International Book On “Tribal Development: Problem ......17 xMfpjkyh ftYg;krhy ykdl[;ph O;kolk;hd ljpuk MkW- ts-Ogh- nMos 101 -107 18 Hkkjrh; vkfndkyhu tutkfr;kW vkj mudk lkLd`frd

International Book On ldquoTribal Development Problem amp Solutionrdquo

ISSN No2394-8426 with International Impact Factor 2254

Page I Online Published by ndash Gurukul IMR Journal Available At - wwwgurukuljournalcom

Dr Dilip Barsagade

MSc MEd MSW MPhil PhD

MA (History Sociology Communication)

NET amp SET (Social Work)

PREFACE

The general understanding about tribes in India is somewhat biased

and at times confusing Tribal are almost invariably equated with deprived or

disadvantaged groups With the rapid change of the so-called development

scenario since independence it is imperative to re-examine and re-assess

tribes in the Indian context Around 82 percent of Indian population belongs

to the Scheduled Tribes (STs) communities After 68 years of independence

they are still the poorest and most marginalized group Today 474 percent of

the STs in the rural areas are below the poverty line households covered by a

health scheme are merely 26 percent 685 percent of tribal women are

anemic only 197 percent have access to clean and potable water literacy rate

is 589 percent and the child mortality rate remains at 358 percent

In 1974-75 during the 5th Five-Year Plan a Tribal Sub Plan (TSP)

was initiated by the government of India The broad objectives of the TSP

were to ensure the share of state plan resources spent for the benefits of STs to

be in proportion to their population in the state However several research

studies have shown that the implementation of TSP has been not taken up

either in the spirit or the letter of the law According to



Page II Online Published by ndash Gurukul IMR Journal Available At - wwwgurukuljournalcom

IndiaSpends investigations through a series of right-to-information requests

reveal that over the last 35 years Rs 28 lakh crore set aside to improve the

lives of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes through measures like mid-day

meals scholarships and crop insurance went unspent The funds are non-

lapsable as per the guidelines issued in 2006 and 2014 by the erstwhile

Planning Commission now NITI Aayog But low spending has crippled the

effort Records show that no matter which party is in power scheduled tribes

rarely benefit from these funds

I would like to present with great pleasure the special volume of

Gurukul International Multidisciplinary Journal Tribal Development

Problem and Solution This journal was envisioned and founded to represent

the growing needs of humanistic science as an emerging and increasingly vital

field now widely recognized as an esteem online multidisciplinary journal

The volume posits a critique to the prevalent dichotomy between the

mainstream of Indian society in context of development and the tribal

community The papers included in this volume primarily focus

on perspectives competing interests and emerging outcomes when the

relation between tribes and their resource perceptions shifts along the line of

corporate-induced development projects Further the volume examines the

structure and processes of the tribal society vis-agrave-vis their problems policies

transformation ethnic discourse and the future It will be of interest to

planners researchers and students from both a theoretical perspective and

practical understanding

Precisely it is special issues related todayrsquos scenario of tribal

development with distinct analytical frames and empirical findings the

papers contributed by the experts in the field ndash academics bureaucrats and



Page III Online Published by ndash Gurukul IMR Journal Available At - wwwgurukuljournalcom

activists I feel very happy to received papers by researcher and academician

from Sikkim Punjab Noida Andhra Pradesh and various districts of

Maharashtra No doubt the book will be handy for anyone who needswants

to know the full range of issues on tribal development in context with problem

and solution

This special issue would not have been possible without the great

support of the chief editor of this journal Mr Mohan Gitte and Editorial Board

members and I would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them I

would like to express our gratitude to scrutiny team in particular Mr Mahesh

Raut and Mr Dhananjay Puranik who supported me at every stage o the

project

It is my hope that this fine collection of research papers and articles will

be valuable resource for Tribal Development concern readers and will

stimulate further research into the vibrant area in this field

Date 14 January 2017 Dr Dilip Barsagade

Gadchiroli



Page 1 Online Published by ndash Gurukul IMR Journal Available At - wwwgurukuljournalcom

Index

Paper

No Title Author Page No

1 Traditional Knowledge And Conservation Of Biodiversity For Sustainable Livelihoods By

Tribal Communities

B Sailaja 1-6

2 The Problem Of Tribal Education Dr Rajesh Gaidhani 7-10

3 Problems And Issues Of Tribal In India Dr Suresh K Khangar 11-19

4 Role Of Non-Government Organisation In Tribal Development In India An Analysis

DrUsha N Patil 20-27

5 Ramayana-Tradition Among The Tribal

Community Of South Kosala

Dr Sasmita Kar 28-31

6 Status Of Tribal Women And Contemporary

Women Development Programmes In India

Dr K Eswaramma 32-36

7 Tribal Education In India Challenges amp

Solutions

Dr Parsanjeet Kumar 37-41

8 Challenging Issues Of Tribal Education In

India

Prof Nafisa Wakil amp

Dr Prof Prashant K

Pathak

42-50

9 A Geographical Study Of Tribal Tourism

And Its Problem In Gadchiroli District

Dr Vijay P Gorde amp

Prof Parag S

Meshram

51-57

10 Tiger Reserve Areas And Emerging

Challenges In Adivasi Development

Mukesh Shyamsundar

Shende

58-64

11 Tribal In India And Their Depiction In Indian

Fiction

Vinod Manoharrao

Kukade

65-69

12 vuqlqphr tekrh o vuqlqphr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZekhy ekufld LokLFkkpk vHkl

fnusrsquok tkjksaMs] IkkaMqjax baxGs

70-74

13 ताड़ोबा राीय उ13ान म िवथापन (रान तलोधी ाम का अययन)

kuat iqjkkhd 75-87

14 dksjph rkyqDkrhy frac14xMfpjksyhfrac12 vkfnoklh ckydkaekhy dqikskk d fpfdRld vu

izk- MkW- ekkqjh dksdksMs 88-91

15 vkfnoklh fodkl o orZeku lsquokklu inrh izk- panzHkku tk- [kaxkj 92-95

16 fonHkkZrhy vkfnoklhaPk vkfFkZd leLk izk- MkW- vkLrhd eqaxeksMs 96-100

17 xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy yksdla[sph Okolkhd lajpuk

MkW- ts-Ogh- nMos 101-107

18 Hkkjrh vkfndkyhu tutkfrkW vkSj mudk lkaLd`frd lajkk

Ikzk- MkW- jfoanzukFk ekko ikVhy

108-114

19 lkeqfgd ougDd vkfnoklhaPk mRdrdquokkZps izHkkoh lkku

izk- MkW- fnyhi ckjlkxMs 115-120




20 vkfnoklh o`n efgykauh lqnlt vkjksX jkgkl kokph dkGth

fizadk dsoGnkl vackns 121-127

21 egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy vkfnoklhaps yksdlkfgR amp ejkBh okMekrhy LFkku o Hkqfedkps forsquoysrdquokk

izk- dkfrZd ikVhy 128-133

22 xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy ukyokn vkfk vkfnoklh tekr

izk- MkW- furhu rqGrsquokhjke d=kstokj

134-141

23 tkxfrdhdjk amp vkfnoklh leqg leLk o mikkstuk

izk- izQqy e- jktqjokMs 142-148

24 panziwj ftYgkrhy vkfnoklh vkJe rsquokkGk o [kktxh lsquokkGkaekhy fo|kFkZ aps lsquokkfjjhd kersps rqyukRed vu

MkW- mn nk- esaMqydj 149-153

25 vkfnoklh fodkl o lsquokklu izk- fnokdj fOg- dqejs 154-160

26 panziwj ftYgkrhy bafnjk vkokl kstuspk xzkehk fodklkoj gkskkjk ifjkke

izk- ujsanz ds- ikVhy 161-165

27 vkfnoklh fodklkrhy vMFkGk ukyokn izk- dq- okkZ v- frMds izk- vfuy e- pgkans

166-167

28 iapkrjkt OoLFksr lekfordquoV vuqlqfpr tkrh amp tekrhrhy efgykaps lkehdjk

izk- dq- fokk lsquokk- dkdMs 168-174

29 egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy vfrekxkl vkfnoklh (Primitive

Tribes) laLdrh o ijaijk amp d forsquoysrdquokk izk- p- Vh- xtfHks 175-178

30 vkfnoklh fodklklanHkkZrhy fofok nrdquoVhdksk MkW- larksrdquok laHkkth Mk[kjs 179-181




Traditional Knowledge And Conservation Of Biodiversity For

Sustainable Livelihoods By Tribal Communities

B Sailaja

Asst Prof in Chemistry

DRW College Gudur SPSR Nellore (AP)

Introduction

Biological diversity and cultural diversity

Biological diversity that is seen today is the result of millions of years

of evolutionary process Diversity is measured in terms of genetic diversity

species diversity and ecosystem diversity Conservation of Biological

diversity is essential in order to sustain the life of human beings as well as

other forms of life Human race has been dependent on plants both for their

material needs and emotional needs since its evolution All over the world

people have developed intimate relationship with the surrounding vegetation

Such a close interaction prevails among various tribal communities

throughout the world even today The interaction has enabled to evolve a

unique system of knowledge on the utilization and conservation of plant

genetic resources

Cultural diversity in terms of ethnic groups gives us knowledge on the

value of plant resources The knowledge of ethnic groups on the cultural

spiritual social and economic values of plants can be of immense use to the

entire humankind It can provide many valuable genes for developing the crop

plants that are extensively cultivated today It can equip the humankind with

several new chemicals for combating many human ailments A modern drug

has been developed and marketed for retention of memory from the semi

aquatic herb Bacopa monnieri that has been traditionally used in India for

enhancing the memory power Similarly several new drugs have been

developed from the plants used by the Amazon tribalrsquos ants The very

existence of cultural diversity is directly dependent on biological diversity

This traditional ecological knowledge of ethnic groups is not confined to mere

sustenance only since the tribal communities depend upon biological

resources for their spiritual religious and cultural needs too The tribal

communities understand all these as life sustaining resources Therefore they

not only utilize them but also conserve them Erosion of either of this diversity

would greatly affect the humankind Hence both the biological and cultural

diversity should be considered as a unit for a meaningful conservation In this




paper observations on the conservation and sustainable utilization practices of

Andhra Pradesh and Irulas Kadars Malasar Malaimalasar Malayalis

Muthuvans Paliyars and Pulayars of Tamilnadu are discussed The tribes

particularly the younger generation could re-realize their knowledge potential

on the plants and helped in starting joint ventures towards the conservation

sustainable utilization and equitable sharing of the plant genetic resources

Materials and Methods

Tribal areas located deep inside the forest areas were selected to

ensure less contact with the so-called civilized society Reconnaissance

surveys were done to select tribal communities and hamlets in order to work

with people who still practice forest depended lifestyles living in rich forests

After selecting the tribal areas camp sites were established in the tribal huts or

tribal schools and each stay was for 30 - 35 days for developing good rapport

and also to collect data on socio-cultural aspects of tribal which are the during

forces of biodiversity conservation Field surveys were conducted to collect

plant specimens in flowering and truthing to establish correct identification of

the plant species and the local name Herbarium was prepared as per Forsberg

and Sachet and the voucher specimens are deposited in national herbarium

and the identification was done with standard floras Nomenclature is

followed as per International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

The Ethno botanical and ethnogricultural data was crosschecked with

different individuals in different areas across the study area in different

seasons to establish greater validity of the data The data was collected in local

Telugu and Tamil languages using tape recorders to avoid the disturbing the

knowledge sharers as it was also found easy in the field as we can

simultaneously concentrate on floristic vegetation and population study of the

area

Observations

Plant Utilization by Tribal Communities

The state of Andhra Pradesh in southern India A knowledge that is

totally unknown to the majority of people in the country There is a lesson

here for all human beings namely that by enlarging the dietary habits to

include a greater diversity of plant products our dependence and extensive

cultivation of a few species can be reduced Tribes also use a plenty of non-

timber forest produce for their day today subsistence For example oil from

Madhuca longifolia varlatifolia gum from Sterculia urens fragrant resin

from Boswellia serrata and edible fruits and fibre form Grewia teliaefolia




Tribal communities show prudence and ecological wisdom in

resource utilization Kadars of Tamil Nadu for example select only mature

plants of the yam Dioscorea or harvesting the tubers They first examine the

vine and choose only those whose leaves are yellow which is an indication of

maturity Tubers of young green vines are never dug out After harvesting the

mature yams they cut off the upper portion of the tuber along with the vine

and replant it in the pit They cover the pit with loose soil for the tuber to grow

again in the coming season for whoever may harvest it in the future The

community as a whole shares the harvest thus avoiding over exploitation Part

of the collection is stored for consumption during the off - season This is a

unique example of community co-operation in plant utilities and conservation

of resources Traditional knowledge on harvesting the edible fruits of

Diospyros melanoxylon could be an example of providing strength to make

their livelihood dependent on biodiversity sustainable A stone of desired size

is kept near the tree during the fruiting season The size or the weight of the

stone is such that only the ripened fruits fall down This method also ensures

the seed viability and further regeneration of the species also as only the

ripened fruits are harvested

Traditional Knowledge of tribes on medicinal plants

Medicinal properties of plants have been recognized and practiced by

tribal communities as a tradition for thousands of years Knowledge on some

common medicinal plants of their locality is available with all the members of

the community However the elderly members possess a great deal of

knowledge of medicinal plants as well as on medicines for curing certain life

threatening diseases Tribal people use plants solely or in combination Same

plant may be used for different disorders for example Calotropis gigantea is

used as vermicide and for chest pain Centellaasiatica used for gynecological

problems and for jaundice Dodonaea viscosa used for headache stomach

pain and piles Wrightia tinctoria for treating mumps and as lactagogue In

certain cases a combination of different plants are used in the treatment for

eg Albizia lebbec together with Cassiafistula and Euphorbiahirta isused for

urinary disorder And Cappariszeylanica with Pongamia pinnata Cissus

quandrangularis and Toddalia asiatica is used for venereal disease Each tribe

has its own method of collecting the plants as well as the preparation of

medicines Dosage and duration of medication depends on the age of the

patient and the intensity of disease The tribes collect the plant part used for

medicine at a particular time like either before flowering or fruiting or in a

particular season




Traditional agricultural practices of tribal communities

The knowledge of tribal people in traditional agriculture is invaluable

Their farming practices are truly sustainable in many ways Tribal

communities namely Irulas Malayali and Muthuvas inhabiting Tamil Nadu

have been cultivating the traditional cultivars viz paddy millets pulses and

vegetable crops Their subsistence life style local diet habits and dependence

on rain fed irrigation have influenced them to cultivate and conserve the

traditional cultivars or land races Many crops such as Panicum miliaceum

Echinocloa colona Paspalum scrobiculatum and Setaria italica are now

cultivated and conserved only by the tribal people in many parts of southern

India By selecting and conserving the seeds from one season to the next they

have been able to sustain and continue to be self-reliant For eg healthy cobs

are left in the field so as to allow it to dry to the maximum days to make sure

that no moisture is left in the seeds The selection of large and healthy seeds

and also the selection based on the color of the seeds (eg in case of Castor

seeds) have also helped them select more viable seeds The tribal communities

prefer to continue the cultivation of traditional cultivars as these are

ecologically suitable and economically viable and valuable The traditional

cultivars and land races cultivated by tribes are also drought and pest tolerant

and disease resistant The tribes also have practical reason for cultivating these

cultivars which satisfy their high calorie requirements that are required for

their hard life Pesticides and fertilizers are not required

The tribal communities practice a unique method of farming namely

mixed cropping system (MCS) The MCS enables them to cultivate cereals

leafy vegetables pulses and oil crops together in limited area depending on

monsoon rain The practice is such that the seeds of common millet finger

millet grain and leaf amaranth pulses and castor are mixed together and

broadcasted Initially the common millet is harvested followed by finger

millet Edible leaves of Amaranth and seeds and pods of pulses are used for

daily consumption Edible grains of amaranth are harvested and stored for

future use Castor seeds are harvested and used both for domestic

consumption and for selling in the market

The MCS not only helps in utilizing the seasonal rainfall but also in

keeping the soil unexposed thereby preventing topsoil erosion The

combination of crops with legumes helps in nitrogen fixation thus

maintaining the soil fertility This not alone helps them derive maximum

benefits from their small land holdings but also takes care of their food and




economic requirements throughout the year Hence this concept of MCS can

be adopted and introduced in places where rain fed agriculture is in practice

Community co-operation and participation prevailing particularly in

Malayali tribal community has helped them in conserving the traditional land

races The practice is such that every family in the community will contribute

a stipulated amount of their harvest to the community granary maintained and

managed by the chieftain of the hamlet During important occasions like

marriages social events and festivals and also as and when someone needs for

regular consumption grains can be borrowed on loan and paid back This

system has enabled the tribal to conserve the seed material even if the produce

in a particular season is less or if the grains stored for domestic consumption

are exhausted Contributions of the above type of traditional knowledge

enhance the sustainability of their livelihoods

Traditional methods of storing seeds

Seed material for sowing and the grains for consumption are

preserved in traditional granaries These granaries are made of bamboo and

coated with red soil The roof is conical which is thatched with local grass

There is a free flow of air in the granaries which may be one of the reasons

that the seeds could remain viable till it is used next time Another method of

storing is that the seeds are stored in earthen pots covered with a cotton cloth

This indigenous practice has saved many varieties of cereals millets and

legumes over many generations in Tamil Nadu This practice has enabled

them to maintain preserve and conserve the genetic strains from extinction

Leaves of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Vitex (Vitex negundo) are used in

the granaries as insect and pest repellents

The current state of livelihood of the tribalrsquos is by subsistence

lifestyle They live by means of collecting NTFP and by cultivating traditional

cultivars and land They also work as wage labourers in the forests and

sylviculture operations carried out by the Forest departments of State

Governments However the population of tribal communities is increasing on

the one hand and the sources of NTFP are decreasing on the other In addition

to this the collection of NTFP is commercialized by involving

contractorsmiddlemen Regeneration and efforts to increase the population of

NTFP species should be undertaken and the alternative sources of livelihood

by value addition to the NTFP should be vested with the tribal communities

The on going Joint Forest Management program should concentrate more on

increasing the population of NTFP species in the proposed regeneration forest




areas which will increase the income options to the tribal communities and

also reduce the pressure on the dwindling NTFP resources

Reference

1 A Simple guide to Intellectual Property Rights Biodiversity and

Traditional Knowledge

Author by Tejaswini Apte

2Does Community Based Conservation Make Economic Sense Lessons

from India

Author by Sushil Saigal

3 Tribal Self Rule and Natural Resource Management Community Based

Conservation at

Mendha Lekha Maharastra India

Neema Pathak and Vivek Gour Broome

4 wwwforestpeoplesorg Preserving biodiversity through traditional

knowledge

5 Chamberlin JE (2003) If This Is Your Land Where Are Your Stories

Finding Common Ground

TorontoAlfred A Knopf Canada



Page 7 Online Published by ndash Gurukul IMR Journal

Available At - wwwgurukuljournalcom

THE PROBLEM OF TRIBAL EDUCATION

Dr Rajesh Gaidhani

SP College Gadchandur Dist ndash Chandrapur

rajeshgaidhani28gmailcom

Education is the most important instrument for human resource development

and has a great significance One cannot imagine education without schools as it plays

a major role in molding the basic ideas habits and attitudes of the children with a

view to producing well balanced individuals Schools provide not only education to

the children but also keep them away from the social evils The main problem in

schools is the problem of stagnation and drop out phenomena Education is the key

that opens the door of life It plays a pivotal role in social change and it brings

perfections in human life

Tribes are very important in constituting the population of the country as

they are 86 percent of the total population of India (Census of India 2011) They

constitute 94 percent of the total population of Maharashtra Tribal education has

many problems to face as barrier for development Education is one of the primary

agents of transformation towards development Education is in fact an input not only

for economic development of tribes but also for inner strength of the tribal

communities which helps them in meeting the new challenges of life Education is an

important avenue for upgrading the economic and social conditions of the Scheduled

Tribes Education is in fact an input not only for economic development of tribes but

also for inner strength of the tribal communities which helps them in meeting the new

challenges of life Literacy and educational attainment are powerful indicators of

social and economic development among the backward groups in India

Literacy Trends of tribes in India

Literacy is an important indicator of development among tribal groups The

trend of literacy of tribes in India from 1961 to 2011 is shown in table The

percentage of literacy of tribes was only 854 per cent in 1961 which has increased to

631 per cent in 2011 But female literacy of tribes is only 544 per cent compared to

male literacy of 717 per cent During the post-Independence period the Indian

government implemented legislation and allocated funds to facilitate access to

enrollment in primary education in India As a result both literacy rates and gross

enrollment ratios of boys and girls across the general population have increased

substantially during the past 50 years





Trends of Scheduled Tribes in India from 1961 to 2011( in Percent) Year

Year Male female Total

1961 1383 316 854

1971 1763 485 1139

1981 2452 805 1635

1991 4065 1819 2960

2001 5917 3476 4710

2011 7170 544 631

The literacy rate among ST boys is 717 per cent and among girls is 631 per cent So

there is significant improvement in ST literacy from 1961 (854 per cent) to 2011

(631 per cent)

Enrolment Ratio of ST students

Gross enrolment ratio of ST boys is more than ST girls in all classes The gross

enrolment ratio is higher in class I to V which is 1372 for ST boys and 1367 for ST

girls but it is only 907 and 87 in class VI to VIII It implies that the tribal enrolment

declines significantly in higher class

Classes ST

(Boys)

ST

(Girls)

Classes

Classes I ndash V (6 - 10 Years) 1372 1367 Classes I ndash V (6 - 10

Years)

Classes VI - VIII (11 - 13

Years)

907 87 Classes VI - VIII (11 - 13

Years)

Classes IX ndash X (14 - 15

Years)

571 491 Classes IX ndash X (14 - 15

Years)

Classes XI ndash XII (16 - 17

Years)

327 248 Classes XI ndash XII (16 - 17

Years)

Classes I - XII (6 - 17 Years) 968 928 Classes I - XII (6 - 17

Years)

Source-Statistics of

School Children 2010-2011

Hence the educational status of the scheduled tribes and the role of

governance in this direction are highly essential It is well known that the educational

background of tribes is very discouraging as compared to the rest of the population

So education is an important avenue for upgrading the economic and social

conditions of the Scheduled Tribes

Educationally the tribal population is at different levels of development but

overall the formal education has made very little impact on tribal groups Earlier





Government had no direct programme for their education But in the subsequent years

the reservation policy has made some changes There are many reasons for low level

of education among the tribal people Formal education is not considered necessary to

discharge their social obligations Superstitions and myths play an important role in

rejecting education Most tribes live in abject poverty It is not easy for them to send

their children to schools as they are considered extra helping hands The formal

schools do not hold any special interest for the children Most of the tribes are located

in interior and remote areas where teachers would not like to go from outside

Issues and problems of tribal education

I Medium of language ndash Language is one of the important constraints of tribal

children which prevents them access to education

II The Location of the Village - The physical barriers creates a hindrance for the

children of a tribal village to attend the school in a neighboring village

III Economic Condition - The economic condition of tribal people is so poor that

they do not desire to spare their children or their labour power and allow them to

attend schools

IV Attitude of the parents - As education does not yield any immediate economic

return the tribal parents prefer to engage their children in remunerative employment

which supplements the family income

V Teacher Related Problems -In the remote tribal areas the teacher absenteeism is a

regular phenomenon and this affects largely the quality of education

VI Lack of Proper monitoring- Proper monitoring is hindered by poor coordination

between the Tribal Welfare Department and School Education Department

Policies and Programmes of Government for Tribal Education

Starting from the First Five Year Plan Period1 (1951‐1956) the government

is steadily allocating financial resources for the purpose of tribal development

Towards the end of the plan (1954) 43 Special Multipurpose Tribal Development

Projects (MTDPs) were created During the Third Five Year Plan Period

(1961‐1966) the government of India adopted the strategy of converting areas with

more than 66 per cent tribal concentration into Tribal Development Blocks (TBDs)

By the end of Fourth Five Year Plan (1969‐1974) the number of TBDs in the

country rose to 504 Additionally in 1972 the Tribal Sub‐Plan Strategy (TSP) was

implemented by the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare TSP was based on twin

objectives of socio‐economic development and protection against exploitation It was

generally implemented in the areas where the Scheduled Tribe population was more

than 50 per cent of the total population

Suggestions

Some suggestions for improvement of tribal education are as follows-





a) Literacy awareness - Proper awareness campaign should be organized to create

the awareness about the importance of education

b) Attitude of the tribal parents - The attitude of the tribal parents toward education

should be improved through proper counseling and guidance

c) Availability of study materials in Tribal languages - All study materials should

be supplied in local languages of tribes

d) Local teachers and female teachers - It is suggested to appoint more tribal

teachers and female teachers in the tribal areas The ecological cultural psychological

characteristics of tribal children should be considered carefully by the teachers in

tribal areas

e) Residential schools - More residential schools should be established in each states

and districts and extended up to PG level in tribal areas

f) Social security- Social security of students especially of adolescent girls is of great

concern in residential schools

g) Proper Monitoring - Higher level officials should check the functioning of

schools frequently relating to the teaching methods working hours and attendance

registers

References

1 Anitha BK 2000 Village Caste and Education Delhi Rawat Publication

2 Dreze J and A Sen 1995 India Economic Development and Social

Opportunity Delhi

3 National Tribal Commission 2008 ldquoEducation of Tribal People in Indiardquo March

4 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 2002 ldquoEducation of Tribal Children in Indiardquo

5 Government of India 2006 Social Economic and Educational Status of the

Tribal Community in India New Delhi Government of India

6 Jha J Jhingran D (2002) Elementary Education for the Poorest and Other

Deprived Groups Centre for Policy Research New Delhi

7 Nair P( 2007) ldquoWhose Public Action Analyzing Inter-sectoral Collaboration for

Service Delivery Identification of Programmes for Study in IndiardquoInternational

Development Department Economic and Social Research CouncilFebruary

International Book On ldquoTribal Development Problem amp Solutionrdquo ISSN No2394-8426 with International Impact Factor 2254


PROBLEMS AND ISSUES OF TRIBAL IN INDIA

Dr Suresh K Khangar

Principal Fule ndash Ambedkar College of Social Work Gadchiroli

Introduction

There are an estimated 370 million indigenous people living in more than 70

countries worldwide (WHO 2007) They are the custodians of some of the most

biologically diverse territories in the world and are responsible for a great deal of the

worldrsquos linguistic and cultural diversity and their traditional knowledge has been and

continues to benefit all of mankind (UN 2009)

Despite their rich diversity of cultures religions traditions languages and

histories they continue to be among the worldrsquos most marginalized population groups

(WHO 2007) United Nations has recognized the indigenous people call for the

increased respect for indigenous culture spirituality lifestyles and sustainable

development models including traditional systems of land tenure gender relations

and use of resources (UNPF 1994-2009) Even today a widely pervasive reality in

respect of tribal communities in India is that most of them are socially ignorant

economically weak geographically isolated politically indifferent culturally rich

behaviorally simple trustworthy and leading their life in the lap of nature (Rao

2013)

To the ordinary man the word ldquoTriberdquo suggests simple folk living in hills and

forests to the people who are a little better informed it signifies colorful folk famous

for their dance and song to an administrator it means a group of citizens who are the

special responsibility of the president of India to an anthropologist it indicates a

special field for study of special phenomenon (GOI 1961) One of the main

challenges that Indian government is facing after independence is the provision of

improvement of their socio-economic status (Kokate and Sounke 2011)

Owing to this the socio-economic and political situations of indigenous

people have become one of the most researched topics among the sociologists and

anthropologists in recent times (Hossai 2013) At the national regional and

international levels the perspectives of indigenous people have gained increasing

recognition inter alia as reflected in the presence of the Working Group on

Indigenous populations at the United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development and the proclamation by the General Assembly of the Year 1993 as the

International Year of the Worldrsquos Indigenous People (UNFPA 1994-2009)

It is important to reveals that half of the indigenous tribal people of the world

ie 84 3326240 are living in India (Census Report 2001) The tribal constitute 82

percent of total population in India There are about 635 tribal groups and subgroups



including 75 primitive communities (Census Report 2001) The Scheduled Tribes are

the segregated and isolated communities and are concentrated in the states of Odisha

Bihar Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Gujarat Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan where

they constitute about 80 percent of the Scheduled Tribe population of India (Rao

2013) As far as Odisha is concerned Scheduled Tribes constitute 2213 percent of

Odisharsquos population There are 62 different Scheduled Tribes out of which 13 types

are of primitive category (Odisha Human Development Report 2001) The tribal

populations are largely concentrated in six districts of Odisha ie Koraput

Malkangiri Rayagada Kondhomal Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj (Odisha Human

Development Report 2001) One of the studies revealed that Scheduled Tribes

which constitute twenty two percent of Odisharsquos population are the most marginalized

and poor social group in the state with over 72 percent living under the poverty line

(Kumar and Chaudhary 2005) These tribal communities of Odisha have rich social

institutions dwellings natural habitats folk dance and music musical instruments

festival and festive occasions folk art and in fact a nature-based economy and life

skills (Padhi and Panigrahi 2011) It is not a flight of fancy but truly tribalsrsquo are the

most socio-economically backward people in India and customarily enjoy a low

standard of living and a gigantic percentage of them are residing in rural areas and are

also living in forest bereft of modernity An average tribal person is characterized by

(i) rural residence (ii) engaged in agriculture and forest related occupation (iii)

poverty (iv) illiteracy (v) Ill-health and malnutrition (vi) accustomed to informal

economy and (vii) deeply attached to land and forest (Singh and Jabbi 1996)

According to Joshi (1989) the common features of socio-economic conditions of

tribals are (i) bonded slavery (ii) land alienation (iii) money lending (iv) below

subsistence level economy (v) communication gaps between the laboring people and

the government functionaries (vi) lower level of income and (vii) receding trends of

job opportunities Dutta (2000) has identified agriculture business and service

professional agricultural labor tenant farming and fishing as the main occupations of

the households of the tribal people An investigation into the socio-economic status

of tribals has shown that (i) bamboo straw is the most common roofing material of the

tribal people (ii) pondtank or lake is the major source of water for household work

whereas tube wells are the major source of drinking water and (iii) only one-seventh

(14 percent) of households in the study area have electricity (Mullah Parveen and

Abshanullash 2007)

A large number of tribal communities continue to be extremely backward

and some of them are still in the primitive food gathering stage whereas some others

have shaped up a little in terms of economic and educational advancement (Rao

2013) Undisputedly indigenous people are considered as the weakest sections of the



population in view of common socioeconomic and socio-demographic factors like

poverty illiteracy lack of developmental facilities lack of adequate primary health

facilities etc (Thakur etal 1991) A livelihood study of tribals in Jharkahnd state has

revealed that tribal women perform following activities to eke-out livelihood of their

family (i) food gathering from the forest (ii) rope making from the bark tree and

sabai grass (iii) honey collection (iv) herbal medicinal plant collection processing

and sale (v) hunting and trapping (vi) basket making (vii) shifting cultivation (viii)

Labor and (ix) fishing (MS Malik etal) For the last few years the tribal states like

Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Odisha Jharkhand and West Bengal are vexed with

Naxalite problem which is deeply affecting the development of the tribal areas of

these states The Naxalite conflict has reduced economic growth in the affected states

(Collier and Heeffler 2007 Bala Gopal 2006)

Naxalites Problem in Country of India

The largest threat that the Indian government faces today is naxalism which

has infested itself in more than 4 states of the country (Vora and Buxy 2011)

The ldquoNaxalismrdquo is a challenging problem in most of the tribal areas particularly

in the state of Odisha Bihar Jharkhand Chhattisgarh and West Bengal The

lsquoNaxalitesrsquo are called the lsquoNaxalsrsquo is a loose term used to define groups waging

a violent struggle on behalf of landless labourers and tribal people against

landlords and others The Naxalites say they are fighting oppression and

exploitation to create a classless society The Research and Analysis Wing of the

Indian government of India in 2009 reports that Naxals are spread across 220

districts comprising about 40 of Indiarsquos geographical areas (Hart 2010) The

tension between the police force and naxalite has also created a general climate

of insecurity and frustration among the common tribal people in the naxalite

prone areas The development is in jeopardy in these areas They are deprived of

fruits of developmental efforts People in socio-economically depressed regions

often carry a deep sense of frustration and discrimination against their better off

neighbors (Xaxa V1999)

According to Zaman (2010) ldquopeople living in the so-called Red Corridor are

perhaps the nicest and most hospitable people in the country They are just

disadvantaged The state must invest in their poverty alleviationrdquo IPCS

Conference Report (2012) the naxalite movement exploited the under-spread

discontent and frustration amongst poor and landless peasants and motivated

them to take up arms against higher caste landlords and money lenders IPCS

Conference Report (2012) on naxal problem has envisaged that ldquothe villagers

are not against the state per say but against corrupt officials politicians and

contractors It is corruption which is one of the problems Unless the state is



able to identify and punish people who are stealing money meant for

development of these areas it is not going to be able to deal with the problemrdquo

THE STUDY Naxalite activity in Odisha has particularly affected the Koraput

Rayagada Malkangiri Gajapati and Ganjam Districts on the Andhra border and

Mayurbhanj Sundargarh Sambalpur Deogarh and Keonjhar Districts on the

Jharkhand border Further the Naxalites are reportedly targeting the

Nawarangpur Jajpur Kalahandi Balangir Phulbani Bauda and Jharsuguda

Districts to expand their operational area (Bala Gopal K 2006) The continuity

of the Naxalite problem has often been explained in terms of the persistence and

exacerbation of the lsquobasic causes that let to its birth ndash feudal exploitation and

oppression of the rural poor who constitute the majority of the people in Odisha

by the wealthy few (Bala Gopal 2006) The naxalism and naxalite activities

have affected development of the tribals of the affected district Although they

are fighting for the cause of socio-economic backwardness of tribals their

approach has created a sense of fear among the state apparatus and caused

insecurity among the common tribals as a result their activities and action are

detrimental to tribal development and aggravating tribal deprivation One of the

defence experts while commenting on the naxal problem in Odisha said (i)

naxal groups take advantage of the socio-economic problems of the people in

less developed areas (ii) their effort is to prevent development and they have

more areas to operate if there is no development and (iii) naxalites are

unconcerned that their activities will harm the progress of the state and the

nation

In this study an attempt has been made to assess the lives and livelihood of

tribal of a naxalite prone village which will provided the necessary clue about the

tribal development status as a reason for growing naxalism in the area The Area

Population and Sample The study was conducted in five naxalite villages of

Sundargarh district one of the tribal dominated districtrsquos of Odisha An Oriya Voice

has rightly pointed out that Sundargarh and Keonjhar are the poor districts of state

where naxalite movement is going rapid momentum due to the fact the development

of these regions defy all logic of geography and economics2 The tribals are spread

across all the block and villages of the whole Sundargarh districts Sundargarh district

is having 17 blocks and 262 panchayats and 1720 villages The tribal population of

Sundagarh district constitutes 5019 percent of total population Various tribes

residing in the distinct are Kharia Oraon Munda Kissan Gonds Bhuiya Poroja

Lohara etc The study covered 235 tribal households randomly selected from total 441

tribal households in the villages

Objectives of Study



The objectives of the study are

1 To study the quality of living of tribals with regard to their access to healthy

housing sanitation drinking water and other essential household amenities

2 To assess the education and health status of tribals living in these village

3 To assess the socioeconomic condition of tribals with regard to access to

agricultural land occupation and other livelihood activities

Discussion

Living Conditions of Tribals

The quality of living of the tribals in these naxalite prone villages is

astoundingly low Nearly 74 percent of population is dwelling in katcha houses made

of mud thatch leaves and other low quality materials During the rainy season

dropping of water from roof and wept floors become unusable for sitting sleeping

and even usual functioning These are open houses without doors are just like a

manual shade over their heads without adequate protection from rain heat cold and

even not safe from robbery and crime against women Sometimes scorpion snakes

and other wild animals enter into the houses Unhealthy housing causes much

morbidity among tribals If it rains throughout the day they wonrsquot have the single

piece of dry floor for sleep at night Lack of electricity affects usual functioning and

more importantly education of the children Without a bathroom in the house the

tribal women also took bath either in the pond or near the tube-well and are in the

menace of social shame Absolutely there is no sanitation facility in the houses of

tribals as 100 percent of people still resorting to open defection not having even a pit

toilet The glory of total sanitation campaign launched by the government of India

under its flagship programme is in a faded state in these tribal villages As far as

access to safe drinking water is concerned 7872 percent of tribals draw drinking

water from open-well its purerity is unknown to them The development is in doom

condition and tribals residing in these naxalite villages are absolutely secluded from

modernity and cut-off form glamour and glory of the globalization and are deprived of

basic living conditions including healthy housing which is a basic right of an

individual The great digital divide is glaringly visible as only two percent of

household possess radio sets None of the tribals have television because of lack of

electricity facilities Tribalsrsquo are cut-off from the globalized digital world The data

revels that 3574 percent and 3106 percent of household manage to acquire a bicycle

and bullock-cart respectively as these are instruments for earning a livelihood for

them Bi-cycle helps them to have access to nearby urban agglomeration and access to

higher educational institution by a few students of the families having somehow better

economic condition while the better off among the tribals possess bullock-cart using

them in transport and agriculture activities



The study revel that a colossal of 5723 of tribals belonging to these naxalite

villages are illiterate The tertiary education almost absent and is meagre one percent

of total literacy These villages do not have a graduate to its credit The tribal literacy

rate of 43 percent in naxalite prone villages are considerably lower compared to

national average of 616 percent and state average of 7698 percent Affordability

availability and accessibility are the main problems of tribalrsquos tertiary education

Health Conditions of Tribals

As far as health is concerned it is in a very grim state Tribals living in these

naxalite prone villages during the survey found suffering from various diseases such

as tuberculosis faliariasis malaria pulmonary diseases sickle cell diseases measles

tetanus chronic and diphtheria These large numbers of diseases are normally not

found in other types of villages The poor access to general food and nutrition bad

sanitary condition unhealthy housing and poor access to safe drinking water are

responsible factors for morbidity and mortality among tribals Besides cursory visit of

health personnel to these villages poor public health and medical care institutional

services and impoverishment to afford health care consultancy and medicine cost of

private health care referral services has further aggravated their health condition In

the absence of allopathic health care system they are customarily dependant on

traditional medical practices and practitioners

Livelihood of Tribals

Tribals in these villages are still following a culturally livelihood style and their

dress code food habits songs languages and drinking habits are different from the

general population of the state The various locally and culturally drinking habits

found among them are rice-bear (Hadia) and mahuli bear (Desi daru) these are local

and specific to tribal people and also local tobacco 5426 percent of tribal male and

2070 percent of tribal female have local drinking habits Both male and female drink

and dance during their local festivals They are largely Christians They celebrate

different types of festival like Karama Jitiya Sarhul Dhela puja (Agricultural

festival- before bowing of seeds in the field) Pousha punei (Agricultural festival-

cutting of crops) etc As Christian they celebrate festival like Christmass Ester and

all Thus their livelihood style is based on and a pleading of tribal culture and

Christianity believes and values Agriculture hunting food gathering and forest

product collection and sell are their main sources livelihood conventionally existing

over a long period It can be remarked that in regard to developmental economist

WW Rostowrsquos five stages of development these tribals are still in the first stage that

is in traditional society even after more than six decades of Indian independence

They are far away from the shadow of modernization and globalization

Poverty and Food security



A colossal 88 percent of tribal households residing in these naxalite prone

villages are below poverty line 5432 percent of tribal families even survive with one

square meal a day Their per capita income is so low that majority of them cannot

afford two square meal a day Therefore malnutrition is severe among these tribals

Neither they have nor can they afford nutrition food and the protein They rarely

consume fish egg meat milk and only seen having them during festival or when they

have some additional income This reveals that a colossal number of them are below

the level of sustainable livelihood Food security in general and nutritional security in

particular is in a deplorable state in naxalite prone villages This may be one of the

reasons for revolt against the feudal system and state establishments

Workforce Participation Forests offer vast potential for poverty reduction

and promote sustainable livelihood of the forest fringe communities In India it is

found a very high rate of participation in forest extraction and forest income

contributing 49 of the total household income of which 56 comes from the

NTFPs and 51 as cash component (Cavendish 2003) It is observed that the forest

income increases with an increase in total income and the elasticity of forest income

with respect to total income is close to unity (Valdeld 2004) Though land and land

resources are central to the livelihoods of tribal people they have poor access to land

and forests (Kumar and Chaoudhary 2005) Ecosystem services are essential for

human wellbeing and one of the significant contributions to well-being and livelihood

through environmental income (Vadeld 2004)

