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International Bronze Age 1800-1100 BCE

International Bronze Age 1800-1100 BCE. Overview Background Minoan Crete The Hittites The Phoenicians

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Page 1: International Bronze Age 1800-1100 BCE. Overview Background Minoan Crete The Hittites The Phoenicians

International Bronze Age

1800-1100 BCE

Page 2: International Bronze Age 1800-1100 BCE. Overview Background Minoan Crete The Hittites The Phoenicians

Overview

• Background

• Minoan Crete

• The Hittites

• The Phoenicians

Page 3: International Bronze Age 1800-1100 BCE. Overview Background Minoan Crete The Hittites The Phoenicians

Background

• Between 1800 and 1200 a Bronze Age culture spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean. It connected southern Europe with N. Africa and western Asia

• Ideas flowed between the empires of the Egyptians, the Minoans, the Hittites, and Phoenicians– trade and treaties proliferated

– populations swelled

– the Mediterranean became the point of connection between various peoples

Page 4: International Bronze Age 1800-1100 BCE. Overview Background Minoan Crete The Hittites The Phoenicians

Minoan Crete

• Located just to the south of Greece in the Mediterranean, Crete is blessed with adequate rainfall, sheltered ports, and fertile soil

• By 2000 BCE a peaceful and wealthy culture had developed there

• The center of Minoan settlements was a five acre sprawling palace complex, Knossos, where a priest/chief lived; the palace itself was not just the center of government but the focus of mercantile activity; the palace included huge storage rooms

• Similar but smaller palace complex were scattered throughout the island

• The Minoans were the first to develop the typically Mediterranean form of agriculture:– grapes– olives– grain

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Minoan Crete• They palaces of the Minoan rulers had enormous

facilities for storing surplus olive oil and wine, which the Minoans traded with their mainland neighbors

• A highly unusual, almost unique, feature of the Minoan civilization was that it lacked any defensive structures; the enormous storage facilities and the settlements themselves had no walls or fortresses

• Because of the prominence of women in Minoan artwork, some archaeologists have suggested that Minoan Crete was ruled by women but this idea has not been proven

• Their language, now known as Linear A, has only been partially deciphered

Page 6: International Bronze Age 1800-1100 BCE. Overview Background Minoan Crete The Hittites The Phoenicians

The Hittites• The earliest civilization in Western Asia to speak an Indo-

European language• Established a kingdom in central Asia Minor by 1750 BC; their

sphere of influence spread southward through the Levant and eventually bordered Egypt

• originally thought to have expanded their kingdom through the use of iron weaponry; but this thesis has been discarded; the were firmly a bronze-age culture

• pious & polytheistic: “a thousand gods”• fought several wars with the Egyptian New Kingdom and finally

established borders c. 1250• The Hittites were masters of fighting both on horseback and on

chariots; they relied heavily on chariots in battle

Page 7: International Bronze Age 1800-1100 BCE. Overview Background Minoan Crete The Hittites The Phoenicians

The Phoenicians

• Phoenician society was dominated by merchants who specialized in the production and distribution of dyes, especially purple dye, which colored the clothes of royalty

• The Phoenicians became the greatest sailors of the ancient world; they established colonies in the western Mediterranean and exported many of the ideas and religions of the east to Western lands; they also may have sailed as far as Britain and even South America

• The Phoenicians were polytheistic and accommodating to many religious orientations; one of the most popular Phoenician gods was Baal

• The Hebrew Bible depicts Baal as a god whose cult rivaled that of their God, YHWH

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The Phoenicians

• Also referred to as the Canaanites, the Phoenicians were great traders who established strong ties to a prosperous port city just to their northern border: Ugarit; eventually, the brought Ugarit within their political control

• The Phoenicians adopted the Ugaritic system of writing which was based on a 22 character alphabet that later became the basis for Greek and Latin

• By ancient standards, a large portion of Ugaritic and Phoenician societies were literate because in order to learn to read they only needed to master approximately thirty alphabetic characters rather than the thousands of ideographic characters that had constituted Sumerian and Egyptian writing systems

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The First International System

• A period of relative peace and prosperity that lasted from c. 1500 – c. 1150; the peak years of peace lasted from 1450-1300

• Treaties and agreements secured peace between major powers, the Hittites and the New Kingdom of Egypt– Alliances

