc Lransparent dccp into thc UV rcgion:BaB2O4 @BO) is transparcnr ro 189 nrnand LiB3O5 GBO) ro 180 nm. Bothhavc high optical damagc thrcsholds andarc usually homogcncous and practicallynon-dcliqucsccnt. BBO and LBO arccomplcmcntary: BBO is currcntly thconly crystal lhat can gcncratc thc 5thharmonics (212 nm) of the 1.06 pmoutput of a YAG:Nd lascr whcrcas LBOhas vcry largc acccptancc angle and canbc non-critically phasc-matchcd. Hcnccthcsc two crystals are alrcadyintcrnationally acclaimcd and with good

\eu's from ICTP - \ o . 15 - October 1988

prospccts of broad applications in lascrscicnce and technology. Dcvclopmcnt ofothcr UV transparcnt, nonlinear opticalcrystals of the borate scries iscontinuing.

FirstIlistory of Science Prize

of the TWAS

The Third World Acadcmy ofScicnccs has SCT up an Award of US$10,000 for thc bcst rescarch essayhighlighting thc pre-20rh Ccnturyscientific achievcmcnb of a Third Worldscicntist, whose work had notprcviously bccn rccognizcd.

Thc cssay is to indicate thc impact ofthc scicntist's cont.ributions on his/hcrcommunity, and to cstablish itsinflucncc on modern scicntific thought.

Thc essays subrnittcd for thiscompetition, opcn to scholars from thcSouth as wcll as tlrc Norft, arc carcfullyjudgcd by an Intcrnational Committcc ofcxpcrts on [hc [Iistory of Scicnccappointcd by thc Council of thcAcaclcmy.

Thc 1987 TWAS llistory of ScicnccPrizc was awardcd to Prof. David A.King (Johann Wolfgang Gocrhc-Univcrsity, Frankfurt, W. Gcrmany) hasbccn honoured "for his essay eniltled"Shams Al-Din Al-Khaliti and rhcCulmination of the Islamic Scicnce ofAstronomical Timckccping", and inparticulqr for bringing to light thehighly impressive aslronomical tablescompiled in Damascus in the llthCcntury and used there until the IgthCentury for timekeeping".

David A. King is Profcssor ofHistory of Scicncc and Dircctor of thcInstitutc for thc History of Scicncc atFrankfurt Univcrsity, a position whichhc has hcld sincc 1985.

Born in England (1941), hc srudicdmathcmatics at Cambridgc Univcrsityand cducation at, Oxford Univcrsity(1960-6a); his first appointmcnr waswith the Sudan GovcrnmcnL Ministry ofEducation (1961-67). Thcrcafr.cr hc didhis graduatc work in Islamic Studics andHistory of Scicncc at Yalc Univcrsity(1968-72), specializing in thc history ofIslamic scicncc. Thcn hc dircctcd rheSmithsonian Insritution Proicct in

Mcdieval Islamic Astronomy at. theAmerican Rescarch Ccnter in Egypt(1972-79) and was Associate and FullProfcssor of Ncar Eastcm Languagcs andLitcratures at Ncw York University(1979-8s).

Profcssor King has workcdextcnsivcly on mcdicval scientificmanuscripts in librarics all ovcr Europc,thc Ncar East, India and Ccntral Asia,and has rcccntly publishcd a three-volumc cataloguc of over 2,500 Arabic,Pcrsian and Turkish scicntificmanuscripl.s prcscrvcd in thc EgyptianNational Library in Cairo. His earlyrcscarch focusscd on technicalachicvcmcnt.s of thc Muslimastronomcrs (hencc his intercsL in Al-Khalili), but hc has also workcdcxtcnsivcly on popular folk astronomy,and particularly on thc intcrplay ofscicncc and rcligion on mcdicval Islamicsocicty.

I{is publications includc somc sixtyarticlcs, many rcprintcd in lwo volurncscnf.itlcd Islamic MuthematicalAstronomy and Islamic AstronomicalInstruments (London 1986-87). Thesecontain, for cxamplc, thc first history ofastronomy in Egypt and Syria, anddcscripl.ions of various astronomicaltablcs for finding the dircction of Mccca(qibla), rcgulating the times of praycr,and predicting thc visibility of thc lunarcrcsccnt. Also in book lorm are ahistory of astronomy in Ycmen (1983)and a history bf astronomicaltimckecping in thc Islamic world (toappcar); hc also co-cditcd a volumc ofstudics in honour of his formcr tcachcr,Profcssor E.S. Kcnncdy of thc AmcricanUnivcrsity of Bcirut (Ncw York, 1986).Hc is curcntly prcparing a book on thcsacrcd dircction in Islam and a history ofastronomy in thc Maghrib.