The main sources of livelihood and occupation of tribal living in these

naxalite prone villages are hunting forest food gathering agriculture and income from

tribal art and craft Agriculture is the primary occupation providing life sustaining and

sustainable livelihood to these tribal communities in naxalite prone villages However

a colossal 6893 percent of households are the marginal landowners or the below

subsistent landowners Given that land is the most important sources of livelihood the

extremely low landholdings could be an important factor behind their extreme poverty

as a social group (Kumar and Chaudhary 2005) In these paltry lands they grow

different crops ie paddy millet potato mustard oil and peanuts They also grow

vegetable in the backyards of their houses to supplement their meal with vegetable

curry Land is the only live saving device for these tribal communities however the

meagre landholding is hardly a solution to subsistence livelihood The income of

tribal people residing in these villages is very meagre and even outrageous to compare

with any other community living in the country side A colossal 66 percent of them

earn a paltry income of rupees Rs 100 to Rs 300 hundred in a month ($ 2 to $6 in a

month) which is even far lower than an ordinary launch of an urban middle class

family in urban area Only 382 percent of tribal families in these villages earn a



monthly income between Rs 1000- 1200 The income is paltry and too meagre for

even a live sustaining subsistence level of living These poor and simple tribals hardly

use any new technology in agriculture They use bullock and other traditional methods

or in other words agriculture is in the primitive stage in these tribal villages Because

of poor income from agriculture a majority of tribals have to depend on income from

selling of forest products and menial labour activities These forest products and

menial labour activities act as ventilators for the subsistence livelihood In other

words due to marginal and very marginal land holdings and primitive method of

cultivation resulting in low productivity most household eke out a living by

diversifying their pattern of occupation and no single occupation provide them

sufficient income to ensure a sustainable livelihood for these tribals In other words

they are occupation less and their occupation can hardly be numerically quantified

with certainty

Conclusion

The socio-economic conditions of the tribal people residing in naxalite prone

villages clearly indicate that the naxalism is an upshot of deprivation It can be

unmistakably said that there is prevalence of naxalism in these areas because these is

no development Underdevelopment traditionalism and physical detachment from the

mainstream has promoted growth of naxalism in these areas From this study it can be

concluded that socio-economic backwardness and persistent deprivation of human

rights has given rise to naxalism in these villages where one outsider cannot really

distinguish who is a naxalite and who is not As it is a social cultural and economic

problem inherent to the tribal society it should be resolved through social and

economic anesthesia As it is a peoplesrsquo revolution people can only control and finish

it The ten year of terrorism in Punjab was put to an end only when the people of

Punjab provided full cooperation to the state apparatus and police As it is difficult to

distinguish a common youth and a naxalite therefore cooperation common people

and particularly youth is sine-qua-non for crushing naxalism The anthropology

sociology psychology and economics of tribal areas must be astutely studied before

finding any solution to the problem One should ponder that why these simple and

indigenous people resort to arm what promoted them to do so And how they are

doing it A blind way a suppressing it by applying force would lead to more

resentment and may result in a mass revolution among tribals in these affected areas

Development is a pertinent answer to naxalite problem and people belonging to

naxalite prone areas required to be brought to the mainstream of development While

formulating a strategy for development all sections ie State apparatus NGOs civil

society organizations tribals and naxals be involved Education in general and higher

education in particular is key to development Through the special education drive



the tertiary education needs to be promoted among the tribals The infrastructural and

institutional provisions such as schools and colleges referral hospitals fair-weather

road electricity irrigation facilities and small-scale and cottage industries required to

be setup in these areas The effective implementation of rural development

programmes on housing sanitation drinking water education health and public

distribution system and employment and skill and income generating activities in

these villages will go a long way to improve their livelihood condition While

implementing all these programmes the sentiment of tribals and their opinion leaders

must be respected Last but not the least public participation and not the public

seclusion is the answer to participatory tribal development

References

[1] Collier P amp Heeffe A (2007) ldquoCivil warrdquo in Handbook of Defence

Economics

[2] Census of India (2001) Population projection for India and States 2001-

2026 (Revised December 2006)

httpwwwjskgovinprojection_report_december2006pdf

[3] Census Report (2001) httpwwwcensusindiagovintownstownaspx

[4] Dewan M H (2013)ldquoSocio-economic Situation of the Indigenous People in

the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladeshrdquo Journal of Middle-east

Journal of Business 8 July 2013

[5] Dutta J P (2000) ldquoImpact of Development Programme on the Ethnic

Minorities of Chittagong Hill Tracts Bangladeshrdquo

httpwwwbangladeshstudiesorg2000- plainhtml

[6] Elsevier Holland Benerjee A amp Iyer L (2010) ldquoHistory inverdquo the legacy

of colonial law tenurerdquo American Economic Review 95(4) 1190-1213

[7] Hart A (2001) India at War with Itself Retrieved on July 14 2010 from

httpwwwVeteanstodayCom20100722alan-hant-india-at-war-with-itself

[8] Hossai D M (2013) ldquoSocio-economic situation of the Indigenous people in

the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladeshrdquo Middle-East Journal of

Business 8(2) April 2013 22-30 wwwssrncomlinkDevelopment-Domestic-

Dev-Strategieshtml





ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANISATION IN TRIBAL

DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA AN ANALYSIS

DrUsha N Patil

Head Department of Economics

Gopikabai Sitaram Gawande College Umarkhed Dist- Yavatmal (MS)

Affiliated to Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University Amravati Maharashtra India

Cell 9420554385 Email ushapatil1yahoocom

Abstract

In India the scope of development is not narrow but very wide as it includes

not just the economic development but the growth on social front quality of life

empowerment women and child development education and awareness of its

citizens The task of development is so huge and complicated that just implementing

government plans is not sufficient to fix the problem To achieve this a holistic vision

and collaborative efforts involving various departments agencies and even NGOs is

required Owing to such a great need the number of NGOs in India is increasing

rapidly and at present there are about 25000 to 30000 active NGOs in India

NGOs as ldquoformally registered not-for profit association of groups of individuals

founded on the principles of equality altruism and voluntary work spirit to promote

human development (including environment and biodiversity) and nation buildingrdquo

This study examine Tribal Development Issue and Concerns and Conclusion

The Indian NGOs Scenario

In India it was the 1970s which saw rapid growth in the formation of

formally registered NGOs and the process continues to this day Most NGOs have

created their respective thematic social group and geographical priorities such as

poverty alleviation community health education housing human rights child rights

womenrsquos rights natural resource management water and sanitation and to these ends

they put to practice a wide range of strategies and approaches Primarily their focus

has been on the search for alternatives to development thinking and practice achieved

through participatory research community capacity building and creation of

demonstrable models

When we review some of the work done by NGOs over the past 3 decades

we find that they have contributed greatly to nation building Many NGOs have

worked hard to include children with disability in schools end caste-based stigma and

discrimination prevent child labour and promote gender equality resulting in women

receiving equal wages for the same work compared to men During natural calamities

they have played an active role in relief and rehabilitation efforts in particular

providing psycho-social care and support to the disaster affected children women and





men NGOs have been instrumental in the formation and capacity building of farmers

and producersrsquo cooperatives and womenrsquos self-help groups

Several NGOs have worked hand in hand with the Government to ensure that millions

of out of school children are enrolled and continue their school education thus

making the right to education a reality The leprosy eradication programme was

spearheaded by NGOs and today only residual leprosy remains in our country NGOs

have implemented the Jeevan Dhara programme for creation of wells for safe

drinking water promoted community toilets for total sanitation and supported the

public health programs on immunization and for eliminating tuberculosis and

malaria The much celebrated NREGA ICDS ICPS Nirmal gram and Swasthya

bima of the government have their roots in the work of many NGOs

NGOs have significantly influenced the development of laws and policies on

several important social and developmental issues such as the right to information

juvenile justice ending corporal punishment in schools anti-trafficking forests

and environment wildlife conservation women elderly people people with

disability rehabilitation and resettlement of development induced displaced

people to name a few Further NGOs made their modest attempts to ensure the

effective implementation of these laws and policies by conducting and disseminating

findings from participatory research budget analysis public hearings social audits

workshops seminars and conferences

Summing up it is now well established that NGOs have an important role to

play in the development processes and that both the state and market need the

collaboration of credible active and accountable NGOs Given their connect with

the grassroots realities NGOs can and should play the ldquogame changerrdquo to pro-poor

development through leadership on participatory research community empowerment

and search for development alternatives

Tribal Development Issue and Concerns

From the immemorial in India has a Natural Propensity for voluntary work

by virtue of which ldquoMokshardquo was said to be attained The trend persists obstinately

However the nature and mode of volunteerism has changed In the pre-independence

in India Conventional Volunteerism was aimed primarily at charitable works

ushering in social Reforms Providing relief and rehabilitation for the people who

become the victims of natural calamities like drought flood cyclones etc However

In post-independence in India modern volunteerism has programmes welfare services

(like providing education and health service for the underprivileged) protecting

human rights (advocacy for women empowerment and the marginalized) creating

awareness about environmental protection AIDS launching crusade against child

labour assisting the displaced who are the products of development-induced





programmes etc

Apart from Voluntary Sector alternative terms like NGO Independent Sector

Civil Society Grassroots Organization Self Help Groups and Non-State Actors are

used as well The NGOs that are often known as the ldquoharbingers of changerdquo can boast

of playing multifarious roles like that of advocates educators catalysts lobbyists

conscientisers and protectors of human rights and mass mobilisers who work

incessantly for development They have come forward with a human face to serve a

human cause This sector which has emerged as the universal ldquoThird Forcerdquo strives

for empowerment as well as social transformation

Issues of Tribal Development

At the other end of the spectrum is the issue of tribal development The

concern for the indigenous people had received high attention on the international

agendathe concern for ldquo Vanavasirsquo or Anushchit Janajatirdquo as the tribes are called in

India finds its echo in the UN Charter as well as the Universal Declaration of Human

Rights In the post- independence India welfare of the tribal communication has been

the national goal and special responsibility of the Centre and the various State

Governments The Government took commendable initiative for the upliftment of the

tribes as they are required to take part in the nation-building process along with the

general populace of the country and participate in the decision-making process The

development of the tribes has been the constitutional obligation of the Government

Coupled with the provisions spelt out in the Indian Constitution and intervention

packages the Government had instituted numerous commissions and committees

from time to time assess the tribal situation in the country But it was very unfortunate

that in spite of these efforts and initiatives the government could not bring any radical

change in the socio-economic development of these marginalized sections and

subsequently they were pushed to the periphery The failure of the government gives a

fertile ground to the NGOs to work upon and extend a helping hand to their fellow

tribal What is required in the context of Indian tribal situation is the conscientisation

of the tribes about their latent capacities and to motivate them for acquiring a better

life In the long run the tribal should be made self-relevant the rough proper

socialization and imparting training NGOs can contribute to a positive way to the

development of the tribal health and in the protection of the indigenous knowledge

base which is either ignored or exploited We all know that the tribes have the keys to

the biologically diverse areas They have a profound of knowledge of the flora and

fauna the appropriate plant species with medical importance their location the parts

to be used time of collection preparation and administration of the same Their

knowledge of the ethno-medicine is very important for their existence Moreover

there is a growing inclination all over the world for herbal drugs nature based





products instead of synthetic ones But there are certain threats to this indigenous

asset of the tribes Deforestation environment degradation and lack of initiative of

the younger generation to learn and adopt the medical practices of the tribal medicine

men lack of proper dissemination and transmission of the knowledge piracy of the

knowledge are the same them The healing traditions and techniques are transmitted

orally from generation to generation in the tribal areas because of the poor level of

literation in those areas Hence most of the time they are found in an undocumented

from which means slowly and steadily some part of it may be forgotten for good

Against this backdrop the NGOs have a very important role to play The NGOs may

create awareness among the steadily some part of it may use the audio-visual aids for

creating a lasting impression and campaign for ensuring the promotion of herbal

plants in kitchen-garden and nurseries Sharing of knowledge in workshops is also

recommended where both NGO professionals and tribal counterparts would

participate The NGOs should encourage tribal youth to take up the tradition of

practitioners of tribal medicine as livelihood option and encourage in research and

development of their practice There is a global dimension of this problem as well

International agencies and multinational often pirate the age old knowledge of the

trines for preparing drugs Documentation of tribal knowledge becomes an urgent

necessity in this case The NGOs coupled with Gram Panchayat can play a significant

role in it They can prepare a community register where such knowledge can be

documented in the local language They must be legally made aware of their

traditional rights and move in the direction of preserving their knowledge under the

auspices of intellectual Property Rights

Concerns

1 It is an astonishing fact that sometimes there are no linkage and coordination

among the different NGOs that are working in the same geographical area and for a

nearly identical purpose

2 There should be more transparency in the function of the NGOs so that they may

garner the support and faith of the ordinary people

3 There is a need for closer interactions and exchange of ideas between the

beneficiaries and volunteers of the project

4 The work should be a sustainable nature

5 Fragmentation powerlessness corruption nepotism and internal weaknesses are

some of the negative traits of the NGOs

6 The NGOs are hardly disclosing their funding source and expenditure pattern They

refuse to reveal the names of their funding partners and reasons for tying up with hem

7 NGOs are in a need of a regularized code of ethics and conduct

8 They bring temporary solution to the problem and often fail to address the root





cause of it and eradicate it

9 Lack of accountability and commitment to the welfare of the masses are often

witnessed

10 The NGOs are themselves entrenched between the welfare state on one hand and

economy driven by globalization on the other

However all these bottlenecks cannot be the reason for overlooking or marginalizing

the contribution of an organization In spite of these criticisms and drawbacks it is an

undeniable fact that the NGOs have emerged universally as a ldquoUniversal Third Forcerdquo

NGOs and Tribal Development in India An analysis

The role of NGOs has been recognized since the beginning of the first five

year plan Many voluntary organizations have done a commendable job in the

upliftment of the tribes and are still continuing their efforts However view of the

mushrooming growth in the number of NGOs approaching the Ministry for financial

assistance efforts have been made to ensure that only genuine and committed

organization undertake developmental activities as partners of Government

In order to sure that the schemes implemented by NGOs are selected in a transparent

manner with greater involvement of the State GovernmentUT Administrations the

ministry has evolved a decentralized procedure for receipt identification scrutiny and

sanction of proposals of NGOs from the year 2005-06 and strengthened the system

further by revision of relevant schemes during 2008-09 According to this procedure

all the state GovernmentUT Administrations have constituted a ldquoState Committee for

Supporting Voluntary Effortsrdquo chaired by the Principal SecretarySecretary

TribalSocial Development Department With other official and non-official members

including representatives of NGOs This multi-disciplinary State Level Committee

examines new as well as ongoing proposals of NGOs and recommends only the most

effective projects in service deficient tribal areas in order of priority

State wise Number of NGOs Working for Welfare of the Tribes in India

State Number of NGOs

Andhra Pradesh 12

Arunachal Pradesh 10

Andaman and Nicobar 1

Assam 10

Chhattisgarh 3

Gujrat 8

Himachal Pradesh 5





Jharkhand 9

Jammu and Kashmir 5

Karnataka 14

kerala 7

Madhya Pradesh 15

Maharashtra 16

Manipur 12

Meghalaya 3

Mizoram 2

Nagaland 2

Delhi 2

Odissa 27

Rajsthan 4

Sikkim 2

Tamil Nadu 3

Tripura 4

Uttar Pradesh 2

Uttarkhand 7

West Bengal 23

Source GOI Annual Report of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs 2011-12New Delhi

Figure 1





In India there are 208 NGOs serving the cause of tribal development with the

grant- in aid receive d from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs of these

NGOs fourteen NGOs are identified as established voluntary agencies on the basis of

an all India character and for their selfless service and remarkable achievements in

uplifting the deprived sections of society and place those in a separate category for

sanction of their projects and relaxation of certain term and conditions relating to the

release of annual grants Odissa has highest number of NGOs in tribal service

followed by West Bengal (23) Maharashtra (17) Madhya Pradesh (15) Uttar

Pradesh Mizoram Sikkim and Delhi have only 02 NGO search In Karnataka 14

NGOs are working for the tribal development under this scheme of these two NGOs

namely Swami Vivekananda Youth Movement and Swami Vivekananda Girijan

Kalyan Kendra are the established voluntary agencies working in Mysore and

Chamarajanagara district of the state

Appropriate care has been taken to establish good rules and procedures to avoid the

abuse of funds by the NGOs The government has initiated steps to constitute expert

committees at the national and State levels

Conclusion

The Non-governmental Organizations or Voluntary Associations of the

people were interested in and committed to the cause of serving the socio- economic

and cultural empowerment of the poor Vulnerable and weaker sections of the society

Thus the NGOs are called the Third Sector Organizations The NGOs are governed by

principles of transparency accountability democratization The NGOs are mostly

dependent on external finance that means they depended on the government grants in

aid or the contributions and charity received from domestic and as well as foreign

donors The NGOs in general shall not have opportunities to generate their own

revenue from the internal sources since they are not profit organizations

The tribal development and empowerment as carried out in India by both the

Government and the NGOs presents mixed scenario The government gives

constitutional guarantees to the tribal but fails to implement them adequately The

NGOs have fared little better but need to address the tribal problems and issues more

consistently and adequately Except for a few NGOs known for their wider mass base

and capacity to bring about socio- economic change many or most of them are

complacent and just do the routine work primarily serving their own interests While

the government has constitutional provisions and resources its delivery mechanism

needs to be strengthened in collaboration with the NGOs The NGOs can only

facilitate this overall process of development and empowerment of the tribal in the

country But it is ultimately the people who must demand their rights and privileges





Reference

Alliband T(1983)Cataysts of DevelopmentVoluntary Agencies in India Kumarian

PressConnecticut

Gangrade KD (1987) Development of Voluntary Actionrdquo Encyclopedia of Social

workMinistry of Welfare Government of India NewDelhi P227

Books

David Lewis ldquoNon-governmental Organizations Management and Developmentrdquo 3rd

Edition2015

R Sooryamoorthy and KD Gangrade ldquo NGO in Indiardquo A Cross-Sectional Study

ISBN 81-316-0020-3

PV Baiju ldquoNGOs and Participatory Development in Indiardquo ISBN9789351251354

2015

V K Purirsquos ldquoGuide to fundraising and public relations for NGOs and non-profit

organizationsrdquo ISBN 8189800558 Jain Book Agency

Website

wwwinsightsonindiacom

httpsenwikipediaorgwikiNon-governmental_organization

wwwthehinducom

unesdocunescoorg

linkspringercom





RAMAYANA-TRADITION AMONG THE TRIBAL COMMUNITY OF

SOUTH KOSALA

Dr Sasmita Kar

Assistant Professor Lovely Professional University Punjab-144411

Email-sasmita_karyahoocoin

Abstract

Kosala was an important Mahajanapada of Uttar Bharat (Northern India) and

it continued as a single unit at least up to the rise of the Maurayas The Buddhist text

Anguttara Nikaya and the Jain text the Bhagavati Sutra identifies Kosala as one of the

Solasa (sixteen) Mahajanapadas (powerful realms) in the 6th to 5th centuries BCE But

at a later period a new kingdom called Daksina Kosala grew in the Vindhyan region

Evidently it was designated as Dakshina Kosala in order to distinguish it from Uttara

Kosala Though the territorial limits of Dakshina Kosala (South Kosala) varied

depending upon the power and ability of its rulers it roughly comprised of the

undivided districts of Sambalpur Kalahandi Bolangir and Sundargarh districts of

Odisha and the present state of Chhatisgarh According to mythology it is the birth

place of Ramarsquos mother Kausalya In some way or other the epic of Ramayana is

strongly associated with the people of Kosala

Introduction

The Puranas and Ramayana epic Ayodhya was the capital of Kosala during

the reign of Ikshaku and his descendantsIt is difficult however to say when and how

the term South Kosala came into being According to Pragiter Ramas long stay in the

region gave rise to the term South Kosala When Rama divided his kingdom in

between his two sons he gave North Kosala to Lava and South Kosala to Kusa Kusa

founded the city of Kusavati in the Vindhyan ranges and made it his capital D C

Sircar asserts that South Kosala was colonised by the Ikshvaku princes of Ayodhya

By the time of poet Kalidasa South Kosala has been already known as a distinct

political unit for in the Raghuvamsa he seems to suggest that Kusavati the capital of

Kusa was located in the Vindhyan ranges The name Kusavati as described in the

Raghuvamsa has been identified by historians with Dakshina Kosala

From the Allahabad pillar inscription it is known that South Kosala was

ruled by Mahendra (one of the twelve kings defeated by Samudragupta) in the middle

of the 4th century AD This proves the extension of Gupta influence over South

Kosala Besides Mahendra Samudragupta defeated Mantaraja of Kurala (identified

with Bolangir amp Baudh Dist) and Vyaghraraja of Mahakuntara (Koraput and

Kalalandi) district of Orissa The Balghat plates and the Ajanta inscription seem to

suggest that South Kosala was controlled by the Vakatakas





Towards the close of 5th century CE a chieftain named Sarabha founded a

kingdom in the eastern part of South Kosala He made Sarabhapura as his

administrative headquarter Scholars like LP Pandy and V V Mirashi identity the

city of Sarabhapura apparently named after Sarabham with Sarapgarh in the former

Gangpur State now included in the Sundargarh district of Odisha

By the 7th century CE the Somavamsis who were the feudatories of

Sarabhapuriyas had conguered the Kingdom of the latter under Mahasiva gupta

Tivaradeva Tivaradeva the son of Nannadeva an high official under the

Sarabhapuriyas snatched away the whole of South Kosala from the Sarabhapuriyas

and called himslef Kosaladhipati

Religious Belief

Majority of the people of South Kosala profess Hinduism They worshipped

Samalei (a form of Shakti) Shiva Krishna Jagannatha Rama Hanuman and other

deities Various places associated with Hindu-deities have been found in different

parts of Western Odisha ie former South Kosala There is a place called Vedavyasa

at the confluence of the Sankh and Koel river in Rourkela Situated in the present

Sundargarh district Vedavyasa is believed to be the place where Vyasadeva had

composed his famous epic the Mahabharata However a number of places associated

with Rama and other characters of Ramayana have shown the deep faith of people on

the deity

Ramayan-Tradition

There is a place called Ushakothi in the hill ranges of the same Sungargarh

district According to local tradition Rama is said to have stayed at this place along

with his brother Lakshmana and wife Sita The pictographic writing found on the hill

ranges throws light on the proto-historic culture of the region

Patalganga

Another place called Patalganga has also been associated with the Ramayana

tradition Situated in between the border of Odisha and Chhatisgarh district the place

is famous for its scenic beauty It is about 5 Km from the Boden block of Kalahandi

district According to popular belief during their exile to forest Rama Laxmana and

Sita had rested for sometime in the mountain valley of Gurudangar (the Preceptors

mountain) When Sita felt very thirsty Rama asked Laxmana to bring water for her

Laxmana searched out the whole forest But he found it no where He then prayed the

Mother Earth to give him water But the earth remained silent In anger Laxmana

pointed his arrow to bring out the Ganga from beneath the earth (Patala) Hence the

place is called Patalaganga

Though pure the water of Patalaganga contains the smell of iron which

people believe to be due to the smell of the arrow used by Laxamana An arrow





worshiped by people under a banyan tree is believed to be the arrow of Laxmana

Foot prints of Rama and Sita near the Shiv lingam under a banyan tree in the

surrounding bears more testimony to the fact

However for an honest Ramachandra it was an unjust act to take water from

a place forcibly without taking the permission of its master In search of the master

Rama along with Laxmana and Sita climbed the mountain-top A saint absorbed in

deep meditation was found there The saint was known as Siddhaguru Rama beg

pardon from him and as a token of gratitude he named he mountain-Guru-dangar ie

the preceptors mountain

On their path of return Rama and Laxmana were obstructed by some

Raksasas (ogres) The two brothers valiantly defeated the Raksasas Then they took

bath in a nearby ghat (pond) and went away The place of battle and the place of bath

came to be known as Yujghat (the place of battle) and Snanaghat (the place of

bath)respectively Both these places are parts of the springs flown from Patalaganga

Again the Yogimara mountain cave of Chhatisgarh bears the prints of three

lines (Laxmana Rekha) which is said to be drawn by Laxmana to safeguard Sita from

evil doers The Valmiki Ramayan as well as Tulsi Ramayana also speak about the

three lines known as Laxmana Rekha which were drawn by Laxmana when he went

to help Rama on the latterrsquos quest for the golden deer Another nearby stone bears the

footprints of Ravana Accordingly it is believed that Ravana had kidnapped Sita from

this place

Shakti worship

The worship of Shakti had occupied an important place in the religious

tradition of South Kosala An image of Lankeswari Devi is found at Junagarh in the

present Kalahandi district which also comprised a part of South Kosala Seated in a

lotus-posture the goddess has four hands The Naga kings of this region were

believed to be the worshippers of Lankeswari Devi

The Mahida Copper Plate of the Telgu Choda king Someswar Deva II states

that the king was a worshipper of Lankeswari Devi In this copper plate he has

described himself as Paschimalankadhipati ie the king of Western Lanka with his

capital at Suvarnapura (the present Sonepur which was formerly in the district of

Bolanger) He issued this copper plate in the 23rd year of his rule from the place of

Lankavarta

The place of Suvarnapur or Swarnapur in western Odisha is believed to be

the Swarna Lanka of the demon king Ravana with goddess Lankeswari as its guiding

deity

Various folklores associated with Ramayana have been found even today in

many parts of Western Odisha and Chhatisgarh A festival called Bhatrujiuntia is





very much popular in this region Dasaratha the king of Ayodhya got married to

Kausalya the princess of Kosala Accordingly Ramarsquos maternal uncles home was

Kosala and for this reason he was likely to be a brother to the maidens of Kosala On

the eighth moonlit day of Aswina (roughly falls in the month of Sept and Oct) the

maidens of this region used to worship Goddess Durga praying for the longevity of

Rama This practice has been observed with pomp and splendor by the girls of

Sambalpur and other parts of western Odish even today

Besides this there are a number of folk songs which contain various aspects

relating to Ramayana Even there are songs relating to farming depicting Rama as the

plougher Laxmana as the man who makes the land plain (Mahi) after ploughing and

Sita as planting the small plants in the agricultural land

In this way the Ramayana-tradition become one with the culture of the

common mass contributing greatly in shaping the history and culture of South Kosala

References

Das KB amp L K Mohapatra Folk lore of Orissa NBT New Delhi

Epigraphica India Vol XXVI Proceedings of the 5th Oriental Conference

Falk H (2006) The Tidal Waves of Indian History in P Olivelle ed

Between the Empires Society in India 200 BCE to 400 CE New York

Oxford University Press

Gupta P (1973) Prachin Chhatisgarh (In Hindi) Ravishankar University

Raipur

Kunar DC (Ed) Orissa District Gezeteers Bolangir Kalahandi

Sambhalpur amp Sundargarh (1990)

Lahiri B (1974) Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 300 BC to

200 AD) Calcutta University of Calcutta

Mishra MK Paschima Odisara Loka Sanskriti (in Oriya) Friends Publisher

Cuttack

Majumdar RC amp AS Altekar The Bhakataka Gupta Age Banaras

Pargiter FE (1972) Ancient Indian Historical Tradition Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

Sankaliya HD Ramayana in Historical Perspective Macmillan India Ltd

New Delhi

Sinha JP (1987) Cultural Profile of South Kosala Gian Publication Delhi




STATUS OF TRIBAL WOMEN AND CONTEMPORARY WOMEN

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN INDIA

Dr K Eswaramma

Asst Professor DRWCollege Gudur Nellore

eswaridrwgmailcom 9705800817

Introduction

Generally in India as per 2011 census women constitute 48 of the total

population Women as an important human resource were recognized by the

Constitution of India which not only accorded equality to women but also empowered

the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in their favour The

Constitution the Government of India has been engaged in committed and continuous

endeavors towards ensuring all-round well being development and empowerment of

women One of the six basic principles of governance laid down in the National

Common Minimum Programme is to empower women politically educationally

economically and legally also The progress of Department of Women and Child

Development to a Ministry under the independent charge of Minister of State for

Women and Child Development with effect from 30012006 is an important mile

stone in that direction The capacity of the Ministry has been striving for the holistic

empowerment of women by reviewing the laws to remove gender bias bringing new

legal measures aiming at gender justice and implementing programmes to achieve the

social and economic empowerment of women

Generally Women empowerment is the buzzword now-a-days No country

can afford development without considering women who constitute about half of its

stock of human resource So development has bypassed women in India despite

worshiping and paying respect to women in mythology and historical texts Gender

disparities vary vastly across cultural geographical and historical context India is a

large country with vast economic and sociocultural diversity in the country The

growth issues related to women in a large country like India will not only be

inappropriate but some times even misleading the country Women specific and

women related legislation have been enacted to safeguard the rights and interest of

women besides protecting against discrimination violence and atrocities and also to

prevent socially undesirable practices In the previous days government of India has

undertaken a large number of schemes aimed at the socio-economic development of

women under various Five Year Plans in India

In India the Development of women in the 1st Five Year Plan was clubbed

with the welfare of disadvantaged group like destitute disabled aged etc The 2nd to

Fifth Plan continue to reflect the same welfare approach besides giving priority to

womenrsquos education and launching measures to improve maternal and child health




services supplementary feeding for children and expectant and nursing mother 6th

Plan has marked a clear shift in its approach from welfare to development oriented

plans towards women Seventh Plan aimed at raising womenrsquos economic and social

status and bringing them into the mainstream of the national development 8thPlan

focus on human development with special reference to women The 9th Plan made

significant changes in the conceptual strategy of planning for women development

The 10th Plan continued with its strategy of empowering women as agent of social

change and development

At present Womenrsquos development has come a long way from the earlier

welfare orientation approach In the welfare approach women were taken as

vulnerable sections of the population whose situation could be ameliorated through

the provision of support services like health nutrition and child care facilities

Development of women has been looked at variously form and dimensions that have

followed the welfare approach The current approach of empowerment looks at

unequal gender and power relations and use conscientisation mobilization solidarity

and collective action as the solution The details can be had from the chart also

The Images of Tribal Women in India

The images of tribal women in India are also changing at present The

women in the tribal community as in other communities constitute half of the tribal

population The well-being of the tribal community as that of any other community

depends importantly on the status of their women The popular image and perception

of the tribal women is that of being better off than their non-tribal counterparts There

is no child marriage no stigma on widowhood She enjoys the right to decide about

her marriage etc Instead of dowry there is bride price indicating high social status of

the tribal woman A tribal woman can divorce and remarry easily She earns and is

therefore to a great extent economically sound and viable

Inadequacy of Micro Studies of Tribal Women

Generally speaking there are a large number of studies on tribal

communities but only a few are focused on tribal women Reviewing the studies of

tribal women KS Singh (1988) has concluded that there is need for generating

studies which can fill the information gap about variations that exist and about the

role and status of tribal women from one region to another and one community to

another Singh (1993) has also reiterated that there are materials on tribals in general

but the existing literature specifically on tribal women is limited in nature Health

statistics also give an overall picture and data on gender differentiation of longevity

level of health extent of mortality infant mortality nutrition etc are not available

Emphasizing the need for base-line data on at least certain basic parameters relating to




tribal women the status that data on various tribes are needed as they differ from one

another in the society

Status of Tribal Women in India Health Education and Employment

Status can be measured on the the basis of different issues The status of any

social group is determined importantly by its levels of health nutrition literacy-

education and employment-income The tribal women constitute as in any other

social group about half of the total population However the importance of women in

the tribal society is more important than in other social groups in India because of the

fact that the tribal women more than woman in any other social group works harder

and the family economy and management depends on her own responsibility

Health Status of Tribal Women in India

Health is wealth Hence a comprehensive review of the health status of tribal

women has been prepared by Basu (1993 this volume) This paper discusses inter

alia the following dimensions sex ratio age at marriage fertility and mortality life

expectancy nutritional status maternal mortality mother and child health care

practices family welfare programmes and sexually transmitted diseases

Educational Status of Tribal Women in India

In India the low educational status of tribal women is reflected in their lower

literacy rate lower enrollment rate and higher dropouts in the school The following

major trends The literacy rate of tribals is lower than that of general as well as SC

population The literacy rate of the rural tribal female is the lowest of all groups

There is gender bias in the literacy of tribal population as in other groups the

female literacy being lower than the male literacy Through there has been five-fold

increase in the literacy of tribal females it still is much lower than the national average

for the females

Planning Process and Empowerment of Women in India

In India the planning process has evolved over the years from a purely

lsquowelfarersquo oriented approach to the development approach and currently to the

lsquoempowermentrsquo It was only from the Sixth Five year Plan onward that women

secured a special niche and space in the national plans and planning process primarily

with thrusts on health education and employment A paradigm shift occurred in the

Eighth Plan where lsquoempowermentrsquo of women was recognized and accepted as a

distinct strategy A further impetus for sect oral contribution to womenrsquos programmes

was received with the introduction of the concept of Womenrsquos Component Plan in the

Ninth Plan whereby identified ministries were required to indicate the flow of funds to

the womenrsquos programmes and schemes In the tenth Plan for the first time monitor

able targets were set for a few key indicators of human development which include

reduction in gender gaps in literacy wage rates and reduction in mortality ratio The




Ninth Plan Document (1997- 2002) laid emphasis on the participation of people in the

planning process and the promotion of self-help groups The approach was to access

women living in poverty and to guide them to help themselves The Tenth Five Year

Plan called for the three pronged strategy of social empowerment economic

empowerment and providing gender justice to create an enabling environment of

positive economic and social policies for women and eliminating all forms of

discrimination against 100 them and thus advance gender equality goals for

sustainable development

Conclusion

From the above analysis it can be said that economic status of women has

definitely improved after joining the self help groups The Swayamsidha group

members have been able to further strengthen their own economic activities as

individuals and as groups by taking loans from their own kitty and from the banks and

other credit institutions This has generated enthusiasm and self confidence in women

in the Swayamsidha self help groups who become role models for other women in the

village to emulate The result is that once one or two groups get formed there is a

chain reaction and other groups come up These women handle their own money

keep their own accounts maintain group registers and individual pass books and also

are proud of their Grouprsquos account in the banks with photographs of their office

bearers The Scheme has helped in poverty alleviation and income increase has

definitely taken place from moderate to high level among the self help groups

members Lakhs of rupees have been pooled to start income generation activities that

reflect the local needs With a few exceptions all self help groups members are

involved in individual or group income generating activities - some with loan from

their groups and others with Bank loans 50- 60 of nutritious meals in ICDS centers

are supplied by the self help grouprsquos 115 members There are good number of success

stories that speak of their economic empowerment and augmentation of family

income

Regarding the awareness on various social issues has also been created

among women Under the convergence component of the scheme they are now being

made familiar with various developmental schemes of several Departments which

benefit women Women now always enjoy relatively more freedom and there is no

restriction on their movement outside home for social or business purpose Being part

of the Swayamsidha group has given them enhanced status After joining self help

groups the women members are increasingly participating in family decision making

demanding their rights from family community and government self help groups

have developed the ability to interact with others and have developed negotiation

skills In conclusion women in Swayamsidha Blocks have strengthened their social




standing in society Awareness of social evils like alcoholism dowry amp female

feticide has shown that sex ratio in Villages has improved A strong bond has been

established between group members They have attachment for each other Being

members of the group gives them a feeling of security for their betterment

References

1 Agarwal KP Nagar IC amp Tripathi D (1997) Study Report on Micro Credit

Delivery to Rural Poor in Bangladesh And Indonesia UP Bhumi Sudhan Nigam

Lucknow Feb

2 Ahmad MA (1999) Women Empowerment Self Help Groups Kurukshetra

April

3 AIAMED(2000) Good Practices of NGOs in Setting- Up Alternative Development

Financial Institutions Study Conducted By Shashi Rajgopalan All India Association

For Micro Enterprise Development And Opportunity International New Delhi

4 Bandhyopadhyay D Yugandhar BN amp Mukherjee(2002) Convergence of

Programmes by Empowering SHGrsquos Economic And Political Weekly June 29

5 BhuimaliA amp Biswas AK(2004) Development amp Empowerment of

Disadvantaged 116 People of India Indian Journal of Economics amp Business Vol 3

(1) June

6 Chauhan DS(2000) Community Administration in Women Self Help Groups A

Comparative Study in The State of UP Thesis Lucknow University Lucknow

7 Chen MA (1996) Beyond Credit A Subsector Approach to Promoting Womenrsquos

Enterprises Ottawa Aga Khan Foundation

8 Das Biswaroop(2001) Role And Impact of Microfinance on the Poor A Study of

Clients Using Micro Credit in two South Indian States FWWB India Ahmedabad

9 Dasgupta R(2001) An Informal Journey Through SHGs Indian Journal amp

Agricultural Economics Vol 56 (3) July-Sept

10 Fernandez P Aloysius(1995) Self Help Groups ndash The Concept ndash Paper

Presented at NABARD - APRACA International Seminar on Development of Rural

Poor Through The Self Help Groups At Bangalore May





TRIBAL EDUCATION IN INDIA CHALLENGES amp SOLUTIONS

Dr Parsanjeet Kumar

Principal Mangalmay Institute of Management amp Technology Greater Noida

Introduction

The greatest challenge that the Government of India has been facing since

independence is the proper provision of social justice to the scheduled tribe people by

ameliorating their socio-economic conditions Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Castes

constitute the weakest section of Indias population from the ecological economic

and educational angles

In India we have a large variety of indigenous people The Scheduled Tribe

population represents one of the most economically impoverished and marginalized

groups in India With a population of more than 102crores India has the single

largest tribal population in the world It constitutes 86 of the total population of the

country (Census of India 2011)

From the historical point of view they have been exposed to the worst type

of exploitation They are deprived of many civil facilities and isolated from modern

and civilized way of living since the beginning In a nutshell a tribe is an age- old

indigenous and egalitarian ethnic group in both appearance and content The other

characteristics of tribes may include speaking a common language claiming a

common ancestry living in a particular geographic area having a primitive economy

lack of scientific temperament and technology almost pre-literate and unaware about

the so called modern knowledge and information

Education- why it is needed

Undoubtedly Education is mandatory not only for economic development of tribes but


challenges of life It is an activity or a series of activities or a process which may

either improve the immediate living conditions or increase the potential for future

living It is the single most important means by which individuals and society can

improve personal endowments build capacity levels overcome barriers and expand

opportunities for a sustained improvement in their well-being Government planners

see education as indispensable aspect for helping tribal peoples to cope with national

integration Apart from it Education will also determine their prosperity success and

security in life The tribes which remain either deprived of or negligent toward

education they will have to suffer the consequences Compared with the literacy rates

of 2934 for the general population literacy among tribal peoples in India is almost

6

The importance of education as one of the most powerful means of bringing about





socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes cannot be over-looked As

educational development is a stepping-stone to economic and social development

Education is the most effective means for empowering the tribes

Problems of Tribal Education

There are many critical issues and problems in the field of tribal education They are

as follows

1 Medium of language ndash Language is one of the important constraints of tribal

children which prevent their access to education Children and women of tribes speak

their tribal dialects exclusively When they come to schools it is not possible for them

to speak or understand state language suddenly

2 Indifferent Attitude of Tribal Teachers- Teachers do not bother much to improve the

educational level of the tribal students Lack of communication high level of

absenteeism in the class bad result in study lack of attention in classroom by the

tribal students are some of the factors that has increased the indifferent attitude of the

teachers towards the tribal students

3 Academic and administrative problems- Even though the number of programmes

for the uplift of tribal education is many the percentage of people receiving these

benefits is very less Administrative authorities are always showing very neutral

attitude towards the education of the tribal

4 Availability of Schools ndash Number of schools is less in tribal areas in comparison to

other parts of the country Distance creates a hindrance for the children of a tribal

village to attend the school in a neighbouring village

5 Economic Condition - The economic condition of tribal people is not good They

are in hand to mouth situation They neither have time nor desire to spare their

children or their labour power and allow them to attend schools

6 Lack of Proper Monitoring- Proper monitoring is required for the effective outcome

of every policy It is hindered by poor coordination between the Tribal Welfare

Department and department of School Education

7 Tribal Concepts of Pleasure- Tribal are giving more importance for their pleasure

such as dance music and other types of entertainments prevalent in the society

8 Problem of Learning English - English is the need of the hour It is a window to the

world in present scenario Tribal people face problems in learning it than their non-

tribal counterparts For tribal their typical use of regional languages impedes with

English

9 Oral Tradition-Tribes have long oral tradition Their culture is oral Their history

myths and traditions are orally handed down from generation to generation Most of

the language does not have scripts of their own their oral tradition still continues to

exist





Government Policies and Programmes for Tribal Education

The government is progressively allocating financial resources for the

purpose of tribal development Start from the first Five Year Plan(1951-1954)

towards the end of the plan (1954) 43 Special Multipurpose Tribal Development



more than 66 tribal concentration into Tribal Development Blocks By the end of

Fourth Five Year Plan (1969‐1974) the number of TBDs in the country rose to 504

Additionally in 1972 the Tribal Sub‐Plan Strategy (TSP) was implemented by the

Ministry of Education and Social Welfare TSP was based on twin objectives of

socio‐economic development and protection against exploitation It was generally

implemented in the areas where the Scheduled Tribe population was more than 50 per

cent of the total population

The PESA (The Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 in fact has

made it mandatory for the States having scheduled areas to make specific provisions

for giving wide-ranging powers to the tribes on the matters related to the development

of their community A centrally-sponsored government scheme of Ashram Schools

was initiated in the 1970s exclusively for ST children These schools are providing

education from elementary to higher secondary levels

The Janshala Programme is a collective effort of the Government of India (GOI)

and five UN Agencies ndash UNDP UNICEF UNESCO ILO and UNFPA ndasha community

based primary education programme aims to make primary education more

accessible and effective especially for girls and children in deprived communities

marginalised groups Scheduled CasteScheduled Tribesminorities children with

specific needs

Suggestions

People should develop along the lines of their genius and should avoid imposing

anything on them We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional arts

and cultureWe should try to train and build up a team of their own people to do the

work of administration and development Some technical personnel from outside will

no doubt be needed especially in the beginning But we should avoid introducing too

many outsiders into tribal territoryWe should judge results not by statistics or the

amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved

Jawaharlal Nehru 1958

Keeping in view of Pt Nehrursquos statement some suggestions for improvement of tribal

education are as follows-

a) Literacy Campaign ndashPrime reason of illiteracy among scheduled tribes is due to

unawareness about the importance of Education Proper awareness campaigns should





be organized to create the awareness Tribal people are much fond of dance and

music So we should try to aware them by such type of educational programs

b) Attitude of the Tribal Parents ndash Attitude counts a lot Problem is in the attitude of

tribal parents The attitude of the tribal parents toward education should be improvised

through proper guidance and counselling

c) Relevant Study Materials in Local Languages - All study materials should be

available in local languages of tribes Though it has been highlighted again and again

non-concrete step has been taken to provide locally relevant material to tribal

students Availability of locally relevant materials will not only facilitate faster

learning but also help children develop a sense of affiliation to school

d) Appointment of Local and Female Teachers ndash A teacher from tribal area can

understand the situation and problems of those students in an effective manner It is

suggested to appoint more tribal teachers and female teachers in the tribal areas The

ecological cultural psychological characteristics of tribal children should be

considered carefully by the teachers in tribal areas

e) Provision of Scholarships - Since higher education among the tribes is less special

ST scholarships should be provided to the tribal students perusing higher education

particularly in Medical Engineering and other Vocational streams It will be an

opportunity for those students who belong to poor families and are not able to

continue their education due to financial problems

h) Proper Monitoring - Higher level officials should check the functioning of schools

frequently relating to the teaching methods working hours and attendance registers