– Dynastic marriages

– Formal, polite, diplomatic communications between rulers

• During this period both goods and ideas moved rapidly and freely between N. Africa and Western Asia

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Summary

• The development of an eastern Mediterranean culture between 1800 and 1200 BCE created a cultural melting pot that promoted commerce and the diffusion of ideas and technology

• Historians often refer to this civilization as the International Bronze Age

• It preceded the development of the Hebrew state and ended with the invasion and turmoil of the period 1200-1000 BCE: “the raiders of the land and sea”

• During this period rulers experimented with new forms of diplomacy while advances in writing provided the basis for later achievements in literature

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Troy and the Dark Age

1200-800 BCE

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Overview

• Mycenaean Civilization

• The Trojan War

• Dorian Invasions

• The Greek Dark Age

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Mycenaean Civilization

• Greek speaking culture that thrived in the Peloponnese and Crete during the last centuries of the Bronze Age: 1600-1100

• Mycenaeans were the Greeks featured in the Homeric epics, the Iliad & the Odyssey

• They established numerous maritime settlements that specialized in commerce and war

• The Mycenaeans were not politically united and often fought against each other; at any given time there were numerous Mycenaean kings ruling over spheres of influence in southern Greece and Crete

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Mycenaean Civilization

• The Mycenaeans established trading networks with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Canaanites, and others people of the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age

• They developed a written language called Linear B; it was a precursor to the ancient Greek language

• They also worshipped the same pantheon of gods that would later capture the imagination of the Greeks, Zeus, Hera, Poseiden, etc...

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Mycenaean Civilization

• During the last quarter of the 19th century the German archeologist, Heinrich Schlieman excavated the site of the most influential Mycenaean kingdom in southern Greece and the ancient city of Troy - Huge sections of the walls of Troy stand today in the Pergammon museum in Berlin

• His work proved that there had been a destructive war at Troy about 1200 BCE

• The Myceneans had a pronounced fondness for weapons and were not particularly religious; although they clearly had gods, they did not build elaborate temples

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Heinrich Schliemann• The founder of the archaeological profession,

Schliemann used crude excavating techniques to unearth ancient Trojan remains between 1870 and 1890

• He created an international sensation when he claimed to have found “King Priam’s Treasure,” which he secretly smuggled out of Turkey

• Since Schliemann, more careful digs have unearthed nine layers of Troy and have proven that Schlieman probably took remains from a much older layer than the one of the Troy of Homer

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Ancient Troy

• Archaeologists have uncovered nine layers of Troy ranging from 3000 BCE (layer 1) until approximately 500 BCE (layer 9)

• The most likely candidate for the ancient Troy of Homeric legend is Troy 7, which was a Bronze Age city destroyed by war c. 1200 BCE

• The people of Troy probably spoke an Indo-European language and maintained defensive alliances with the Hittites; they also traded with the Mycenaean Greeks

• Outside the walls of Troy a cemetery of foreign warriors has recently been discovered and it is the site of ongoing archaeological inquiries

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Ancient Troy

• In ancient times Troy lay on a river by a fertile plain which adjoined the sea; since then the rivers have silted up and Troy lies several miles from the sea

• The city probably provided shelter for no more than 5000 people

• The Trojans built amphitheaters and temples outside the ancient fortress and it is likely that settlements were scattered outside the walls of the city

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Legacy of Troy

• Both the Romans (the Aeneid) and the Britons (History of the Kings of Briton) believed that they were descendants of the Trojans who in these works were associated with a noble lineage

• Ionian Greeks passed won the story of the Trojan War for over five hundred years before it was written down; the blind poet Homer is often cited as the author of the poem but he was likely just one of several generations of bards who passed along the story which became a cornerstone of ancient Greek culture

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Dorian Invasions

• During the twelfth century BCE (1100s), Doric tribes from northern Europe began to migrate into Greece

• The Dorian warrior used iron swords to attack their enemies

• In most of Greece, except Athens, they displaced or dominated the local Mycenaean society

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The Greek Dark Age: 1200-800 BCE

• Begins with the same invasions from land and sea that plagued most of the eastern Mediterranean

• the origins of the sea and land raiders of the early part of this period is not known; our best guess is that the prosperity of the Mycenaean Age brought overpopulation to many of the uncivilized portions of the Mediterranean basin; seeking booty from the cities, they wrought cataclysmic destruction

• The trade, commerce and burgeoning cities of the Mycenaean civilization disappeared but the Greek language & many customs lived on