India:Work on Supcrconductors

trgnorcd Abroad

by courtesy ofSUNS,

Special Uniled Nations Service,October /988

Neyv Delhi, Oct 3 - Whcn hightcmpcraturc supcrconductors wcrc first

rcportcd in early 1987, no lhcoreticalmcchanism was known which couldexplain the phenomenon. Yct. l.woIndian physiciss, S.N. Ekbote and A.V.Narlikar of the National PhysicalLaboratory, New Dclhi, had as early as1980 not only prcdicted the possibilitymodcl based on magnetic interactions tocxplain the occurrcnce, but rcports of themagnetic intcraction modcl of hightcmpcraturc supcrconductors now bcingput forward by several wcstcrnrcsearchcrs and appearing in scicntificjournals in rccent months totally ignorcthe Indian work. The articles on lhcsubject ncithcr acknowlcdge nor mcntionthe work of thc Indian scicntists in thisfronticr arca, says a rcport in ScienceReporter, the journal of thc Council ofScicntific and Industrial Rcscarch(csrR).

Thc modcl proposcd by S.N. Ekbotcand A.V. Narlikar was bascd on a scricsof conduction clccLron spin rcsonancc(CESR) and spin-wave rcsonancc-cxpcriments carricd out on scvcralsupcrconducting matcrials in thcsuperconducting strte. Later, in a bookon s u p e r c o n d u c t i v i t y andsuperconducting matcrials publishcd in1983, thesc two physicists had cvcnprcdictcd the possibiliry of hightcmpgraturc supcrconductors, the first ofwhich wcrc not rcpo(cd till 1987.

At thc timc it was first proposcd in1980, thc magnetic intcraction modcl ofEkbote and Narlikar did not find muchsupport from physicisEs as it wasclaimcd that the existing BCS thcory(namcd aftcr thrcc scientists whodcvcloped thc thcory) could cxplainsuperconductivity bcttcr. But thccoming of thc high-tcmperat.urcsupcrconductors changcd all that, foraccording to thc BCS rhcorysupcrconductivity was impossible atLcmpcraturcs a fcw dcgrecs abovcabsolutc zcro (minus 273 dcgrccsCclsius).

Thc ncw ccramic supcrconductorsshow supcrconducl.ing propcrtics up to100 dcgrecs above absolutc zcro or morc,tcmfcratures too high to bc accountcdfor by thc BCS theory.

Today most rcsearchcrs in thc ficld,including Nobcl Laurcatc P.W.Andcrson, bclicvc lhcrc is indccd somcsort of magnctic intcracl.ion involvcd in

Nervs from ICTP - No. 15 - October 1988

high-tcmpcraturc superconductivity, justas prcdictcd by thc Indian physicistsyears ago.

Activities at ICTPOctober 1988

Ti t l e : FOURTH SUMMERCOLLEGE rN BTOPHYSTCS (12Septcmbcr - 7 October 1988).

Organizers: Prolessors H. Farach(Univcrsity of South Carolina,Columbia, USA), S. Mascarcnhas(Univcrsidade dc S5o Paulo, Slo Carlos,Brazil), F. Quadrifoglio (Univcrsity ofUdine, Italy) and G.C. Chirardi(Univcrsity of Triestc and ICTP, Tricstc,Ir.aly).

L e c t u r e s : Dcscription of thcbiological systcm: mitochondria.Introduction to the quantum thcory ofrcaction ratcs. Biocncrgctics andthcrmodynamics. Elcctron transfcr inphotosynthetic ccntcrs. Photochemicalclccl.ron translcr in biological and modclsystcms. Modelling of elcctron transfcrrcactions in biology. Biocncrgetics inbactcria, photoposphorilation and chargescparation. Encrgy transduction in plantphotosynthcsis. Photosystcms I, II:elcctron transfer in oxygcnicphotosynthesis. Biochcmistry andclcctron microscopy of antcnna protcinsin photosynthcsis. Introduction to ESRtcchniques. The photosystcm I rcactionccntrc of oxygcnic photosyntheticorganisms: gcncral prescntation ofclcctron transfcr rcactions.Rccombination rcactions insidc thcprimary radical pair of photosystcm Ircacl.ion ccntrc: magnctic ficld cffccts.Elccl.ron transfcr rcacl.ions involving thcsccondary clcctron acccptor of