There should be proper synchronization between Tribal Welfare Department and

Department of School Education

Conclusion

In a broad sense we can say that Education of tribal cannot be left to short-

term plans and strategies Foresighted decisions are required to uplift the standard of

tribes It is important that planners take a long-term view which is rooted in a

meaningful policy framework The most important need to improve the educational

status of STs to improve the strength of students at school level

Emphasis should be on quality and equity rather than quantity The prime focus

should be on provision of quality education that makes tribal communities

economically effective and independent In the tribal context it is essential that the

school schedule be prepared as per local requirement rather than following a directive

from the state Mainly there is the requirement of sincere efforts if we honestly want

to improvise the educational status of the tribes

References





1 Alaxander KC Prasad RR and Jahagirdar MP Tribal Education and Tribal

Development



3 Lal M (2005) Education-The Inclusive Growth Strategy for the

economically and socially disadvantaged in the Society

4 NK Ambasht Impact of education on tribal cultures lsquoIndian science

Congress New Delhi199pp34-45





ldquoChallenging Issues of Tribal Education in Indiardquo

Prof Nafisa Wakil

Lokmanaya Tilak

Mahavidyalaya

Wani

Dr Prof Prashant K Pathak

Lokmanaya Tilak Mahavidyalaya wani

Mo 9545000018

Email Psipathak420gmailcom

Abstract

The very aim of Leacuteger education should be justice oriented and this can be only

further if the process of impairing education is viewed differently In the preamble to

the constitution of India The people of the country resolve to ldquosecure to all its citizens

justice social economic and politicalrdquo Right to education is required for the full

development of human personality and sense of dignity The realization of the right to

development of every human being and nation is not possible without recognizing the

right to education The objective of the paper is to analyses the status of tribal

education with literacy rate gross enrolment ratio dropout rates and Gender Parity

Index in India The analysis is based on secondary data of Census of India 2011 The


631 per cent in 2011 The gross enrolment ratio is higher in class I to V which is

1372 for ST boys and 1367 for ST girls The Gender Parity Index for ST children is

almost same as all categories of children except for class XI to XII

Key Words Drop out Education Enrolment Literacy Tribes

Introduction

India is a home to a large variety of indigenous people The Scheduled Tribe



largest tribal population in the world This constitutes 86 per cent of the total

population of the country (Census of India 2011)Education is one of the primary



communities which helps them in meeting the new challenges of life

It is an activity or a series of activities or a process which may either improve the

immediate living conditions or increase the potential for future living It is the single

most important means by which individuals and society can improve personal

endowments build capacity levels overcome barriers and expand opportunities for a

sustained improvement in their well-being Professor AmartyaSen recently

emphasized education as an important parameter for any inclusive growth in an





economy So education is an important avenue for upgrading the economic and social

conditions of the Scheduled Tribes Education is in fact an input not only for

economic development of tribes but also for inner strength of the tribal communities

which helps them in meeting the new challenges of life Literacy and educational

attainment are powerful indicators of social and economic development among the

backward groups in India Currently the tribes lag behind not only the general

population but also the Scheduled Caste population in literacy and education This

disparity is even more marked among Scheduled Tribe women who have the lowest

literacy rates in the country

The male-female gap in literacy and educational attainment among the scheduled

tribes is significant Education especially in its elementary form is considered of

utmost importance to the tribalrsquos because itrsquos crucial for total development of tribal

communities and is particularly helpful to build confidence among the tribes to deal

with outsiders on equal terms Despite the sincere and concerted efforts by the

government for the overall development of the scheduled tribes they are still far

behind in almost all the standard parameters of development They are not able to

participate in the process of development as they are not aware of most of the

programs and policies made for their upliftment This is mainly due to the high

incidence of illiteracy and very low level of education among the tribal people Hence

the educational status of the scheduled tribes and the role of governance in this

direction are highly essential It is well known that the educational background of

tribes is very discouraging as compared to the rest of the population So education is

an important avenue for upgrading the economic and social conditions of the

Scheduled Tribes

In this context the objective of this paper is to analyses the trend of literacy rate

gross enrolment ratio dropout rates and Gender Parity Index of tribal education in

India II Literature Review There exists a substantial amount of literature on the

condition of tribal education in India A brief review is worthwhile in order to

highlight what has already been done in the field In a study on tribes of Andhra

Pradesh K Sujatha (1994) contends that the perspective adopted for educational

development of tribal communities fails to adequately address the specific

disadvantages characterizing the tribal population She found that one of the major

constraints of tribal education at the planning level is the adoption of a dual system of

administration Rani M (2000) observed in her study that due to the language barrier

the tribal children are unable to establish communication link with the teacher and

thus leading to the termination of their education in some point or the other

Vaidyanathan and Nair (2001) suggested that teacher motivation contributes more to

teaching ndash learning process than teacher competence Sujatha K (2002) revealed that





though education was not a critical demand among Scheduled Tribes government

policy focused on education as the main avenue by which to integrate them into

bdquomainstream‟ society JhaampJhingran D (2002) have strongly advocated the use of the

mother tongue or home language as medium of instruction in early stages of

education This assumes greater significance in the context of education of tribal

children because their mother tongue is often quite distinct from the prominent

languages in the state or regional languages and it is desirable to have a local teacher

from the same tribal community The Praitichi Committee Report (2002) identifies

cost of schooling lack of motivation of teachers lack of inspection and the

increasing dependence on private tutoring to be the main hurdles in the path of

education for tribal children Gautama V (2004) in his article found that high

ldquodropoutrdquo rates among tribal children He analyses that due to wrong medium of

instruction the appointment of non-tribal teachers in tribal areas and communication

gap between the teachers and tribal children are the causes of high dropout rates in

tribal schools Maharatna A (2005) the key challenge does not concern how tribes

can be brought within the folds of mainstream society and culture but how a more

voluntary and mutual interaction between tribes and mainstream society can be

developed Lal M (2005) found that among all school dropouts Advises and Dalits

form the biggest group Further the largest group amongst them is girls Education

thus for the weaker sections of the society needs to become the panacea and an

inclusive growth strategy for their economic and social up-liftment Education has

special significance for the SCs and STs who are facing a new situation in the

development process Nair P (2007) has given importance on non-formal education

in tribal areas particularly to reach out to the hardest-to reach group of children in

remote areas NFEs therefore target children who are drop-outs from the formal

system of education This non-formal method provides room for innovations and

injects flexibility to a rigid system in terms of organization teaching method content

target group of learners and evaluation procedures Sedwal M and Kamat S (2008)

focused on issues related to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ndash groups which

are recognized for affirmative action within the Constitution of India Abdulraheem

A (2011) explained that education as an important parameter for any inclusive growth

in an economy and the policies have to focus on inclusive rather than divisive growth

strategies

Status of Tribal Population in India

The tribal population constitutes a majority in the northeastern states of Mizoram and

Lakshadweep (944 per cent) Meghalaya (861per cent) and Nagaland (865per cent)

The states with no Scheduled tribe groups are Punjab Chandigarh Haryana Delhi

and Pondicherry India has total tribal population of 1043 cores (Table-1) which is 86





per cent (Table-2) of total population of India as per 2011 census

Table 1

Country name Scheduled Tribe population Decadal change

India Total Rural Urban Total Rural

104280034 93819430 10461870 237 213

Source - Census of India 2011- 2012

During 2001 and 2011 the decadal change in the scheduled tribe urban population is

237 per cent where as it is 497 per cent in urban area and 213 per cent in rural area

The urban India has only 28 per cent ST population but Rural India has 113 per cent

ST population (Table-2)

Table-2 Percentage of Scheduled Tribes to total population in India 2011- 2012

Country name Scheduled Tribe population 2001 Percentage of

scheduled tribe 2011


81 102 24 86 113


Literacy is an important indicator of development among tribal groups The trend of

literacy of tribes in India from 1961 to 2011 is shown in table ndash 3 The percentage of

literacy of tribes was only 854 per cent in 1961 which has increased to 631 per cent

in 2011 But female literacy of tribes is only 544 per cent compared to male literacy

of 717 per cent During the post-Independence period the Indian government

implemented legislation and allocated funds to facilitate access to enrollment in

primary education (grades I-V) in India As a result both literacy rates and gross



Literacy Trends of scheduled tribes in India

Year Make Female male

1961 1380 316 850

1971 1760 490 1140

1981 2450 0805 1635

1991 40065 1820 2920

2001 5902 3476 4710

2011 7170 5402 6310

The literacy rate among ST boys is 7107 percent and among girls is 6402 percent So

there is significant improvement in ST literacy from 1961 To 2011







enrolment ratio is higher in class I to V which is 13617 for ST girls but it is only

9071 and 87 in class VI to VIII It implies that the tribal enrolment decline

significantly in higher class

Classes ST Boys ST Girls

Classes I-V 13712 13570

Classes VI-VIII 907 86

Classes IX-X 5710 4890

Classes XI-XII 327 2409

Classes I- XII 9638 9238

Rural Tribalrsquos and Agricultural Laborers

The policies of the state disturbed the equilibrium in tribal society Their social

structure was also more conducive to mass mobilization In West Bengal the bases of

the Naxals at Naxalbari Phansideoa and Kharibari were mainly inhabited by the

Santhal Oraon and Rajbhanshi tribes They were the hardest hit by the agricultural

commercialization and the governments forest policy They also bore the brunt of

social oppression Their egalitarian social organization was very conducive to mass

mobilization The landless everywhere share the same woes The Naxal cadres also

hailed from the classes of agricultural workers sharecroppers and tenants

Urban Middle Class Youth

The Naxalist movement found enormous support among the educated youth These

young men and women belonged to the petty bourgeoisie Many of the young

Naxalites who went off to the forests were medical and engineering graduates

Universities became hotbeds of radical ideology Some went to rural areas to mobilize

the people there and some stayed back in Calcutta perpetrating acts of violence in an

attempt to overthrow the state Ironically they were precisely the section of the

student community who were the most difficult to bring into any kind of student

movement and struggle They shunned politics disdained going in for the drudgery of

mobilizing and organizing fellow students With the onset of the recession which

signaled the coming of the general crisis of the capitalist path of development that

India had been placed upon for the past two decades the problem of employment and

of careers loomed large for these sections of the student community for the first time

Their sense of disillusionment and the fiery idealism of youth directed them to

Naxalist ideology The repression of Naxalism during the emergency also attracted a

large number of youth to Naxalism as a rebellious reaction to the governments

oppression Naxalism appealed to each of these groups for different reasons







as follows I Medium of language ndash Language is one of the important constraints of

tribal children which prevents them access to education II The Location of the

Village - The physical barriers creates a hindrance for the children of a tribal village to

attend the school in a neighboring village III Economic Condition - The economic

condition of tribal people is so poor that they do not desire to spare their children or

their labor power and allow them to attend schools IV Attitude of the parents - As

education does not yield any immediate economic return the tribal parents prefer to

engage their children in remunerative employment which supplements the family

income V Teacher Related Problems -In the remote tribal areas the teacher

absenteeism is a regular phenomenon and this affects largely the quality of education

VI Lack of proper monitoring- Proper monitoring is hindered by poor coordination


Government Policies and Programmers for Tribal Education Starting from the First

Five Year Plan Period1 (1951‐1956) the government is steadily allocating financial

resources for the purpose of tribal development Towards the end of the plan (1954)

43 Special Multipurpose Tribal Development Projects (MTDPs) was created During

the Third Five Year Plan Period (1961‐1966) the government of India adopted the

strategy of converting areas with more than 66 per cent tribal concentration into Tribal

Development Blocks (TBDs) By the end of Fourth Five Year Plan (1969‐1974) the

number of TBDs in the country rose to 504 Additionally in 1972 the Tribal

Sub‐Plan Strategy (TSP) was implemented by the Ministry of Education and Social

Welfare TSP was based on twin objectives of socio‐economic development and

protection against exploitation

It was generally implemented in the areas where the Scheduled Tribe population was

more than 50 per cent of the total population The PESA (The Panchayats Extension

to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 in fact has made it mandatory for the States having

scheduled areas to make specific provisions for giving wide-ranging powers to the

tribes on the matters relating to decision-making and development of their community

A centrally-sponsored government scheme of ashram schools exclusively for ST

children from elementary to higher secondary levels was initiated in the 1970s But

the poor quality of education in ashram schools however has undermined confidence

in education as a vehicle for social mobility

The Janshala Programmed is a collaborative effort of the Government of India (GOI)


based primary education programmed aims to make primary education more


marginalized groups Scheduled CasteScheduled Tribesminorities children with

specific needs Suggestions Some suggestions for improvement of tribal education are





as follows) Literacy campaign - Proper awareness campaign should be organized to

create the awareness about the importance of education Extensive literacy campaign

in the tribal dominated districts may be undertaken on a priority basis to literate the

tribal b) Attitude of the tribal parents - The attitude of the tribal parents toward

education should be improved through proper counseling and guidance c) Relevant

study materials in local languages - All study materials should be supplied in local

languages of tribes d) Appointment of Local teachers and female teachers - It is



considered carefully by the teachers in tribal areas e) Stipends and various

scholarships - Since higher education among the tribes is less special ST scholarships

should be provided to the tribal students perusing higher education particularly in

medical engineering and other vocational streams f) Residential schools - More

residential schools should be established in each states and districts and extended up

to PG level in tribal areas g) Social security- Social security of students especially of

adolescent girls is of great concern in residential schools h) Proper Monitoring -

Higher level officials should check the functioning of schools frequently relating to

the teaching methods working hours and attendance registers

Conclusion

Education is the key to tribal development Tribal children have very low levels of

participation Though the development of the tribes is taking place in India but the

pace of development has been rather slow If govt will not take some drastic steps for

the development of tribal education the status of education among tribes will be a

story of distress despair and death Hence time has come to think it seriously about

tribal education and inclusive growth So there is an urgent need for various govt

interventions planners and policy makers to address this problem and allocate more

funds in the central and state budgets for tribal education Easy access and more

opportunities should be provided to the tribal children in order to bring them to the

mainstream of economic development

References Book

1 S Banerjee - ldquoNaxalbari Between Past and Futurerdquo 37(22) Economic and

Political Weekly June 2002 Page no 79

2 Sedwal M amp Sangeeta K(2008) Education and Social Equity with special

focus on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Elementary

EducationNUEPA New Delhi

3 Abdulraheem Education for the Economically and Socially Disadvantaged

Groups in India An Assessment Economic Affairs Vol 56 No 2 June 2011

(Page 233-242)





4 Sujatha K (2002) Education among Scheduled Tribes In Govinda R (ed)

India Education Report A Profile of B






A Geographical Study of tribal Tourism and its Problem in Gadchiroli District

Dr Vijay P Gorde 1

AsstProf (Deptof Geography)

Mahatma Gandhi Arts Science and Late NP

Comm College Armori dist - Gadchiroli

Prof Parag S Meshram 2

Head (Deptof Geography)



Abstract-

Tourist is very important factor in tourism Tourism is meaningless excepts tourist

The word tourist is originated from Latin language Tourist is formed from Latin word

tour which is derived from the word turns ldquoThe person who travels for the enjoyment

is called as touristrdquo

With changing times there is a change in tourism development in tourism different

vehicles for transportation of use are used Though tourism has entertained purpose

but it has also geographical historical cultural and religious background Tourism can

be of two types ndash urban and rural Importance of tourism types of tourism tourism

management market places problems of tourism are the important factor while

studying tourism study

In Gadchiroli district there is a maximum no of rural tourist centers which includes

historical forts religious places and nature beauties But there is a lack of facilities in

rural tourist centrersquos as these places are not developed This district is said to a district

amp forest and tribal people Tourism of Gadchiroli district faces several problems and

difficulties that include naxalite movement problem lack of financial development

hotels and Lodging climate transportation and illiteracy People look out for the

district etc

Introduction-

Tourism means a travel journey trip of non residential person and income acquiring

to some place without aiming at permanent residence It may be rural or urban

tourism today this has become the most developed and important industry in the

world Traveling is a very old fact from the very beginning man is fascinated by travel

amp tourism Tourism is very important profession in the world There is no need of raw

material equipment for this profession tourism is are of most important attractive and

rising job in the world This profession is very useful for developing country like

India

League of nation amp UNO (1937)- ldquosomeone who visits a country and stay minimum

14 hours that person is known as foreign touristrdquo

Maximum forest area of Maharashtra is find in the Gadchiroli district comparatively

other district very dense forest area of the district is visible in the talukas like Aheri

Dhanora Etapalli and Sironcha




Gadchiroli district is abundant in nature beauty located in the eastern region of

Maharashtra Near about 16 th century Gond kingdom was established75 of

Gadchiroli district is a forest occupied area including the main hilly region like Aheri

Bhamragarh Tipagarh palasgarh khobramendha and surjagarh Vainganga Pranhita

Indravati and Godavari these four river flow across the border of Gadchiroli district

In Gadchiroli district The temperature in summer is usually recorded 45 cg And in

autumn the rain is recorded 1400 ndash 1500 mm paddy (rice) is a major crop of

Gadchiroli district and approximately 92 of area is occupied by this crop

This district is generally considered as rural tribal and nuxlite district The road

transportation in Gadchiroli district is efficient From 12 Talukas of Gadchiroli district

most of the tourist places are present in rural part These places are historical fort

pilgrim centre places of natural beauties sanctuaries but till they are not developed

Study Area-

The area of Gadchiroli district is near about 14412 sqkm Gadchiroli district is divided

from Chandrapur district dated on 26 august 1982 A Geographically Gadchiroli

district is Located in the south east of Maharashtra state Gondia and Bhandara Locate

in the north of district Chhattisgarh locate in the east while Andhra Pradesh in south

Chandrapur district locate in the west The location of the district is 190 to 210 north

latitude and 800 to 810 east longitude The ground situation of the Gadchiroli district is

hilly There are number of hills like Shrikonda Bhamragarh Surajagarh Aheri

Dandkaranya A large ground is formed due to this river Paddy is very important crop

is this area There are 1673 small and big ponds are available in the district

Vainganga is one of the most important river in the Gadchiroli district which rises

from Durg in Chhattisgarh This river flow from west direction and it is the boundary

line of district

Objective of study-

1) To facilitate the tourist centre of Gadchiroli district the scheme and plans

of Maharashtra tourism Development Corporation and private hotels and

lodges

2) To create opportunities of employment by developing tourist centre

3) To provide various a transportation facilities as well as special

protection of the tourist

4) To adopt varies govt scheme to developed tourism in Gadchiroli

district

5) To protect and preserve the ancient monument forts religious spots on

behalf of archeological dept

Tourism Centre in Gadchiroli District-




The tourism of Gadchiroli district chiefly include the historical and Religious

pilgrims spots Historical monuments forts temple and the places of nature beauty

sanctuary and zoo

A) Historical and pilgrim centers -

1 Markendeshwar Temple (Markenda) ndash Hemandpanti temple ndash 35 km

from Gadchiroli and 7 km from Chamorshi

2 Bhandareshwar temple (Vairagarh) ndash 35 km from Gadchiroli and 15 km

from Armori

3 Chaprala temple (Kartik Swami temple) -70 km from Gadchiroli and 7

km from Mulchera

4 Semana temple ndash 3 km from Gadchiroli

5 Arattoandi ndash On Desaiganj ndash Kurkheda route

6 Amgaon buti on Desaiganj ndash Lakhandur

7 Khobramendha ndash On Kurkheda ndash Malewada route

8 Lakkhamendha ndash (in Mahabharat lakshagruha

9 Armori - Hemandpanti temple

10 Sironcha ndash Sihasthanam temple

11 Tipagarh ndash Gurubaba and Durga temple

12 Wasala ndash Meghnath temple

13 Bhowragarh - Hemandpanti temple

14 Gogaon ndash Nagdev temple

15 Devkhadki ndash Manikdev temple

16 Manapur and Kadholi ndash shriram temple

B) Forts ndash

1 Vairagarh ndash 50 km from Gadchiroli and 15 km from Armori

2 Tipagarh ndash 100 km from Gadchiroli

3 Surjagarh ndash 145 km from Gadchiroli and 15 km from Atapalli

4 Khobragarh ndash 3 km from Gadchiroli

C) Nature beauty places ndash

1 Bhamragarh ndash Union of Chamul Gautam Indravati Parlakota

River

2 Somnur ndash Union of Godavari and Indravati River

3 Prashant dhamma ndash Union of Vainganga and Pranhita River

4 Binagunda ndash (water falls) - 40 km from Bhamragarh

5 Jitam ndash (water falls) - 61 km from Alapalli

6 Vanvaibhav ndash Glori of forest Alapalli

7 Chaprala ndash sanctuary ndash 110 km from Gadchiroli

Lokbiradari center and Zoo Baba Amte - monastery (3 km from Bhamragarh)




Presents status of tourism development in Gadchiroli district-

Dist -Gadchiroli Ref Year

- 2012 -13

Sr

No

Taluka Classif

ication

of

Spots

No Of

Tourist

Spots

Sanctioned works T Spots Total

expenditur

e on

developm

ent of

Tourist

Spots

(Lacks) Inco

mp

lete

Work

in t

he

star

ting o

f

runnin

g y

ear

New

San

ctio

ned

work

s

Tota

l W

ork

s

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1 Desaiganj C 2 1 1 2 1023

2 Armori C 4 8 4 12 8189

3 Kurkheda C 2 3 1 4 3069

4 Korchi C 2 4 2 6 4092

5 Dhanora C 3 1 1 2 1023

6 Gadchiroli C 1 1 1 2 1023

7 Chamorshi BC 6 7 4 11 7161

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 000

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 000

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 000

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 000

12 Sironcha C 4 2 1 3 2060

Total - 30 27 15 42 27640

Ref ndash District planning dept Gadchiroli




Facilities in Tourist Places in Gadchiroli district-

Dist -Gadchiroli Ref Year - 2012 -

13

Sr

No-

Tal

ukas

Cla

ssif

ication o

f S

po

ts

No O

f T

ouri

st S

pots

No of

Touri

st p

lace

s hav

ing c

ult

ura

l an

d

her

itag

e

Hotel facilities in tourist places

Mah

aras

htr

a to

uri

sm d

evelo

pm

ent

corp

ora

tion

No of

Room

s

No of

pri

vat

e ho

tels

No of

Room

s

No of

Tra

vel

sAgen

ts

No of

Veh

icle

s p

rov

ided

by them

Exp

enditure

sp

ent on th

e

dev

elop

men

t of

Touri

st c

ente

r

Em

plo

ym

ent cr

eate

d d

uri

ng

dev

elop

men

t of

tou

rist

cen

ter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Desaiganj C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3500

2 Armori C 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8189 48000

3 Kurkheda C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3069 9000

4 Korchi C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4092 7000

5 Dhanora C 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 6500

6 Gadchiroli C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3800

7 Chamorshi BC 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7161 33800

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 3600

12 Sironcha C 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2060 34500

Total - 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 27640 149700


Hurdles in expansion of tourism-

Though Gadchiroli district has abundance of historical and religious places and

natural beauties but there are several problematic factors that affect tourism in

Gadchiroli district

1) Eight (8) out of twelve (12) talukas from Gadchiroli district are Naxal

affected talukas and hence the district is called as a naxalite district Nuxalite

problem is a major factor in tourism development The people from other

district visit Gadchiroli district in a very less no




2) From climate point of view an average rainfall is 65rsquo ndash 75rsquo (inch) and the

summer temperature is average between 43 to 48 cg which is unfavorable

temperature for tourism

3) The literacy rate of Gadchiroli district is lowest in Maharashtra state 7055

and this affects the around development of the district

4) Only road transportation facilities are efficient as compared to the traffic

pattern Except Desaiganj Wadsa talukas no facilities of railway service is

available in the district as well no air service is provided to this district

5) Hosteling and lodging facilities is available in the district head quarter only

These facilities are dis-satisfactory in other talukas of the district

6) The economic development ratio of the district is quite less on account of the

locality of the district finds major in the rural area as compare to urban area

According to 2011 census the rural population of the district is 953858 while

the urban population is 117937 That means the rural population is 89

while the urban population is 11

Conclusion-

1) Gadchiroli district is a Naxal affected district hence the rural tourism has

not yet developed

2) The rural tourism of Gadchiroli district has maximum no of insider visitor

as compared to outside visitor

3) Economic tourism has taken no place even though rural tourism is affected

by social and cultural tourism

4) Preservation of tourist spot lodging facilities Guest houses hotels

transportation services are insufficient in the tourism of Gadchiroli district

5) Urban tourist spots or developed as compared to rural tourism centers as

good finance is provided on urban tourism

6) Almost all tourist centers in Gadchiroli district are ldquocrdquo grade and have to

facility of hotels of Maharashtra tourism Development Corporation and

private hotels

7) During 2011 -2012 the amount of 57210 lacks is spent on the development

district tourism but beside this tourism is not developed satisfactorily

References-

1) Dr Gharpure ndash Geography of travels ampTourism (2004) - Pimpalapure

Publication Nagpur

2) A Z Bhukhari - Encyclopedia of Geography of Tourism (2005) - Anmol

Publications New Delhi

3) Dr Nagtode Prof Pardhi ndash Tourism Geography (2006) ndash Vidya Prakashan

Nagpur




4) AM Kokode ndash Gadchiroli district (2011) - Aadivasi Vikas Pratistan

Armori

5) Economic and Statistical Dept (2010) - District Socio Economic Survey

Gadchiroli district

6) Dr KK Sharma ndash Intellectual Sandarbha Maharashtra - (State amp District)

(2005) ndash Intellectual Book Burrow Bhopal

7) District planning dept Gadchiroli (2012-13) - District Socio Economic

Survey Gadchiroli district





Tiger Reserve Areas and Emerging Challenges in Adivasi Development

Mukesh Shyamsundar Shende

Amhi Amchya Arogyasathi Kurkheda

Dist- Gadchiroli pin code- 441209

Mob- 9765007323

Email id- mukeshshende1989gmailcom

This Research paper is based on the empirical data collected from the field It includes

indepth interviews focus group discussions and visits to field It was done in the year

2014 during internship in PACS Raipur

Introduction of Forest in India

India is the seventh largest country in the world with an area of 32872 million

hectares (mha) The forest and tree cover of the country as per biennial assessment

report 2011 prepared by the Forest Survey in India is 7829 mha which is 2381 per

cent of the total geographical area Forestry is the second largest land use in India

after agriculture Roughly 275 million rural people in India 27 per cent of total

population depends on forest for at least part of their subsistence and livelihoods

earned from trade in fuel wood fodder bamboo and a range of non-timber forest

produce The Forest Conservation Act was enacted to provide priority to conservation

of forests over extracting economic resources from them by regulating the diversion

of forest land for non-forest activities From 1981 to 2011 there were 23 404 projects

granted forest clearance diverting 1199 lakh hectares of forest land (Forests in India

2012)

A National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) chaired by the Prime Minister of India

provides for policy framework for wildlife conservation in the country A network of

protected areas has been established extending over 1 6122157 Sq Kms (490 per

cent of total geographic areas) comprising 102 National Parks 515 Wildlife

Sanctuaries 47 Conservation Reserves and 4 Community Reserves The protected

areas are constituted and governed under the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection)

Act 1972 which has been amended for time to time with the changing ground

realities concerning wildlife crime control and protected areas management

Implementation of this act is further completed other acts such as Indian Forest Act

1927 Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 Environment (Protection) Act 1986

Biological Diversity Act 2002 and The Schedule Tribes and Other Traditional Forest

Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 (Ministry of Environment and

Forests Government of India)

For the conservation of wildlife Ministry of Environment and Forest provides

financial assistance to the stateunion territory governments for the protection and





management of the protected areas under the three main centrally sponsored schemes

such as 1) integrated development of wildlife habitats 2) project tiger and 3) project

elephant Funds were released under the centrally sponsored scheme during XI five

year plan was as 1) Integrated development of wildlife habitats includes 6399359

lakhs in 2007-08 and 7438183 in 2010-11 2) Project Tiger includes 62705403 lakhs

in 2007-08 and 17872391 lakhs in 2010-11 and 3) Project Elephant includes

1640963 lakhs in 2007-08 and 2197593 lakhs in 2010-11 (Ministry of Environment

and Forests Government of India)

The concept of Conservation and Displacement

Many of the worldrsquos most biologically diverse places are also home to some of the

worldrsquos poorest most politically marginalised and most directly natural capital-

dependent people This type of overlapping ecological and social significance often

occurs in places now designed as national parks These areas usually referred to as

IUCN categories I and II are generally places where human occupancy and use is

legally prohibited The presence of the people living within the boundaries of such

strict protected areas and their use of the natural capital located within them has

spurred contentious debates about past present and future relationships between

human resource use and biodiversity and between poverty reduction and conservation

efforts (conservation and society volume 7 issue 1 2009)

Definition of displacement and use of the different terms-including involuntary

resettlement forced migration forced removal dispossession dislocation relocation

exclusion eviction and others vary from author to author Some authors limit

definition of displacement to the physical removal of the people from their home

(Agrawal and Redford 2007) while other authors define displacement as physical

removal andor restriction to access to livelihood resources Conservation

displacement like other forms of displacement compromise two processes i) the

forced removal of people from their homes and ii) economic displacement the

exclusion of people from particular areas in their pursuit of a livelihood (Carnea

2005) The question that remains unanswered is why the communities who have lived

here from timeimmemorial with the wildlife are seen to be responsible for the decline

in the number of tigers or other wildlife in these areas Even worse These forest

dwelling communities particularly the adivasi deprived of their traditional lives and

livelihood have become encroachers in the eyes of law in their own territories (Bijoy

The Great Indian Tiger Show January 22 2011) This was confessed in the writ

petition (Civil) No 202 in the affidavit of the Ministry of Forest and Environment to

the Supreme Court on 21 July 2004

The Forest Rights Act provides for recognising 13 different rights that are central to

the lives and livelihoods of Adivasi and other traditional forest dwellers across the





country These rights include rights to land under occupation as well as customary

land ownership of minor forest produce rights to water bodies grazing areas habitat

of Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) conversion of all types of forest villages

settlements to revenue villages the right and power to protect conserve and manage

community forest resources etc All of these rights had been illegally and unjustly

denied during the classification of lands as government forests (both before and after

independence) For unknown reasons the government prolonged the notification of

the Forest Rights Act for one year At the same time on the other hand the newly

created Tiger Conservation Authority of the Mo EF (Ministry of Environment and

Environment) under the 2006 amendment to the Wildlife (protection) Act 1972 rushed

in with an order on 16 November 2007 to notify ldquoCritical Tiger Habitatrdquo Bijoy

observes ldquoThe order stipulated a process of constituting a two member expert

committee headed by achief wild life warden in consultation with the respective field

director of the tiger reserves todelineate CTHs within 10 days of the receipt of the

orderrdquo This process itself as further observed was a blatant violation of the Wildlife

(protection) Act 1972 under which the CTH was to be delineated and notified

Secondly only the buffer area was to be delineated as per its Section 38V inserted by

the Wildlife (Protection) Act Without any consideration of the Rules of the Forest

Rights Act 30466 sq km of tiger reserves were notified as CTH on 1st January 2008

Forest Rights Actrsquos section 4(2)(f)4 prohibits any entity from diverting the Critical

Wildlife Habitat (CWH) for subsequent diversion for other uses However there is no

such prohibition in the Tiger Conservation Authority under the Wildlife (protection)

Act 1972 (Bijoy January 22 2011)

There is given procedure under The Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the

Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 and The Schedule Tribes and Other Traditional Forest

Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 which should be followed before

formation of the critical tiger habitat and the displacement of the people Especially in

this act are given in the schedule areas where without the permission of the Gram

Sabha people cannot be evict from their places for any reason they can only evict after

the permission of the Gram Sabha

Forest in Chhattisgarh State

In Chhattisgarh state are 3 National Parks (289908 sq km area) and 11 Wildlife

Sanctuaries (358319 sq km area) This numbers are between years of 1974 to 2001

The total area consulting 479 per cent of the geographical area of the state is under

protected area network Then in 2008-09 Chhattisgarh government have created

Achanakmar Tiger Reserve which covers 626195 sq km total areas of the





corecritical tiger habitat In India 3213714 sq km area is under core critical tiger

habitat including 38 projects since 1973-74 to 2008-091

Achanakmar Tiger Reserve (ATR)

Achanakmar was declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary in the year 1975 later it converted

into corecritical tiger area and become Achanakmar Tiger Reserve in 2009 As per

notification of Achanakmar Tiger Reserve the area was defined as Achankmar Tiger

Reserve by No F8-43200710-2 In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section

(1) with the sub-section (4) of section 38-V of Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972

(Central Act No 53 of 1972) and on the recommendation on National Tiger

Conservation Authority Government of India the state government have notified this

area as the Achanakmar Tiger Reserve The area was in Bilaspur district now it covers

Mungeli district also (after formation in 2012) It comprises total forest area of

914017 sq km including core area (critical tiger habitat) 626195 sq km of reserve

forest and buffer area 287822 sq km comprising 248902 sq km of reserved forest

and 38920 sq km of protected forest This project is affecting 42 villages and

2280861 hectares of living land Out of 42 villages 25 villages are living inside the

boundary of the project thus will be displaced In the first phase out of 25 villages 6

villages (Bokarakachar Samardharsan Bankal Jalda Kuba Bahur) have been

displaced and rehabilitated in 2008-09 and proposal has been sent to the central

government for the displacement of the 5 villages in second phase

Creation of ATR and the Processes of displacement and rehabilitation

The rules are given for creation of corecritical tiger reserve and needs to follow the

processes for displacement of the village given in the FRA But forest department did

not consulted with the local communities for creation critical tiger habitat Villagers

were informed by the forest department officers like DFO Ranger Forest Guard and

Bit Guard about the displacement of the village It was said dominantly Villagers

were not ready to leave their village because people were happy to live within the

villages They were getting livelihood from the forest and if they get displaced they

had to struggle for their livelihood hence people denied displacement The

Government has to share facilities as per the National Rehabilitation and Resettlement

Policy for rehabilitation with communities and then only with their approval can start

the process But the forest officials threatened tribal communities to leave their village

and shortly informed benefits Without approval from communities officials

themselves selected the place for rehabilitation made constructions of houses and

1 This data is taken from the website of Ministry of Environment and Forest

This information is given for the public information on website





then brought people forcefully to live in these houses

Rehabilitation benefits given to the villagers in ATR

The village is rehabilitated on the land of forest and now it has converted into revenue

village Each household have got 2052 hectares of land but the actual land is not

measured by the government Some people have got individual titles of land in mid-

February 2014 but many are remained yet to get titles Government have not

measured agricultural land The land was marked by forest department and local

government officials without measuring it therefore some people have got less than

the given numbers of land on Adhikar Patrak (title of Individual land rights) The

given land is not plain and cultivatable therefore people do not get surplus production

from the agricultural land Government have given two bullocks to each household for

cultivating and for reformation of the land It was the responsibility of government to

make plain land but government yet not have done it The land is not irrigated and the

crops are depends on rain water Only in 3 villages are given concrete houses

borewells electrification lake school Anganwadi roads in village but there are

problems in the process and implementation of each facility provided for the villagers

People are given 4 hectares of land for the nistar but they are not given community

rights on the forest People are banned to use NTFP from the forest It has created the

problem for their livelihood

Each family has to get 2052 hectares of agricultural land But the given land is not

plain and cultivatable The soil of the land is red Government had promised to give

cultivable land or will make it plain within five years but yet after the five years also

government have not taken any stand for it It had also promised to give Rs50000 to

each household to make land plain and cultivable but yet the money did not get to the

villagers Also government had promised to give two bulls to cultivate land but bulls

which are provided are not capable to work in the farm because these bulls are too

small Their land does not have irrigation facilities Villagers said that their earlier

agricultural land was plain and cultivable The land was productive of black soil They

were getting more production than now This was helping them to increase their

income but now due to less production their annual income has been reduced

Schools are constructed only in two villages and in other villages the villagers have

suggested teachers to start schools in their houses There is no facility of Primary

health centre in the Bahaud village There are 6 bore wells in the village but out of

that only 2 are working and those bore wells also do not have good drinking water

There is no well in the village to give water for domestic use Government have set up

solar light system also have set up system for electricity But yet both are not working

in the village Villagers do not get work under NREGA Villagers are never asked by

the Gram Panchayat to set the plan of the work The gram panchayat is 25 km away





from the village therefore people do not participate in any activity of the gram

panchayat Government have given concrete houses to the villagers as a pakka house

But in the absence of electricity villagers have made tents in front of their houses and

are living in Because of rehabilitation the earlier mohallas in villages have changed

At the starting movement people had to struggle to interact with the neighbours

because their earlier neighbours have changed which whom they had closed relations

in village

Violation of Rights and hurdles in Adivasi Development

The rights under PESA and FRA are violated in the process of creation of

Achanakmar tiger reserve and in while process of displacement and rehabilitation On

the document all the processes are shown as followed but the reality differs For any

project to implement in the area under PESA and FRA needs legal approval from the

community but the process is ignored by the government officials To create and

declare any area as tiger reserve requires scientific study which is also violated here

Once the gramsabha gets ready for project the rehabilitation benefits needs to be

discussed with the community and get approved In this case rehabilitation is done

forcefully neglecting peoples rights This has led to the disturbances in the life of

adivasis and invited problems for them It has brought them on the stage to struggle to

earn food for them

Displacement have destroyed their gods and changed their lifestyle as their

surrounding and livelihood resources changed The major impact on their life was

made through the forest taken away from them Food as vegetables herbal medicines

fruits NTFP they get from the forest has lost The skills they have earned in life to

earn income and food became unskilled at new place Benefits which are announced

in schemes are not reached to the needy This is what the government is doing for

adivasi development

At the one stage we say adivasis are backward and marginalised who need extra

efforts and schemes for their development But in reality government snatches their

resources on which their whole life culture existence and livelihood stand What the

justice this capitalist state has as the model This is not the end at all There are many

projects for conservation and development are being planned and implemented in

India It has majorly impacted the tribal region because they owe the larger part of

overall natural resources available in country Therefore government and policy

makers needs to think what appropriate policies and actions needs to be planned and

implemented for the adivasis

References

1 (2012) Forests in India Delhi Centre for Science andJamsedji

Environment Tata Trust





2 Bijoy C R (January 22 2011) The Great Indian Tiger Show Economic amp

Political Weekly Vol xliv No 4

3 Bijoy C R (January 22 2011) The Great Indian Tiger Show Economic and


4 Carnea M M (2005) Restriction of access is displacement A broader

concept and policy Forced Migration Review 48-49

5 Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India (nd) Retrieved

March 31 2014 from Proteccted Areas Network

httpwwwenvfornicinpublic-informationprotected-area-network

6 The Indian Forest Act 1927

7 The Indian Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972

8 The Schedule Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of

Forest Rights) Act 2007





TRIBAL IN INDIA AND THEIR DEPICTION IN INDIAN FICTION

Vinod Manoharrao Kukade

Assistant Professor in English

HOD of Dept of English at

Fule-Ambedkar College of Social Work

Gadchiroli

Mobile no 9960160554

Email id vinodkukade05gmailcom

Abstract

The historical background of the Tribal is vast It plays major role in the part

of the history of India The culture of tribal is deeply rooted and well-known

everywhere in the world Even today they are stick to their culture But still in many

areas the tribal are deprived of so many facilities and opportunities though the efforts

are being made by Government Social Institutions The Indian writers also are

presenting the suffering problems the whole life of the tribal in their works The

Government has been making provisions for many essential things providing

financial assistance for many developmental work relaxation in age qualifying

criteria age limit etc The Indian English writers presented tribal as honest devoted

to their work brave but need of their educational economic development is

emphasized in many of the works However the expected development of the tribal is

not yet occurred there should be more things to be done for the development of the

tribal

Introduction

There is a long history of the tribal in India The tribal occupy a major part in the

history of India They are scattered in various parts of India They live in the various

ecological climatic conditions ranging from rural urban areas hills forest areas

However we find traditional distinction in their culture Still they maintain the culture

and celebrate the festivals very enthusiastically and performs all rituals and customs

But the tribal face so many problems and difficulties in their lives that affect their

lives in all sorts so there is need to think intensely and heartedly for the welfare and

development of the tribal Indian government has been framing the various schemes

for the tribal and also implementing it in their level but nevertheless the expected

development is not occurred yet There are a number of social institutions working for

the development of the tribal but yet it has been proved like an ant bring water into its

mouth and filling the lake However many writers of India have pen down about the

problems and measures in their works and are trying to make aware the society about

the tribal Before jumping into the realm of the books written on the tribal it becomes

essential first to understand the residence area culture condition and problems of the

Tribal of India and opportunities and facilities provided to them by Indian

Government

It is notified by the Indian Government that there exist six hundred and ninety





seven tribes in India These Indian tribal groups reside in more than one state It is

significant to know that more than half of the population is concentrated in the state of

Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Orissa and Jharkhand etc They are scattered in

North East India North India East India West India Central India and South India

The tribal play significant role as habitants of different kinds of areas in India

Tribal culture is vast and deeply rooted The warm hospitality of the tribal their

simple ways of living their way of worshiping God and Goddesses Some of the

tribal societies are patriarchal and some of the women oriented They celebrate their

festivals enthusiastically and actively But during the course of time some external

influences threaten their culture and brought some changes in their lifestyles It is fact

that in many areas some superstitions are yet to have its impact on them Therefore

there is earnest need to change their minds in this sort At the Government and Social

Institutions and Non-governmental levels the efforts are being made for the welfare

and development of the tribal The measures for solving the problems are being

carried out

The Constitution of India provided special provisions for the tribal The Union

Government gives funds to State Government for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes