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The Greek Dark Age: 1200-800 BCE

• In the early 20th century German historians imagined that these invaders of the last centuries of the second millenium BCE were the Aryan race

• Based on knowledge that the invaders seemed to share a common mother tongue, generally came from the north (in the case of Greece, northern Europe), and may have introduced the horse to Mediterranean cultures, these historians concocted an Aryan myth that emphasized the vigor and vitality of these invaders and attributed it to the superiority of the Aryan race

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Summary

• The centuries between 1500 and 1200 BCE were instrumental in the definition of the emerging Greek culture, which many historians claim to have been the first “Western” culture

• During this period, the Mycenaeans established trade networks and negotiated treaties with the various empires of the eastern Mediterranean

• They also developed a rudimentary form of the Greek language, called Linear B, which Ionian Greeks adapted by introducing the alphabet of the Phoenicians

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Summary• Both the Trojans and the Myceneans created thriving

mercantile cultures during the last two centuries of the International Bronze Age

• Around 1200 they engaged each other in what may have been a war of attrition

• Shortly after the Trojan War Dorian tribes invaded Mycenaean Greece and settled in the Peloponese; they would eventually become the Spartans of classical Greece

• Although the Dorian invasions plunged Greece into a Dark Age, the story of the Trojan War was preserved in oral tradition and would become the basis for Greek education during the archaic Greek Age

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Overview of Archaic Period

• Overview & Timeline for Greek History• Background on Archaic Period• Factors favoring Panhellenism

– Homer’s Epics– The Olympic Games– Threat of Foreign Invasion

• Factors favoring the Polis– Geographical Influences– Acropolis– Civic Identity– Tyrants and political agitation

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Timeline

• Archaic Period: 750-500– The genesis of ancient Greek Culture

• Classical Period: 500-350– The Golden Age of the Polis

• Hellenistic Period: 350-50 BCE– The Spread of Greek Culture throughout the

Eastern Mediterranean

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The Archaic Period

– Period of Creative Tension influenced partly by the conflicting loyalties to the polis and a common Greek identity

– Demographic & Commercial Expansion c. 700 BCE

– Formation of Greek Colonies• Magna Graecia• Ionian Greece

– Philosophy & Speculative inquiries

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The Archaic Period

• Between 1000 and 800 BCE many Greeks migrate from Greece to Asia Minor and gradually develop a distinctive Ionian Greek culture

• Ionia preceded mainland Greece in the rebirth of civilization by re-developing trade networks, cities, and literature; many of the pre-Socratic philosophers and scientists, such as Thales, Pythagorus, and Heraclitus, were born in Ionia

• By 800 BCE Ionian civilization had spread across the Mediterranean as far away as Spain and connected the Greek mainland to many of the ideas and developments, including the Phoenician alphabet, which the Greeks quickly adopted and adapted

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Ionian Greeks & Philosophy• During the course of the eighth century, Greek city

states along the coast of Asia Minor underwent a resurgence of trade; prosperity spread as populations swelled

• By the seventh century in the city of Miletus a new strain of intellectual endeavors spread

• A group of thinkers, including Thales and Heraclitus, known as sophoi or philosophoi (lovers of wisdom) imagined that the workings of the cosmos could be explained through reference to mechanistic rather than supernatural forces

• Later, Pythagoras of Samos incorporated the orderly nature of mechanistic thought with religion to produce a secretive mystery religion

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Factors Favoring Panhellenism: Homer

• Using the newly adopted Greek alphabet, Homer allegedly wrote the epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey around 750 BCE

• The poems had been circulating in oral tradition for centuries before Homer put his version in writing

• References in the poems suggest that they relate events that took place during the Bronze Age c. 1500-1200 BCE

• The Iliad tells the story of a ten year long siege of Troy that the Greeks endure in order to reclaim a Greek princess who was kidnapped by Paris of Troy

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Factors Favoring Panhellenism: Homer

• Achilles is the great Greek hero of the Iliad; by modern standards he seems almost bipolar, one minute sulking in his tent because his concubine has been ravished by his king, Agamemnon, and the next minute seeking revenge against the Trojans for the slaying of his soul mate, Patrocolus - the relationship between Achilles and Patrocolus is reminiscent of that between Gilgamesh and Enkidu