photosystcm I: idcntification as aQuinone molecule. Protcin-cngineincluding the clcctron tunncling inbiology and sol i tons inbactcriorhodopsin. Rolc of Ubiquinoncin clcctron transfcr and dynamics ofmembranc diffusion. Structurc andfunction of mctalloprotcins from lhcelcctron transfcr chain of sulphatcrcducing bactcria. Crystallographicstructural studics of light encrgy andclcctron translcr systcms. Thcorcticalissucs in phol.osynthctic clcctrontransfcr. Elcctron transfcr in simplc andcomplcx m c t a l l o - p r o t e i n s .Crystallographic studics oI I{cmeclusters in cytochromc: structuralapproach of clcctron transfcr. Molccularelectronics. Thc Mdssbaucr cffcct.Fundamcntal issucs of rcacl.iondynamics: a vicw lrom elcctron transfcr.Ratcs in bactcrial rcaction ccntrcs.

Thc was attcndcd by 89 lccturcrs andparticipants (70 from dcvclopingcountrics).

Ti t le : COURSE ON OCEANWAVES AND TIDES (26 Scptcmbcr -28 Octobcr 1988).

Organizers: Prolcssors L. Cavalcri(Istituto pcr lo studio dclla dinamicadcllc grandi massc dcl ConsiglioNezionalc dcllc Riccrchc, Vcnicc, Ihly),A.H. Cook FRS (Cavcndish Laboratory,Univcrsity of Cambridgc, UK) and G.J.Komcn (Koninklijk NcdcrlandsMctcorologisch Instil.uut, De Bilt,Ncthcrlands), wilh thc sponsorship ofthc Italian Dirczionc Gcncrale pcr laCoopcrazione allo Sviluppo and theWorld Mctcorological Organization.

Lectures: Hydrodynamics. Tidalanalysis. Dynamics of occan wavcs.

Future Activitics at ICTP

Boundary laycr modcls and wind ficldreconstruction. Measuring ocean waves.Numerical occan wave modclling. Stormsurge modclling. Wind and wavcobscrvation from space. Nonlineareffccts. Manual wave forccastingtcchniqucs and opcrational applications.3-D modcls and watcr quality. Rccentwork with thc 3-G WAM modcl. Air-scaintcraction. Wave climatology.

Thc was attendcd by 105 lecturcrs andparticipants (75 from dcvclopingcountrics).

Title: MINI-SYMPOSIUM INNONLINEAR SYSTEMS (31 Octobcr-2 Novcmbcr 1988).

O r g a n i z e r s : Profcssors S.Lundqvist (Chalmcrs Univcrsity ofTcchnology, Gothcnburg, Swcdcn),H.A. Ccrdcira (UNICAMP, Campinas,Brazil), G. Casati (Ccntro A. Volm,Como, Italy) and B.A. Hubcrman(Xcrox Palo Alto Rcsearch Centcr,usA).

Lectures: Relcvance of classicalchaos in quantum mcchanics.Quantization of homoclinic motion.Quantum chaos and dissipation. Lcvclstatistics in disordcred small metallicsamplcs. The ecology of computation.Rccycling strango attractors. BoundaryIayer induced turbulcncc.Characterisation of loss of mcmory indynamical systcms using mul ti fractals.Diss ipa t ion on granularsuperconductors. Applications ofdynamical zcta functions.

Thc was attendcd by l0 lccturcrs andparticipants.

r988Collcgc on Ncurophyqics: "Dcvclopment and Organization of thc Brain"

Workshop on Global Ccophysical Informatics with Applicarionsto Rcscarch in Earthquakc Prcdictions and Rcdllction of Scismic RiskCollege on Global GeomcLric and Toyrlogical Methods in Analysis

r989Fourth Intcrnational Workshop on Cornputational Condcnscd Mattcr Physics:"Toral Energy and Forcc Mcthuls"Workshop on Thcorctical Fluid N{cchanics and ArrrrlicationsCourse on Basic Tclccommunicat.ions Sciencc

7 Novcmbcr - 2 Dcccmbcr

l5 Novcmbcr- l6 Dcccmbcr2l Novcmbcr - 16 Deccmbcr

4 - 6 Januarv9 - 27 Januarv

9 Januarv - 3 Fcbruarv

Nervs from trCTP - No. trS - October 1988

Collcgc on Abmic and Molccular Physics: Phol.on Assisrcd Collisionsin Atoms and MoleculcsCollege on Theoretical and Exlrcrimental Radiopropagation PhysicsWorkshop on Space Physics: Matcrials in MicrogravityWorkshop on Rcmotc Scnsing Tochniqucs wirh Applications ro Agricuhurc,water and wcat.hcr Rcsourccs