The protection and safeguards are provided to the Scheduled Tribes by the

Government The Government made provisions for them in education sector The

reservation of seats in various fields like education service sector in election etc

exemption in fees qualifying criteria in age limit Financial provisions are also made

available by the Government The Government also formed the rules for the

prevention of exploitation of the tribal by the moneylenders Tribes Advisory Council

in each of the State is formed For the safeguards of the Scheduled Caste and

Scheduled Tribes the President of India appoints commissioner to investigate all the

matters relating to their safeguards The State Government also launches new

schemes to improve irrigation facilities facilities for the fertilizers agricultural

equipment better seeds and poultry farming The Tribal Development Blocks were

introduced for the development of their areas This Block performs its duties in the

matters of economic education health and communication

Though the Government Social Institutions and other various sectors act for the

welfare and development of the Tribal yet there are so many problems the Tribal have

been facing The literacy rate of the Tribal is low they possess small and

uneconomical landholdings because of less production The good portion of the land

is transferred to the non-tribal The employment or self-employment problems They

are still stick to some extent to the superstitions by considering them as an important

part of their culture Sanitation problems in the areas of the Tribal Exploitation of the

Tribal in the work by some class of people Some live in the remote place so the

facilities cannot reach to them therefore they are deprived of these various facilities

and opportunities However it has been difficult to change psychology of some

habitants regarding issues related to some superstitions In some areas the tribal are

afraid of the educated people though they are strong

The Indian English Novelists presented the problems sufferings and even the





calibers good culture honesty power of work inner physical strength of the Tribal

Representation of the tribal is found in many of the Indian English novels Arun

Joshirsquos ldquoThe Strange Case of Billy Biswasrdquo Kamla Markandayarsquos ldquoThe Coffer Damsrdquo

Manohar Malgonkarrsquos ldquoThe Princesrdquo Gita Mehtarsquos ldquoA River Sutrardquo and Ruskin

Bondrsquos short stories are some examples which depict the different aspects of Tribal of

India In ldquoThe Strange Case of Billy Biswasrdquo of Arun Joshi we find the search of self-

identity and struggle to resolve the conflict It shows the process of alienation and

rehabilitation through construction deconstruction and reconstruction Here Billy

Biswasrsquos mistress Bilasia is Tribal He faces the problems of the barren modern

sophisticated society and hanker after the inner peace to be found in harmony with

Nature Billy Biswas retreats from the so-called civilized life to the primitive world of

Tribal Kamla Markandayarsquos novels are microcosm of India The theme of her novel

ldquoThe Coffer Damsrdquo deals with the theme of tribal people Here we find the fascination

and love for the jungles simple tribe The area here is selected is Malnad The story of

the novel reveals that Clinton the head of large British Engineering firm begins the

construction with the help of the Tribal labor and Indian technicians Helen Clintonrsquos

wife is utterly curious about the rural areas and its people and her good rapport with

them which irritates her husband Helen meets the tribal chief The chief of the tribal

is angry on the construction company because of its exploitation of the people and

criticizes their materialism We find there common goal of harnessing the river here is

racial tension open conflict born of imperialism Clinton determined to complete the

Coffer Dam on time Though the rain started Clinton in the thought of completing the

Coffer Dam within time work at the last hour But there is an accident in which about

forty workers are killed The bodies buried under the pillars The rescue was late

However there form rift between Helen and Clinton She drifts away from him

because of quality of as a human being in him Here we find that the life of tribal

people is affected by the industrialization advent of modernization racial encounter

Another thing here is that the tribal people resisted constructing the dam but at

another level there is Bashiam who is tribal is an engineer by profession and assist

Clinton in construction project Bashiam who born as a tribal but is different from

them The matter must be discussed here Bashiam is educated he wants progress he

is loyal and devoted learner he has interest in technological things He has become

outsider in his society and he hears his own people describe him as being de-

tribalized He also is uprooted from his culture and his own people Here we find

developing mind set of Bashiam Though some tribal oppose the construction of the

dam but they did not stick to their demand firmly but they also work for its

construction It means the tribal turns towards technological progress Here we find

honesty loyalty devotion towards work of the tribal like Bashiam Here Kamla

Markandaya shows the outlook of the tribal towards modernization technological

development the devotion and loyalty of Bashiam the tribal

The relation between the Maharajas and the tribal is shown in the novels of

Manohar Malgonkarrsquos novel ldquoThe Princesrdquo Here he depicts the different pictures of

the tribal Here the tribal are not alien However during the time of independence how





the there is the dilemma and anxieties of the Maharaja of Begwad is depicted here

The relation between the Maharaja and tribal is peculiar To prove the Maharajarsquos

supremacy Abhay the son and narrator of Maharaja kept tribal in dark They are not

allowed to get the benefits of the civilization Another Indian English short story

writer Ruskin Bond also depicted the life of the tribal His Short story ldquoThe Tiger in

the Tunnelrdquo is about the tribal who live in the hilly regions of Uttar Pradesh The

protagonist here is Baldeo who is tribal and work as a watchman at the railway

station His work is to give the signal to the mail train during the night He lives in

the hut and his family lives in the village however his son Tembu who visits his

father Baldeo occasionally and look after the family We find here Baldeo and Tembu

real human beings their bravery and honesty their commitment to their work One

night Baldev is waiting for the train near the tunnel there he encounters a tiger there

he fights with tiger very bravely and with great spirit with his axe during this fight he

is killed The tiger is wounded The tiger is cut down by the incoming mail and the

villagers feast on the tigerrsquos flesh very enthusiastically After two days of mourning

Tembu takes up the job of his father and receives the responsibility of his family

Gita Mehta depicts tribal and their villages in her novel ldquoA River Sutrardquo

which is set on the bank of the river Narmada The narrator a retired bureaucrat

wishes to spend rest of his life on the bank of river Narmada So he takes up the job of

a Manager of the Government rest house There are small villages of tribal near the

river The narrator depicts the villagers and the village of the tribal as ldquoOur bungalow

guards are hired from Vano village and enjoy a reputation for fierceness as

descendants of the tribal races that held the Aryan invasion of India at bay for

centuries in these hills Indeed the Vano village deity is a stone image of a half

woman with the full breast of a fertility symbol but the torse of a coiled snake

because the tribals believe they once ruled a great snake kingdom until they were

defeated by the gods of the Aryansrdquo(6)

The change in various things regarding the development of the tribal is needed

For their educational social economic development all kinds of colleges as Arts

Science Commerce Engineering Medical etc should be opened by the government

in their area The skill based training centres should be established permanently in

tribal area The Government Social Institutions should implement all the schemes

seriously The fund of the schemes should be deposited directly into the account of

the tribal people The government should organize the trip in various metropolitan

areas educational institutions and in the foreign countries for the tribal living in the

remote area so that they come to know the developed world It may bring definite

positive developmental change in them

Conclusion

To sum up through the long history of the tribal their culture their different

residential areas their growth during the course of time their changing developmental

minds their education their opportunities and facilities provided by the Government

Social Institutions NGOs their problems measures on their problems their

sufferings impact of modernization and industrialization on them and their depiction





in the works of Indian writers we come to know about their all way life cycle and

development The tribal are brave honest devoted to their work and to their culture

The writers like Arun Joshi Gita Mehta Ruskin Bond Kamla Markandaya Manohar

Malgonkar and others presented the life and lifestyle of the tribal and thus brought the

reality of the tribal before the society But yet there is intense need to have change in

many sorts related to the life of tribal The expected development is not occurred The

recent measures are found to be insufficient and not satisfying So more steps must be

taken in this regard by all people Social Institutions and Government

References

1 Christoph von Furer-Halmendorf Tribes of India

2 Joshi Arun The Strange Case of Billy Biswas

3 History of Indian English Literature

4 Malgonkar Manohar The Princes

5 Markandaya Kamla The Coffer Dam

6 Mehta Gita A River Sutra




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fnusrsquok tkjksaMs] ekulrsquokkL= foHkkxizeq[k] bafnjk egkfo|ky dGac] ft- orekG]

IkkaMqjax baxGs] lgkd izkkid] ekulrsquokkL= foHkkx] bafnjk egkfo|ky dGac] ft- orekG

lkjkarsquok amp lnfLFkrhr kkoiGhPk vkqrdquodzekr ekufld LokFkkyk vrhrsquok egRokps

LFkku izkIr gtkys vkgs-vrsquokk k ekufld LokLFkkpk lsquokksk ksrkauk vuqlqphr tekrho vuqlqphr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZekhy ekufld LokLFkkckcr laglackkpk vHkl djklkBhvuqlqphr tekrhps 60 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkhZ vkfk vuqlqphr tkrhps 60 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkhZ vrsquokk orekG ftYgkrhy dqk 120 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZPkh 18 rs 23 k oksXkVkrqu fuoM djkr vkyh- k larsquokkskukes ekufld vkjksX pkpkhpk okij djkr vkyk- iznDr ladyukuarj xqkkadu du fV jsrsquokks dkltkr vkyk- k larsquokkskukrvuqlqphr tekrhiskkvuqlqphr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZps ekufld LokLFk pkaxys vlrs vlk furdquodrdquokZ dkltkr vkyk- eq[lsquokCnamp ekufld LokLFk] vuqlqphr tekrh]vuqlqphr tkrhpsegkfo|kyhu fo|kFkhZ izLrkokk amp

ODrhPk danjhr fodklkPk izdzhsr ekufld LokLFkkph Hkqfedk egRokph

vkgs- lsquoHealthy mind in a Healthy bodyrsquo vrsquokh Egk gh vxnh ksX vkgs- gs ekufld LokLFk vkFkhZd ijhfLFkrh] jkgkps fBdkk] vkjksXkPk lqfokk] frsquokkkkPk lqfokk ODrhyk dhrir feGr vkgs vkfk dhrir iqkZ gksr vkgs koj voyacqu vlrs- eqyHkqr xjtk iqkZ djklkBh tsoltk leLk fuekZk gksrhy rsolth ekufld fLFkrh gh deh LRkjkph jkghy- tkxfrd vkjksX lakVusus ekufld vkjksXkph Ok[k iqfltyizekks dsyh vkgs- ekufld vkjksX] gs tSfod o lkekftd iSyqoj voyacqu vlrs rs lrr izokgh vlrs- fLFkj ulrs- ekufld vkjksXkes iqflty xksfrdquoV srkr- 1frac12




ODrhph nqlUacutek ODRkh o lektkrsquokh lqlaxr ukrs izLFkkihr djkph kerk- 2frac12 ckg lekt o ckg okrkojk kar ksX rks cny kMoqu vkkkr Rk ODrhus leFkZiks o letaliks dysys ksxnku- 3frac12 Rk ODrhPk vusdfok mehZph brjkauk gkuh u iksgkpfork ik Rkp osGh Rk lackhr ODrhps lekkku gksbZy vrsquokh Rk ODrhus dsysyh gkrkGkh-

ODrh lokZloZnk rkkfojghr thou txkpk forsquoksrdquokRkRokus izRu djrs- ODrhus LorPk lokZfxk izxrhdjhrk ekufld vkjksXkdMs yk nsks egRokps vkgs-pkaxys ekufld vkjksX Tk ODrhps vkgs Rkps fopkj pkaxys vlrkr- vkpjk gh pakxys vlrs Egktsp lekkstu vrsquokk ODrhps mRre vlrs- mRre lekkstu vlsy rj Rk ODrhps mRrep ekufld vkjksX vlrs- mRre vkjksX vlkkjk ODrh LoRkPk ekZnk vksG[krks- vkiYkyk dk tesy kph Rkyk mRre [kk=h vlrs- rh ODrh drsquokkojgh forsquookl Bsohr ukgh- vkkh lsquokgkfursquokk djrks- thoukrhy oSQYkoj yxsp ekr djrks- vrsquokk ODrhph brjkaiskk osxGh vrsquokh kss vlrkr- vrsquokh ODrh LorPk lokZfxk fodklkdjhrk kMiMr vlrs-diyku vkfk vks- Mh- frac141953frac12 kauh d vu dsys Rkauh vkidkdMqu ekufld LokLFkkyk ckkd vlkkjs RkRo tkkkpk izRu dsyk-lsquokkGses [ksGkaph OoLFkk ulks gs dkjk k ekufld vkjksXkyk vMpk vkkr vlYkps dGys- Rkpcjkscj ODrhyk ijhfLFkrh drsquokh izkIRk gtkyh vkgs koj lqnk ekufLkd LokLFk voyacqu vlrs-

vuqlqfpr tkrhPk vuqrsquokaxkus fopkj dsYkl ghyk vkfnoklh tekr Egkqu vksG[kys tkrs-gtkMhiznsrsquokkes vkiys thou OfFkr djkkjh gh tekr vkgs- kaPk eqyHkqr xjtk iqkZp gksr ukgh rlsp loZp ckcrhr ekxkl vlYkps vkiYk funrsquokZukl srs rlsp vuqlqphr tkrhpk 1956 uarj nSufnu fodkldzekpk vkys[k lqkkjYkps fp= MksGkleksj fnlqu srs- gk lekt [ksMkdMqu lsquokgjkPk fnrsquoksu s oGysyk vkiYkyk ikgkyk feGrks- k nksUgh tkrhrhy lnfLFkrhpk vkltkok ksryk vlrk vls ykkr srs dh] vuqlqfpr tekrh o vuqlqfpr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZPk lanHkkZus Bksl vlss vu gtkYkps fnlqu vkys ukgh- RkeqGsp vuqlqfpr tekrh o vuqlqfpr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZPk ekufld LokLFkkpk vHkl




djks gk fordquok vHklklkBh fuoMysyk vkgs- kou vuqlqfpr tekrh o vuqlqfpr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZPks ekufld LokLFk LIkrdquoV gkskl enr gksbZy- mfnnVs amp 1frac12 vuqlqfpr tekrh o vuqlqfpr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZPk ekufld LokLFkkpk vHkl djks- Xkfgrdamp izLrqr larsquokkskukps xfgrd [kkyhyizekks vkgs- 1frac12vuqlqfpr tekrhPk fo|kFkZiskkvuqlqfpr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZps ekufld LokLFk pkaxys vlrs- uequk amp

iLrqr larsquokkskuklkBh orekG ftYgkph fuoM djkr vkyh- kr 18 rs 23k oksxVkrhy egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZph fuoM djkr vkyh- k larsquokkskukr ekufld LokLFkkckcr vHkl djkpk vlYkus egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkhZ kskr vkys- kr vuqlqfpr tekrh o vuqlqfpr tkrhPksegkfo|kyhu fo|kFkhZfuoMkr vkys- rqyukRed vHkl djklkBhvuqlqfpr tekrhps 60 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkhZ vkfk vuqlqfpr tkrhPks 60 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFhZ vls dqk 120 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZPkh fuoM djkr vkyh- lkkusamp

izLrqr larsquokkskuklkBh Mental health scaleghDr(smt) Kamlesh

sharmakaphpkpkh okijkr vkyh- gh pkpkh 14 rs 45 k oksXkVklkBh okijkr srs k pkpkhpk eq[ mnnsrsquok ekufld vkjksX tkkks gk vkgs- k pkpkhes dqk 60 izrsquou vkgs-kes gks] vfufrsquopr] ukgh vls vls rhu IkkZ fnysys vkgsr gh pkpkh lksMfoklkBh dkskrhp osG ekZnk ukgh- rjhik lsquokD rhrDk yodj pkpkh lksMokph vkgs-k pkpkhph forsquooluhrk -86 vkfk -88 vkgs rj oSkrk -79 vkgs- dkZinrh amp

izLRkqr larsquokkskuklkBh orekG ftYgkrhy fo|kFkZPkh fuoM djkr vkyh krvuqlqfpr tekrhps 60 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkhZ vkfk vuqlqfpr tkrhPks 60




egkfo|kyhu fo|kFhZ vls dqk 120 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZPkh fuoM djkr vkyh-kr xzkehk Hkkxkrhy egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZuk jWMe lWEiayhax inrhus xkMkr vkys- k fo|kFkZuk izFke forsquooklkr ksoqu larsquokkskukps egRo fordquokn djkr

vkys- Rkuarj Mental health scaleghDr(smt) Kamlesh

sharmakaphpkpkh nskr vkyh- pkpkhrhy fokkukauk izkekfkdiks o eksdGsikkus izrhdzhk nskl izsjhr djkr vkys- pkpkh lksMfoklkBh ekZfnr osG ulyk rjh lsquokD rhrDk yodj pkpkh lksMfoklkBh lkaxkr vkys- pkpkh lksMfokiqohZ pkpkhckcrPk lqpuk OoLFkhr letYk dhok ukgh kph nkrk kskr vkyh gksrh- Qyhrs amp

izLRkqr larsquokkskukr ekufld LokLFk dkskRk fo|kFkZes pkaxys vkgs gs dkltkr vkys kr vuqlqfpr tekrhps egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkhZ vkfk vuqlqfpr tkrhps egkfo|kyhu fo|kFhZ nk[kfokr vkys- k Qyhrkaps foojk [kkyhyizekks vkgs- ekufld LokLFk

fo|kFkhZ N Mean SD lsquotrsquo ratio vuqlqfpr tekrh

60 70-16 4-67 12-79

vuqlqfpr tkrh 60 81-22 4-53 foospu amp

izLRkqr larsquokkskuklkBh orekG lsquokgjkrhy eqykeqyhaph fuoM djkr vkyh-krvuqlqfpr tekrhps 60 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkhZ vkfk vuqlqfpr tkrhPks 60 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFhZ vls dqk 120 egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZPkh fuoM djkr vkyh- izLrqr larsquokkskukr d xghrd Bsokr vkys gksrs-vuqlqfpr tekrhPk fo|kFkZiskkvuqlqfpr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZps ekufld LokLFk pkaxys vlr ss gs rs xfgr gksrs- iznDr ladyukuarn Ldksjhax djkr vkys nksUghgh leqgkpk ljkljh dkltkr vkyk vuqlqfpr tekrhPk fo|kFkZps izekk fopyu 4-67rj vuqlqfpr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZps izekk fopyu 4-53 vkys- kou fV jsrsquokks




dkltkr vkyk rks 12-79 vkyk kou gs xfgrd 0-01 k ikrGhoj lkFkZd Bjr vlYkps fnlqu srs- fudrdquokZ amp ojhy foospukou [kkfyy furdquodrdquokZ dkltkkr vkyk- 1frac12 vuqlqfpr tekrhPk fo|kFkZiskkvuqlqfpr tkrhPk egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZps ekufld LokLFk pkaxys vlrs lanHkZ amp 1frac12 ODrheRo leLk vkfk ekufld vkjksXamp-p-e-eq-fonkihB ukfrsquokd 2frac12 ekulrsquokkL= fopkjfordquokd mikstuamp MkW-LQqrhZ drjkh 3frac12 Okogkjhd euksohKku amp MkW- jkeiky flag] MkW- l- Mh- flag] MkW- nsonRr lsquokekZ 4frac12 Manual for Mental health scale - Dr(smt) Kamlesh sharma

5frac12 wwwmohfwnicin

6frac12 wwwmfcindiaorg




ताड़ोबा राीय उ13ान म िवथापन (रान तलोधी ाम का अययन)

kuat iqjkkhd fjlpZ Ldkyj] panziwj

तावना - यह शोध काय ताड़ोबा राीय उान क अतगत आन वाला आिदवासी गाव रान तलोधी

ाम म िकया गया ह यह एक गणामक शोधकाय ह ()तत अययन को समझन हत हम िव)थापन भारत म िव)थापन क0 सम)या राीय उान1 म िव)थापन ताड़ोबा राीय उान म िव)थापन क0 ि)थित तथा िव)थापन स जड़ी राीय नीित भारत क वन कानन तथा जगलो क )वािमव पर परपरागत 4प म औपिनविशक काल म आय बदलावो को भी (ाथिमक 4प म समझना होगा िव)थापन का अथ ह 6यि7 प8रवार अथवा प8रवार क समह1 का एक )थान स िकसी दसर )थान पर )थाना9तरण 6यि7 अथवा समाज क0 (गित क िलए )थाियव आवयक ह अत )पlt ह िक बार-बार िव)थापन (गित म बाधक ह अपन दश क समाज जीवन म एक बहgtत बड़ा वग जनजातीय समाज का ह कई वषA स यह समाज िव)थापन क0 सम)या स )त ह एक जानकारी क अनसार 1960 क पFात दश क कल िव)थािपत1 म स 45 (ितशत जनजातीय वग क हI उोग1 क0 तरह ही सरकारी अथवा गरसरकारी प8रयोजनाओ क कारण भी जनजातीय समाज क िव)थापन क0 सKभावना रहती ह प8रयोजनाओ क िलए कई बार भिम पL पर ली जाती ह प8रयोजना पण होन अथवा उसक0 समय मयादा पण होन पर भिम उसक मल मािलक को वापस होनी चािहए पर9त जनजातीय NO म अनभव कछ अलग ह पL क0 समय मयादा पण होन पर वह भिम मल मािलक को वापस होती ही नहQ ह कभी-कभी िबचौिलय1 क कारण भिम उनक हाथ स चली जाती ह अथवा उसक बदल म पस1 का लन-दन हो जाता हldquoिवकास िवथापन और आिदवासीrdquo उ7 आलख सोच Tलॉग स िलया गया ह िजसम आिदवािसय1 क िव)थापन को िवकास का दप8रणाम बताया गया ह इस आलख को िलखत समय जि)टस काटज व िमX क0 खडपीठ क0 िट[पणी को उत िकया गया ह यह दभा_यपण ह िक आज आिदवासी जो िक सभवतया भारत क मल िनवािसय1 क वशज हI अब दश क0 कल आबादी क 8 (ितशत बच हI व एक तरफ गरीबी िनरNरता बरोजगारी बीमा8रय1 और भिमहीनता स )त हI वहQ दसरी तरफ भारत क0 बहgtसbयक जनसbया जो िक िविभ9न अ(वासी जाितय1 क0 वशज ह उनक साथ भदभावपण 6यवहार करती ह -जि)टस माकc डय काटज व dानसधा िमX क0 खडपीठ क0 िट[पणी 5 जनवरी 2011 स(ीम कोट क0 यह िट[पणी हमार लोकतO पर भी एक िट[पणी ह जहा एक बड़ी आबादी आज भी हािशए पर जीन को िववश ह यह उस लोकतO म जहा क0 जड़ बहgtत परानी मानी जाती हI एक बड़ी आबादी जो अब शायद दस करोड़ पहgtच गई ह fय1 बार-बार िवकास क0 क0मत चकाती ह fय1 बार-बार उस उसक0 जड़1 स उसक0 परपराओ स उसक0 स)कित स उस बदखल कर िदया जाता ह िवकास क नाम परसhय कहलान वाली जाितया fय1 उनक साथ असhय और बबरता का 6यवहार करती हI fया इसिलए िक व अपन जगल स (म करत हI(कित क साथ दो)ताना 8रता रखत हIया िनजी




क बजाय सामिहकता म िवiास करत हI अjधित राय कहती हI lsquoलाख1 लाख िव)थािपत1 का अब कोई वजद नहQ ह जब इितहास िलखा जाता ह व इसम नहQ होत आकड़1 म भी नहQ उनम स कछ लगातार तीन बार और चार-बार िव)थािपत हgtए हI बाध क िलए चादमारी क इलाक क िलए दसर बाध क िलए यरिनयम क0 खान क िलए िबजली प8रयोजना क िलए एक बार व लढ़कना श4 करत हI तो िफर jकन क0 कोई जगह नहQ होती इनम स बहgtत बड़ी सbया आिखरकार हमार बड़ शहर1 क0 प8रिध पर झोपड़प8Lय1 म खप जाती ह जहा यह स)त िनमाण मज़दर1 क0 बहgtत बड़ी भीड़ म बदल जाती ह (जो और oयादा प8रयोजनाओ पर काय करती ह िजसस और oयादा लोग बदखल होत ह) सही ह िक उनका सफाया नहQ िकया जा रहा ह या उ9ह गस चIबर1 म नहQ डाला जा रहा ह मगर मI दावा करती हq उनक0 8रहाइस का )तर थड राइख (नाजीक प) क िकसी यातना िशिवर स बदतर ह व कदी नहQ हI लिकन व मि7 क मतलब क0 एक दसरी ही प8रभाषा दत हIrsquo

सन 2007 क0 रािय िव)थापन एव पनवास नीती म िजस आर अड आर या 8रहिबिलटशन अड रीसटलमट पॉिलसी क नाम स हम जानत ह िव)थापन स जड़ी सभी शतu )पlt एव (शासन क0 और स अिनवाय या अिधकार क तौर पर 6य7 होती ह परत रीसटलमट स जड़ी सभी शतu या (ावधान अ)पlt तथा ऐिwछक 4प म 6य7 होती ह एव इसम िनणय क0 (िxया भी (शासिनक एकािधकार )व4प क0 ह सिवधान क अनwछद 39 क zिltगत भारत सरकार न अग)त 1974 म राीय बालनीित बनाई परत रोज़गार क0 तलाश म आन या िवकास योजनाओ क0 वजह स अपन घर1 व इलाक1 स िव)थािपत समदाय क बार म परी नीित म एक भी शTद नहQ ह सय7 रा सघ न भी 20 नवKबर 1989 को बwच1 क अिधकार पर एक घोषणा-पO को )वीकित दी थी भारत न भी इस पर ह)ताNर िकए हI घोषणा-पO का क | िबद िवकासशील दश ह और इन दश1 का क | िबद ह िवकास य परा घोषणा-पO िवकास कायA स होन वाल िव)थापन को लकर मौन ह जबिक परी दिनया म बwच1 क िव)थापन का सबस बड़ा कारण िवकास क िलए होन वाला िव)थापन ही ह यह घोषणा-पO शरणाथ एव य या गहय क0 ि)थित म बwच1 क अिधकार1 पर अपनी िचता दशाता ह परत िवकास स िव)थािपत बwच1 को लकर एक भी शTद इसम नहQ ह राoय िजसका िनमाण ही सभवतः इस प8रकपना पर िकया गया ह िक वह भावश9य होगाक िलए िवकास क सामन मानवीय अिधकार एव आवयकताओ को समझना शायद ही सभव हो पाता होगा वनबधन नीित ऐितहािसक परप एव वत)मान वातिवकताए - एक और हम यह दखत ह क0

सारी सरकारी योजनाओ स यह विनत होता ह क0 य व9य जीव1 को बचान क िलए िकया जा रहा ह वही जमीनी हक0कत कछ और सामन लाती ह इसक (ाचीन सदभ म हम साट अशोक ारा िनिमत िशलालखको दखत ह िजसम िलखा ह अपन राoयािभषक क छTबीस वष पFात मI यह घोिषत करता हq िक िनKनिलिखक जीव-जतओ को नहQ मारा जाएगा-तोत मना अjणा कलहस नदीमख सारस िबना काट वाली मछिलया गIड और सभी चौपाए जानवर जो उपयोगी अथवा खान लायक नहQ हवन1 को जलाया नहQ जाएगा आधिनक काल म हम इस िनKन xम म दख सकत ह सन 1800 म अज1 न मालाबार क वन1 म सागवान क0 उपलTधता का पता लगान हत आय7 क0 िनयि7 क0 सन 1806 म म|ास सरकार न सम|ी जहाज बनान क0 zिlt स उपय7 सागवान तथा अ9य लकिड़य1 क उपादन क उपादन हत वन




आय7 क पद पर क[टन वाटसन क0 िनयि7 क0 सन 1807 म ई)ट इिडया कपनी न सागवान पर अपन अिधकार का दावा कर िदया िजसस सागवान क वN िगरान या काटन क0 अनमित दन का अिधकार वन सरNक को द िदया गया धीर-धीर य अिधकार 6यि7य1 एव समदाय1 क िनजी )वािमव वाल वन1 तक िव)ता8रत कर िदए गए लाड डलहौजी न सन 1855 म पर दश म वन1 क सरNण क िलए िनयम बनाए सन 1865 और 1878 क वन अिधिनयम का िनमाण सन 1868 म वनिवभाग क0 )थापना हgtयी सन 1894 क0 पहली सावजिनक वन नीित का िनधारण हgtआ इसक बाद उ9ह1न इस सबध म 1927 ई म एक और कानन बनाया भारत आज भी वनो का िनयOण तथा (बधन इसी 1927 क औपिनविशक कानन क अतगत होता ह यिप इन सभी नीितयो म वनो क सवधन तथा वनNO को बढ़ान क0 बात क0 गयी ह परत इन सभी (ावधान1 का यादातर उपयोग वनो स 6यापारी तौर पर इमारती लकड़ी तथा उोगो हत कwच माल क0 उपलTधता कराना ही था वनसवधन क नाम पर माO सागवान बास आिद जस राज)व (ा करान वाल ही पड़ लगाए गए िजसस वनो का पारप8रक )व4प नlt होकर उ9ह माO कवल सागवान बास आिद इमारती लकड़ी उगान वाल बागो क 4प म िवकिसत िकया गया परपरागत वनोपजो क सवधन तथा िवकास क0 कोई बात इसम शािमल नहQ थी 1952 म आयी राीय वन नीित म भी सावजिनक िहत को नकारत हgtय माO राीय हीत का उलख था िजसम कहा गया )वत9Oता पव क0 ही वननीित यो_य ह िजस माO सही िदशा दना आवयक ह िजसस यह तय हो गया क0 वनो का िनयOण राoय ही करगा और िजसका मbय उय राज)व (ाि एव उोगो हत लकड़ी आिद (ा करना ही रहा सिवधान ारा जमQदारी (था क उ9मलन स जहा मदानी इलाक1 म बटाईदार1 को शोषण स बचाया गया वहQ दसरी ओर जगली NO1 म वन िवभाग एक िवशाल शोषक जमQदार क 4प म उभरा 1960 क बाद इतन (ावधान1 क आन क बाद यिद हम दख तो वनो तथा व9यजीव1 क0 ि)थित बद स बदतर ही हgtयी हा िसफ सधार आया ह एक चीज म राoय को (ा होनवाल राज)व म यह साल दर साल बढ़ता ही जा रहा ह अज़ो न हमार ससाधनो का शोषण िकया यह कहत हgtय हमारा ही राoय हमार ससाधनो का दोहन fय कर रहा ह यह सवाल fया वाकई इतना मिकल ह या मिकल पदा करनवाला ह अनसिचत जनजाित और अ9य परपरागत वनिनवासी (वन अिधकार1 क0 मा9यता) अिधिनयम 2006 पा8रत िकया गया इस अिधिनयम वनवािसय1 क साथ हgtए ऐितहािसक अ9याय को )वीकारा गया था वस 1996 म लाग lsquoपशाrsquo कानन को इस िदशा म पहला xाितकारी कानन या कदम माना जा सकता ह इस अिधिनयम क0 ()तावना म कहा गया ह वन म िनवास करन वाली ऐसी अनसिचत जनजाितय1 और अ9य परपरागत वन िनवािसय1 क जो ऐस वन1 म पीिढ़य1 स िनवास कर रह हI िकत उनक अिधकार1 को अिभिलिखत नहQ िकया जा सका ह वन अिधकार1 और वन भिम म अिधभोग को मा9यता दन और िनिहत करन वन भिम म इस (कार िनिहत वन अिधकार1 को अिभिलिखत करन क िलए सरचना का और वन भिम क सबध म अिधकार1 को ऐसी मा9यता दन और िनिहत करन क िलए अपिNत साय क0 (कित का उपबध करन क िलए अिधिनयमअिधिनयम को 6याbयाियत करत हgtए ()तावना म ही आग कहा गया ह िक lsquoवन म िनवास करन वाली अनसिचत जनजाितय1 और अ9य परपरागत वन िनवािसय1 क मा9यता (ा अिधकार1 म दीघकालीन उपयोग क िलए िज़Kमदारी और (ािधकार जव िविवधता का सरNण और




पा8रि)थितक0 सतलन बनाए रखना और वन म िनवास करन वाली अनसिचत जनजाितय1 और अ9य परपरागत वन िनवािसय1 क0 जीिवका तथा खा सरNा को सिनिFत करत समय वन1 क0 सरNण 6यव)था को सzढ़ करना भी सिKमिलत ह और औपिनविशक काल क दौरान तथा )वतO भारत म राoय वन1 का समिकत करत समय उनक0 पतक वन भिम पर वन अिधकार1 और उनक िनवास को पया 4प स मा9यता नहQ दी गई थी िजसक प8रणाम)व4प वन म िनवास करन वाली उन अनसिचत जाितय1 और अ9य परपरागत वन िनवािसय1 क (ित ऐितहािसक अ9याय हgtआ ह जो वन पा8रि)थितक0 (णाली को बचान और बनाए रखन क िलए अिभ9न अग हI 13 शोध िविध

यह एक गणामक शोधकाय ह इस शोध काय को करन क िलए सोयपण िनदशन (णाली ारा च|पर िजल क अतगत आन वाला ताडोबा राीय उान क अदर आन वाला गाव रानतलोिध गाव का चयन िकया गया ह रानतलोिध ाम क (मख पाच लोग1 का अलग-अलग गहन साNाकार िकया गया हI साथ ही ाम क अलग-अलग लोग1 स सबि9धत उय1 क0 सही जानकारी हत असरिचत साNाकार भी िकया गया ह गहन साNाकार क िलए सवाल1 क0 एक िदशा-िनदuिशका(Guideline) बनायी गयी थी िजसक आधार पर साNाकार िकया गया गहन साNाकार क साथ-साथ उरदाताओ का अवलोकन(Observation) भी िकया गया ह तय िवषण हमuनिटfस(Hermeneutics)पित ारा िकया गया ह हमuनिटfस पित ारा (ाथिमक आकड़ को 6याbयाियत िकया जाता ह इसक मायम स पाठ 6याbया(text Interpretation) भी िकया जाता ह तय िवषण क बाद 8रपोट लखन म Reference Style APA(American Psychological Association) पित ारा िलखा गया ह ताड़ोबा राीय उ13ान म िवथापन ताड़ोबा राीय उ13ान - भारत क मय म ि)थत ताड़ोबा राीय उान खासकर बाघो क िलए जाना

जाता ह यह दश क उन उानो म स (मख ह जहा दशी सलािनय1 क साथ ही िवदशी सलािनय1 का भी काफ0 आना जाना लगा रहता ह IUCN क वगकरन क अनसार यह उान IUCN category II म आता ह यह महारा क च|पर िजल म ि)थत ह इसका कल NO 6254 वग िकलोमीटर ह इसक0 )थापना 1955 म हgtयी थीयहा का 6यव)थापन महारा सरकार क वनिवभाग ारा िकया जाता ह यह महारा का सबस पराना तथा िव)तत उान ह दश क 43 6याlaquo (कप1 म स यह एक ह इस उान का ताड़ोबा नाम आिदवािसयो क पoय ता4 दव क नाम स (चिलत हgtआ ह यहा एक तालाब ह जो ताड़ोबा नाम स जाना जाता ह इसीक िकनार ता4 का मिदर भी ह 1972 म आए व9य (ाणी सरNण अिधिनयम क पFात तकालीन (धानमOी Xीमती इि9दरा गाधी क कायकाल म (ोजfट टाइगर प8रयोजना का काया9वयन िकया गया िजसका मल उय घटती हgtयी बाघो क0 सbया पर रोक लगाना साथ ही बाघो क िनवास यो_य प8रवश को सरिNत करना था इसीक साथ इसम िशका8रयो पर रोक लगान हत (ावधान तथा सरचना का भी िनमाण िकया गया ताड़ोबा रािय उान को भी इसी प8रयोजना म सिKमिलत िकया गया ह ताड़ोबा राीय उान NO 6254 वग िकलोमीटर ताड़ोबा अधारी 6याlaquo (कप NO 1727 वग




िकलोमीटर का एक िह)सा ह ताड़ोबा अधारी इस नाम म अधारी एक नदी ह जो इसी NO क जगलो म छोट जल notोत1 जस झरन तालाब तथा वषा जल क बहाओ क एकिOत होन स िनिमत होती ह इसका कोई िनिFत उगम )थल नहQ ह परत ताड़ोबा अधारी 6याlaquo (कप क िव)तत NO म कई मोड लत हgtय पानी का यह बहाव नदी का )व4प लता ह इस NO क0 जिवक0 तथा लोकजीवन म अधारी नदी का काफ0 महवपण योगदान रहा ह ताड़ोबा NO म यादातर माOा म ग1ड समदाय क0 ब)ती ह यह एक जनजातीय समदाय ह च|पर और बलारपर कई सालो तक ग1ड राजाओ क0 राजधानी रहा ह इसक अवशष भी इस NO म पाय जात ह नागपर भी ग1ड सााoय का िह)सा और महवपण शहर रहा ह च|पर स नागपर तक जानवाल परपरागत माग भी इसी NO स गजरत थ आज भी इसका जो िह)सा रािय उान स गजरता ह वहा रा)त क िकनार लग हgtए पथर क बन हgtय )तKभ लबी दरी तक िदखाई पड़त ह इनका उलख िshyिटश गझिटयर म भी पाया जाता ह परत इसका वा)तिवक उपयोग अभीतक )पlt नहQ ह शायद यह तकालीन सK(षण का कोई उपकरण रहा होगा ग1ड जनजातीय समह क0 अपनी एक ग1िड भाषा ह यह मयभारत क िव)तत NO म फल हgtय ह तथा )थानसापN ग1िड भाषा क0 बोिलयो म कछ अतर भी ह ग1ड सााoय िव)तत NO पर फला हgtआ था और नागपर च|पर बलारपर गढ़ा मडला दवगढ़ बालाघाट दातवाड़ा इसक महा6पण क | रह ह और यह सभी क | तथा यहा का लोकजीवन जगलो स जड़ा हgtआ था और इसक0 आिथक0 भी जगलो स जड़ी हgtयी थी ग1ड समदाय क सभी NOो म एक महवपण उलख इनक0 िसचाई 6यव)था का भी हम करना होगा इन सभी NOो म बहgtतायत म तालाब पाय जात जो ग1ड राजाओ तथा लोगो ारा िनिमत ह तथा आज भी उनक0 जलधारण Nमता तथा notोत सचाj 4प स कायरत ह इसका महवपण उदाहरण हम नागपर शहर क मय म ि)थत कई तालाब जस शxवारी फटाला तलगखड़ी अबाझरी आिद क 4प म दख सकत ह यही बात ताड़ोबा NO क बार म भी लाग होती ह यहा भी काफ0 माO म मानविनिमत तालाब पाय जात ह तथा इनक पनभरण म (ाकितक जलिवभाजन का अhयासपण उपयोग िकया गया ह आधिनक काल म सोमनाथ जल पनभरण योजना इसका महवपण उदाहरण ह ग1ड समदाय क आराय एव परपराए भी पयावरण एव (कित स खासकर जगलो स जड़ी हgtयी ह जगलो क सवधन तथा 6यव)थापन क कछ आधारभत िनयम तथा कानन1 क ग1ड (था परKपराओ म पाय जान का यही महवपण कारण भी ह भारतीय प8रवश म भी हम अगर दखत ह क0 यादातर जगल जनजातीय NOो म ही बच हgtय ह ताड़ोबा म िshyिटश शासन काल म ही हम जगल क 6यव)थापन म आधिनक िनबcध1 को दख सकत ह 1876 म बना (थम वन कानन उसक बाद आया हgtआ 1927 का इिडयन फॉर)ट एfट इसम उलखनीय ह िshyिटश दौर म भी जनजातीय NOो म (यN शासन क जगह यादातर उनक ससाधनो क शोषण पर ही बल िदया fय1िक यहा सभी NO दगम थ तथा )थानीय लोगो क सहयोग िबना ससाधनो का दोहन सहज सभव नहQ था इसी कारण सन 1806 क आसपास तथा बाद कई गाव िज9ह फॉर)ट िवलज कहा जाता था इस NO म बसाए गए तथा उ9ह कछ खास सिवधाए भी उपलTध कराई गयी ताड़ोबा म पहली बार 1935 म िशकार पर पाबदी लगाई गयी 1955 म इस राीय उान का दजा िदया गया 1986 म इसक िनकट अधारी व9यजीव अभयारregय का िनमाण िकया गया और 1995 म इन दोन1 को एकिOत करक वतमान 6याlaquo (कप का िनमाण िकया गया नशनल टाइगर (ोजfट क तहत




यहा (बधन तथा सरNा हत NO सचालक का पद िनिमत िकया गया ह ताड़ोबा अधारी 6याlaquo (कप को दो िवभागो म बाटा गया ह िजसम स बाहरी भाग िजस बफर NO कहा जाता ह अतगत कोर NO क जगल एव उसम ि)थत (ाणी तथा बाहरी NO म उपि)थत मनय तथा अ9य 6यावधान1 क बीच (ितरोध NO क 4प म काय करता ह इन दोनो NOो पर उपसचालक दजu क अिधकारी िनय7 होत ह िजनक0 सहायता हत सहायक वनसरNक वनNOपाल NOपाल वनरNक एव कायालियन कमचारी िनय7 होत ह ताड़ोबा अधारी 6याlaquo (कप का NO कायालय तथा दो िवभागीय कायालय च|पर म ि)थत ह ताड़ोबा अधारी 6याlaquo (कप क दोन1 िवभागो म अनक प8रNO कायालय ह िजसम कोर िवभाग क अतगत मोहgtल कोलसा एव ताड़ोबा प8रNO (रज ) का समावश होता ह तथा बफर िवभाग म िशवनी पलसगाव िचमर च|पर मोहgtल (बफर) तथा मल (बफर) का समावश होता ह (यक प8रNO को उपNO1 तथा िनयत NOो म बाटा गया ह (यक उपNO पर एक NOपाल तथा िनयतNO (िबट) पर एक वनरNक िनय7 होता ह िजनका काम अपन NO म होन वाली िशकार चोरी आिद स जगल को सरिNत रखना तथा सवधन हत आवयक जलसधारण वNारोपन आिद कायmacr को करना होता ह हाल ही म ताड़ोबा अधारी 6याlaquo (कप NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) एनटीसीए क अतगत )पशल टाइगर (ोटfसन फोस का गठन िकया गया ह िजस िवशष 6याlaquo सरNण दल या द)ता भी कहा जाता ह इनका मbय काय राीय उान म होन वाली िशकार पर रोक लगाना ह एनटीसीए क अतगत होनवाली सभी कायकलाप1 हत आवयक िनिध म 75 योगदान क | ारा तथा शष 25 राoयो ारा िदया जाता ह इसिलए इस एक साझा (यास क 4प म दख सकत ह वष 2012 पFात एनटीसीए क अतगत ताड़ोबा राीय उान म लगभग 90 लोगो क सरNा दल का गठन िकया गया ह इसम कछ हद तक )थानीय यवको को भी रोजगार िमला ह वतमान कछ वषmacr म वाइड लाइफ ट8रझम क बढ़त चलन स आनवाल पयटको क0 बढ़ती सbया स रोजगार क भी बढ़त साधन यहा िदखाई दन लग ह ताड़ोबा राीय उ13ान म िवथापन