• Rather than viewing Achilles as bi-polar, it is more accurate to view his moodiness as the result of ten years of fighting and bloodshed; his violent slaying of Hector, Patrocolus’ killer, signifies the brutality of the hardened warrior

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Factors Favoring Panhellenism: Homer

• Eventually Achilles is re-civilized and he agrees to return the battered body of Hector to the Trojans for proper burial; by agreeing to the entreaties of his enemies who invoke the wishes of the gods, Achilles demonstrates his willingness to re-integrate with civilized life

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Influence of the Homeric Epics

• The Homeric epics became the basis for Greek education during the classical period; students memorized great portions of the poem in order to learn grammar, vocabulary, and particularly ancient values– heroism– piety and respect for the gods

• The poems never doubt the existence of the gods, whose humanity is evident throughout

• The poems established a common identity and shared past for the various tribes and cities that began to emerge at the end of the Greek Dark Ages

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Factors Favoring Panhellenism: Olympics

• Beginning in the early eighth century, the games are part of a religious festival held at Olympia in the NW Peloponese every four years

• Competition initially included running, wrestling, jumping, throwing and later included horse and chariot racing

• Individual, not city-state, competitions with a garland for the winner

• Women were barred on pain of death but had their own games dedicated to Hera, wife of Zeus

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Factors Favoring Panhellenism: Olympics

• Emphasis on excellence: aretê• Contributed to panhellenic identity• all fighting ceased during the games• Olympia was not the site of an ancient city

or town; it was a sacred sanctuary complex– Temple of Zeus was the principal shrine; it was

destroyed by the Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius II in 426 CE

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Factors Favoring the Polis: Geography

• Similar to the political organization of ancient Sumeria - and later Renaissance Italy - city states had become the principal form of political organization in Greece by 750 BCE, which is traditionally identified as the beginning of the Archaic Greek Age

• With its plethora of mountains and isolated pockets of land surrounded by sea, the geography of Greece encouraged the formation of fragmented rather than unified political structures

• Additionally Greeks established numerous urban colonies throughout the Aegean and Mediterranean

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The Polis

• In contrast to the Mesopotamian city-state, the Greek polis had a much broader level of political participation, which was often divided among its male citizens, not its inhabitants

• Because both rich and poor participated in the political process, tension was an ongoing feature of many poleis during the Archaic Age, when many city-states sought to define the rules for administering justice and sharing power

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The Polis

• Several poleis first emerged on fortified hilltops, called an acropolis, which served as a defensive post in time of war and the treasury in time of peace

• Unified by civic gods, traditions, and ceremonies, the various poleis were the primary focus of Greek political loyalties, which were caught between the conflicting forces of panhellenism and civic pride

• Most poleis numbered only ten to twenty thousand people and many were limited in size by the fertility of the surrounding countryside

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The Tyrants & the Poleis

• As the population and commercial expansion spread to the Greek mainland during the seventh and sixth centuries, tensions emerged in the poleis as the merchants and prosperous independent farmers challenged the control that the hereditary aristocracy had exercised on the governments of Greek cities

• In most of the Greek mainland a group of popular dictators known as tyrants seized power from the aristocracy by catering to the will of the independent farmers and merchants

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The Tyrants

• One of the most successful tyrants was Solon (630-560 BCE) of Athens; he reorganized the social and economic laws of the city and ushered in a period of profound prosperity for the city’s merchants during the early decades of the sixth century BCE

• An unintended consequence of his actions was a mushrooming of foreign born slaves in the city

• Solon is usually credited with a vital influence on the spread of popular control over the city government: the democratization of Athens

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Diverging Cultures: The Lacedaemonians

• Unlike Athens, Sparta never had a tyrant and they developed a culture that was rabidly opposed to tyranny

• Political power was shared by hoplite warriors, “the Similars,” who were led by a king

• The Spartan warriors were free to train for warfare throughout most of their life while their economy was supported by virtually servile labor of helots

• Encouraged to perform physical exercise, Spartan women enjoyed more independence and freedom than in other Greek city-states

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Diverging Cultures: The Lacedaemonians

• The term used to describe those who lived in and around Sparta– people of few words, from whom we obtain the term

laconic– male children raised for martial career from a very early

age; by 7 they are living in barracks, separated from family

– Relatively sparse population but immense political influence in Hellas based on the respect that they engendered for their bravery and military exploits; this respect helped the Spartans form the Peloponesian League, a coalition of allied city-sates loyal to Sparta

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Summary• The writing of the Iliad and the Odyssey marked an

important step in the coalescence of the various elements of Greek culture– language– religion– values

• As various civic cultures developed throughout the Greek mainland, the common heritage of the Homeric epics provided a unifying element of panhellenic identity; nevertheless, panhellenism generally played second fiddle to the attraction of the polis

• During the archaic Greek Age, the various poleis of Greece developed their own customs and traditions and gradually undermined the unifying aspects of panhellenism

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Who were the wealthy mercantile people who controlled Crete?