Expcrimenlal Workshop on High Tcmfrcraturc SurrcrconductorsSpring $chool and Workshop on Supcrstrings

Workshop on Radon Monitoring on Radioprotcction, Environmcntal Radioactivityand Earth ScienccsTopical Mccting on Hypcrbolic Gcomctry and Ergodic ThcorySpring Collegc on Matcrials Scicncc on "Ceramics and Comrrositc Matcrials"Confcrcnce on Oxygcn Disordcr El'fccts in High T " Supcrconductors

Fourth Workshop on Pcrspcctivcs in Nuclcar Phvsics at Intcrmcdiatc Encrgics

Spring SclLqo] on Plasma Physics

Workine Pilrty on Modclling Thcrmomcchanical Bchaviour of MatcrialsWorking Party on Fracturc PhysicsSccond ICFA School on InstrumcntaLion in Elcmcnhrv Particlc PhvsicsMini-workshop on "Stengly Conclatcd Elcctron Systcms"Rcsearch Workshop in Condcnscd Mal.tcr, Atomic and Molecular physics

Intcrfacc bctwccn Quantum Ficld Thcory and Condcnscd Mattcr Physics(Annivcrsarv Adriatico Rcscarch Confcrcncc)

Confcrcncc on SuncrmcmbrancsSummcr School in l{igh Encrgv Phvsics and Cosmology

Quasicrysuls (Annivcrsary Adriatico Rcscarch Confcrcncc)Workshop on SupcrstringsStronglv Corrclatcd Elcctron Svstcms (Annivcrsarv Adriatico Rcqcarch Confcrcnce)Symposium on Highlights in Condcnscd Ma!rcr Physics

Workshop on Phenomcnologv in High Encrgv Phvsics and CosmoloeyTopical Mccting on Variational Prohlcms in Analysis

Computations in Physics and Physics in Computarion(Annivcrsary Aclriatico Rcscarch Confcrcncc)Adriatico Working ParLv on Condcnsc( Mattcr Propcrtics of Ncutron SLrrsWorkshop on on Encrgy Sourccs

Workshop on Intcraction bctwecn Physics and Archil.ccturcin Environmcnt Consci @

Fifth Coll..gc on Microproccssors: Tcchnolosv and Applications in physicsWorkshop on Soil PhysicsCollcgc on Diffcrcntial -Gcomctry

25th Annivcrsary Confcrcncc on "Fronticrs in Physics, High Tcchnologyanrl Mathematics" (strictly by invitatiQn only

Workshop on TclcmaticsWorkshorr on "Atmosphcric Radiation and Cloud Physics" 27

30 Januarv - 24 Februarv6 - 24 Fcbruarv

27 Fcbruarv -17 March

27 Fcbruary - 2 l March30 March - 14 Anril

3 - 14 Anril

3 l l4 Anril17-28 Anril

l7 An r i l - 26 Mav18-21 April

8 - 12 Mav

15 Mav - 9 June

29 Mav- 16 June29 Mav - 16 June

12-23 June19 June-2 l Julv

19 June - 29 Sentembcr

20 - 23 June

26 - 30 June26 Junc - l8 Aucust

4 - 7 J u l v

12- l4 Julvl 8 - 2 l JulyI - 3 Aucust

1 6 - l 8 Auqust

28 Auqrrst - 8 Scntcrnhcr

5 - 8 Scrrtcmbcr11-29 ScDtcmbcr1l - 29 Scntcmbcr

25 - 29 Scnrcmbcr

2 - 27 Oclobcr9 - 2 7 Ocrobcr

30Octobcr- I Dcccmbcr

3l Octobcr - 3 Novcmbcr

6-24 Novcmbcr

Novcmbcr - l5 Dcccrntr

For information and applications to courscs, kindly writc to thc Scicnrific Programmc Otficc.

Intcrnational Centre firr Thcoretical Phvsicsof IAEA and UNESCOStrada Costiera, l lP.O. Box 58634136 Triestc, Italy

Tclcphone: (40) 22401Cable: CENTRATOI

Telcx: 460392 ICTP ITelefax: (40) 224163

Bitnct: ROOT@ITSSISSA.BITNET

EDITORIAL NOTE - News from IC'IP is not an official documcnt of lhc International Ccntre for Theorcrical Physics. Irs purposc isto kccp scicntists infornlcd on past and futr.rrc activitics at the Ccntrc and initiativcs in thcir homc counl.rics. Suggcstions anclcriticisms should be addrcssed to Dr. A.IvI. llarncndc, Scicntific Inlormation Otticcr.

-Litografia ( Moderna', via Rossetti 9, lel. 04 0/ 765329, 34126 Triesre