िshyिटश दौर म जनजातीय NOो म (यN शासन क जगह यादातर उनक ससाधनो क शोषण पर ही बल िदया fय1िक यहा सभी NO दगम थ तथा )थानीय लोगो क सहयोग िबना ससाधनो का दोहन सहज सभव नहQ था इसी कारण सन 1806 क आसपास तथा बाद कई गाव िज9ह फॉर)ट िवलज कहा जाता था इस NO म बसाए गए शायद यही कारण था क0 िshyिटश काल म जगलो या वतमान राीय उानो क )थानोपर िव)थापन क0 सम)या तीsup2 4प म नहQ दिख गयी तकालीन सघषmacr म यादातर कारक वनोपजो पर अिधकार या वनभिम क मािलकाना हक म ही दख जात ह इन सघषmacr का )व4प भी आधिनक औोिगक सघष क0 तलना म सामदाियक सघषmacr स जादा िभ9न नहQ था )वाधीनता पFात उोगो क िवकास हत खिनजो तथा कोयला आिद ससाधनो को काफ0 महव (ा हgtआ ताड़ोबा म 1935 म िशकार पर पाबदी लगाई गयी )वत9Oता क पFात 1955 म इस राीय उान घोिषत िकया गया ताड़ोबा राीय उान का िव)तत NO व)टन कोल फ0ड क च|पर तथा वणी NO स िघरा हgtआ ह िजसम यादातर कोयला खदान खली (ओपन का)ट ) ह यवतमाल तथा च|पर िजल का काफ0 िह)सा भी भी कोयला लोह मIगनीज बकसाइट चनखड़ी आिद खिनजो क उपादन स जड़ा हgtआ ह वतमान म च|पर महारा




क िबजली आपितकता क 4प म (मख भिमका अदा करता ह तथा कोयला उपादन म भी इस NO का काफ0 महवपण योगदान रहा ह परत इन सभी उपलिTधय1 क साथ ही यहा क जगलो पर एव उनम बसन वाल जनजातीय समदायो पर एक तीsup2 दबाव कायरत हgtआ और उिसक (ितx0या क 4प म (शासन एव लोगो का सघष उभरता ह इस माO लोगो एव (शासन क बीच क सघष क 4प म दखना व)तपरकता स हटकर होगा ईस सघष को हम विiक )तर पर औपिनविशक सघष क बाद उभरनवाल ससाधनो पर कTज हत कॉपmacrरट होड क प8रणाम )व4प समझ सकत ह ताड़ोबा राीय उान क NO म अदानी को कोयला खदान1 का आवटन या वरोरा िचमर क नजदीक मरपार प8रयोजना स जड़ वतमान सघष भी इसी )व4प क ह ताड़ोबा राीय उान म मलतः िव)थापन क साथ ही िव)थापन क बाद भी पनवास क (ित (शासन क0 िनिxयता या उदािसनता सम)या एव सघष का (मख कारण ह ताड़ोबा उान म िव)थापन का दौर 1972 म आए व9य(ाणी सरNण अिधिनयम क पFात हgtय खातोड़ा गाव क िव)थापन स हम दख सकत ह खातोड़ा का िव)थापन माO एक गाव स जड़ा था साथ ही उस समय आिदवासी जनो म (शासन क िवj अगितक भावना तथा अपन वा)तिवक अिधकारो क (ित अdान क कारणवश सघष (यN 4प नहQ ल पाया परत लोगो क मन आज भी उस अ9याय क (ित असतोष का भाव बना हgtआ ह यह िव)थापन पण )व4प स वनिवभाग ारा (शासिनक बल िजस हम पिलस (शासन क 4प म जानत ह का उपयोग करक िकया गया जबिक रािय उानो म िव)थापन स जड़ी नीित िव)थापन को पण 4प स ऐिwछक करार दती ह खातोड़ा क िव)थापन क बाद 1980 क आसपास स ही कोर NO म बस अ9य छह गाओ जो बोटझरी जामनी नवगाव रानतलोधी पलसगाव कोलसा इनक भी िव)थापन क0 बात उठी पर लोगो क0 तरफ स इसका परजोर िवरोध हgtआ इस िवरोध क चलत (शासन और लोगो क बीच कई मो पर िवमश हgtआ िक9त (शासन एव अिधकारी इस अपन (शासिनक अिधकार क )व4प म अमल करना चाहत थ न क0 जनतािOक (िxया क 4प म कोर NO म बस लगभग सभी गाव ग1ड बहgtल या कही पण ग1ड जनसbया क भी ह इन गाओ म परपरागत ामगणतO क सNम होन स आज भी सभी िनणय सवसहमित स और एकमत स ही िलए जात ह इसी (िxया म 1998 म या ताड़ोबा अधारी 6याlaquo (कप अ9याय िनवारण सिमित क0 )थापना हgtयी िजसम रानतलोधी ाम एव ाम क िनवािचत सद)य कलास कमर क0 भिमका काफ0 महवपण रही इस सिमित क कोर किमटी म 30 सद)य थ िजसम उपरोलिखत (यक गाव स 5 सद)यो का समावश था इसम 6 सद)यो क0 6यव)थापन सिमित िजसम (यक गाव स एक (ितिनिध था का गठन हgtआ जो सघष क0 िनिFत िदशा तथा धन (बधन आिद हत (यासरत रही इसम उलखनीय बात यह भी थी क0 सहभागी सभी गाव1 एव लोगो न िकसी भी बाहरी सहायता या िव क अलावा कवल लोकसहभाग तथा सहकार क आधार पर सघष को दीघ काल तक चलाया जो आज भी जारी ह इसी सघष क बीच बोटझरी गाव को भी बलात िव)थािपत िकया गया िजला (शासन क0 िव)थापन स जड़ पोटल म िजला िव)थापन सिमित क अनसार उ9होन बोटझरी गाव को िव)थापन क बाद सभी सिवधाए महया कराई ह और यह आदश )व4प का िव)थापन ह यहातक क0 िव)थापन क पFात पनवािसत गाव को रव तक क0 सिवधा उपलTध कराई गयी और यह करनवाला च|पर िजला (शासन दश म (थम एव एकमव होन क0 बात कहकर खब वाहवाइ भी लटी ह वा)तव म ामवािसय1 क िलए जहा उ9ह पनवािसत िकया गया वहा




का प8रवश एव पltभिम काफ0 िभ9न होन स जीवनयापन करना काफ0 मिकल ह इसी कारणवश बोटझरी क 21 प8रवार1 न 2009 म िफर स अपन मल )थान पर आकर बसन का िनणया िलया परत उ9ह िफर स बल का (योग कर वहा स िव)थािपत िकया गया िजसम बहोत िहसा एव अयाचार क0 घटनाओ का िजx भी ामवासी करत ह रव क0 बात म तय यह ह क0 जो रव क0 सिवधा उपलTध करान क0 बात (शासन करता ह वह रव लाइन िshyिटश दौर स ही वहा मौजद ह और उसी रव लाइन क िनकट बजर जमीन पर बोटझरी गाव को भगवानपर नाम स बसाया गया ह जहा िवगत कई वषmacr स फसल1 क न होन का कारण जमीन और िसचाई क0 अनपलTधता रहा ह बोटझरी का नामकरण भगवानपर होन का कारण fया िकसी धािमक Xा म होन क0 बात पछन पर पता चला क0 यह उन साहब क नाम भगवान स रखा गया ह िज9होन इस िव)थािपत िकया था साफ तौर प इसस लोगो क0 सामदाियक अि)मता क (ित तीsup2 अना)था तथा 6यि7गत महवकाNा का दप (तीत होता ह िव)थापन क ऐवज म िमलन वाल मआवज क0 बात कछ इस तरह ह क0 इसम (यक िव)थािपत प8रवार को एकमत दस (10) लाख jपय नकद िदय जाएग उसक पFात उस न कोई जमीन या घर या पनवास क0 सिवधा िदयी जाएगी न ही वनिवभाग क0 कोई नोकरी पर उसका दावा रहगा या तो उस 25 लाख jपय नकद तथा उतनी ही जमीन िजतनी उसक पास िव)थापन स पव थी वह िदयी जाएगी दोन1 िवकपो म प8रवार क िकसी भी सद)यक िलए वनिवभाग म रोजगार आिद का कोई िजx नहQ ह इसम (मख बात यह ह क0 िजस प8रवश म यह लोग िनवास करत थ वहा किष एकमाO रोजगार का साधन नहQ ह यहा धान क0 फसल होती ह जो लगभग 90 स 120 िदन क0 होती ह यह िकसान एव मजदर दोन1 को साल म लगभग तीन स चार महीन का रोजगार दती ह बाक0 बच आठ स नौ महीन लोग बास स जड़ 6यवसाय जस टोकरी तL आिद बनात ह महgtआ क फल एकsup3ा करत ह महgtआ क बीज इकsup3ा करत ह िजनस तल िमलता ह तद क प इकsup3ा करत ह कछ कदमल फल या वनौषिध ग1द भी इकsup3ा करत ह िज9ह )थानीय बाजारो म बचा जा सकता ह तद क फल कचर बर जामन आिद भी इकsup3ा करत ह साथ म मगया बकरी और गाय भस आिद का पालनपोषण िकया जाता ह इसम स यादातर रोजगार (यN 4प स जगल पर िनभर ह उपादन एव अथ(ाि क साधन अनक तथा िबखर हgtए होन स िकसी एक साधन पर इनक0 अवलिKबता कम होती ह और आधिनक अथशाnot क नसार सरिNतता भी (दान करती ह रोजगार क अनक छोट छोट साधनो क होन स िकसी एक साधन स अनपाद स भी इनक0 आिथक सरिNतता िनरतर बनी रहती ह परत (शासन क ारा पनवास क नीित म किष को ही एकमाO उपादन का साधन मानकर नीित का िनधारण हgtआ ह जो जगल म बसनवाल इन आिदवािसयो क (ित िनिFत ही पNपातपण ह आिदवासी आिथक0 क0 यही खबी क कारण हम यह भी दख सकत ह इस परपरागत NO म िकसान आमहयाए नहQ दिख जाती परत िव)थािपत गाव1 क िकसानो म इस (वि एव िनराशा क कछ आसार िदखाई दन लग ह िव)थापन स लकर सम)याओ स जड़ सघष म इस अ9याया िनवारण सिमित ारा बफर NO क 89 गाव1 को भी इकsup3ा करन क0 कोिशश क0 िजसस उनम भी इस सम)या क (ित जाग4कता और समझ बढ़ी ह परत (यN सगठन काय इस NO क िबखर हgtए होन स एव धन क0 कमी क कारण सभव नहQ हgtआ ह कोर NO म बोटझरी क पFात जामनी तथा नवगाव सन 2009 म िव)थािपत िकए गए वह भी इसी




(कार का असतोष बना हgtआ ह कोलसा का आिशक 4प स िव)थापन हgtआ ह यहा क लोगो को भी भगवानपर म बसाया गया ह रानतलोधी एव पलसगाव क लोगो न सघष को अभीतक जारी रखा ह लोगो क वहा रहन स यिद पयावरण क0 हानी होती ह तो िफर माO राज)व क0 (ाि हत हर साल पयटको को fय आकिषत कर पयावरण को हानी पहgtचाइ जा रही ह यह लोगो क मन म उठान वाला सवाल भी (ाकितक ह बड़ी कारो और गािड़यो म आनवाल काल चम और हट पहन हgtय लोग fया यहा क पयावरण म इन आिदवासी जनो स oयादा (ाकितक ह िवकास क नाम पर सभी ससाधनो एव सिवधाओ का लाभ लन वाल शहरी जनो क िलए बनी सरकार क आकड़1 म 33 वनो को बनाए रखना fया िसफ इन रािय उानो म बसी जनजाितयो क0 िज़Kमदारी ह और ह भी तो fया िसफ इ9ह िव)थािपत करन भर स जगल बच रहग सालो तक या सालो तक िजन आिदवासी जनजाितयो न बचाकर रखा ह इन (ाकितक ससाधनो को उ9ह हटाकर इस सौपना ह ट8रझम खदान उोग होटिलग रोजगार आिद मीठ नामो क साथ आनवाल िवकास क हाथो म जो बाट दगा इन सबको एकदम सही सही िजसक जीतन मजबत हाथ उसका उतना ही बड़ा िह)सा अगर इन सभी बातो स सम)याओ का हल हो जाता ह तो दश क कई महानगरो म जहा य सभी रोजगार होटल उोग आिद बहgtतायत म ह वहा भी आिथक िवषमता इतनी तीsup2 fय ह और वहा भी िव)थापन क0 सम)या इतनी ही जिटल fय ह fया हम हटा दना चाहत ह इन सब लोगो को यहा स वहा तक और वहा स भी हमशा क िलए िवषण (रानतलोधी गाव) -

रानतलोधी गाव 1806 म बसाया गया एक फॉर)ट िवलज गाव ह और इसम सभी ग1ड समदाय क ही लोग रहत ह वनिवभाग क0 zिlt स यह मोहgtल प8रNO क कारवा राउड क रानतलोधी िबट म ि)थत ह राज)व िवभाग क अनसार यह भ|ावती तहसील का एक गाव ह च|पर िजला प8रषद क अतगत भ|ावती Tलॉक म यह आता ह यहा 1962 म ामपचायत क0 )थापना हgtयी थी 93 व घटना सधार क पFात िनवाचन भी सही अतराल पर लोकताि9Oक तरीक स यहा होत रह ह ामपचायत म कल 7 सद)य ह ामपचायत का अपना भवन न होन क कारण कामकाज समाजमिदर िजस यहा गोटल क नाम स जाना जाता ह उसम स चलाया जाता ह िजला प8रषद क0 एक (ाथिमक )कल भी यहा ह िजसम माO एक िशNक िनय7 िकया गया ह )कल क िलए पfक0 िबिडग बनाई गयी ह चौथी कNा क बाद पलसगाव म 10 वी तक )कल उपलTध ह जो यहा स 22 िकमी दरी पर ह 40 िकमी क0 दरी पर बोडा गाव म 12 वी तक आXम )कल उपलTध ह जो कवल लड़िकयो क िलए ह इसक अलावा दलनवाडी गाव म भी 10 वी तक िशNा उपलTध ह जो यहा स 35 िकमी क0 दरी पर ि)थत पर यह गाव कोर NO म आन स िकसी भी बाहरी वाहन क िलए यहा आनाजाना सभव नहQ ह इसिलए आवाजाही यह क0 (मख सम)या ह इसीकारण बwचो क िलए (ाथिमक िशNा उपरात िशNा काफ0 मिकल ह सबस नजदीक0 (ाथिमक िचिकसा क | मध1ली म ह जो यहा स 34 क0मी क0 दरी पर ह गाव म जान क िलए कwची सड़क ह जो बरसात क चार महीन लगभग बद सी रहती ह और हर साल बरसात क बाद ामवासी उस खद Xमदान स बनात ह जो लगभग 15 िकमी दर झरी गाव तक बनाई जाती ह इसिलए आधिनक िचिकसा सिवधाए




आज भी अ(ा[य ह यहा तक क0 जानवरो हत वटनरी हॉि)पटल भी यहा स 20 िकमी क0 दरी पर मोहgtल म ह िजला मbयालय च|पर स यह गाव लगभग 57 िकमी क0 दरी पर ह यहा स च|पर जानवाल रा)त पर स दो झरन बहत ह जहा पल क0 आवयकता ह च|पर स यहा क िलए एक बस चलती ह जो रात म हिटग रहती ह पर इस बस का आना जाना सड़क क अि)तव पर िनभर करता ह गाव का कोर NO क जगलो क िघर होन स िहnot जानवरो का खतरा लगातार बना रहता ह नजदीक0 पिलस )टशन भ|ावती 37 िकमी पर ह गाव म िबजली क0 उपलTधता ह कल जनसbया 465 ह िजसम स मिहलाओ क0 सbया 239 ह ग8रबीरखा क नीच 80 प8रवार आत ह कल 160 प8रवार गाव म ह पी डी एस क0 एक दकान भी गाव म ह गाव म िजला प8रषद )कल हत िशNक एक ामसवक तथा वनिवभाग का कमचारी एक वनरNक िनय7 ह परत गाव क0 दगमता तथा 6यि7गत िजKमदा8रयो क िलए य सभी च|पर म ही रहना पसद करत ह किष िवभाग का कोई कमचारी गाव म नहQ ह गाव म (वश करत ही 30-35 साल पहल क िकसी गाव का आभास होता ह गाव म रोजगार क (मख साधन किष क साथ ही कछ वनधा8रत भी ह यहा धान क0 फसल होती ह जो लगभग 90 स 120 िदन क0 होती ह यह िकसान एव मजदर दोन1 को साल म लगभग तीन स चार महीन का रोजगार दती ह बाक0 बच आठ स नौ महीन लोग बास स जड़ 6यवसाय जस टोकरी तL आिद बनात ह महgtआ क फल एकsup3ा करत ह महgtआ क बीज इकsup3ा करत ह िजनस तल िमलता ह तद क प इकsup3ा करत ह कछ कदमल फल या वनौषिध ग1द भी इकsup3ा करात ह िजनह )थानीय बाजारो म बचा जा सकता ह तद क फल कचर बर जामन आिद भी इकsup3ा करत ह साथ म मगया बकरी और गाय भस आिद का पालनपोषण िकया जाता ह इसम स यादातर रोजगार (यN 4प स जगल पर िनभर ह पीन क पानी क िलए परा गाव एक सावजिनक कए पर िनभर ह जो िshyिटश सरकार ारा बनाया गया था इसम जनवरी तक पानी रहता ह फरवरी स जलाई तक पानी क िलए कोई साधन नहQ ह Xी शडमाक जी का घरल कवा ापचायत ारा अिधिहत िकया जाता ह परत यह पया नहQ ह ापचायत स बात करन पर यहा कोई िवकास काय fय नहQ िकया जाता या fया पानी क िलए िकसी नलकप का (ावधान ामसभा नहQ कर सकती यह पछन पर पता चला क0 जलाई 2000 स ामपचायत को कोई भी िवकास िनिध सरकार ारा नहQ िदया गया ह िव आयोग ारा िनधा8रत ापचायत क िलए िनधा8रत िनिध भी तभी स रोक िदया गया ह वनिवभाग क साथ ही िजला पचायत क िकसी भी िवभाग ारा यहा कोई भी योजना या िवकास काय कायाि9वत नहQ िकया जाता िजसक पीछ यह तक िदया जाता ह क0 यह गाव िव)थािपत होनवाला ह तथा यहा क सभी िवकास कामो को रोकन का राoय सरकार का आदश ह जबिक राीय उानो म िव)थापन पणतः ऐिwछक ह और रानतलोधी गाव क0 ामसभा न इस पण एकमत स बार बार नकारा भी ह बाहरी लोगो स समथन हत इन जन जाितयो को जगल स िनकाल कर इ9ह समाज क मbय (वाह म लान क िलए यह सब िकया जा रहा ह य बात (शासन सामन रखता ह और इनक भा_यिवधाता का मखौटा भी धारण करता ह पर fया लोगो क0 इwछा 6यित8र7 ही उनका भा_य तय करना इतना आवयक ह और इस भा_यिवधान क िलए लोगो क वतमान जीवन को ही दभर बनाकर उनक जीवीत क अिधकार को ही हम नकार रह ह सभी सिवधाए और जीवनावयक जर4रत1 को रोककर (शासन उ9ह मजबर करना चाहता ह क0 वह गाव छोड़ द वह मजबर भी ह क0




गाव छोड़ द परत पहल स िव)थािपत गाव1 क0 ददशा और (शासन क0 अना)था दखकर यह उनक िलए सभव नहQ ह सिवधान म हम ामगणराoयो को मजबत एव )वयमपण करन क0 बात करत ह 93 वा सिवधान सधार इस बात को और बल दता ह िफर भी कायकारी सरकार ारा यहा क लोगो क जीवन क अिधकार को ही नकारा जा रहा ह इन सभी 6यवधान1 क बावजद गाव लोकसहभाग क आधार पर ही वष 2007-08 म ओपन डिफ़कशन para0 ODF हो चका ह रासत तकड़ोजी महाराज ाम)वwछता अिभयान म रानतलोधी िजल म ितीय तथा Tलॉक म (थम रह चका ह माO लोकसहभाग पर यह उपलिTध वाकई (शसनीय ह वनिवभाग ारा जगलो म घरल जानवरो तथा इ9सानो पर िहnot जानवरो क हमल क िलए मआवजा रकम पर राoय म दी जाती ह और सरकारी िवdापनो म इसक0 खब (िसि भी क0 जाती ह परत इस गाव को कोर NO यान घन जगलो म होन क कारण यह मआवजा नकारा जाता ह यह तक अनाकलनीय ह ऐसी कई घटनाओ का उलख ामवासी करत ह वनिवभाग क कायालय स भी इसका आधार िमलता ह गाव क िव)थापन को लकर कई सार एनजीओ न ह)तNप करन क0 पहल क0 थी परत उनक0 भिमका यादातर जमीन ह)तातरण को लकर मय)थ या िबचौिलय1 क ही )व4प म रही इसिलए ामसभा ारा इ9ह )पlt 4प स नकारा गया ह भारत जन आदोलन क shyाइन लोबो क अलावा िकिसन लोगो क हक क0 बात नहQ क0 ह वष 2008 म लाग िकए गए फॉर)ट राइट एfट 2006 क तहत गाव क ारा सामदाियक तथा 6यि7गत वनिधकार क दाव ामसभा क0 और स वष 2009 म ही बड़ी आशा क साथ दािखल िकए गए परत (शासन क0 और स आजतक उसका कोई जवाब या (ितिxया नहQ दी गयी ह ताड़ोबा म कई स)थाए पयावरण तथा जानवरो क हबीटाट क िलए काम करती ह पर इ9सानो क िनवास अिधकार क0 बात कोई नहQ करता शायद एनजीओ क0 सशया)पद भिमका क बार म जानवर बोल नहQ पात और इसान इसका िवरोध करता ह यही इसका कारण होगा िवमश तथा सझाव िव)थापन तथा पनवास क0 सम)या म मbय कारण योजना म जमीनी सचाई का अभाव अिधका8रय1 क0 गरिजKमदारी तथा पारदिशता का अभाव जस कई कारण दखन को िमलत हI इस प8रयोजना काय म दखा गया ह िक fया रान तलोधी ाम क लोग िव)थापन क िलए तयार ह अततः यह िनकष सामन आया िक (शासन ारा उस ाम को िव)थापन क िलए मजबर िकया जा रहा ह और वहा क लोग लगातार सघषरत हI यहा एक और (मख िवमश सामन आता ह िजस हम सरिNत जगल एव असरिNत समदायो क 4प म समझ सकत ह fया जगलो क सरिNत होन क िलए समदायो का िव)थािपत होना ज4री ह वा)तिवक 4प स पारप8रक जनसमदाय1 एव वन तथा व9यजीवो का पथक होना ही पयावरणीय सम)याओ का मbय कारण ह एक दसर पर आधा8रत पा8रि)थितक0 म समदाय भी उतना ही अहम िह)सा ह िजतना कोई जीवजत इसिलए उ9ह यहा स िव)थािपत करन स पयावरण सरिNत होगा यह वाकई एक अवdािनक तक ह िजसक पीछ ससाधनो क दोहन क उपलTधता हत )वाथ भाव िनिहत ह इसिलए यिद पयावरण बचाना ह तो हम रोकना होगा इन खदान1 को ट8र)ट प8रयोजनाओ को ऐस उान1 एव िशकारगाह1 को जो िकसी वगमाO क िलए सरिNत हो वा)तव म इन जनजाितयो क सालो वहा होन स ही जगल बच हgtय ह नाक0 िकसी प8रयोजनाओ या उोगो क कारण यह जन समदाय वन पा8रि)थितक0 (णाली को बचान और बनाए




रखन क िलए अिभ9न अग हI ताड़ोबा म कई स)थाए पयावरण तथा जानवरो क हबीटाट राइट क िलए काम करती ह पर इ9सानो क िनवास अिधकार क0 बात कोई नहQ करता शायद एनजीओ क0 सशय)पद भिमका क बार म जानवर बोल नहQ पात और इसान इसका िवरोध करता ह यही इसका कारण होगा

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पण म िव)थािपत गाव1 क0 ि)थित को सधारकर एव उ9ह सभी सिवधाए उपलTध कराकर रान तलोधी ामवािसय1 को िव)थापन हत (ोसािहत तथा पनवास हत आi)त िकया जा सकता ह

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dw k yk sdla[sr dkexk jkap s izek k

d w k izkFkfed

Ool kf d yk sd

VDdsokjh lsquoksrdjh VDdsokjh lsquoksretwj VDdsokjh taxy rk sM] ek lsekjh frsquokdkj o vU

VDdsokjh fOnrhd Oolk

VDdsokjh rrh d Oolk

VDd sok jh

xM fpjksyh 1014 40 41060 4 0-48 32156 78-32 17 720 43-16 13368 32-56 1068 2-60 2138 5-2 1 67 66 16-47 v kjeksjh 1413 73 66217 4 6-84 57136 86-29 29 276 44-21 26167 39-52 1693 2 -56 30 45 4-60 60 36 9-11 d qj[k sMk 88362 42974 4 8-63 38994 90-74 2 7-668 64-38 10945 25-47 3 81 0-89 1225 2-8 5 27 55 6-41 k kuksjk 70465 33456 4 7-48 30692 91-73 23156 69-21 7208 21-54 3 28 0-98 669 2-00 20 95 6-27 VkiYyh 73525 35568 4 8-37 32911 92-53 2 8-187 79-25 4333 12-18 3 91 1-10 658 1-85 1999 5-62 f ljksapk 58883 27981 4 7-52 24550 87-74 114 05 40-76 12384 44-26 7 61 2-72 1248 4-46 2183 7-80 v gsjh 82832 35398 42-93 29155 82-36 18 905 53-41 7992 22-58 2258 6-37 1982 5-6 0 4261 12-04 Pk keksrsquokhZ 170130 75909 4 4-62 67503 88-93 44 875 59-12 20754 27-34 1874 2-47 35 48 4-67 48 58 6-40 d qk f tYgk

787010 35 85 63 4 5-56 313097 87-32 201192 56-11 103 151 2 8-77 8754 2-44 14513 4-0 5 30953 8-63

L =ksr xMfpjksyh ftYgk tuxkuk funZsrsquok xzaFk amp 1991 xMf pjksyh ftYgk rhy yksdla[sph Okolkf d lajp uk 2001

lk jk h ^c rk yqds dqk

yksdl a[k dkexk j dqk v Yidkyhu dkexkj oxGwu

dw k yksdla[sr dkexk jkaps izek k

izkFkfed Oolk dw k

VDdsokjh lsquoksr djh VDd sok jh lsquoksretwj VDdsokjh f Onrhd Oolk

VDdsokjh vU Oolk

VDd sok jh

nslkb Zxat 76154 26 726 35-09 19031 71-21 78 84 29-50 11147 41-71 684 2-5 6 7011 26-23 v kjeksjh 9084 6 31188 34-33 2 5599 82-08 12925 41-44 12674 40-64 641 2-0 5 49 48 15-87 dwj[k sMk 7793 6 26 261 33 -69 21463 81-72 14140 53-84 7323 27-88 278 1-07 45 20 17-21 dk sjph 4073 6 130 27 31-98 10947 84-24 94 48 72-53 1526 11-71 183 1-4 1 18 70 14-35 kkuksjk 7734 6 25113 32-47 21443 85-39 16137 64-26 5306 21-13 391 1-40 3319 13-21 xMfpjksyh 126313 38 893 30 -79 2 4087 61-93 13985 35-96 10102 25-97 486 1-25 14320 36-82 PkkeksrsquokhZ 165514 59 793 36-12 4 9373 82-97 31737 53-07 17640 29-50 1111 1-86 93 09 15-57 eqyp sjk 3 96 11 113 08 28-55 9523 84 -21 94 49 66-76 2074 18-34 175 1-55 16 10 14-24 VkiYyh 7062 7 30 451 43-11 2 6730 87-78 22994 75-51 3736 12-27 289 0-95 34 32 11-2 7 H kk ejkxM 31679 149 92 47-32 13348 89-03 11697 78-02 1651 11-01 7 1 0-47 15 73 10-50 v gsjh 103759 32 958 31-76 22341 67-79 17536 53-21 4805 14-58 710 2-15 99 07 30-06 f ljk sapk 6977 3 26 249 37-62 20167 76-83 11878 45-25 8289 31-58 728 2-77 53 54 20-40 dq k f tYgk

970294 326959 34 -73 264079 78-37 177 80 6 52-77 86273 25-60 57 07 1-69 67173 19-94

L =ksr xMf pjksyh ftYgk tuxkuk funZsrsquok xzaFk amp 2001




ukxjh Hkkxkr vlk cny tkLr izekkr gksrks- 1991 lkyh dqj[ksMk rkyqDkr dke djkkUacutekaps izekk 48-63 VDds gksrs rsp xMfpjksyh rkyqDkr dke djkkUacutekaps izekk 40-48 VDds gksrs- xMfpjksyh gk ukxjh rkyqdk vlYkus ojhy fokkukrhy lRrk iVrs- 2001 k ordquokhZ dke djkkUacutekaps egRRe izekk HkkejkxM rkyqDkr 47-32 VDds rj Uqure izekk eqypsjk rkyqDkr 28-55 VDds olts gksrs- 2001 k ordquokhZ nslkbZxat] pkeksrsquokhZ] VkiYyh] HkkejkxM o fljksapk rkyqDkr gs izekk ljkljh iskk tkLr rj ckdh rkyqDkr ljkljh iskk deh gksrs- vls vlys rjh 1991 Pk rqyusr 2001 k ordquokkZr dqk yksla[sr dkexkjkaps izekk izRsd rkyqDkr kVysys vkgsr-

xMfpjksyh gk vkfnoklh ekxkl ftYgk vlYkus sFks izkFkfed Oolkkps izekk Qkj eksBs vkgs- izkFkfed Oolkkr lsquoksrhrsquokh fuxMhr lsquoksrdjh vkfk lsquoksretqj gs egRRokps vlys rjh k OfrjhDr dkgh vU izkFkfed Oolkgh sFks pkyrkr- mnk- taxyrksM] taxykrhy fofok oLrq xksGk djks] frsquokdkj] eklsekjh] [kkkdke kapk lekosrsquok k brj izkFkfed Oolkkr gksrks- vrsquokk Oolkkr 1991 es 8]754 ODrh dkZjr gksRk] gs izekk 2-44 brds gksrs- RkeqGs 2001 Pk tkxkusr kapk osXkGk mYys[k dsysyk ukgh vkfk Egkqup foLrr forsquoysrdquokkklkBh lsquoksrdjh vkfk lsquoksretqj kaps izekk fopkjkr ksrys vkgs- izkFkfed Oolk amp izkFkfed m|ksxkr lsquoksrdUacutekapk xV gk lokZr izeq[k xV vkgs- LorkPk tfeuhoj lsquoksrh djkkUacutek Okolkfdkapk lekosrsquok k xVkr djkr srks- rj nqlUacutekaPk lsquoksrkoj Je djkkUacuteka dkexkajkpk lekosrsquok lsquoksretqj k xVkr djkr srks- 1991 es ftYgkrhy dqk dkexkajkiSdh 56-11 lsquoksrdjh k xVkr rj 28-77 yksd lsquoksretqj k xVkr gksrs- nksu xVkrhy rQkor 27-34 brdh gksrh- 2001 es k nksu xVkrhy Qjd lkkkjk gkp dke jkghyk ijarq nksUgh xVkrhy VDdsokjh ek= deh gtkyh- 2001 k ordquokhZ 52 yksd lsquoksrdjh xVkr gksrs- 1951 Pk rqyusus gs izekk 3-34 VDdsuh deh gtkys- 2001 es lsquoksretqjkaps izekk 25-60 brds gksrs o 1991 Pk rqyusus gs izekk 3-17 us deh gtkys- nksUgh xVkrhy kV lkkkjk lkj[kh vlYkus nksUghrhy Qjdgh lkkkjk dke jkghy] vls Egkrk sbZy dh 1991 amp 2001 k nksUgh ordquokhZ lsquoksretqj vkfk lsquoksrdjh krhy xqkd 12 vlk dke jkghyk vkgs- vfHkks=h nrdquoVhdksukrqu forsquoysrdquokk dsYkojgh ftYgkvarxZr rkyqDkrgh cjhp fHkUurk fnlrs- 1991 k ordquokhZ lsquoksrdUacutekaps lokZfkd izekk VkIiyh rkyqDkr 79-25 brds gksrs rj lokZr deh izekk fljkaspk rkyqDkr 40-76 brds gkssrs] Egkts dqk Qjd 38-49 brdk gksrk- 2001 k ordquokhZ lsquoksrdUacutekaps loksZPp izekk HkkejkxM rkyqDkr 78-02

brds rj Uqure izekk nslkbZxat rkyqDkr 29-50 brds gksrs- nksUghrhy Qjd 48-52 brdk gksrk- Egkts 1991 Pk rqyusus gk Qjd Egktps vfHkksf=d fordquokerk 10-03 VDdsus okltyh- vkfnoklh fdok ekxkl rkyqDkrqu Qkjlk iMyk




ukgh- ijarq ftYgkaPk okO o ifrsquopesdMhy rkyqDkrqu gs izekk cjsp deh gtkYkus fordquokerk okltyh vkgs- lsquoksrdUacutekacjkscjp lsquoksretqjkapk xVgh egRRokpk vlrks- 1991 k ordquokh Z ftYkgkr dqk dkexkjkaiSdh 28-77 VDds dkexkj lsquoksretqj Egkqu dke djhr gksrs gsp izekk 2001 es 25-60 oj vkys- Egktsp 1991 Pk rqyusr 3-17 us deh gtkyk- 1991 lkyh lsquoksretqjkaps lokZZsPPk izekk flajksapk rkyqDkr 44-26 brds gksrs] rj lxGkr deh izekk VkiYyh rkyqDkr 12-18 brds gksrs- Egkts ftYkarhy izknsfrsquokd fHkUurk 32-08 VDds brds gksrs- 2001 k ordquokhZ lsquoksretqjkaps lokZsPp izekk nslkbZxat k rkyqDkr 41-71 brds gksrs] rj HkkejkxM rkyqDkr gs 11-01 brds gksrs- Egktsp nksUghekhy varj fdok izknsfrsquokd fHkUurk 30-70 brds gksrs o 1991 Pk rqyusr rs FkksMh deh gtkysyh vkltGrs- k ftYgkps oSfrsquokrdquoV Egkts ftYgkPk loZp rkyqDkr lsquoksrdUacutekaps vkfkD fnlrs- 1991 k ordquokhZ flajkspk rkyqDkpk viokn oxGrk lsquoksrdUacutekaps izekk loZ rkyqDkrqu lsquoksretqajkiskk vfkd gksrs- 2001 k ordquokhZ ghp ifjfLFkrh dke gksrh- vrsquokk izdkjs lsquoksrh o taxykrsquokh lacafkr vrsquokk loZ izkFkfed m|ksaxkpk df=r fopkj dsyk rj vls vkltGrs dh] 1991 es k ftYgkr dqk dkexkajkiSdh 87-32 dkexkj gs izkFkfed m|ksxkr gksrs- xMfpjksyh rkyqDkr gs izekk lxGkr deh 78-32 olts vkltGrs rj VkiYyh rkyqDkr gsp izekk 92-53 brds vkltGrs] Egktsp izknsfrsquokd fHkUurk 14-21 brdh gksrh- 2001 es ftYgkr izkFkfed m|ksxkr 78-37 brds dkexkj gksrs] Egktsp kaps izekk 1991 Pk rqyusus 8-95 VDdsus deh gtkys- kordquokhZ k dkexkjkaps izekk xMfpjksyh rkyqDkr 61-93 VDds rj HkkejkxM rkyqDkr 89-03 VDds brds gksrs- Egktsp izknsfrsquokd fHkUurk 27-10 VDds brdh gksrh- Egktsp 1991 uarjPk 10 ordquokkZPk dkGkr gh okltyh vls Egkrk sbZy] forsquoksrdquokr ifrsquopesdMhy rkyqDkrqu dkgh yksd vU Oolkkr xsysys vkltGrkr- fOnrhd Oolk amp k ftYgkr k xVkps egRRo vfrrsquok deh vkgs] dkjk [kkn nqljs mnkgjk oXkGrk sFks fOnrhd m|ksxkpk dkghgh fodkl gtkysyk ukgh- rqjGd o forsquoksrdquokr lsquokgjkrqu dkxn m|ksx] ykdqM dVkbZ] Hkkr dkaMks vrsquokk izdkjps fOnrhd Oolk pkyrkr- ijarq kes dke djkkUacutek etqjkph la[k vfrrsquok vYi vlrs- ftYgkr 1991 es dke djkkUacutek dqk dkexkajkiSdh QDr 14]513 Egkts 4-05 dkexkj fOnrhd Oolkkr gksrs- kordquokhZ vgsjh rkyqDkr gs izekk 5-60 VDds rj VkiYyh rkyqDkr 1-85 VDds brds gksrs- 2001 lkyh fOnrhd m|ksxkr dkexkjkaph la[k 5707 brdh gksrh] Egktsp 1991 Pk rqyusr gh la[k 8806 us deh gtkyh o dqk dkexkajkrhy kaps izekk 4-05 VDds ou 1-69 oj vkys Egktsp 2-26 VDdsus deh gtkys- k 10 ordquokkZr izkFkfed




m|ksxkrhy rlsp fOnrhd m|ksxkrhy dkexkajkps izekk deh gtkys] kpkp vFkZ gs dkexkj la[k rfr OolkkdMs oGyh vls Egkrk sbZy- rfrd Oolk amp k xVkr okgrqd] nGkoGk o vU vusd lsokapk lekosrsquok gksrks dh] Tk izkFkfed o fOnrh Oolkkyk iqjd vlrkr- 1991 k ordquokhZ vrsquokk rfrd m|ksxkrhy dkexkjkaph la[k 30]953 brdh gksrh o dqk dkexkjkar kaps izekk 8-83 brds gksrs- kordquokhZ gsp izekk xMfpjksyh rkyqDkr 16-47 rj VkiYyh rkyqDkr 5-62 brds gksrs- Egktsp izknsfrsquokd fHkUurk 10-85 brds gksrs- 2001 lkyh rfrd m|ksxkrhy dkexkjakph la[k dqk ftYgkr nqiVhiskk tkLr gtkyh o kaps izekkgh 8-63 ou 19-94 oj xsys- Egktsp kes 11-31 us oklt gtkyh- 2001 k ordquokhZ xMfpjksyh rkyqDkr gs izekk 36-82 brdh gksrs rj HkkejkxM rkyqDkr 10-50 brds gksrs- Egktsp izknsfrsquokd fHkUurk 26-32 brdh gksrh- lsquokkldh dkkZys rlsp lsquokSkfkd laLFkk] oS|fd lsok keqGs gh fHkUurk okltr vkgs- ftYgkrhy fodlhr Hkkxkr Rkaps izekk ftrds okltrs rsolts vfodlhr Hkkxkr okltr ulYkus fordquokerk okltysyh fnlrs- Lkakjkrsquok vkfk furdquodrdquokZ amp xMfpjksyh ftYgkr ekxhy 30 ordquokkZr dqk yksdla[sr dke djkkUacutekaps izekk deh gksr vkgs vFkkZr dk nrdquoVhus lekt FkksMk izxr gksr vkgs vls Egkrk sbZy- 1991 lkyh 8]754 ODrh taxykrqu oLrq xksGk djks] frsquokdkj djks vrsquokk izkFkfed Oolkkr gksRk- Rkpk mYys[k iqltPk tuxkusr ukgh- 1991 lkyh lsquoksrdUacutekaps izekk lsquoksretqjkiskk vfkd gksrs- o k nksUghekhy Qjd 27 gksrk gsp izekk iqltPk nrsquokdkrgh dke jkghyk- ijarq vfHkksf= fHkUurk eksBk izekkkr vkltGrs- fOnrhd Oolkkr k fTkYgkr dkexkjkaps izekk vfrrsquok deh vlqu lsquokgjh Hkkxkr kaps izekk tkLr rj xzkfek Hkkxkr gs izekk deh vkgs- lsquokgjkaPk fBdkkh rrhd Oolkkrhy la[k Tk izekkkr okltyh Rkizekks vfodlhr Hkkxkr okltysyh ukgh- ftYgkrhy vkfFkZd Oolkkaps Loi ikgrk fOnrhd m|ksxkapk toGtoG vHkko fnlrks- uSlfxZd lkkulaiRrh miyCk vlyh rjh frpk miksx du fOnrhd m|ksxkapk fodkl djkph kerk yksdkaes ukgh- k ftYgkr taxy laiRrh oj vkkkfjr vusd m|ksx lq gksoq lsquokdrkr- rlsp uSlfxZd lkSnkZaeqGs IkZaVu Oolkkpkgh fodkl dsyk tkoq lsquokdrks- ijarq knrdquoVhus ftYgk o lsquokklu Lrjkou ksX fukstu du k ftYgkr vkS|ksfxd fodkl djkph vkorsquodrk vkgs- ftYgkrhy ukyok|kapk minzo lrr pkyq vlqu gk minzo dkepk can dsYkfrsquokok ftYgkrhy vkS|ksfxd fodkl Egktsp fOnrhd Jskhrhy Oolkkpk fodkl gksks lsquokD ukgh- kdfjrk kstukcn fjrhus izRu gksks vkorsquod vkgs- lanHkZ amp




1frac12 tuxkuk iqfLrdk xMfpjksyh ftYgk 1991- 2frac12 tuxkuk iqfLrdk xMfpjksyh ftYgk 2001- 3frac12 lkekftd o vkfFkZd lekykspu xMfpjksyh ftYgk 2005