A. The Hittites

B. The Hyksos

C. The Myceneans

D. The Minoans

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Why are the Minoans so enigmatic?

A. They left no written records

B. We have not deciphered their script, called Linear A

C. Women seem to have occupied positions of importance in their society

D. They apparently built no fortifications around their palaces

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Minoan Crete

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Minoan Wall Painting

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Minoan Snake Goddess c. 1500 BCE

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Phoenicia and the Levant

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Phoenician Ship

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Colonization early first millennium BCE

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Invasion of the Sea Peoples

• Name given by Egyptian Sources, such as the relief to the left

• Invaded coast of New Kingdom in Egypt between 1200 and 1175

• Initiated a Dark Age with relatively few sources

• Included a loose confederation of peoples from across the Mediterranean

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Invasion of the Sea Peoples

• Widespread famine and plague may have sparked the invasions, which brought an end to the Empire of the Hittites

• The Egyptians overcame numerous invasions from the Sea Peoples; but resistance to them depleted the resources of the pharaohs by 1100 and Egypt fell into civil war

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Invasions of the Sea Peoples c. 1200 BCE

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The Ancient Greeks

• Dark Age: 1200-800 BCE

• Archaic Age: 800-500

• Classical Age: 500-350

• Hellenistic Age: 350-200

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Discuss the Ancient Greeks

• What was their connection to western civilization?

• What was their significance?

• How did they differ from other ancient civilizations?

• What was their religious orientation?

• How did they resemble the Sumerians?

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Mycenaean Daggers

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Mycenaean murals from the

palace of Nestor in SW Peloponese

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Mycenaean Vase

c. 1300

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Mycenaean Palace: Lion’s Gate

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Greek Bireme c. 1200

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Troy

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Pergammon Museum in Berlin

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Homer c. 725 BCE

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What is the central topic of Homer’s Iliad?

A. The character of the Greeks

B. The character of Achilles

C. A ten year war between Greeks & Trojans

D. The dehumanizing aspects of war

E. The quest for excellence

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The Rage of Achilles

Giovanni Battista 1757

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Achilles in 5th century CE manuscript

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The Archaic Greek Age800-500 BCE

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How did Homer contribute to the formation of a

panhellenic identity?

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Remains of the ancient

site of Olympia

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Mt. Olympus in Thessalonica

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ApolloTemple of Zeus

• One of the most popular gods of the Greco Roman world

• Represented the sun, wisdom, justice

• The favored god of the ancient Trojans; Achilles desecrates his temple in the Iliad

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Pentathlon: The Discuss

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Pentathlon: Wrestling

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Running

• Races varied in length from ½ mile to 3 miles

• In one of the half mile races contests wore full armor (50-60 lbs)

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Equestrian Sports

• Expensive, only the wealthy could compete

• Road bareback and without stirrups

• At 4.5 miles, the standard race was much longer than modern thoroughbred racing

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Four Horse Chariot Race

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Typical Greek Acropolis

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Ancient Greece

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Greek Hoplites

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Hoplite phalanx This frieze of attacking foot soldiers is from the so-called Chigi Vase--a Corinthian masterpiece. When the Greeks adopted heavy armor, weapons, and shields, their lack of mobility forced them to fight in several dense lines, each behind the other. Cohesion and order became as valuable as courage. Here a flute player plays a marching tune to help the hoplites maintain their pace during the attack. (Villa Giulia Museum/Gabinetto Fotografico Nazionale)

Hoplite phalanx

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Solon and the Tyrants

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Pesistratus Instituted the Pan Athenian

Festival during the mid 500s BCE

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CleisthenesFather of Athenian

Democracy

508-507 BCE

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Sophoi:Thales of Miletis (624-547) Pythagoras of Samos (570-495)

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Sophoi:Socrates? (470-399)

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Aristophanes

446-386 BCE