4frac12 Census of India - (i) 1981 Series 1 India part II ndash B (1) Primary Census Abstract General

population (ii) Census Atlas of India 1961 amp 1971

5) Chanda RC amp ldquoIntroduction to population Geographyrdquo Kalyani publishers New Delhi

1980

6) Hornley WFrdquoAn Introduction to population Geographyrdquo

7) iaMk] ch-ih- szligtula[k HkqxksyTHORN




Hkkjrh vkfndkyhu tutkfrkW vkSj mudk lkaLdfrd lajkk

Ikzk- MkW- jfoanzukFk ekko ikVhy dyk]okfkT o foKku egkfo|ky rqdwe panziqj( 442401

izLrkouk vkfndkyhu ekuo bl kjrh ij lcls igys vfQzdk ds kus taxyksa esa 2 yk[k lky igys mRdzkar gqvkA vkSj yxkrkj vius thou lakrsquokZ esa vU izkfkksa dh rqyuk esa viuk vfLrRo euks j[kus esa lQy gqvkA mlh dh lUrku vkt kjrh dk vkkqfud ekuo gSA mlh ekuo ds oardquokt dk Hkkjrh miegkOnhi esa 70 gtkj lky igys vkxek gqvkA g fl)kaUr rfeyukMw dk mR[kuu] esgjxlt laLdfr] eksguamptksampnjksa] vkSj gjIik laLd`fr vkfn ds iqjkrRo mR[kuu Onkjk loZekU gSA vkt Hkh lalkj vkSj [kkl djds Hkkjr dk ekuo vusd nsrdquokksa esa] izkUrksa esa] fHkUuampfHkUu lewgksa es] tkfr keZ vkSj vusd izdkj dh forsquokerk bRknh esa foHkkftr

gSA ysfdu euqrsquo dh iztkfr (oxZ) d gh gS g Hkh mijksDr mR[kuu Onkjk fl) gqvk gSA tSls ^êfTgteampfudk xzaFk ds oklsV~VlqRr esa rFkkxr cqn~k dk oflrsquoB vkSj HkkjOnkt uked ik= ls laokn ^îzkfkksa dh tkfrksa esa] d nwljksa ds oxksZ esa] mudh iztkfrksa esa Hksn gSA kkl vkSj okksa dh] fdV] iraxk] fpVhksa] NksVsampcMsa pkSikksa eas] yack duk jgusokys jsaxus okys izkkfkksa esa] lkWiksa eas] typj izkfkksa esa] ty eas jgusokyh eNfyksa esa] vkdkrdquok es ia[kksa ds lgkjs mMus okysa ifaPNksa dh

iztkfrksa esa Hksn gS] varj gSA ysfdu euqrsquoksa dh iztkfr (oxZ) d gh gSA ekuo dk

tSfod oardquok d gh gS] ekuo esa Hksn k varj djuk gh gS rks og lkaLd`frd nfrsquoVksa ls gh fdk tk ldrk gSA 1 Hkkjr dh vkfndkyhu tutkfrkW ^^ Hkkjr dh vkfndkyhu tutkfrkW vkSj mu tutkfrksa ds yksx og gS tks lkekftd] ldquokSkfkd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLdfrd Ik ls vfr fiNMh gSA ftuds lkFk lfnksa ls vLirdquork dk Oogkj fdk tkrk jgk gSA sls yksx vc Hkh NksVsampNksVs lewg cukdj taxyksa eas jgrs gSA tks ldquokgjh k xzkfek okrkojk ls dne nwj taxyksa esa LofufeZr xzkeksa esa vius vyx lkekftd fokkuksa] xzkfek laLd`fr ls ifjokj lfgr lkyksa ls fuokl djrs vk jgs gS vkSj Lora= Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh budk mruk fodkl ugha gqvk gSA vHkh Hkh vkfnokflksa dks vusd ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk




gSA vkSj buds lkFk HksnHkkoiwkZ Oogkj fujarj fdk tk jgk gSA tSls xkakhth us fxfjtu dgkA BDdj ckIik us vkfnoklh dgkA 2 fordquoofgUnw ifjrsquokn bUgsa ouoklh

dgrh gSA Hkkjrh lafokku es vkfnoklh g ldquokCn ugha gS] Tribes=tutkrh gSA

Hkkjr dh vkndkyhu tutkfrksa ds lacak esa MkW- ckcklkgc vkacsMdj us dgk gSA

1) QkWjsLV VkbZCtampkusa taxyks es jgus okys xksaM] ekMhk] eksfjk] dMk] mjkm]

vksjkm] gyck] dksyke] fHkYy] vkfn 9 izfrrdquokr]

2) fgy VkbZCtamptks igkMksa ij jgrh gS] njampnj HkVdrs gq viuk thouampkiu

djrh gS tks Hkkjr esa 12 izfrrdquokr HkVdsampfoeqDr tutkfrkW gSA

3) czksdu VkbZCt amptks fiNys ltkbZ gtkj lky igys ls czksduampVkbZCt Fkk] ysfdu VkbZCt ls czksd gqvk vkSj xkWo dh rjQ vkk vkSj ckn eas czkEgkh vlekftd] vuSfrd vkSj d`f=e vOoLFkk Onkjk vNwr dgk xk tks 16 izfrrdquokr gSA 3

^^Hkkjr esa vuqlwfpr tutkfrksa dh tribes dh la[k dwy feykdj 378 gSA 4

Hkkjrh tutkfrksa ds fy N=irh ldquokkgq egkjkt MkW- vkacsMdj vkfn dk ksxnku Hkkjr dh tutkfrksa ds bfrgkl esa u tkrsa gq ge vkkqfud dky ls gh bu tkfrksa ds lacak esa gkW fy[kuk lqksX legtrs gSA Hkkjrh vkkqfud bfrgkl esa tutkfrksa dks vFkkZr vkfnoklhksa dks lafokkfud ekUrk ugha FkhA^^lcls igys b-l-1917 es a jktrsquokhZ ldquokkgw egkjkt us cSdoMZ Dyklsl dks vkSj vuVpscYl dks lsijsV bysDVkjsV gksus pkfg s fMekaM fczVhrdquoklZ ds vkxs j[khA 1919 esa MkW- ckcklkgc vkacsMdj us ckEcsa izksfoUl es lkmFk Cwjks dfeVh ds vkxs cSdoMZ Dyklsl vkSj vuVpscYl dks lsijsV fjizstsUVsrdquoku gksuk pkfg slh fMekaM j[khA 1919 rd bUgsa lafokkfud igpku vkSj ekUrk ugha feyh fd] s nsrdquok ds fMizsLM Dyklsl gSA ysfdu ekUVsDw ekmaVQksMZ DV us 1919 eas bl ckr dks ekuk dh ge fMizsLM Dyklsl dks ukfeusV tj djsaxsA 5 vkusokys le esa fdl rjg dk dkafLVVqrdquokuy MsoyiesaUV djuk pkfg vkSj fdl rjg ds lafokku dk Qhpj Hkkjr eas ykuk pkfg blhfy fczVhrdquok xouZesUV us 1927

esa Indian Statutory Commission dk fMlhtu fyk tks ckn esa mlds

psjeSu lkeu cusaA ftls ckn esa lkeu dferdquoku ds uke ls igpkuk tkus yxkA

ftl ^^Bombay Legislative Council ds ukWfeusVsM lnL fMizsLM Dyklsl ds

fjizsUVsVho MkW- ckcklkgc vkacsMdj FksA vkSj nwljs lnL MkW- ih-th-lksyadh FksaA MkW- vkacsMdjth us b-l- 1928] 23 vDrqcj esa lkeu dferdquoku ds vkxs dqN egRoiwkZ




ckrsa j[khaA 1) Universal Adult Franchise dh fMekaM j[khA 2) fczVhrdquoklZ us

Tribal yksxksa ds fy uncivilized people gSa slk dgkA ftlds nks vFkZ

Indigenous ewyfuoklh vkSj Aboriginal vkfnoklhA buds fy fczVhrdquoklZ ls

vkacsMdj us dgk fd] vkfnoklh fdrus Hkh illeterate Dksa u gks] vkidks yxrk gS

fd oks vlH gS] ysfdu eSa g dguk pkgrk gwW fd dksbZ Hkh vkneh og fdruk Hkh bfyVjsV Dksa u gks] ysfdu oks g legtus ds fy tj legtnkj gS fd] mlds fys Dk vPNk gS vkSj blfy vkfnoklh ds fy Hkh oksVahax ds jkbV feyus

pkfgA 3)vkfnoklhksa ds fy Hkh Constitutional Protection vkSj

Consitutional Safeguards dh tjr gSA 6 ^^mlh rjg vDrqcj 1933 es

ts-p- gV~Vu ds lek ckcklkgc us vkfnokflksa dks lafokku esa ykdj fordquoksrsquok ljakk nsuk pkfg slk er ODr fdk 7 ckcklkgc ds bu izklksa ls gh 1936 eas loZizFke ldquoksMqy VkbZc dh lwph 1935 ds xOgZuesaUV vkWQ bafMk DV ds rgr cuhaA Hkkjrh lafokku Onkjk frdquokkk vkSj ukSdjh esa vkjkk vkSj 330] 332] ds rgr jktuhfrd vkjkk vkSj lajkk izkIr gqvkA lafokku dh 5 oha o 6 oha vuqlwfpksa ds rgr vkfnokflksa dks Loa ldquokklu oa ekyfdr dk vfkdkj Hkh iznku fdk xk gSA vkSj vuqPNsn 275 ds rgr ctV eas vkfFkZd izkokku dk izcak Hkh fdk xk gSA tutkfrksa dk laLdfr] vkfnoklh keZ o vfLrRo vkSj lafokkfud lajkk ds fy lakrsquokZ Hkkjr nsrdquok dh Lora=rk ds igys tutkfrksa us viuh lkaLdfrd Lora=rk ds fy] vius vfLrRo ds fy] viuh igpku ds fy vusd lakrsquokZ fdsA tks lafkIr esa bl izdkj gSA 1831amp32 dk dksy fonzkg] 1789 ls 1832 dk eqMk fonzksg]]1855amp56 dk fln~kq ampdkkw dk laFkky fonzksg]1888 ls 1890 rd tehu ds fy ljnkj fonzksg ( eqydqbZ yMkbZ ) g 1857 dh rFkkdfFkr vktknh dh yMkbZ ds iwoZ vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ gh ugha cfYd czkEgkokn ds ldquokksrsquokk ds f[kykQ laEiwkZ vktknh ds vkanksyu FksA Dksafd ^ vaxzsth jkt esa vaxzstkas ds oQknkj tkxhjnkjksa] tehankjksa] lkgwdkjksa oa Bsdsnkjksa Onkjk vkfnoklhksa dk ldquokksrsquokk pje flek ij igaqp xk FkkA bZlkbZ ferdquokujhka] buds Ldwy vkSj ppZ sls yksxksa dh lgkrk djrs Fksa tks blkbZ keZ viuk ysrs FksA vaxzstks dh lokZfxu lRrk LFkkfir gksus ds ckn tehankjksa dh lRrk Hkh jkaph ds juks ds Hkkxksa esa etcwwr gks xbZA eqMksa us ftl gtkMampgta[kkMw dks lkQ dj dfrsquok ksX Hkwfe cukbZ Fkh m ij os [ksrh djrs FksA ml Hkwfe dks tehankja Nhu




dj ml ij dCtk dj ysrs FkasA viu tehu okil ysus ds fy eqMkvksa us yMkbZ yMha ij bUgsa lQyrk ugha feyhA 1989 bZ-l- esa vaxzstksa us eqMkvksa dks ldquokkUr djus ds fy d dkuwu ikl fdk fd 2482 xkoksa ds tehankjksa HkqMgkjksa dks] vkfnoklhksa dh Hkwfe okil djuh gksxh] fdUrq tehankjksa us Hkwfe okil ugha dhA 8 blh dMh esa 1895 ls 1900 rd fcjlk eqMk dk vkanksyu Hkh fordquoksrsquok gSA Dksafd fcjlk ds iwoZ lHkh lakrsquokZ Oogkfjd dkjkksa ds fy gqA tSls vaxzst izrdquokklu dks vkfnokflksa ds lekt ls vyx j[kuk blkbZ ferdquokujhkssa ds f[kykQ fojksk] vaxzst izrdquokkld] dkys Ukkkhrdquok vkSj fkdwvksa dks Hkxkuk] tcju Je] csxkjh ls vkfnoklh lekt dks eqDr djuk] tehankjksa dks Hkxkdj vkfnoklh tehu dk iqu vfkxzgk djuk] vkfnoklh laLd`fr dh jkk djuk bl ij fcjlk eqMk us bu lHkh Oogkfjd mn~nsrdquoksa dks fopkjkkjk dk vkkkj fnkA ^^fcjlk eqMk us ln~kEe vkSj laLd`fr dks vius vkanksyu dk vkkkj cukkA fcjlk us bZ-l- 1895 esa fgUnw keZ NksMdj Loa vkfnoklh keZ ds izpkj dh ldquokqokr dhA g fcjlk keZ izd`frokn] deZokn] uSfrdrkokn oa lRokn ij vkkkfjr FkkA bl us keZ dk rRoKku fcjlk us yksxksa dks legtkk fd] ykxksa dk HkkbZpkjs ls jguk pkfg] lkewfgdrk ls jguk pkfgA cfyizFkk] gou] iwtu ugha djuk pkfg] keZ ds uke ij vkfFkZd [kpZ

ugha djuk pkfgA ldquokjkc ugh fiuk pkfg]mlls LokLF vkSj efr ( cq)h ) lekIr

gksrh gS] pksjh ugha djuk pkfg] Hkwr firdquokkp tSlh dksbZ pht ugha gksrhA keZ dk edln vUk vkSj ldquokksrsquokk lekIr djuk] lekurk izLFkkfir djuk gksuk pkfgA bl ln~kEe ds vkkkj ij izLFkkfir jkt gh fcjlk jkt gSA fcjlk us HkkXokn dks udkjdj deZokn dks viukk vkSj g dgk fd eSa tks dgrk gWw mls legtks] vkSj djksa bl us keZ dh ladYiuk ls eqaMk] dksy] mjkWo] alaFkky vkfnoklh cMs iSekus ij izHkkfor gksus yxsA ftlls fganqoknhksa dks rdyhQ gksus yxh vkSj f[kzrdquopu ferdquokufjksa dks Hkh lkspuk iMkA blfy d lkftrdquok dks rgr 19 uoEcj 1895 dks vk-ih-lh- dh kkjk 505 ds rgr minzo QSykus ds bYtke es fcjlk eqMk dks 2 lky dh tsy gqbZ ij blls fcjlk dk gkSlyk VwVus dh ctk vkSj cltkA 9 lanHkZ fot ekudj ^^1897 esa yUnu es jkuh foDVksfjk dh ghjd tarh eukbZ tk jgh FkhA bl volj ij lHkh cfUnksa dks eDr dj fnk xkA 30 uoacj 1897 dks fcjlk Hkh vius vuqkfksa ds lkFk eqDr gqA fcjlk us vius yksxksa dk lkFk ysdj usrk oa dkZdrkZvks dk f=Lrjh laxBu cukk vkSj vkfnoklh laLd`fr ds reke LFkyksa dks




HksV nsdj lkaLd`frd dRo fuekZk fdkA 23 fnlacaj 1899 ls 29 tuojh 1900 rd jkaph vkSj flagHkwe ftys ds mRrj Hkkxksa es rhjampdeku vkSj dqYgkMh ls xSj vkfnoklh blkbZksa ] fkdwvksa oa vaxzst izrdquokkldksa ij fd geyksa ls g LirsquoV gksrk gS fd fcjlk dk lrdquokL= fonzksg lkadsfrd FkkA Dkssafd blesa dsoy 8 yksxksa dh eRq gqbZA fn fcjlk dk fordquookl lrdquokL= dzkafr esa gksrk rks gtkj[kaM ds bu taxyksa es gtkjksa yksxksa dks ygqyqgku fdk tk ldrk FkkA g ckr vkt ds vkfnokflksa dks legtus dh tjr gS fd oSpkfjd dzkafr lrdquokL= dzakfr ls cMh oa nhkZdkfyu gksrh gSA gesa vius y ds fy laoSkkfudampyksdrkaf=dampoSpkfjd ekxZ dks viukuk pkfg] g fcjlk dk ekxZ gS 10A TkutkfrkW vFkkZr vkfnokflksa dh ewy leLkW

1) MkW- ckcklkgc vkacsMdj us mijksDr Tribes dks okLrfodrk ds vkkkj ij

QkWjsLV VkbZc] ghyh VkbZc vkSj czksdu VkbZc es foHkkftr fdk gS ftls fgUnw keZ vOoLFk Onkjk 378 tkfrksa es foHkkftr fdk xk gSA

2) Tribes dgk gS] vkfnoklh ughaA vkfnoklh vkt Hkh lafokku Onkjk ekUrk

izkIr ughaA 3) 1957 dks Hkkjr ljdkj Hkkjr ds vkfnokflksa dks ewyfuoklh ekurh gSA vkSj ewyfuokflksa ds tks Hkh vfkdkj gksaxsa ge mudks nsus ds fy rSkj gS g

UNO laqDr jkrsquoV ds lek dgrh gSA vkSj 1989 dks izkkuea=h jktho xkakh Hkkjr

ljdkj dh vksj ls UNO laqDr jkrsquoV esa dgrs gS fd Hkkjr ds vkfnoklh g

ewyfuoklh ugha gS] vkSj ge budks ewyfuoklh ekuus ls bUdkj djrs gSA Hkkjr es

vkfnoklh ugha gSA 4) Hkkjr dh tutkfrkW tks okLrfodr vkfnoklh gS] og Loa

dks vkfnoklh u ekudj fgUnw ekuus yxh vkSj mlh izdkj viuk nSfud thoukiu dj jgh gS]tSlsamp

1)vkfnoklh keZ] vkfne keZ] vkfnoklh ewy keZ] fuxlZ keZ u fy[kdj fgUnw

fy[krs gS] bls ekurs ughaA 2)viuh laLdfr dyk] u`R] xkkk] ctkuk] ijaijk] RkSgkj] Hkkrsquokk] cksypky- vkfn dks ugha ekurs

3) lafokku Onkjk iznRr 5 oha vkSj 6 oha lwph dk ikyu djrs gq vius lekt ds fy lektdkjk vkSj vFkZdkjk dh OoLFkk vkkqfud qx ds vuqIk fodflr djuk] cny djuk frdquokkk] ra=] foKku esaA

4) ty] tehu vkSj taxy ds lajkk djus ds fy lafokkfud ekxZ dk miksx

ugha djrsaA 5) vius lekt dk




fodkl le ds vuqIk djus ds fy laoSkkfud ekxZ dk miksx ugha djrsasA vkfn tutkfrkW vFkkZr vkfnokflksa dh ewy leLkvksa dk lekkku mijksDr leLkvksa dk lekkku djus ls tutkfrksa dh vFkkZr vkfnokflksa dh gj

leLk dk lekkku gks ldrk gSA tSls vkfnokflksa dh 1) vkfnoklh] ewyfuoklh

ds Ik eas igpku] 2) Terriotorial Possession theu vFkkZr ty] tehu] vkSj

taxy dk lajkk] 3)vkfnoklhksas dk viuk keZ] 4) vkfnokflksa dh viuh ewy

vkSj ldquokq) laLdfr dk vius lHkh izdkj ds nSfud thou esa miksx] 5) viuh

HkkrsquokkampxksaMh Hkkrsquokk] eqMkjh Hkkrsquokk vkfn] 6) laoSkkfud vfkdkj izkIr djukampHkkjrh

lafokku Onkjk fukkZfjr 5 oh vkSj 6 lwph dks ykxw djkdj vkSj Article 275 Onkjk ctV esa vkfnokflksa ds fy tks izkokku gS] mldk lgh fdzkUou gks jgk

gS] fd ugh g ns[kdj]] 7) ekuo vfkdkjksa dk lekkkkuampHkkjr ljdkj Dksa fojksk

dj jgh gS] mlds lgh dkjkks dk irk yxkdj UNO esa laqDr jkrsquoV lak esa

viuh ckr j[kdj vkSj ekuo vfkdkjksa ds fy lakrsquokZ djrs gq] 8) jktuhfrd

lekkkuamplafokku Onkjk kksfrsquokr vius vfkdkjksa dk lafokkfud ekxZ ls lajkk djrs gq] lkaLd`frd lajkk djrs gq] viuk izkfruhfkd laxBu cukdj] viuh ljdkj cukdj vius ks= esa vkSj laln essa viuk okLrod izfrfufk HkstdjA bu ckrksas dk lekkku tutkfrksa us vFkkZr vkfnokflksa us vius cy iu djuk pkfgA rcrd Hkkjr dk Ecl~ lakVu vkacsMdjkbZV ikVhZ vkWQ bafMk Onkjk vkfnokflksa ds fy lafokkfud ekxZ ls viuh kerk uqlkj lakrsquokZ dj jgk gSA mls lgdkZ djds Hkh g dkZ fdk tk ldrk gS] slk n`lt er esjk Loa dk n`lt er gS] esjk iwjk fordquookl gSSA vkt Hkkjr ds tkusampekus fon~oku fot ekudj us blij vius Ecl~ laxBu Onkjk vrwyfu dkZ dj jgs gSA bUgsa lknj ueu Hkkjr ds vkfnokflksa dks vius tyamptaxyamptehu] laLd`fr] ekuo vfkdkjksa dk lajkk vkSj lafokku esa kksfrsquokr izkokkuksa dks ykxw djus ds fy lakrsquokZ djrs gq vius egkiqrsquokksa ds lakrsquokZ dks fopkjkkjk nsus dh vkordquodrk gS rHkh fganwokn] vlafokkfudokn vkSj iawthokn ds = caku ls g lekt eqDr gks iksxkA 11 lanHkZamp izk- MkW- jfoanzukFk ekko ikVhy

1) ekuo oardquok vkfk esyqg ( falakq ) laLdframpMkW-jktsaUnz l-Qqygtsys viwokZ

izdkrdquoku]ukxiwj 1 vkWxLV 2013]irsquoB 12 2]8) vkfnoklh




fgUnw ughaampbaft- dkfrZd mjkaoampizdkrdquokd cgqtu lkfgR izlkj dsanz]ukxiqj]14 vDrq-

2012]Ik- 64]65]7 3]9]10] vkSj 11) vkfnoklhampewyfuoklhks dks xSjampvkfnoklh cukdj Ugsa tyamptehuamplaLdfr oa lafokku ls csn[ky djus dh czkEgkoknh lkthrdquok vkacsMdfjTe gh dek= lekkkuampfot ekudj uWrdquokuy vkWxZukbtj Ecl~ampCCYw oYMZ lhjht] ukxiqj] Hkkjramp26 uoaEcj 2016ampi`rsquoB] 64]65

4) Source- People of India Project Anthropological Survey of India]

1993] Vol 1 National Series Oxford Pub 2003

5 vkSj 6) ckcklkgc us xkakhth dks egkRek ekuus ls fjQqt fdk] rks ge dkSu gksrs gS xkakhth dks egkRek ekuusokysampfot ekudjampCYq oMZ lhjht ukxiqj HkkjrampvizSy 2013]irsquoB daz- 4]5]

7) MkW- vkacsMdj jkbZVhax vWM fLipsl] [kMamp2] irsquoV 471amp472amp736amp742 )




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izLrkouk vuqlqfpr tekrh o brj iakjikjhd oufuoklh o frac14ougDdkph ekUrkfrac12 vfkfue 2006 vkfk fue 2008 vUos Hkkjr ljdkjus xko lektkPk ikjaikjhd foLrkj o brj lkeqfgd ou gDdakuk dknsfrsquokj ekUrk fnyh vkgs- k dknkus lkeqghd gDd vlysYk ouks+=krhy ou] oUtho o tSo fofokrsps lajkk rlsp laokZu o OoLFkkiukps drZO djkdjhrk xkolektkyk lsquokDrh nsoqu lcy dsys vkgs- k dknkUos xkolektkps o outehuhojhy ijaijkxr fuLrkj gDdklkscrp xkSk ouksit] tylaiRRkh] pjkbZ o ouOoLFkkiukps lkeqfgd gDd ekU dsYkus vkfnoklh leqnkkoj izfnkZ dkGkiklqu gtkysYk vUkkps ifjektZu djkkpk lke izRu gtkyk vkgs- ek= Tk mnkRr gsrqu k dknkpk tUe gtkyk Rk gasrqyk fDyrdquoV dkxni=kPk tatkGkr vMdoqu gjrkG Qklkpk izRu izrsquokkldh Lrjkoj gksrkauk dkgh osGsl fnlrks- ek= klkBh dsoG izrsquokklukykp nksrdquok nsoqu pkykkj ukgh rj lkeqghd ougDd nkOkph ekxkh djrkauk vlk nkok dlk rkj djkok] iMrkGkh drsquokh djkoh ] xzkelHksr nkok eatqjhlkBh dk djkos vgokyklg nkok mifoHkkfx lferhdMs dlk nk[ky djkok o Rkuarj ougDd nkok ekU gksbZ iZr vkiYk izdjkkpk izrsquokkldh Lrjkoj dlk ikBiqjkok djkok gs vusdnk xkokauk ekghrh ulrs- RkeqGs vkorsquod dkxni=kvHkkoh nkos QsVkGys tkrkr- xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy kkuksjk rkyqDkvarxZr skkUacutek esaltk frac14ys[kkfrac12 k xkokus RkaPk 1809-61 gsDVj tfeuhoj lkeqfgd ougDd nkok feGowu ksr Rkaps vktrkxr FkkksX OoLFkkiu du vknrsquokZ ou OoLFkkiukpk ikaMk kkyqu fnyk




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^^xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy ukyokn vkfk vkfnoklh tekr k fordquokkoj lsquokkskfucak fyfgrkauk ukyokn vkfk vkfnoklh tekr kapk lacak dk vkgs vkfnoklh rk ukyoknh pGoGhr lgHkkxh dk gtkys uarjPk dkGkr ukyoknh pGoGhrwu ckgsj iMwu loZlkekU ukxfjdkalkj[ks thou txkph izcG bPNk RkaPkr drsquokh tkxr gtkyh RkeqGs ukyoknh pGoGhyk tcj gknjk dlk clyk ukyokn laiqrdquoVkr vkkklkBh lsquokkluLrjkoj dk mikkstuk dsYk lsquokkldh mikkstukeqGs ukyokn FkkacfoklkBh fdrir rsquok feGkys kfordquokh k lsquokkskfucakkr fy[kku djkpk izRu dsyk vkgs- xMfpjksyh ftYgk gk vkfnoklh cgqy ftYgk Egkqu vksG[kyk tkrks- 2001 Pk tuxkusuqlkj ftYgkrhy dqk yksdla[siSdh vkfnoklhaph yksdla[k 38-70 VDds vkgs- izkphu dkGkiklwu vkfnoklh tekr k Hkkxkr okLrOkl vkgsr- vkfnoklhaes izkeq[kus xks aM] ekfMk xksaM] jktxksaM] ijkku k tekrh vkltGrkr- srhgkfldnrdquoVk egRokph tekr Egkwu vkfnoklhapk mYys[k dsyk tkrks- dkjk xksaM jktkaps k Hkkxkr jkT gksrs- ohj lsquokghn fcjlk eqaMk] Lo- ukjkkflag mbZds] Lo- ckcqjkoth lsquoksMekds] HkwriwoZ jkts Lo- forsquoosrsquoojjko egkjkt kauh vkiYk drZRokus bfrgkl xktfoyk vkgs- gk ftYgkPk dwk ks=QGkiSdh 75 VDds HkwHkkx gk kunkV taxykuh Okiysyk vkgs- izkphu dkGkiklwu ous] Mksaxj] nUacutek kaPk vkJkus vkfnoklh k Hkkxkr okLrO djhr vkgsr- jLrs o nGkoGkkph lkkus] frsquokkk] vkjksXkPk




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xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy 75 VDds HkwHkkx kunkV taxykauh Okiysyk vkgs vkfk kp Hkkxkr vkfnoklhaps izkeq[kus okLro vkgs- k Hkkxkrhy vkfnoklhapk eq[ Oolk lsquoksrh gkp vkgs- Lokralaquo feGkYkuarj dsanzrsquokklu o jkTrsquokklukus k ftYgkPk fodklkdMs Qkjls yk fnys ukgh- jLrs o nGkoGkkPk lkkukPk vHkkokeqGs k Hkkxkrhy vkfnoklhapk ckg txkrsquokh laidZ sAring lsquokdyk ukgh- dBksj ou dk|keqGs k Hkkxkrhy flapukps dkjokQk] rqyrqyh lkj[ks izdYi iwkZRokl sAring lsquokdys ukgh- frsquokkk o vkjksXkPk lqfokkapk vHkko] fujkjrk] vakJnk] vKku] Rkapk lkkkHkksGk LoHkko] lsquokklukps nqyZk keqGs vkfnoklhoj vUkampvRkpkj o Rkaps lsquokksrdquokk dsys tkr gksrs- csjkstxkjh] vfrsquokfkrikk] vakJnk] xjhch] vKku kpk Qknk ukyoknh pGoGhus ksryk- vkfnoklh rkamprkhauk iSrsquokkps izyksHku nk[kowu ukyoknh pGoGhr lgHkkxh du ksrys- k HkjdVysYk rkkaPk gkrkr lsquokL=s fnyh- Tk mn~nsrsquokklkBh k pGoGhpk mn gtkyk] Rk mn~nsrsquokkiklwu gh pGoG vkt HkjdVysyh fnlwu srs- k pGoGhus vRar fodr Loi kkjk dsys vlwu lsquokklukleksj Qkj eksBs vkokgu mHks dsys vkgs- ukyok|kauh k Hkkxkpk fodkl gksAring us kdjhrk fodklkPk dkekr vMFkGs fuekZk djhr vkgsr- nqxZe Hkkxkrhy jLRkaph dkes can ikMhr vkgsr- iksyhl] Bsdsnkj] dkj[kkkPk ekydkaph gRk djhr vkgsr- vkfnoklhauk ukyoknh pGoGhr lgHkkxh du ksAringu RkaPkp gkrwu ljiap] iksyhl ikVhy] Bsdsnkj] LFkkfud LojkT laLFkkaps izfrfukh vrsquokk vkiYk HkkAringcakkuh gRk djkps fukw Zu dR djowu ksr vkgsr- vkfnoklhp vkfnoklhaPk thokoj mBys vkgsr vls fp= vkt vkiYkyk igkyk feGrs- xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy ukyoknh gYys amp ukyok|kauh iksyhl] dsanzh jk[kho iksyhl ny] ljiap] iksyhl ikVhy] LFkkfud LojkT laLFkkaps izfrfukh] iksyhl [kcjh] LFkkfud ukxfjd kaph gRk dsyh- klacakhPk ckrEk] orZekui=s] nwjnrsquokZu] Uqt pWuy bRknh izlkjekkaOnkjs izlkjhr gtkYk vkgsr- klacakhph ekfgrh xksGk du izLrqr lsquokksk ys[kkr fnysyh vkgs- Qsczqokjh 1985 rs tqyS 2014 k dkGkr egkjkrdquoVordfkr ukyok|kauh 493 yksdkaph gRk dsyh- kr xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy 451] xksafnk ftYgkrhy 33 o




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ukyok|kalkscr iksyhlkaPk gtkysYk pdedhr 7 ukyoknh ekjys xsys- Rkr fMfotuy dekaMj ykylwpk lekosrsquok gksrk- 21 es 2016 jksth kkuksjk rkyqDkr d efgyk ukyoknh iksyhl pdedhr ekjYk xsyh- 20 tqu 2016 jksth egkjkrdquoVordfamprsyaxkuk flesoj vkfnykckn iksyhlkalkscr gtkysYk pdedhr 3 ofjrdquoB Lrjkojhy ukyoknh ekjYk xsys- ukyoknh pGoGhyk vkGk kkyklkBh egkjkrdquoVordf lsquokklukus dsysYk mikkstuk amp egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy ukyoknh pGoGhyk vkGk kkyklkBh dkWaxzsl ljdkjPk dkGkr egkjkrdquoVordf lsquokklukus 29 vkWxLV 2005 jksth lsquoNaxal Surrender Policyrsquo tkghj dsyh- k kstusph eqnr ljdkjus 28 vkWxLV 2017 iZar okltfoyh vkgs- vkRelefiZr ukyok|kauk lUekukus thou txrk kos] Egkqu Rkauk vkfFkZd enr nskps] ukyok|kaiklwu Rkaps o RkaPk dqVwafckaps lajkk djkph] Rkaps iqujZolu djkph kksrdquokkk ljdkjus dsyh-

k kstusps ldkjkRed ifjkke egkjkrdquoVordfkr fnlwu vkys- iksyhl vkdMsokjhuqlkj ekxhy ngk ordquokkZr Egkts vkWDVksacj 2015 iZar 500 ukyok|kauh lsquokL= [kkyh Vkdwu iksyhlkaleksj vkReleiZk dsys- 19 tqyS 2015 jksth 17 ukyok|kauh iksyhlkaleksj vkReleiZk dsys] RkiSdh vusd Hard Core ps lnL gksrs- 9 tqyS 2013 jksth 6 efgyk ukyok|kauh xMfpjksyh iksyhlkaleksj vkReleiZk dsys- 21 uksOgsacj 2016 jksth ikp ukyok|kauh xMfpjksyh iksyhlkaleksj vkReleiZk dsys- Rkes fnusrsquok lsquokkarkjke ekdq eMkoh] eaxsrsquok jktq sjk eMkoh] lfork rqejsVh] olar oM~Ms] joh xksVk kapk lekosrsquok gksrk- 15 Qsczqokjh 2016 jksth 9 ofjrdquoB ukyoknh usRkauh xMfpjksyh iksyhlkaleksj vkReleiZu dsys- Rkr lqfuy jketh eV~Vkeh k dlulqj foHkkxh dfeVhPk lnLkpk lekosrsquok gksrk-

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kou gs ykkr srs dh] vkfnoklhaPk HkksGsikkpk] vfrsquokkhrikkpk o csjkstxkjhpk Qknk ksAringu ukyok|kauh Rkauk uky pGoGhr lgHkkxh gkskl Hkkx ikMys- tsOgk vkfnoklhauk Rkps nqrdquoifjkke fnlw ykxys] rsOgk vkRelUekukus thou txrk kos Egkwu Rkauh vkReleiZu dsys- keqGs iksyhl o lsquokklukps eukscy okltys-

iksyhlkaps eukscy okltfoklkBh ukyxzLr ftYgkr forsquoksrdquok dkefxjh djkkUacutek iksyhlkauk inksUurh nskph kksrdquokkk 22 es 2014 jksth egkjkrdquoVordf ljdkjus dsyh- Qsczqokjh 2009 es dsanzljdkjus Interated Action Plan (IAP) ph kksrdquokkk dsyh- egkjkrdquoVordfkps ekth xgea=h rFkk xMfpjksyh ftYgkps ekth ikydea=h Lo- vkj- vkj- ikVhy kauh xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy ukyxzLr Hkkxkr forsquoksrdquok lSUny rSukr djkph kksrdquokkk dsyh-

lhihvk ekvksoknh lakVusps ofjrdquoB usrk rFkk dsafnz dfeVhps lnL Jhkj Jhfuoklu mQZ fordquokq kapk 18 vkWxLV 2015 jksth gnfodkjkPk gtVDkus eRq gtkyk- rsOgkiklwu k lakVusyk tcjnLr gknjk clyk-

jkTljdkjus ukyxzLr Hkkxkr jLrs o nGkoGkkPk lkkukaps tkGs rkj du k HkkxkPk fodklklkBh izRu lq dsys vkgsr- ukyok|kauk vkfFkZd enr djkkUacutek Bsdsnkjkaoj dBksj dkjokbZ djkl lqokr dsyh vkgs- xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy iksyhl Hkjrhes LFkkfudkauk izkkkU nskl izkFkfedrk fnyh- RkeqGs vkfnoklh rkkauk uksdjhPk lakh miyCk gtkYk vkgsr- dBksj ou dkns frsquokFkhy du nq e ouksitkoj LFkkfudkauk gDd feGkys vkgsr- keqGs vkfnoklhauk jkstxkjkPk lakh miyCk gtkYk vkgs- vkfnoklhalkBh dsanzljdkj o jkTljdkjus fofok kstuk lq dsYk- vkfnoklh eqykeqyhalkBh vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGk lq du frsquokkkkph OoLFkk dsyh- lsquokkldh uksdjhes vkjkk ykxw dsys- xMfpjksyh ftYgkr MkW- vHk cax kaph ^lpZ laLFkk o gseydlk sFkhy MkW- fodkl vkeVs o MkW- eankfduh vkeVs vkfnoklhaPk vkjksXklkBh vusd ordquokkZiklwu dkZ djhr vkgsr- ukyokn laifoklkBh mikkstuk amp ekOumlk vkpkZ inoh (PhD) Pk lsquokkskizcakkpk vHklfordquok ^^panziwj vkfk xMfpjksyh ftYgkrhy vuqlwfpr tkrh vkfk vuqlwfpr tekrhrhy jktdh usrRokps




rqyukRed vu gk vlYkeqGs LFkkfud usRkdMwu ukyokn laifoklkBh lqpfoysYk mikkstukapk lekosrsquok izLrqr lsquokksk ys[kkr dsyk vkgs- vkiys ekth izkkuea=h MkW- eueksgu flax tqu 2011 es Egkkys gksrs dh] ldquoDevelopment is the master remedy to win over peoplerdquo

mikkstuk amp 1frac12 nqxZe Hkkxkr frsquokkkkph OoLFkk djkoh- 2frac12 csjkstxkj rkkauh jkstxkjkph o uksdjkph lakh miyCk du |koh- 3frac12 ftYgkr flapukPk iqjsrsquokk lqfokk miyCk djkOkr- j[kMysys flapu izdYi iwkZ djkos- 4frac12 jLrs o nGkoGkkPk lqfokk nqxZe Hkkxkr miyCk djkOk- 5frac12 fot o fikPk ikkph lqfokk nqxZe Hkkxkr djkoh- 6frac12 oulaiRrhoj vkkkjhr m|ksx lq djkos- 7frac12 lqjtkxM MksaxjktoG vlysYk yksg[kfutkoj vkkkjhr iksykn dkj[kkuk lq djkok- 8frac12 iksyhlkaOnkjs vkfnoklhaoj gkskkjs vUk Fkkacokos- 9frac12 lsquokkldh deZpkUacutekOnkjs vkfnoklhaps gkskkjs lsquokksrdquokk Fkkacokos- 10frac12 oudk|kr frsquokFkhyrk vkkkoh- 11frac12 iksyhlkauk ukyok|kalacakh ekfgrh nskkUacutekauk lajkk |kos- 12frac12 vkfnoklhaes tutkxrh djkoh- 13frac12 xkodUacutekauh ukyok|kauk xkokr skl izfrcak djkok o ukyok|kauk dkskRkgh izdkjph enr d us- 14frac12 ukyok|kauk feGkkjh vkfFkZd o lsquokL=kaph enr Fkkacokoh o enr djkkUacutekoj dBksj dkjokbZ djkoh- 15frac12 vkakiznsrsquok] NRrhlxM] eiznsrsquok o egkjkrdquoVordf k pkjgh jkTkauh laqDr dkjokbZ du ukyok|kpk fceksM djkok- 16frac12 nqxZe Hkkxkr lsquokkldh kstukaph izHkkohiks vaeyctkokh djkoh- 17frac12 ukyok|karsquokh ppsZPk ekekrwu lsquokklukus izrsquou lksMokok- 18frac12 iksyhlkauh LFkkfud vkfnoklhaoj forsquookl Bsokok dh TkeqGs rs iksyhlkauk enr djrhy- FkksMDkr vkfnoklh Hkkxkpk lokZafxk fodkl gkp ukyoknkyk vkGk kkykpk deso o izHkkoh ekxZ vkgs- lanHkZ xzaFk amp 1frac12 HkkLdj HkV] ^^vkYykiYyhps ouoSHko] yksdjkT ekfgrh o tulaidZ egklapkyuky] eqacbZ] 1988- 2frac12 MkW- lkS- lsquokSytk nsoxkaodj o MkW- lsquok- xks- nsoxkaodj] ^^vkfnoklh forsquoo] vkuan izdkrsquoku ukxiwj] 2001-




3frac12 MkW- lkS- lsquokSytk nsoxkaodj] ^ôSnHkhZ vkfnoklh] thou vkfk laLdrh] Jh- eaxsrsquok izdkrsquoku] ukxiwj 1989- 4frac12 v- t- jktqjdj] ^^panziwjpk bfrgkl] fOnrh vkoRrh] egkdkyh izdkrsquoku] panziwj] 1982- 5frac12 foukd rqejke] ^^xksaMoukrhy dzkarhohj ukjkkflag mbZds] izkEV lfOgZl] lkaxyh] 1986- 6frac12 egkjkrdquoVordf lsquokklu] ^^ftYgk lkekftd o vkfFkZd lekykspu] xMfpjksyh ftYgk amp lkaf[dh dkkZy vFkZ o lkaf[dh lapkyuky] egkjkrdquoVordf lsquokklu] eqacbZ 2002amp2003- 7frac12 lqkhj QMds] ^êgkjkrdquoVordfkrhy vkfnoklh vkfk Rkps izrsquou] tksrsquokh vkfk yks[kaM s izdkrsquoku] iqks 1963- 8frac12 The times of India- Newspaper

9frac12 The Indian Express ndash Newspaper

10frac12 NDTV News

11frac12 Maharashtra Today ndash Newspaper

12frac12 India Times ndash Newspaper

13frac12 httpenmwikipediaorg




tkxfrdhdjk amp vkfnoklh leqg leLk o mikkstuk izk- izQqy e- jktqjokMs

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fpewj ft- panziwj eks- 9689952873

besy rajurwadepggmailcom

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tekrhfordquokd kksjk udkjkRed gksrs- 1935 uarj vkfnoklh yksdklkBh pkSdrsquokh lferh usekr vkYk- rjhlqnk fczVhrsquokkauh vkfnekaPk leLk lksMfoklkBh gksdkjkRed Hkqfedk dkhp ksryh ukgh- LokralaquoiqoZdkGkr nsrsquok Lora= djks soltsp mfn~nrdquoV vlYkus vkfnekaPk leLsdMs forsquoksrdquok yk xsys ukgh- ik Rkrgh egkRek xkakhdMqu izsjkk ksAringu vusd lektlqkkjdkuh vkfnoklhaps izrsquou lksMfoklkBh gkrHkkj ykoyk- b- l- 1922 es BDdj ckIik kauh xqtjkres ^^fHkYy lsok gh laLFkk LFkkiu dsyh- [kkunsrsquokes b- l- 1918 es Jh- dkdklkgsc cosZ o Jh- lsquokadjjko Bdkj kauh [kkunsrsquok fHkYy lsok eaMG gh laLFkk LFkkiu dsyh- Rkpcjkscj Jherh xksnqrkbZ iGsdj] dS- HkkAringlkgsc fgjs] dS- ckGklkgsc [ksj kaps dkZ mYys[kuh vkgs- ukenkj xks[kys kaPk Hkkjr lsod lektkekQZr vkfnoklhalkBh Hkjho dkZ dsys- RkaPkp izsjksus HkkjrHkj fHkYy lsok eaMG] ouoklh lsok eaMG] vkfne tkrh lsok lak bRknh laLFkk vfLrRokr vkYk- rjhgh iqjsls yk nsrk vkys ukgh- kpkp Qknk fersquokuUacutekauh mBfoyk- Egkqu Lokralaquokuarj Hkkjrkoj vkfne izrsquoukph Qkj eksBh tckcnkjh sAringu iMyh- d eksBs vkOgku gksrs- rjhgh Lokralaquokuarj vkfnoklhps dYkk dkZdze gkrh ksrys- ^vkfnekapk mnkj gk vktPk lsquokklulaLFkspk kqzorkjk vkgs- 26 tkusokjh 1950 es Hkkjrkph uoh jkTkVuk vfLrRokr vkyh- vkfnoklhalkBh forsquoksrdquok kstuk] rjrqnh djkr vkYk- kVusPk 15]16]17]19]25]29 k fofok dyekr keZ] oarsquok] tkrh] fyaxHksn] HksnHkko] vekUrk] nsrsquokHkj eqDr lapkj] kkfeZd Lokralaquo] lsquokSkfkd o lkaLdrhd gDdkph tikqd djkr vkyh- kVusPk 4 Ok Hkkxkrhy 164 Ok dyekUos vkfnoklhph vfkd oLrh vlysYk fcgkj] vksjhlk o eiznsrsquok k jkTkr vkfnoklhaPk dYkkklkBh o fodklklkBh d Lora= ea=h fuqDr djkph rjrqn vkgs- Rkpcjkscj vkfnoklhPk dYkkklkBh eorhZ lgdkj o jkT ljdkj kuh [kkl fukh miyCk djkok- ojhy kVukRed rjrqnhou gs LirdquoV gksrs dh] vkfnoklhes lsquokSkfkd] vkfFkZd o lkekftd lqkkjkk kMqu kOkr] RkaPk dYkkklkBh lsquokklu dVhcn vkgs- vkfnoklh tekrhuk frsquokkk feGkos] rs jkstxkjkfHkeq[k vlkos kdjhrk vkJersquokkGk dkltkr vkYk- 1944 lkyh vkfnoklhauk mPp frsquokkk miyCk Ogkos Egkqu Rkauk frsquokrdquooRrh nskph kstuk ykxq djkr vkyh- lsquokSkfkd laLFkkes




jk[kho tkxk nskr vkYk- vkfnoklhph vkfFkZd izxrh Ogkoh kdjhrk lsquoksrh] dqVhjm|ksx] lgdkjh laLFkk kckcr kstuk jkcfokr vkYk- oSfDrd xV xgfuekZk] rsy bathu iqjfoks] jkrdquoVordfh o izknsrsquokhd cWadsdMqu dtZ miyCk du fnysys vkgs- vkfnoklhaPk gLrkarjhr tfeuh ijr feGoqu nsklkBh dkns djkr vkys- 1974 es tfeu eglqy o dqGdknk ikl dsyk- rlsp lsquokklukdMqu taxy dkexkj lgdkjh lkslkVhph LFkkiuk djkr vkyh vkgs- Hkkjrkr ljdkj o jkT ljdkj kauh vkfnoklhaPk dYkkklkBh fofok kstuk vk[kysYk vkgsr- vkfnoklhaPk mnkjklkBh tkkhoiqoZd izRu dsys ikghtsr] gk fopkj loZekU gtkysYk vkgs- ik oltk kstuk vk[kqugh viskhr rsquok injh iMr ukgh- k izrsquoukaps mRrj lsquokkskys ikghts- dYkkdkjh jkT fuekZk djkps LoIu mjkrsquokh ckGxqk okVpky djkkUacutek Hkkjr nsrsquokkr 1991 Pk tkxfrdhdjkkPk izfdzses vusd cny gtkys- tkxfrdhdjkkr loZ tx d [ksMs tjh gtkys rjhgh vkfnoklhaPk thoukr dkskrkgh cny gtkyk ukgh- qjksi[kaMkr vkfnoklh useds dkskrs gs lsquokkskqu fdaok vksG[khps okVr ukgh dk rks oltk Qjd vkgs- ijarq Hkkjrkr foijhr ifjfLFkrh vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy ekxklysYk rlsp vfrekxkl (Primitive) vkfnoklhaPk fodklklkBh Hkkjr ljdkjus th ikAringys mpyyh vkgsr rjhgh vusd vkfnoklh Hkkxkaes vtqugh thou txkkjs vkfnoklh vkgsr- vKku] vakJnk] vktkjik] lsquokksrdquokk] jksxjkbZpk izknqHkkZo vtqugh vkgs- lu 1994 rs 1999 k dkGkr fonHkkZrhy esGkkVkrhy dksjdq vkfnoklhaekhy ckyeRqaph la[k [kqi okltyh- gh gknjk nskkjh kVuk gksrh- HkkejkxMPk iqlts ykgsjh VsdMkaoj fcukeqaMkampdqOokdksMh Hkkxkr vtqugh fQjrh lsquoksrh djkkjs yksd vkgsr- fikps ikkh] oht] jLrk ukgh- frsquokkk o izkSlt frsquokkk] vkjksXfordquokd izrsquou vtqugh xaHkhj vkgs- vrsquokk fodklkph vlarqyhr nrsquokk dk gtkyh HkkSrhdfLFkrhr lksMk] ekufldfLFkrhr viskhr ifjorZu dk gtkys ukgh k loZ izrsquoukaph mRrjs lsquokkskks vkorsquod Bjrs- vktPk vkS|ksxhd qxkr ekuokph gtkysyh izxrh oSKkfud izxrh] fofok lqfokkaph gtkysyh lks] bRknh ykkr ksrk Hkkjrkrhy 7 VDds vkfnoklh vtqugh izkjafHkd voLFksrhy thou txrkr- gs dkskRkgh lektkyk Hkwrdquokkkog ukgh- lektkPk




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thouinrh fVdfokps dke qokoxkZuhp dsys gksrs- vkrkiZar leqgkcn~ny ckafkydh RkaPk eukr gksrh- ijarq orZekudkGkr qokxg deh gtkys- vkkqfudhdjkkPk izfdzsr vkfnoklh izfdzsr vkfnoklh lekt OolukkhursdMs xsyk vkgs- Olukfkurk gh vkfne lektkyk ykxysyh fdM vkgs- ekufld nkScZY] vkxfrdrk] xqykeh oRrh] lsquokkfjjhd vukjksX o nkfjnz loZ izrsquoukaps eqG RkaPk Olukfkursr vkgs- vkfnoklhlacakhps lsquokklukps vusd kksjk pqdhps vkgs] Hkkjrkr vkfnoklh ^fodkl (Development) k ladYiusdMs HkkSrhd fodklkrqu ikfgYk tkrs- Tk vfkdkUacutekauk vkfnoklh tekrhps dkgh ksks nsks ukgh vrsquokk ODrhph fuqDrh gtkysyh vkgs- fodkl izfdzsr vkfnoklhaPk ijaijkxr usrRokpk lgHkkx Ogkok rlk gtkyk ukgh- vkfnoklh lektkPk vkjksXfordquokd leLk xaHkhj vkgsr- vkS|ksxhd ks=kr jkgkkUacutek vkfne lektkph leLk vfrrsquok xaHkhj vkgs- osrsquokoRrh o xqIrjksx gh vkkqfud lektkrhy fdM vkfne thoukrgh Mksdkoyh vkgs- BDdj ckIikuh vkfnoklhaPk leLk nkfjnz nqxZerk] vKku] vukjksX] lnksrdquok lsquokklu o usrRokpk vHkko lfoLrj forsquokn du EgVys vkgs dh] ^^fdrhrjh lsquokrds nqyZfkr gtkysYk Hkkjrkrhy vkfnekaPk leLkadMs Rojhr yk fnys ikghts- Hkkjrkrhy brj ukxfjdkaPk ikrGhoj vkfnekauk vkkklkBh vkfnekaph lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh ks=kr osxkus izxrh Ogkoh Egkqu ifjkkedkjd mikkstuk dsYk ikghtsr- Egkqu oUHkkxkr o brj Hkkxkr jkgkkUacutek vkfnekaPk fodklkdMs yk nskph xjt vkgs- vktPk qxkr vakkjkr jkgkkUacutek o dkGoaMqu xsysYk vkfne thoukcn~ny vkLFkk u okVks Egkts gk d uSrhd xqUgkp vkgs- ODrh ex [ksMkrhy vlks vxj lsquokgjkrhy vlks fryk vkiyk lekt lksMqu nqljk lekt dkskRk ifjfLFkrhr jkgrks kfordquokh ekfgrh ulsy rj rh ODrh iqjsrsquokh lqfrsquokfkr ukgh vls Egkrk sbZy- vkfnoklh lektkaPk leLk ekuoh nrdquoVhdksukrqu letqu ksoqu Rkoj mikkstuk djks gh dkGkph xjt vkgs- vkfnoklh lektkPk leLk nqj djkdjhrk Lora= foHkkx LFkkiu dsys ikghts- nsrsquokkPk lokZafxk thoukr kkfeZd]jktdh] lkaLd`rhd o lkekthd ks=kr brj yksdkauk feGkysys gDd o vfkdkj vkfnoklh lektkykgh lekursPk vkkkjkoj




feGkyk gos- RklkBh lkehyhdjk gk mRre mik vkgs- vkfne lektkps iquTthou Ogkyk goh] RkaPk Hkkrdquokkaukgh lajkk feGkyk gos- HkkrdquoksPk ekekrqu Rk lektkph thoueqYs thoar jkgkkj] nGkoGkkph lkkus RkaPk fuoklLFkkukiZar usyh ikghts- oS|dh lsok] dYkkdkjh kstuk] frsquokkk bRknhph miqDrrk iVoqu Rkapk mnkj dsyk ikghts- qnLrjkoj vkehZ baftfuvjhax enr ksoqu loZnqjPk vkfnoklhaes jLrs ckjkekgh [kqys jkgrhy o Rkoj iqy ckakks vkorsquod vkgs- izRsd vkfnoklh xkokyk lsquokqn isty eqcyd feGkph OoLFkk djkoh- izkSltfrsquokkk] dkkZRed lkkjrk o tkkhotkxrh k kVdkauk izkkkU nsoqu] Okolkhd frsquokkk nskkUacutek kstuk vlkOkr- dPpkeky ftFks miyCk vkgs- Rkp lalkkukph fufeZrh frFksp djkoh- ikZojkkPk jkkkoj Hkj |kok- vkjksXfordquokd ekrk] ckyds rlsp QSyko gkskkUacutek jksxkauk jkstizfrcak kkykok- LFkkfud gLrOolk o dykauk izksRlkgu nsoqu ckgsjph cktkjisB miyCk du |koh- nkfodzh o miHkksxkoj dMd fucZak kkykos] LFkkfud d`rdquokh o irsquokqikyu koj Hkj |kok- lqksX vls] izfrsquokfkr vkfnoklh laLdrhps tkk vlysys fuOZluh yksdp] vfkdkjh vkfnoklh Hkkxkr usekyk gos- dsanz o jkT lsquokklu rs xzkehk LrjkaiZar lqlaokn o leUo jkghy vrsquokh OoLFkk rkj djkoh ykxsy- fodklizrsquokklukr jktdkjk frsquok u nsrk lokZaPk lgdkkZus vkfnoklh xV] Loalsoh lakVuk kaPk lgdkkZrqu fodklkps vfHkku iqlts usks gs drZO vkgs- taxylaiRrhpk gkskkjk ukjk kfordquokh vkfnoklhaPk eukrhy xSjlet nqj dsys ikghts- iqLrdh frsquokkkkiskk vkfnoklh qokoxkZl thou leFkZ txkps thou frsquokkk fnys tkos- lqlTt nok[kkus miyCk du nsr vlrkuk Rkapk ouLirhqDr vkSrdquokkkaojhy forsquookl ltGrk dkek us- ifrsquope vkfQzdsr vkfne dykaps laokZu Ogkos Egkqu ^vfdHkksjk ukokus d egkfo|ky vkgs- kp krhZoj vkfne ijaijk] dyk] Hkkrdquokk] okMe kaps ljakk o laokZu Ogkos Egkqu dkgh laLFkk mHkkjys ikghtsr- jkrdquoVordfh thouizokgkr rs di Ogkos vls dhdjk kMykk gok- dYiuk o kstuk Hkjiwj vkgsr- Rkauk lqksX izekkkr vaeykr vkkks o Rkr vkfnoklhauk ru eukus lgHkkxh gkskl izsjhr djks lsquokD gtkys rj vkfnoklh fodkl kstukauh vkfnoklhaps HkforO mToy gksbZy gs fufrsquoprp vkgs- vUFkk




vkfnoklh fodklkPk ukos fuksthr jDdesiSdh vkfnoklh ykHkkFkhZyk fdrh ykHksy gk k izrsquoup vkgs- kckcr xg ea=kykpk 1977 lkyh izdkfrsquokr gtkysYk vgokykrhy vksGh mn~ckskd Bjsy ldquoIn the name of Tribal development we have spent a

lot of money during the last several plans but when accounting was

made It was found that actual benfit trickling downto the tribals have

not been consistent with the promise we have madehelliphelliprdquo (Govt of India VI plans occasional paper on Tribal Development New

Delhi- 1977)

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rsOgkp jkrdquoVordfh dkRersyk o lgthoukyk rMs tkkkj ukgh- fVdoqu Bsoks dkGkps vkOgku vkgs- lanHkZ xzaFk amp 1frac12 ukxxksMs xqukFk amp Hkkjrh vkfnoklh frac14dkWfOgusUVy izdkrsquoku]

fotkuxj] iqks 30frac12 2frac12 nsoxkodj lkS- lsquokSytk amp vkfnoklh forsquoo] vkuan izdkrsquoku ukxiwj 3frac12 nsoxkodj lks- lsquokSytk amp oSnHkhZ vkfnoklh 4frac12 vxzoky frac14MkW-frac12 th- ds- amp lkekftd ekuorsquokkL=] lkfgR Hkou] vkxjk- 5frac12 nqcs l- lh- amp ekuorsquokkL=] ekuokpk vHkl frac14gSnzkckn] 1952frac12 6frac12 dosZ] bjkorh amp ejkBh yksdkaph laLdrh frac14iqks 1951frac12 7frac12 laxos] foykl amp vkfnoklhaps lkekftd thou frac14ikWIqyj 1969frac12 8frac12 vkfnoklh larsquokksku o amp egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy vkfnoklh] Rkaps lkekftd o

lkaLdrhd thoukps izrsquou vkfk izfrsquokkk laLFkk] egkjkrdquoVordf dYkkkPk kstuk- jkT iqks-




panziwj ftYgkrhy vkfnoklh vkJe rsquokkGk o [kktxh lsquokkGkaekhy fo|kFkZaps lsquokkfjjhd kersps rqyukRed vu

MkW- mn nk- esaMqydj frac14lsquokkfjjhd frsquokkk foHkkx izeq[kfrac12

jkrdquoVordflar rqdMksth egkfo|ky fpewj ft- panziwj eks- 9422121360

besy udaymendulkar74gmailcom izLrkouk amp vktPk dkGkr gkskkUacutek lkekftd ifjorZursquokhy lekurk vkfk vlekurkPk cnykeqGs ODrh dqBYk uk dqBYk lsquokkfjjhd fdzk vkfk fofok [ksGkaOnkjs vkiys Okogkjhd lacak izLFkkfir djkpk izRu dfjr vlrks vkfk gsgh lR vkgs dh] ODrh lqokrhPk dkGkr lsquokkfjjhd fdzkapk voyac du vkiys o vkiYk dqVqackps mnjfuokZg dfjr gksrk- uarj gGqgGq ODrh k lsquokkfjjhd fdzsyk [ksGkps i nsoqu Rkpk miksx eauksjatuklkBh d ykxyk- ODrhps lsquokjhj gs eklisrsquokh o gkMkapk d ltkpk vkgs- RkOnkjs rks lnSo laHko vkfk vlaHko dkZ dfjr vlrks- Rkes ODrh Lor ekhy lsquokkfjjhd kersOnkjk vkiYk osxosxGk fdzk d lsquokdrks- lsquokkfjjhd kerk gk lsquokCn vktPk foKkukPk dkGkr lkkkjkr nqlUacutek egkqnkiklwu izRkkr vkyk- lsquokkfjjhd kerkps eqYkadu lsquokjhj fdzk foKku kes d ufou kVdkaes ekaMYk tkrks- kaPk varxZr kerkps [kkyhyizekks Loi fnlrs-

kerk ekalisrsquokh xked kerk ekalisrsquokhph lsquokDrh

lkekU xked kerk xked kerk k lsquokCnkaph mRiRrh lkkkjkiks nqlUacutek egkqnkPk osGsl gtkyh vls fnlwu srs- izkeq[kus xked kerk gk lkekU xked lkeFkZps d fua=hr kVd vkgs- kes osxosxGk lsquokkfjjhd fdzk djkpk izRu dsYk tkrks- xked kerk ekhy izkFkfed rRokauk vuqlu lsquokkfjjhd kerk ekhy lacak LirdquoV dsys vkgs-

lsquokkjhfjd kerk (Physical Fitness)

darr

xked kerk (Motor Fitness) darr

lkekU xked kerk (General Motor Fitness) gkr vkfk MksGs kekhy rkGesG] ekalisrsquokhrhy piGrk] ekalisrsquokhps cG] isrsquokhph yofpdrk] xrh vkfk ik vkfk MksGkekhy rkGesG-




izkFkfed vkfk lsquokkfjjhd kerses ekalisrsquokhph lsquokDrh] eklisrsquokhaph yofpdrk vkfk vkilh rkGesG k rhu rRokapk lekosrsquok gksrks- ijarq xked kerkes eklisrsquokhps cG] piGrk] yofpdrk vkfk xfr k pkj rRokapk lekosrsquok gksrks- izRsd euqrdquokaph lsquokkfjjhd kerk gh osxosxGh vlrs- k lsquokDrhauk okrkojk] oarsquokkuqdze vkfk iksrdquokk klkj[ks rRo izHkkfor djrkr- ^^rsquokkfjjhd frsquokkk Egkts lsquokjhjkPk fujfujkGk gkypkyhOnkjs fnys tkkkjs frsquokkk gks- oseuPk ers ^^rsquokkfjjhd frsquokkk gs xrheku lsquokkfjjhd fdzsekQZr iksgpfokkjk d ekxZ vlwu RkPk eq[ ikltfordquok ekuoh orZu vkgs- lsquokkfjjhd kerk amp ekuoh lsquokjhj gh fulxkZph lokZr peRdrhiqkZ vrsquokh fufeZrh vkgs- gs vuar vrsquokk a=kiSdh d vkgs- ksX vkgkj] Okke] foJkarh] frsquokfFkyhdjk kOnkjs Rkph drsquokh ns[kHkky djrks koj rs voyacqu vkgs- lsquokkfjjhd kerk gh yxkrkj pkykkjh d izfdzk vkgs- dk [ksGkMwPk lsquokkfjjhd kersoj fdaok miqDrrsoj Rkpk [ksGkps mrkj pltko voyacqu vlrkr- lsquokkfjjhd kerk tsolth miqDr vlsy rsoltk [ksGkmw vkiYk [ksGkes iqlts tkAring lsquokdrks- kou lsquokkfjjhd kersps nksu izdkj ekuYk tkrkr- 1frac12 lkekU kerk- 2frac12 fofrsquokrdquoV kerk- 1frac12 lkekU kerk amp lkekU lsquokkfjjhd kerk rj izRsd ODrhlkBh vkorsquod vkgs- lsquokkfjjhd lgufrsquokyrk] cy] xrh] yofpdrk gs loZlkekU kersvarxZr srkr- 2frac12 fofrsquokrdquoV kerk amp izRsd [ksGkuwlkj [ksMkGqaph fofrsquokrdquoV lsquokkfjjhd kerk vlks vkorsquod vkgs- mnk- QqVckWy] OgkWyhcky] cWMfeUVu] FkysfVDl] tyrjk bRknh- lsquokkfjjhd kersps kVd amp 1frac12 ekalisrsquokhrhy lsquokDrh 2frac12 ekalisrsquokhrhy ne[ke 3frac12 ekalisrsquokhrhy ne[ke 4frac12 yofpdrk 5frac12 xrh leLk dFku amp larsquokkskudRkZus ^^panziwj ftYgkrhy vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGk o [kktxh lsquokkGkaekhy fo|kFkZaps lsquokkfjjhd kersps rqyukRed vu k vHklkfordquokkph fuoM dsysyh vkgs- leLspk mn~nsrsquok amp 1frac12 fo|kFkZaPk [kka|kPk o gkrkaPk rkdn kersps ekiu djks- 2frac12 fo|kFkZaPk iksVkaPk Lukqh kerk o ltksijkPk Lukqaph vkdqapu o izljk ikikph kersps ekiu djks- 3frac12 vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGk vkfk [kktxh dkskdkskRk lsquokklukPk fdzMk dkZdzekr lgHkkxh gksrkr o k dkZdzekPkk fo|kFkZaoj drsquokkizdkjs izHkko iMrks gs ikgrk sbZy- 4frac12 k larsquokkskukeqGs vkJersquokkGk o [kktxh lsquokkGk ekhy fo|kFkZaps lsquokkfjjhd kersps ekiu du udkjkRed ckchapk lsquokksk ykork sbZy-




ifjflek amp 1frac12 izLrqr vuklkBh panziwj ftYgkrhy 1 vkJersquokkGk o 1 [kktxh rsquokkGsph fuoM djkr vkyh- vkfk fo|kFkZaph fuoM jWMe lWEifyax inrhOnkjs dsyh xsyh- 2frac12 k larsquokkskukdjhrk izRsdh 25 fo|kFkhZ kizekks dqk 50 fo|kFkZaph fuoM djkr vkyh- 3frac12 izLrqr larsquokksku 14 rs 18 ordquokZ oksxVkrhy QDr eqykaoj dsys xsys- 4frac12 izLrqr vu gs panziwj ftYgkrhy vkfnoklh ks=kiqjrkp ekZnhr gksrs- 5frac12 k larsquokkskuklkBh ldquoPhysical Fitness Testrdquo

(AAHPER - TEST) pk miksx dsyk xsyk- flek amp 1frac12 fo|kFkZaPk fnupkZ o vkgkjkoj fua=k uOgrs- 2frac12 fo|kFkZaPk lkekftd rlsp vkfFkZd Lrjkaoj fua=k uOgrs- 3frac12 [ksGkMqaPk dkSVqafcd fLFkrhoj fua=k uOgrs- xghrdR amp larsquokkskudrkZ vrsquokh ifjdYiuk djrks dh] vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaph lsquokkfjjhd kerk gh [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk lsquokkfjjhd kersiskk mRre vlw lsquokdrs- larsquokksku inrh amp izLrqr larsquokkskukr ekfgrh izkIr djkps L=ksr k vukpk ks= panziwj ftYgk ks=kiqjrkp ekZnhr gksrs- ekfgrh izkIrhlkBh d vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGk vkfk d [kktxh lsquokkGsekhy 14 rs 18 oksxVkrhy fuoM djkr vkyh- uequk fuoM amp larsquokkskudRkZus mn~nsrsquokiqrhZlkBh flEiy jWMe inrhpk miksx du izLrqr vuklkBh vkJersquokkGsekqu 25 fo|kFkhZ vkfk [kktxh lsquokkGsekqu 25 fo|kFkhZ kizekks dqk 50 fo|kFkhZph fuoM djkr vkyh- 1frac12 iqy vIl (Pull Ups) - mn~nsrsquok amp fo|kFkZaPk [kka|kPk o gkrkaPk rkdn kersps ekiu djks-

midjk amp flaxy ckj] LVkWi okWp- 2frac12 lhV vIl (Sit Ups) - mn~nsrsquok amp fo|kFkZaPk iksVkaPk Lukqph kerk o

ltksijkPk Lukqaph vkdqapu o izljk ikkph kerk ekstklkBh- midjk amp eWV] LVkWi okWp-

3frac12 LVWMhZax czkWUM tEi (Standilig Broad Jump) - mn~nsrsquok amp fo|kFkZaPk ikkaPk Lukqaph LQksVd lsquokDrh

ekstks- midjk amp ekstkdjhrk Vsi o pquk vk[kkdjhrk-

ekfgrhps izLrqrhdjk amp larsquokkskudrkZus vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGk o [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk lsquokkfjjhd kersph rqyuk djrkauk RkPkoj lsquokkfjjhd kerk pkpkhpk okij du RkOnkjs [ksGkMqaps izkIrkad dkltqu Rkph ljkljh dkltkr vkyh- Rkuarj izekk fopyu dkltkr vkys- nskUgh vHkldzekrhy fo|kFkZaPk lkafkd ljkljhpk lsquot-ratiorsquo Pk fdearh dkltkr vkYk o Rkaps forsquoysrdquokk [kkyhy rDkaes dsys vkgsr-

rDrk dz- 1 vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGk o [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk Pull-ups k ifjkkkPk ekekrhy Qjd




lsquokkGk Mean SD MD SE lsquotrsquo ratio

[kktxh lsquokkGk 472 266 -072 066 109

vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGk 544 204

ofjy rDrk dz 1 ou fo|kFkZPk Pull-ups k ifjkkkPk ekekukpk fopkj dsyk vlrk [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaps Pull-ups k kVdkps eeku 4-72 vkgs o vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk Pull-ups k kVdkps eeku 5-44 rlsp [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaps izekk fopyu 2-66 o vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaps izekk fopyu 2-04 vlwu kaPk Pull-ups k ifjkk kerspk lsquotrsquoratio 1-09 vkgs- kOnkjs vkysys eqY gs vkorsquod lsquotrsquoratio 2-09 iskk deh vkgs-

rDrk dz- 2 vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGk o [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk Sit Ups k ifjkkkPk eekukrhy Qjd lsquokkGk Mean SD MD SE lsquotrsquo ratio

[kktxh lsquokkGk 2736 587 -072 176 040


ofjy rDRkou [kktxh lsquokkGk vkfk vkfnoklh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk Sit Ups k ifjkkkPk eekukpk fopkj dsyk vlrk [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk Sit Ups k kVdkps eeku 27-36 o vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaps k kVdkps eeku 28-08 vkgs- rlsp [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaps izekk fopyu 5-87 solts vkgs o vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaps izekk fopyu 6-62 vlwu kaPk flVvIl~ k ifjkk kerspk lsquotrsquoratio 0-40 vkgs- kOnkjs vkysys eqY gs vkorsquod lsquotrsquoratio 2-09 iskk deh vkgs-

rDrk dz- 3 vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGk o [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk Standing Broad Jump k ifjkkkPk

eekukrhy Qjd lsquokkGk Mean SD MD SE lsquotrsquo ratio

[kktxh lsquokkGk 212 012 -008 00268 298


ofjy lkjkhou [kktxh lsquokkGk o vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk Standing

Broad Jump k ifjkkkPk eekukpk fopkj dsyk vlrk [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk Standing Broad Jump k kVdkaps eeku 2-12 o vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy Standing

Broad Jump fo|kFkZaps k kVdkaps eeku 2-20 vkgs- rlsp [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaps izekk fopyu 0-12 o vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaps fo|kFkZaps izekk 0-06




vlwu kaPk k ifjkk kerspk lsquotrsquoratio 2-98 vkgs- kOnkjs vkysys eqY gs vkorsquod lsquotrsquoratio 2-09 iskk tkLr vkgs- furdquodrdquokZ amp 1frac12 vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaPk [kka|kPk o gkrkaPk rkdnhph kerk [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZiskk pkaxyh vkgs- 2frac12 vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaph iksVkPk Lukqaph kerk o ltksijkPk Lukqaph vkdqapu o izljk ikkph kerk [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZiskk pkaxyh vkgs- 3frac12 vkfnoklh vkJersquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaph ikkaPk Lukqaph LQksVd lsquokDrh [kktxh lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZiskk pkaxyh vkgs- lqpuk amp 1frac12 vrsquokp izdkjps larsquokksku vU lsquokkGsrhy fo|kFkZaoj dsYk tkoq lsquokdsy- 2frac12 k izdkjps larsquokksku fofok [ksGkMqaoj lqnk dsys tkoq lsquokdsy- 3frac12 k izdkjps larsquokksku egkfo|kyhu fo|kFkZaoj lqnk dsys tkoq lsquokdsy- 4frac12 gs larsquokksku jkT o jkrdquoVordfh Lrjkoj dsYk tkoq lsquokdrs- lanHkZ amp 1frac12 MkW- JhokLro - ds- ^^rsquokkjhfjd frsquokkk vkfk [ksGkaps ekiu o eqYekiu LiksVZl iCyhdsrsquokUl] uoh fnYyh] fOnrh vkoRrh] 2006- 2frac12 MkW- vtesj flag o brj ^^rsquokkjhfjd frsquokkk vkfk vkWyfEid vfHkku dYkkh iCyhrsquoklZ] fOnrh vkoRrh] 2007- 3frac12 gsyu e- QMZ ^îzWDVhdy estjesaV vkWQ fQthdy QjQkWjeUl] i- dz- 34- 4frac12 tsEl okuj cqu ^^lsdsUMjh Ldqy ds Nk=ks dh ksXrk oa lsquokkfjjhd kerk dh rqyukRed vu LokLFk frsquokkk o eauksjatu esa vuqlakku laLdjk] 4] 1962] irdquoB dz- 88- 5frac12 MkW- tqchj nscukFk ^Ôkke foKku ikWYq 31 vkWxLV 2000 p- oh- ih- e- okfrdquokZd if=dk- 6frac12 gEiVu p- ^^Vq fjysfVo bQsDVl vkWQ flysDVsM ofeZvi DljlkbZt vkWu LVordfsFk chyhVh fQDlhfcyhVh ekl ikWoj- 7frac12 cqljyh gksohl o Qksvsy ^^xrh] lsquokDrh o yofpdrk kaPk ekhy lglacak koj vu- 8frac12 pkSgku ehjk ^^n dEisfjgtu vkWQ flysDVsM tujy eksVkj thykWth dEiksusUVl fcVohu cqesu ckWLdsVckWy UM OgkWyhcky QksvlZ lsquokkskizcak] y- u- lh- ih- bZ- Xykyhvj] 1999-




vkfnoklh fodkl o lsquokklu izk- fnokdj fOg- dqejs

vkBoys lektdkZ egkfo|ky] fpewj] ft-panziwj

eksck- 9923555414 izLrkouk amp vkfnoklh lekt amp ekklkph Hkzearh voLFkk laiqrdquoVkr vkYkuarj ekkql dksBs uk dksBsrjh fLFkj gksAring ykxyk- lrr izRursquokhy vlkkUacutek ekuokus mnjfuokZgkph fofok lkkus lsquokkskwu dkltyh o fufrsquopr vrsquokh mnjfuokZgkph lkkus ekuokyk xolYkuarj RkaPk vkqrdquokyk fLFkjrk ykHkyh- vk|+ ikrdquokkk qxkiklwu rs vkkqfud qxkiZarpk ekuokpk izokl gsp nrsquokZforks- txkPk dkskRk rjh HkqHkkxkoj ekuo vkiys ik jksowu fLFkjkow ykxyk- dkghauh fulxkZps ojnku ykHkysYk ekstDk yksdoLrhph [ksMh ilar dsyh rj dkghauh lqkkjysYk o m|ksxka|kauh cgu xsysYk lsquokgjkr oLrh dsyh- ik dkgh Hkqfeiq=kauh k loZ yksdoLrh iklwu nqj o nqxZe vlysYk MksaxjnUacutekr] u|kukYkar] dMsdikUacutekr vkiys rG Bksdys- ^kjrhph ysdjs Egkwu Tkapk lokZFkkZus mYys[k djrk sbZy] vrsquokk vkfnoklh lektkph nqfukgh osxGh vkgs- MksaxjnUacutekr jkgkkUacutek vkiYkp lth o ijaijkr ikyhlkj[ks fpdVwu jkgkkUacutek] QGkampQqykaPk o gtkMkikykaPk pohus lekkku ikokkUacutek vkfnoklhaps thou LoPNanh ik[kjklkj[ks vlrs- vkfnoklh dkskkyk Egkkos vkfnoklh lektkph oj mYys[k dsysyh fofok ukos ikgwu ekuorsquokkL=h fy[kkukr ^vkfne vxj ^vkfnoklh lekt dkskRk vFkkZus okijyk tkrks gs ikgks mn~ckskd Bjsy- vkfnoklh lekt Egkts vxnh izkphu dkGkrhy lekt fdaok vxnh eqGps jfgoklh vlk vFkZ ekuorsquokkL=K djhr ukghr- sfrgklhd n`rdquoVhus ikgrk brj dkskRkgh lektkyk tsoltk fnkZdkyhu bfrgkl ykHkysyk vkgs rsOgk vkfnoklh lekt Egkts dkskRkgh nsrsquokkrhy vk| jfgoklh uOgrs- Rkcjkscj gsgh ykkr ksrys ikghts dh] brj dkskRkgh lektkiskk xkSk o fuNtilderdquoB vlkkUacutek lektkyk mIgravesrsquokqugh vkfnoklh lekt vls Egkr ukghr- vkfnoklhaPk thoukpk toGwu vHkl djrkauk vusd vHkldkauk kph izfprh vkysyh vkgs dh] lqkkjysYk txkPk ekukus vkfnoklhaps jkgks ekxklysys o jkuVh vlys rjh Rkaps vkpkjfopkj o lektOoLFkk [kjks[kjp ok[kkktksxh vkgs- xrh] Uqrxrh ikgwu vkrsquopZ okVrs- rVkihlkj[ks ok| o




ltksyd ksowu vkfnekauk ukprkauk ikghys dh dkskkykgh HkqjG iMsy- Rkpcjkscj RkaPk furh fuekaps o ijaijkaps dkVsdksj ikyu gsp RkaPk lekt lkrRkps izeq[k dkjk vkgs] gsgh izfprh srs- rsOgk vkfnoklh lekt Egkts vfrizkphu lekt fdaok vfrrsquok vizxr o xkSk lekt vls lehdjk djks loZFkk pqdhps vkgs- vkfnoklh lektkfordquokhps fdRsd xSjlet vkfnekaPk fordquokhaPk lsquokkL=h o okLro vHklkus nqj gksr xsys- vkfnekfordquokh pqdhps xzg du RkaPkcIgravey dkgh foNtilder dYiuk du ksks gs vxnhp vksX vkgs- okLrorsPk nrdquoVhdksukrwu fopkj djrk] izRk fufjkk inrhoj vkkkjysYk vkkqfud ekuorsquokkL=h vlYkeqGs vkfnoklh lektkph ykks LirdquoV djks vfkd lsquokD gtkysys vkgs- ekuorsquokkL=Kkauh oSKkuhd inrhus vkfnoklh lektkPk Ok[kdu vkfne lekt fordquokhps pqdhps xzg rj nqj dsysp ik Rkpcjkscj vkfnoklh dkskkyk Egkkos kgh izrsquoukps mRrj vpqdiks fnys- klkBh fofok ekuorsquokkL=Kkauh o vHkldkauh vkfne lektkPk dsysYk Ok[k fopkjkr ksks vkorsquod vkgs- Ok[k [kkyhyizekks vkgsr- 1- fxyhu o fxyhu kaPk ers] dk fofrsquokrdquoV Hkqiznsrsquokkoj jkgkkjk] leku cksyhHkkrdquokk

cksykkjk o leku lkaLNtildefrd ftou txkkjk ik vkj vksG[k ulysYk LFkkuh xVkaPk leqPPkkyk vkfnoklh lekt Egkrkr-

2- baihfjy xWgtsVes vkfnoklhaph Ok[k iqlthyizekks dsyh vkgs- ^^leku cksyhHkkrdquokk cksykkUacutek lqokrhyk varfoZokgh vlkph lsquokDrk vlysyk ik loZlkekUiks varfoZokg ulysYk o leku uko kkjk djkkUacutek dqVqackPk leqPpkyk vkfnoklh lekt vls Egkrkr-

vkfnoklhaph yksdla[k amp HkkjrkPk dqk yksdla[sPk 8 VDds vkfnoklh vkgsr- Rkes eiznsrsquok 23 VDds] vksjhlk 22 VDds] xqtjkr 14 VDds] jktLFkku 12 VDds] egkjkrdquoVordfkr 9 VDds vrsquokh gh tekr fo[kqjysyh vkgs- egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy kqGs ftYaacutekr yksdla[sPk 40 VDds vkfnoklh vkgsr- xMfpjksyh 38 VDds] ukfrsquokd 24 VDds] orekG 21 VDds] panziwj 19 VDds] Bkks 18 VDds] iqks ftYaacutekr 4 VDds] egkjkrdquoVordfkr dqk vkfnoklhr xksaM 20 VDds vkgsr- vkfnoklh fodkl o lsquokklu amp Hkkjr Lokralaquokuarj [kUacutekvFkkZus Hkkjrkr vkS|ksfxddjkkyk izkjaHk gtkyk- vkS|ksfxdjkkPk ekekrwu vkfnoklhps lsquokksrdquokk djkr vkys- vkS|ksfxddjkkeqGs vkfnoklhauk jkstxkj feGkyk- Rkapk lsquokgjhdjkkrsquokh lacak okltyk- [kkksfiks] clksmBks kr Qjd iMyk- ijarq Rkp ekekrwu vkfnoklhaps taxy rksMdu RkaPk tehuh




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1- MkW- nsoxkodj l- th- amp egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy tkrhamptekrh] Jh lkbZukFk izdkrsquoku] ukxiwj 2009

2- MkW- xkjs xksfoan amp Hkkjrh vkfnoklh lekt vkfk laLNtilderh] vkfnoklh lekt] foKku izdkrsquokd ukfrsquokd] iqks

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4- ukMxksaM xqukFk amp Hkkjrh vkfnoklh] dkWfUVusUVy izdkrsquokd] fotkuxj] iqks 411030] rrh vkoRrh 2003

5- Scheduled Tribes in India Issues and Challenges in 21st

Century

Dr K S Patil Editor in Chief

Published by Tirpude College of Social Work Civil Lines Sadar

Nagpur ndash 440001 First Edition 2014




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izk- ujsanz ds- ikVhy vkaun fudsru egkfo|ky]

vkaunou]ojksjk 9637279623 Email narendraanandwangmailcom

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lanHkZ xzaFk lwph amp MkW- HkkaMkjdj iq- y- amp izkRkfkd lkekftd larsquokksku

uksOgsacj 2008 rsquok izdkrsquoku ukxiwj MkW- Hkkaxs fot amp iapkrjkt xzkehk fodkl vkfk ifjorZu

2012 rsquok izdkrsquoku ukxiwj MkW- nslkbZ laHkkth amp egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy pGoGh MkW- dUacutegkMs ckiq amp vkfnoklh lektkps lektrsquokkL= izk- esJke lqjsrsquok amp izkRkfkd lkekftd larsquokksku rsquok izdkrsquoku ukxiwj izk- ukFks lat amp Hkkjrh jkTkVuk o iapkrjkt

vkWxrdquoV 2010 ukFks izdkrsquoku ukxiwj




egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy vfrekxkl vkfnoklh ( Primitive Tribes ) laLdrh o ijaijk amp d forsquoysrdquokk

izk- p- Vh- xtfHks okfkT foHkkx izeq[k

jkrdquoVordflar rqdMksth egk- fpewj eksck- 9049295428

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Hkkjr ljdkjPk vkfnoklh Oogkj (Tribals Affairs) ea=kykPk

ifji=dkuqlkj (1991) Pk tuxkusPk vkkkjs 74 vfrekxkl tekrh Hkkjrkr vfLrRokr vkgsr- 1- dkVdjh dkFkksMh amp

egkjkrdquoVordf o xqtjkres okLro vlysyh gh tekr vkgs- egkjkrdquoVzkPk dqykck ftYgkr gh tekr vkltGrs- taxykrhy dkFk cufous gs Rkaps dkZ vkgs- Rkou Rkuk dkFkksMh fdaok dkVdjh Egkrkr- 1971 Pk tuxksuqlkj egkjkrdquoVordfkr 1]40]672 olth la[k gksrh- dkgh fopkjoar k tekrhyk fHkYy tekrhph iksVrsquokk[kk Egkrkr- RkaPk lsquokjhjrdquoVheqGs rs nfkkkR tekrhiSdh okVrkr- gk leqg vRar nfjnzh vlwu vRYi diMs okijrks] fL=k dikG] xky o euxVkoj xksanorkr- taxykr Rkaph [ksMh vlrkr] RkaPk oLrhyk egkjkrdquoVordfkr îkMk vls Egkrkr- gk lewg taxykrhy daneqGs] ouLirh [kkrks- Hkkr o ukxyhPk Hkkdjh gs Rkaps eq[ vUu vkgs- gk leqg xkhps nqk dkltr ukgh o firgh ukgh- ygku eqykauk xkhps nqk nsr ukgh- g s oSfrsquokrdquoVs ekfMk xksaM tekrhrsquokh tqGrs- k vfrekxkl leqgkr firizkku dqVwacinrh vkgs- oarsquok fiRkPk dqykuqlkj pkyrks-

dqVwacizeq[k iqrdquok vlrks- eqyhpk fookg tekrhPk varxZrp gksrs- fofuefookg (Barter

Marriage) lt vkgs- kVLQksV iapkleksj gksrks- fokok fookgkl ekUrk vkgs- k tekrhr

Mksaxjnso] okknso] xkonso] ejhekrk b- nsoh nsorkapk lekosrsquok gksrks- xkonsokph forsquoksrdquok iwtk dsyh tkrs- fnokGh] uojk=h] gksGh lk lktjs dsys tkrs- k lewgkpk vfrekuoh lsquokDrhoj forsquookl vkgs- tknwVkskl forsquoksrdquok egRo vkgs- gk lewg vkfFkZd nrdquoVk ekxklysyk vkgs- vYiizekkkr irsquokqikyu o dqDdqVikyu dsys tkrs- vrsquokizdkjs egkjkrdquoVzkrhy gh vfrekxkl iztkrh frsquokkkkiklwu] ljdkjh kstusiklwu nwj vkgs- lsquoksrtehu Qkjp deh vlYkeqGs flapukph OoLFkk ukgh- Egkwu etqjh tkLr izekkkr djrkr- RkaPk fodklklkBh lsquokklu fofok kstuk jkcfors] ijarq Rkpk ykHk lokZuk feGr ukgh- LFkkfud m|ksx lq du Rkauk izfrsquokkk nsks o mRiknuklkBh vuqnku nsks o lgdkjh laLFkkrQsZ lapkyu o foiku dsYkl dkFkdjh k vfrekxkl vkfnoklh lewgkph izxrh gksAring lsquokdrs- Egkwu Rkauk frsquokkkgh Okid izekkkr fnys tkks xjtsps vkgs- 2- dksyke amp

egkjkrdquoVzkr vkfk egkjkrdquoVordfkPk ckgsj eiznsrsquokkr gh vfrekxkl tekr vkgs- dksyke nzfoMh oarsquokkps yksd vlwu xksaMkrsquokh Rkaps lkE vkltGrs- egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy orekG o panziwj ftYgkr] ejkBokMkr mLekukckn o vejkorh ftYgkr vkltGrkr- 1981 Pk tuxkusizekks




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dksykeh cksyhHkkrdquokk gh nzohM Hkkrdquokk leqgkrhy vlwu frPkr rsyxw vkfk dUUkM Hkkrdquoksrhy lsquokCn vkltGwu srkr- vkkqfud txkrsquokh laidZ vkYkeqGs rs lsquoksretwjhgh djrkr- rlsp nxM QksMkps dke djrkr- Rkaps thou drdquoVkps vlwu iSlk deh feGrks- dksyke cgqrsd fBdkkh taxykrhy tfeuhoj vfrdzek du rs lsquoksrh djhr vkgsr- lsquokklukPk dknkizekks Rk tfeuh ^gtqMih taxy ukokpk izdkj okjaokj vkMok srks- RkeqGs RkaPk iquoZluhdjkkr OR srks- dksyke lektkr frsquokkkkaps izekk vlwugh ukSdjh feGr ukgh- jktdh usrRo ulYkeqGs fodklkPk leLkauk okpk QqVr ukgh- dksyke lewgkr iapkrhPkk fukZ egRokpk vlrks- iapkrhPk izeq[kkl ûkbZd vls Egkrkr- 3- ekfMk xksaM lewg amp Hkkjrkrhy vkfne tekrhes la[sus Qkj eksBh o vRar iwjkru vrsquokh xksaM tekr vkgs- egkjkrdquoVordfkr izkeq[kus panziwj o xMfpjksyh ftYgkr vkltGrs- xksaM k lsquokCnkpk vFkZ ^taxykr jkgkkjk vlk gksrks- xksaM vkiYk cksyhHkkrdquoksrgh ^dksh vls Egkrkr- ekfMk xksaMkPk cksyhHkkrdquoksrgh êUacutegk Egkts gtkM Egkwu êkfMk Egkts taxykr jkgkkjh ekkls vlk vFkZ fukrks- ekfMk xksaMkps cMk ekfMk vkfk NksVk ekfMk vls nksu izdkj vkltGrkr- ekfMk xksaM gh egkjkrdquoVzkr vfrekxkl tekr Egkwu kksrdquokhr dsyh vkgs- rjh lkekftd o vkfFkZdnrdquoVk ekxklysyh vkgs- iSuxaxk] xksnkojh] banzkorh vrsquok unkaPk toG kaph oLrh vkltGrs- fonZHkkr 11-37 VDds olth yksdla[k xksaMkph vkltGrs- ekfMk xksaM fL=k uAringokjh yqxMs uslrkr] iqrdquok dsoG yaxksVh ckakhr vlrkr- RkaPkr nsoxk vkltGrkr- izRsd nsoxVkr vkjk nso nsork vlrkr- rlsp izRsd xVkyk oarsquok vkgs- izRsd oarsquokkyk d vorkj vlrks- rks [kknk izkkh vlrks- Rkyk rs ifo= ekurkr- xksaM L=hk xksank du ksrkr- vyadkj lkekUr pkanhps vlrkr- L=hk jaxhr ekaPk ekGk kkyrkr] xksaM yksd gs ekalkgkjh vkgsr- izkeq[kus vkgkjkr rkanqG egRokps [kk| vkgs- xksaMkps vkjk nSor isjlkisu vkgs- kpkp mYys[k egknso vls djrkr- xksaMh leqgkr fyaxks gk lekt lakVu nskkjk elhgk ekurkr- kfrsquokok LFkkfud nsonsork vkgsr- kr ejhvkbZ ekrk] rkMksck] okkksck bRknhapk lekosrsquok gksrks- orZekudkGkr vkkqfudjkkpk




izHkko fnlrks- xksaMkes ijaijkxr vFkkZus ckyfookg gksr ukgh- dkp nsoxVkr fookg gksr ukgh- gqaMkinrh ulwu okq ewYkph izFkk vkgs- fookghr L=hyk kVLQksV ekxkpk gDd vkgs- eriwoZtkph iwtk lokZauk cakudkjd vkgs- er ODrhPk tkxh ngkOk fnolkuarj Rk ODrhps Lekjd Egkwu d eksBk nxM mHkkjkr srks- xkokrhy loZ ODrh k lekjaHkkr lkehy gksrkr- ijaijsyk fpdVwu jkgkkUacutek xksaMkPk leqgkr ekxhy 20amp25 ordquokkZiklwu cny gksr vkgs- ekfMk Hkkrdquoksr lkkuk îaMwe vls Egkrkr- xksaMkps ltselk uR izfln vkgs- rlsp jsykW uR vRar yksdfiz vkgs- nso clforkuk fdaok vkuankPk osGh uR djrkr- OolkkPk nrdquoVhus frsquokdkj o lsquoksrh kojp xks aMkpk fuokZg pkyrks- fQjrh lsquoksrh izfln vkgs- ek= vkkqfud txkPk laidkZeqGs fLFkj lsquoksrh lt gtkyh vkgs- rsanqiRrk] e|] eksgkph Qqys bRknh xksGk djks g s mnjfuokZgkps lkku vkgs- ljdkjPk fofok kksjkkeqGs lsquoksretwj] osBfcxkjh Egkwu thou txr vkgs- gLrdykdkSrsquokYkr ckacwiklwu fofok oLrw rkj djrkr- gk lewg eksBk izekkkr dtZcktkjh] Oluh] frsquokkkkps vYi izekkkr vlkkjk vkgs- ojhy frugh vkfne lewg ikZojkkrsquokh lackhr vkgsr- RkaPk laLdrhr ikZojkkps Kku] ladYiuk o egRo vkltGrs- kauh vkiys yksdlkfgR] yksdlaLdrh tksiklysyh vkgs- RkaPk cksyhHkkrdquoksyk Okdjk vkgs- Lokra=ksRrj dkGkr lkeqfgd fodkl kstuk jkcfokr vkYk- Rkr ia- usgpk nrdquoVhdksu vlk gksrk dh] vkfnoklhPk thoukrhy gkfudkjd xksrdquoVh nwj djkr dykdykus ckglaLdrh o thoukPk izokgkr vkkwu lkekowu kos- ijarq gs djhr vlrkauk RakPk laLdrh] RkaPk yksdlkfgRkps tru djkr kos- lqekjs 60 rs 70 ordquokZ ljdkj vkfnoklhauk fodkl izfdzsr lekfordquoV djkpk izRu djhr vkgs- ijarq rsquok dkgh lk gtkys ukgh- vkfnoklh fodkl kstukaph fuV veyctkokh dsYkl vkfnoklh lewgkps HkforO fufrsquoprp mToy vkgs-

lanHkZ xzaFk amp 1- nsoxkodj MkW- lsquokSytk vkfnoklh forsquoo] vkuanizdkrsquoku ukxiwj 2- nsoxkodj MkW- lsquokSytk egkjkrdquoVordfkrhy vkfnoklhaps yksdlkfgR] lkbZukFk izdkrsquoku] ukxiwj 3- Hkkxor] nqxkZ yksdlkfgRkph ijsrdquokk- 4- ckcj ljksftuh vkfnoklhaps lk mRlo] egkjkrdquoVz jkT yksdlkfgR fufeZrh] iqks 5- ekaModj] HkkAring dksyke 6- ekulrsquokkL= ifjHkkrdquokk dksrdquok 1991 eqacbZ Hkkrdquokk lapyuky egkjkrdquoVz rsquokklu 7- ikVhy fyyk 1990 Hkkjrh L=hthou] iqks amp esgrk iCyhfrsquokax gkAringl




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jkts forsquoosrsquoojko dyk okfkT egk- HkkejkxM ft-xMfpjksyh fiu- 442710

eksck- 8275291596

Email ndash santoshdakhare15gmailcom

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MkW- fYoupk nfrdquoVdksu egkuoarsquok rsquokkL=K MkW- Ogsfjvj fYou kauh gk flnkar izfrikfnr dsyk- kykp i`Fkdrk fdaok vyxrk vls Egkrkr- RkaPk ers] vkfnoklh lekt gk izkfpu dkGkiklwu vckfkriks vkiys osxsGs ftou txr vkgs- Rkauh vkiys Lora= thou vktiZar fVdfoys vkgs- izxr lektkPk laidZkiklqu nqj jkfgYkusp gh ftou inrh fVdwu jkgkph lsquokDrk vfkd vkgs- izxr lektkPk laLdfrps vkdzek vkfne laLdfr oj gksm us o vkfnoklhaph fofokrsus uVysyh laLdrh urdquoV gksm us] Egkwu vkfnoklh foHkkx Lora= Bsoys ikghts- izxr lektkiklwu Rkauk vxfn vfYkIr Bsowu] Rkaps oSfrsquokrdquoV iqkZ thou txfoys ikghts- kykp vyxrk fdaok vfyIRkrk vls Egkrkr- k dfjrk MkW- fYou kauh ^ jkrdquoVordfh m|ku gh ladYiuk ekaMyh k m|kukr xksaM] cSxk rlsp vU vkfnoklh tekrh vkiys thou eqDriks o fuHkZiks Ofrr d lsquokdrhy vlk Rkapk forsquookl gksrk ek= fYouPk k nfrdquoVdkskkoj vusd fopkjoarkauh fVdk dsyh- vkfnoklhauk laLdrhps tru djkPk ukok[kkyh vyx Bsoks Egkts Rkauk fodklkiklwu nwj Bsoks vkgs- RkeqGs vkt gk nfrdquoVdksu dkyckg gtkyk vkgs- MkW- kwsZ o BDdjckIik kapk nfrdquoVdksu MkW- kwsZ o BDdjck kapk nfrdquoVdksu lkfRedjk fdaok lafeyhdjk Egkwu vksG[kyk tkrks- vkfne lektkps osxGs vfLro u Bsork k lektkPk vorhHkorh vlkkampk ukxjh lektkrsquokh Rkaps foyhuhdjk kMowu vkuks Egktsp vkfnoklhaps lafeyhdjk gks- vkfnoklhaps izrsquou gs RkaPk varxZr laLdrh o ftou inrh kaPk vkkkjs u lksMfork brj lektkrsquokh diRo fuekZk du vkfnoklh lektkes cny kMoqu vkuks gs k nfrdquoVdkskkps mfiacuterdquoV vkgs- MkW- kwsZ kauh vkfnoklh yksdkauk ekxklysys fganw vls EgVys vkgs- RkaPkers ekxklysYk fganwps izxr fganw lektkrsquokh lkfRedjk gtkys ikfgts- Egkts leLkaph Rojhr mdy gksow lsquokdsy- fganwPk nsoh nsork] lk lekjaHk kapk Rkuh dkgh izekkkr fLodkj dsysyk vkgs- rsOgk k lektkr rs lejl gtkys rj vkfnoklh lektkps osxGs izrsquou jkgkkj ukgh-




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ia-tokgjyky usg kapk nfrdquoVdksu Hkkjrkps ighys iarizkku usg akuk vkfnoklh lektkfordquokh vkLFkk gksrh- i`Fkdrk vkfk lkfRedjk k flnkarkoj Rkapk vkksi gksrk- vkfnoklhaPk i`FkfddjkkeGs gk lekt] vkgs Rkp voLFksr jkghy vls Rkaps er gksrs- rj lkfRedjkkeqGs vkfnoklhaPk lkfgR o laLdfrpk yksi gtkYkfrsquokok jkgkkj ukgh- vrsquokh Rakph kkjkk gksrh- ek= vkfnoklhaPk fodklkfrsquokok Hkkjr dnkih fodkl d lsquokdkkj ukgh- vlk Rakpk forsquookl gksrk- vkfnoklhauk RkaPk inrhus thou txkph]izxrhdjkph eksdGhd vlyh ikghts- Rkaph laLdrh]Jnk]iajijkgk Rkaukp tru d |kokr fodklkpk lanHkkZr Rkaukp fukZ ksAring |kosr ek= vkik Rakuk izkFkfed ckch miyCk du |kOkr k erkpsia-usg gksrs- jkrdquoVordfh sD fVdfokPk nfrdquoVus]tutkfrauk letqu ksAringu RkaPkrsquokh Lusg o ijLij letqrhps lacak izLFkkfirdjks tj vlYkps izfriknu usg akuh dsys vkgs- RakPkers] tutkrh ks=kr dkZ djkkjs yksd RkaPkrsquokh dIk gksouq dkZ d lsquokdkkjs vlks tjhps vkgs- Hkkjrh vkfne lektkl lq[khdjkpk dp ekxZ Egkts Rakuk Lokoyach]Loljkk djks gk vkgs- RklkBh k Hkkxkr okgrqd o nGkoGkkph lks miyCk djks] vkRafrd fudMhps vkgs- lkascrp vkjksX]frsquokkk dqfVjkskksx bRknh lks dsyh tkoh RakPk thoukr ltoGkltoGdjkpk gk izRu ulqu Rkauk lq[kh gkskl enr djkpk rks d ekxZ vkgs-



Page II Online Published by ndash Gurukul IMR Journal Available At - wwwgurukuljournalcom

IndiaSpends investigations through a series of right-to-information requests

reveal that over the last 35 years Rs 28 lakh crore set aside to improve the

lives of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes through measures like mid-day

meals scholarships and crop insurance went unspent The funds are non-

lapsable as per the guidelines issued in 2006 and 2014 by the erstwhile

Planning Commission now NITI Aayog But low spending has crippled the

effort Records show that no matter which party is in power scheduled tribes

rarely benefit from these funds

I would like to present with great pleasure the special volume of

Gurukul International Multidisciplinary Journal Tribal Development

Problem and Solution This journal was envisioned and founded to represent

the growing needs of humanistic science as an emerging and increasingly vital

field now widely recognized as an esteem online multidisciplinary journal

The volume posits a critique to the prevalent dichotomy between the

mainstream of Indian society in context of development and the tribal

community The papers included in this volume primarily focus

on perspectives competing interests and emerging outcomes when the

relation between tribes and their resource perceptions shifts along the line of

corporate-induced development projects Further the volume examines the

structure and processes of the tribal society vis-agrave-vis their problems policies

transformation ethnic discourse and the future It will be of interest to

planners researchers and students from both a theoretical perspective and

practical understanding

Precisely it is special issues related todayrsquos scenario of tribal

development with distinct analytical frames and empirical findings the

papers contributed by the experts in the field ndash academics bureaucrats and








and solution






project





Gadchiroli




Index

Paper



Tribal Communities

B Sailaja 1-6












Solutions



India


Dr Prof Prashant K

Pathak

42-50




Prof Parag S

Meshram

51-57



Mukesh Shyamsundar

Shende

58-64


Fiction

Vinod Manoharrao

Kukade

65-69



70-74


kuat iqjkkhd 75-87









108-114












134-141









166-167











B Sailaja



Introduction












genetic resources
















































area

Observations


















































particular season






















































































Reference





from India



Conservation at




knowledge









Dr Rajesh Gaidhani







































1961 1383 316 854

1971 1763 485 1139

1981 2452 805 1635

1991 4065 1819 2960

2001 5917 3476 4710

2011 7170 544 631



(631 per cent)






Classes ST

(Boys)

ST

(Girls)

Classes


Years)


Years)

907 87 Classes VI - VIII (11 - 13

Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)





























attend schools





















Suggestions















tribal areas







registers

References



Opportunity Delhi













Dr Suresh K Khangar


Introduction















2013)






















































Abshanullash 2007)





































































nation















Objectives of Study









Discussion






























































































































with certainty

Conclusion





































References


Economics


















Dev-Strategieshtml







DrUsha N Patil





Abstract






















demonstrable models






















































programmes etc

































































Concerns





















witnessed


























Andhra Pradesh 12



Assam 10

Chhattisgarh 3

Gujrat 8

Himachal Pradesh 5





Jharkhand 9

Jammu and Kashmir 5

Karnataka 14

kerala 7

Madhya Pradesh 15

Maharashtra 16

Manipur 12

Meghalaya 3

Mizoram 2

Nagaland 2

Delhi 2

Odissa 27

Rajsthan 4

Sikkim 2

Tamil Nadu 3

Tripura 4

Uttar Pradesh 2

Uttarkhand 7

West Bengal 23


Figure 1





















Conclusion

























Reference


PressConnecticut



Books


Edition2015


ISBN 81-316-0020-3


2015



Website



wwwthehinducom

unesdocunescoorg

linkspringercom






SOUTH KOSALA

Dr Sasmita Kar



Abstract













Introduction

































Religious Belief









the deity

Ramayan-Tradition





Patalganga





































this place

Shakti worship











Lankavarta



deity




















References







Raipur






Cuttack



Banarsidass


New Delhi







Dr K Eswaramma



Introduction




































































































for the females

























Conclusion



















income


















References



Lucknow Feb


April








(1) June

















Dr Parsanjeet Kumar


Introduction
































6











as follows




























English




exist





























specific needs

Suggestions









































Conclusion












References






Development












Prof Nafisa Wakil

Lokmanaya Tilak

Mahavidyalaya

Wani



Mo 9545000018


Abstract















Introduction










































Scheduled Tribes



















































strategies











Table 1



104280034 93819430 10461870 237 213










81 102 24 86 113













1961 1380 316 850

1971 1760 490 1140

1981 2450 0805 1635

1991 40065 1820 2920

2001 5902 3476 4710

2011 7170 5402 6310













Classes I-V 13712 13570

































































































Conclusion











References Book








(Page 233-242)













Dr Vijay P Gorde 1








Abstract-

















district etc

Introduction-








India





















Study Area-












line of district

Objective of study-



lodges





district









sanctuary and zoo





from Armori


km from Mulchera














B) Forts ndash







River













- 2012 -13

Sr

No

Taluka Classif

ication

of

Spots

No Of

Tourist

Spots


expenditur

e on

developm

ent of

Tourist

Spots

(Lacks) Inco

mp

lete

Work

in t

he

star

ting o

f

runnin

g y

ear

New

San

ctio

ned

work

s

Tota

l W

ork

s

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1 Desaiganj C 2 1 1 2 1023

2 Armori C 4 8 4 12 8189

3 Kurkheda C 2 3 1 4 3069

4 Korchi C 2 4 2 6 4092

5 Dhanora C 3 1 1 2 1023


7 Chamorshi BC 6 7 4 11 7161

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 000

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 000

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 000

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 000

12 Sironcha C 4 2 1 3 2060

Total - 30 27 15 42 27640







13

Sr

No-

Tal

ukas

Cla

ssif

ication o

f S

po

ts

No O

f T

ouri

st S

pots

No of

Touri

st p

lace

s hav

ing c

ult

ura

l an

d

her

itag

e


Mah

aras

htr

a to

uri

sm d

evelo

pm

ent

corp

ora

tion

No of

Room

s

No of

pri

vat

e ho

tels

No of

Room

s

No of

Tra

vel

sAgen

ts

No of

Veh

icle

s p

rov

ided

by them

Exp

enditure

sp

ent on th

e

dev

elop

men

t of

Touri

st c

ente

r

Em

plo

ym

ent cr

eate

d d

uri

ng

dev

elop

men

t of

tou

rist

cen

ter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Desaiganj C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3500

2 Armori C 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8189 48000

3 Kurkheda C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3069 9000

4 Korchi C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4092 7000

5 Dhanora C 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 6500

6 Gadchiroli C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3800

7 Chamorshi BC 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7161 33800

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 3600

12 Sironcha C 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2060 34500

Total - 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 27640 149700





Gadchiroli district























Conclusion-


not yet developed











private hotels



References-


Publication Nagpur




Nagpur





Armori


Gadchiroli district













Mob- 9765007323

















2012)






























































































































































































in village












earn food for them







adivasi development










References





























Gadchiroli



Abstract













tribal

Introduction

















Government




















carried out





















































































































Conclusion


















References







































60 70-16 4-67 12-79
































































































lkjkarsquokamp











okfkZd mRiUu xV


6000 iskk deh 9 10-98 6 3-57 15 6-00 6000 rs 9000 20 24-39 43 25-60 63 25-20 9000 rs 12000 36 43-90 72 42-86 108 43-20 12000 rs 15000

17 20-73 47 27-98 64 25-60































































Lkkjakrsquok


























dkexkj dqk



d w k izkFkfed

Ool kf d yk sd



VDdsokjh rrh d Oolk

VDd sok jh


787010 35 85 63 4 5-56 313097 87-32 201192 56-11 103 151 2 8-77 8754 2-44 14513 4-0 5 30953 8-63





izkFkfed Oolk dw k


VDdsokjh vU Oolk

VDd sok jh


970294 326959 34 -73 264079 78-37 177 80 6 52-77 86273 25-60 57 07 1-69 67173 19-94























1980






























































































































ukxiwj




























health implication



No6









































































10frac12 NDTV News







































Delhi- 1977)















darr






















[kktxh lsquokkGk 472 266 -072 066 109




[kktxh lsquokkGk 2736 587 -072 176 040





[kktxh lsquokkGk 212 012 -008 00268 298















































Century































ljdkjdMs izRu djks-












xMfpjksyh













































300 100
















































eksck- 8275291596






















and solution






project





Gadchiroli




Index

Paper



Tribal Communities

B Sailaja 1-6












Solutions



India


Dr Prof Prashant K

Pathak

42-50




Prof Parag S

Meshram

51-57



Mukesh Shyamsundar

Shende

58-64


Fiction

Vinod Manoharrao

Kukade

65-69



70-74


kuat iqjkkhd 75-87









108-114












134-141









166-167











B Sailaja



Introduction












genetic resources
















































area

Observations


















































particular season






















































































Reference





from India



Conservation at




knowledge









Dr Rajesh Gaidhani







































1961 1383 316 854

1971 1763 485 1139

1981 2452 805 1635

1991 4065 1819 2960

2001 5917 3476 4710

2011 7170 544 631



(631 per cent)






Classes ST

(Boys)

ST

(Girls)

Classes


Years)


Years)

907 87 Classes VI - VIII (11 - 13

Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)





























attend schools





















Suggestions















tribal areas







registers

References



Opportunity Delhi













Dr Suresh K Khangar


Introduction















2013)






















































Abshanullash 2007)





































































nation















Objectives of Study









Discussion






























































































































with certainty

Conclusion





































References


Economics


















Dev-Strategieshtml







DrUsha N Patil





Abstract






















demonstrable models






















































programmes etc

































































Concerns





















witnessed


























Andhra Pradesh 12



Assam 10

Chhattisgarh 3

Gujrat 8

Himachal Pradesh 5





Jharkhand 9

Jammu and Kashmir 5

Karnataka 14

kerala 7

Madhya Pradesh 15

Maharashtra 16

Manipur 12

Meghalaya 3

Mizoram 2

Nagaland 2

Delhi 2

Odissa 27

Rajsthan 4

Sikkim 2

Tamil Nadu 3

Tripura 4

Uttar Pradesh 2

Uttarkhand 7

West Bengal 23


Figure 1





















Conclusion

























Reference


PressConnecticut



Books


Edition2015


ISBN 81-316-0020-3


2015



Website



wwwthehinducom

unesdocunescoorg

linkspringercom






SOUTH KOSALA

Dr Sasmita Kar



Abstract













Introduction

































Religious Belief









the deity

Ramayan-Tradition





Patalganga





































this place

Shakti worship











Lankavarta



deity




















References







Raipur






Cuttack



Banarsidass


New Delhi







Dr K Eswaramma



Introduction




































































































for the females

























Conclusion



















income


















References



Lucknow Feb


April








(1) June

















Dr Parsanjeet Kumar


Introduction
































6











as follows




























English




exist





























specific needs

Suggestions









































Conclusion












References






Development












Prof Nafisa Wakil

Lokmanaya Tilak

Mahavidyalaya

Wani



Mo 9545000018


Abstract















Introduction










































Scheduled Tribes



















































strategies











Table 1



104280034 93819430 10461870 237 213










81 102 24 86 113













1961 1380 316 850

1971 1760 490 1140

1981 2450 0805 1635

1991 40065 1820 2920

2001 5902 3476 4710

2011 7170 5402 6310













Classes I-V 13712 13570

































































































Conclusion











References Book








(Page 233-242)













Dr Vijay P Gorde 1








Abstract-

















district etc

Introduction-








India





















Study Area-












line of district

Objective of study-



lodges





district









sanctuary and zoo





from Armori


km from Mulchera














B) Forts ndash







River













- 2012 -13

Sr

No

Taluka Classif

ication

of

Spots

No Of

Tourist

Spots


expenditur

e on

developm

ent of

Tourist

Spots

(Lacks) Inco

mp

lete

Work

in t

he

star

ting o

f

runnin

g y

ear

New

San

ctio

ned

work

s

Tota

l W

ork

s

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1 Desaiganj C 2 1 1 2 1023

2 Armori C 4 8 4 12 8189

3 Kurkheda C 2 3 1 4 3069

4 Korchi C 2 4 2 6 4092

5 Dhanora C 3 1 1 2 1023


7 Chamorshi BC 6 7 4 11 7161

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 000

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 000

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 000

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 000

12 Sironcha C 4 2 1 3 2060

Total - 30 27 15 42 27640







13

Sr

No-

Tal

ukas

Cla

ssif

ication o

f S

po

ts

No O

f T

ouri

st S

pots

No of

Touri

st p

lace

s hav

ing c

ult

ura

l an

d

her

itag

e


Mah

aras

htr

a to

uri

sm d

evelo

pm

ent

corp

ora

tion

No of

Room

s

No of

pri

vat

e ho

tels

No of

Room

s

No of

Tra

vel

sAgen

ts

No of

Veh

icle

s p

rov

ided

by them

Exp

enditure

sp

ent on th

e

dev

elop

men

t of

Touri

st c

ente

r

Em

plo

ym

ent cr

eate

d d

uri

ng

dev

elop

men

t of

tou

rist

cen

ter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Desaiganj C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3500

2 Armori C 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8189 48000

3 Kurkheda C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3069 9000

4 Korchi C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4092 7000

5 Dhanora C 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 6500

6 Gadchiroli C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3800

7 Chamorshi BC 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7161 33800

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 3600

12 Sironcha C 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2060 34500

Total - 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 27640 149700





Gadchiroli district























Conclusion-


not yet developed











private hotels



References-


Publication Nagpur




Nagpur





Armori


Gadchiroli district













Mob- 9765007323

















2012)






























































































































































































in village












earn food for them







adivasi development










References





























Gadchiroli



Abstract













tribal

Introduction

















Government




















carried out





















































































































Conclusion


















References







































60 70-16 4-67 12-79
































































































lkjkarsquokamp











okfkZd mRiUu xV


6000 iskk deh 9 10-98 6 3-57 15 6-00 6000 rs 9000 20 24-39 43 25-60 63 25-20 9000 rs 12000 36 43-90 72 42-86 108 43-20 12000 rs 15000

17 20-73 47 27-98 64 25-60































































Lkkjakrsquok


























dkexkj dqk



d w k izkFkfed

Ool kf d yk sd



VDdsokjh rrh d Oolk

VDd sok jh


787010 35 85 63 4 5-56 313097 87-32 201192 56-11 103 151 2 8-77 8754 2-44 14513 4-0 5 30953 8-63





izkFkfed Oolk dw k


VDdsokjh vU Oolk

VDd sok jh


970294 326959 34 -73 264079 78-37 177 80 6 52-77 86273 25-60 57 07 1-69 67173 19-94























1980






























































































































ukxiwj




























health implication



No6









































































10frac12 NDTV News







































Delhi- 1977)















darr






















[kktxh lsquokkGk 472 266 -072 066 109




[kktxh lsquokkGk 2736 587 -072 176 040





[kktxh lsquokkGk 212 012 -008 00268 298















































Century































ljdkjdMs izRu djks-












xMfpjksyh













































300 100
















































eksck- 8275291596


















Index

Paper



Tribal Communities

B Sailaja 1-6












Solutions



India


Dr Prof Prashant K

Pathak

42-50




Prof Parag S

Meshram

51-57



Mukesh Shyamsundar

Shende

58-64


Fiction

Vinod Manoharrao

Kukade

65-69



70-74


kuat iqjkkhd 75-87









108-114












134-141









166-167











B Sailaja



Introduction












genetic resources
















































area

Observations


















































particular season






















































































Reference





from India



Conservation at




knowledge









Dr Rajesh Gaidhani







































1961 1383 316 854

1971 1763 485 1139

1981 2452 805 1635

1991 4065 1819 2960

2001 5917 3476 4710

2011 7170 544 631



(631 per cent)






Classes ST

(Boys)

ST

(Girls)

Classes


Years)


Years)

907 87 Classes VI - VIII (11 - 13

Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)





























attend schools





















Suggestions















tribal areas







registers

References



Opportunity Delhi













Dr Suresh K Khangar


Introduction















2013)






















































Abshanullash 2007)





































































nation















Objectives of Study









Discussion






























































































































with certainty

Conclusion





































References


Economics


















Dev-Strategieshtml







DrUsha N Patil





Abstract






















demonstrable models






















































programmes etc

































































Concerns





















witnessed


























Andhra Pradesh 12



Assam 10

Chhattisgarh 3

Gujrat 8

Himachal Pradesh 5





Jharkhand 9

Jammu and Kashmir 5

Karnataka 14

kerala 7

Madhya Pradesh 15

Maharashtra 16

Manipur 12

Meghalaya 3

Mizoram 2

Nagaland 2

Delhi 2

Odissa 27

Rajsthan 4

Sikkim 2

Tamil Nadu 3

Tripura 4

Uttar Pradesh 2

Uttarkhand 7

West Bengal 23


Figure 1





















Conclusion

























Reference


PressConnecticut



Books


Edition2015


ISBN 81-316-0020-3


2015



Website



wwwthehinducom

unesdocunescoorg

linkspringercom






SOUTH KOSALA

Dr Sasmita Kar



Abstract













Introduction

































Religious Belief









the deity

Ramayan-Tradition





Patalganga





































this place

Shakti worship











Lankavarta



deity




















References







Raipur






Cuttack



Banarsidass


New Delhi







Dr K Eswaramma



Introduction




































































































for the females

























Conclusion



















income


















References



Lucknow Feb


April








(1) June

















Dr Parsanjeet Kumar


Introduction
































6











as follows




























English




exist





























specific needs

Suggestions









































Conclusion












References






Development












Prof Nafisa Wakil

Lokmanaya Tilak

Mahavidyalaya

Wani



Mo 9545000018


Abstract















Introduction










































Scheduled Tribes



















































strategies











Table 1



104280034 93819430 10461870 237 213










81 102 24 86 113













1961 1380 316 850

1971 1760 490 1140

1981 2450 0805 1635

1991 40065 1820 2920

2001 5902 3476 4710

2011 7170 5402 6310













Classes I-V 13712 13570

































































































Conclusion











References Book








(Page 233-242)













Dr Vijay P Gorde 1








Abstract-

















district etc

Introduction-








India





















Study Area-












line of district

Objective of study-



lodges





district









sanctuary and zoo





from Armori


km from Mulchera














B) Forts ndash







River













- 2012 -13

Sr

No

Taluka Classif

ication

of

Spots

No Of

Tourist

Spots


expenditur

e on

developm

ent of

Tourist

Spots

(Lacks) Inco

mp

lete

Work

in t

he

star

ting o

f

runnin

g y

ear

New

San

ctio

ned

work

s

Tota

l W

ork

s

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1 Desaiganj C 2 1 1 2 1023

2 Armori C 4 8 4 12 8189

3 Kurkheda C 2 3 1 4 3069

4 Korchi C 2 4 2 6 4092

5 Dhanora C 3 1 1 2 1023


7 Chamorshi BC 6 7 4 11 7161

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 000

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 000

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 000

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 000

12 Sironcha C 4 2 1 3 2060

Total - 30 27 15 42 27640







13

Sr

No-

Tal

ukas

Cla

ssif

ication o

f S

po

ts

No O

f T

ouri

st S

pots

No of

Touri

st p

lace

s hav

ing c

ult

ura

l an

d

her

itag

e


Mah

aras

htr

a to

uri

sm d

evelo

pm

ent

corp

ora

tion

No of

Room

s

No of

pri

vat

e ho

tels

No of

Room

s

No of

Tra

vel

sAgen

ts

No of

Veh

icle

s p

rov

ided

by them

Exp

enditure

sp

ent on th

e

dev

elop

men

t of

Touri

st c

ente

r

Em

plo

ym

ent cr

eate

d d

uri

ng

dev

elop

men

t of

tou

rist

cen

ter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Desaiganj C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3500

2 Armori C 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8189 48000

3 Kurkheda C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3069 9000

4 Korchi C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4092 7000

5 Dhanora C 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 6500

6 Gadchiroli C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3800

7 Chamorshi BC 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7161 33800

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 3600

12 Sironcha C 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2060 34500

Total - 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 27640 149700





Gadchiroli district























Conclusion-


not yet developed











private hotels



References-


Publication Nagpur




Nagpur





Armori


Gadchiroli district













Mob- 9765007323

















2012)






























































































































































































in village












earn food for them







adivasi development










References





























Gadchiroli



Abstract













tribal

Introduction

















Government




















carried out





















































































































Conclusion


















References







































60 70-16 4-67 12-79
































































































lkjkarsquokamp











okfkZd mRiUu xV


6000 iskk deh 9 10-98 6 3-57 15 6-00 6000 rs 9000 20 24-39 43 25-60 63 25-20 9000 rs 12000 36 43-90 72 42-86 108 43-20 12000 rs 15000

17 20-73 47 27-98 64 25-60































































Lkkjakrsquok


























dkexkj dqk



d w k izkFkfed

Ool kf d yk sd



VDdsokjh rrh d Oolk

VDd sok jh


787010 35 85 63 4 5-56 313097 87-32 201192 56-11 103 151 2 8-77 8754 2-44 14513 4-0 5 30953 8-63





izkFkfed Oolk dw k


VDdsokjh vU Oolk

VDd sok jh


970294 326959 34 -73 264079 78-37 177 80 6 52-77 86273 25-60 57 07 1-69 67173 19-94























1980






























































































































ukxiwj




























health implication



No6









































































10frac12 NDTV News







































Delhi- 1977)















darr






















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134-141









166-167











B Sailaja



Introduction












genetic resources
















































area

Observations


















































particular season






















































































Reference





from India



Conservation at




knowledge









Dr Rajesh Gaidhani







































1961 1383 316 854

1971 1763 485 1139

1981 2452 805 1635

1991 4065 1819 2960

2001 5917 3476 4710

2011 7170 544 631



(631 per cent)






Classes ST

(Boys)

ST

(Girls)

Classes


Years)


Years)

907 87 Classes VI - VIII (11 - 13

Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)


Years)





























attend schools





















Suggestions















tribal areas







registers

References



Opportunity Delhi













Dr Suresh K Khangar


Introduction















2013)






















































Abshanullash 2007)





































































nation















Objectives of Study









Discussion






























































































































with certainty

Conclusion





































References


Economics


















Dev-Strategieshtml







DrUsha N Patil





Abstract






















demonstrable models






















































programmes etc

































































Concerns





















witnessed


























Andhra Pradesh 12



Assam 10

Chhattisgarh 3

Gujrat 8

Himachal Pradesh 5





Jharkhand 9

Jammu and Kashmir 5

Karnataka 14

kerala 7

Madhya Pradesh 15

Maharashtra 16

Manipur 12

Meghalaya 3

Mizoram 2

Nagaland 2

Delhi 2

Odissa 27

Rajsthan 4

Sikkim 2

Tamil Nadu 3

Tripura 4

Uttar Pradesh 2

Uttarkhand 7

West Bengal 23


Figure 1





















Conclusion

























Reference


PressConnecticut



Books


Edition2015


ISBN 81-316-0020-3


2015



Website



wwwthehinducom

unesdocunescoorg

linkspringercom






SOUTH KOSALA

Dr Sasmita Kar



Abstract













Introduction

































Religious Belief









the deity

Ramayan-Tradition





Patalganga





































this place

Shakti worship











Lankavarta



deity




















References







Raipur






Cuttack



Banarsidass


New Delhi







Dr K Eswaramma



Introduction




































































































for the females

























Conclusion



















income


















References



Lucknow Feb


April








(1) June

















Dr Parsanjeet Kumar


Introduction
































6











as follows




























English




exist





























specific needs

Suggestions









































Conclusion












References






Development












Prof Nafisa Wakil

Lokmanaya Tilak

Mahavidyalaya

Wani



Mo 9545000018


Abstract















Introduction










































Scheduled Tribes



















































strategies











Table 1



104280034 93819430 10461870 237 213










81 102 24 86 113













1961 1380 316 850

1971 1760 490 1140

1981 2450 0805 1635

1991 40065 1820 2920

2001 5902 3476 4710

2011 7170 5402 6310













Classes I-V 13712 13570

































































































Conclusion











References Book








(Page 233-242)













Dr Vijay P Gorde 1








Abstract-

















district etc

Introduction-








India





















Study Area-












line of district

Objective of study-



lodges





district









sanctuary and zoo





from Armori


km from Mulchera














B) Forts ndash







River













- 2012 -13

Sr

No

Taluka Classif

ication

of

Spots

No Of

Tourist

Spots


expenditur

e on

developm

ent of

Tourist

Spots

(Lacks) Inco

mp

lete

Work

in t

he

star

ting o

f

runnin

g y

ear

New

San

ctio

ned

work

s

Tota

l W

ork

s

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1 Desaiganj C 2 1 1 2 1023

2 Armori C 4 8 4 12 8189

3 Kurkheda C 2 3 1 4 3069

4 Korchi C 2 4 2 6 4092

5 Dhanora C 3 1 1 2 1023


7 Chamorshi BC 6 7 4 11 7161

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 000

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 000

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 000

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 000

12 Sironcha C 4 2 1 3 2060

Total - 30 27 15 42 27640







13

Sr

No-

Tal

ukas

Cla

ssif

ication o

f S

po

ts

No O

f T

ouri

st S

pots

No of

Touri

st p

lace

s hav

ing c

ult

ura

l an

d

her

itag

e


Mah

aras

htr

a to

uri

sm d

evelo

pm

ent

corp

ora

tion

No of

Room

s

No of

pri

vat

e ho

tels

No of

Room

s

No of

Tra

vel

sAgen

ts

No of

Veh

icle

s p

rov

ided

by them

Exp

enditure

sp

ent on th

e

dev

elop

men

t of

Touri

st c

ente

r

Em

plo

ym

ent cr

eate

d d

uri

ng

dev

elop

men

t of

tou

rist

cen

ter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Desaiganj C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3500

2 Armori C 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8189 48000

3 Kurkheda C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3069 9000

4 Korchi C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4092 7000

5 Dhanora C 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 6500

6 Gadchiroli C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1023 3800

7 Chamorshi BC 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7161 33800

8 Mulchera C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

9 Etapalli C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

10 Bhamagarh C 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00

11 Aheri C 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 3600

12 Sironcha C 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2060 34500

Total - 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 27640 149700





Gadchiroli district























Conclusion-


not yet developed











private hotels



References-


Publication Nagpur




Nagpur





Armori


Gadchiroli district













Mob- 9765007323

















2012)






























































































































































































in village












earn food for them







adivasi development










References





























Gadchiroli



Abstract













tribal

Introduction

















Government




















carried out





















































































































Conclusion


















References







































60 70-16 4-67 12-79
































































































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health implication



No6









































































10frac12 NDTV News







































Delhi- 1977)















darr






















[kktxh lsquokkGk 472 266 -072 066 109




[kktxh lsquokkGk 2736 587 -072 176 040





[kktxh lsquokkGk 212 012 -008 00268 298















































Century































ljdkjdMs izRu djks-












xMfpjksyh













































300 100
















































eksck- 8275291596















Documents

International Book On “Tribal Development: Problem ......17 xMfpjkyh ftYg;krhy ykdl[;ph O;kolk;hd ljpuk MkW- ts-Ogh- nMos 101 -107 18 Hkkjrh; vkfndkyhu tutkfr;kW vkj mudk lkLd`frd