INTERNATIONAL...BENELUX : Media 4, av. du Pois do Sentour 33 B-1020 Brux ell s. Tel. (02) 268.04.18 Suisse : M. Gandur. Villa A pic, CH-1882 Gryon. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1975

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

The purpose of International Associations is to present signifi-cant contributions to Understanding about the structure andfunctioning of the complex network of international organiza-tions. The main concern is to focus attention on the roles andproblems of the wide variety of transnational associations(NGOs: international nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations)in the international community. In this sense InternationalAssociations is the periodical of transnational associations andthose interested in them. It therefore includes news, views, stu-dies, statistics, activity and meeting information, as well asarticles. The articles range from descriptions of individual orga-nizations to academic investigation of groups of organizationsand their problems. The focus of the selected articles is less onthe substantive world problems on which the may act (which areextensively examined in other periodicals) and more on the pre-sent methods of international action and future alternativeswhich can usefully be envisaged and discussed. Related themesregularly treated are : relationship of NGOs to intergovernmen-tal organizations, techniques of meeting organization, internatio-nal information systems, multinational enterprises.The readership therefore includes : international associationexecutives, intergovernmental organization executives, scholarsof the sociology of international action, organizers of interna-tional meetings, commercial organizations offering services tointernational bodies, and others interested in the activities of thewhole range of international organizations.International Associations is the organ of the nonprofit Union ofInternational Associations, although the views expressed are notnecessarily those of the UIA. The periodical is self-financedthrough subscriptions and sale of advertising.

La raison principale d'« Associations Internationales » csi d'ap-porter sa contribution à la vie et au développement du réseaucomplexe des associations, dans ses structures comme dans sonfonctionnement.Le premier souci d'« Associations Internationales ». est de fixerl'attention sur les tâches et les problèmes d'un large évantaild'associations transnationales sans but lucratif — les organisa-tions dites non-gouvernementales dans la terminologie des Na-tions Unies. En ce sens « Associations Internationales » est laTribune des associations internationales et de tous ceux qui s'yintéressent.Cette revue mensuelle contient des nouvelles, des études, desstatistiques, des informations spécifiques sur les activités desassociations, leurs congrès, leurs réunions. Aussi des articles,des chroniques ayant trait aux problèmes et aux intérêts com-muns aux associations.

l'organisation internationale considérée notamment dans sesrapports avec le secteur privé des associations et dans la perspec-.tive des adaptations nécessaires aux temps nouveaux, plutôtqu'au fond des problèmes, qui sont le propre de chaque grou-pement et traités ailleurs dans des revues générales ou spécialisées.

Nos thèmes habituels sont les relations des ONG avec les orga-nisations intergouvernementales, les techniques de l'organisationinternationale, les systèmes d'information internationale, outreles entreprises multinationales.« Associations Internationales » est l'organe de lÚAI, associa-tion sans but lucratif, bien que les opinions qu'il exprime nesoient pas nécessairement celles de cet Institut. La revue estfinancée exclusivement par ses abonnements et sa publicité.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS : 27th year, 1975

illustrated monthly magazine, 10 issues per year, containingarticles and studies on international organization, statistics,monthly columns, change of address for organizations, andthe monthly supplements to the Annual InternationalCongress Calendar.

The subscription rate is : BF 600— FF 80 — FS 50.—£ 7.00 US $ 19.00 per year (10 issues).

ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES : 27e année, 1975

Revue illustrée, 10 numéros par an contenant des articleset études sur l'organisation internationale, des chroniques,des statistiques, les changements d'adresse des organisationsinternationales et le supplément au Calendrier annuel desréunions internationales.

Le p r i x de l'abonnement est de : FB 600.—. FF 80,—,FS 50.—. £ 7.00. $ 19.00 par an (10 numéros).

Method of payment :Bruxelles : Compte-chèque postal n° 000-0034699-70 ouCompte n° 210-0451651-71 à la Société Générale de Banque.48 rue de Namur, 1000 Bruxelles.London : Crossed cheque to Union of International Asso-ciations, 17, Anson Road, London N7 ORB.

Mode de paiement à utiliser :

Genève : Compte courant n° 472.043.30 Q à l'Union desBanques Suisses.Paris : Par virement compte n° 545150-42 à la Banque del'Union Parisienne, Boulevard Haussmann. 6-8 (C.C.P. dela Banque n° 170.09).

THE MAIN PUBLICATIONS OF THE UAI

• YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

15th edition 1974

• ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONGRES CALENDAR :(Calendrier des Réunions Internationales) 15e édition 1975

La lisle complète des publications de l'UAl peut-être obtenueen s'adressant au secrétariat : 1, rue aux Laines. 1000 Bruxel-les, Belgique. Tél, 511.83.9e-512,54.42.

LES PRINCIPALES PUBLICATIONS DE L'UAl

• ANNUAIRE DES ORGANISATIONS INTERNATIONALES

15e édition 1974• ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONGRES CALENDAR :(Calendrier des Réunions Internationales) 15th édition 1975

The complete list of UAI publications can be obtained fromthe secretariat: 1 rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels. Belgium.Tel. 511.83.96-512.54.42.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1975 579

Copyright 1975 UAILes opinions exprimées dans les articles, signés ou non, ne refiétent

Copyright 1975 UAIviews expressed in the articles, whether

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ASSOCIATIONSINTERNATIONALES

27th year 1975 - n° 12 27e année

Published MONTHLY byUnion of international Associations (founded 1910)

Editorial and Administration : Rue aux Laines 1. 1000 Brussels (Belgium)Tel. (02) 511.83.96.UK Representation (including advertising): 17 Anson Road, London N7

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MENSUEL publié pa<Union dos Associations Internationales » UAI (fondée en 1910)Redaction. Administration: 1. rue aux Laines. 1000 Bruxelles (Belgique)Tél. (02) 511.83.96.Publicité : Roger Ranson. Délégué-Directeur de publicité, 9, av, de Lattrede Tassigny. 92210 St. Cloud, France. Tél. 602.5333,ou

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décembredecember

Editorial 582La liberté et le statut consultatif 584World Federation of United Nations AssociationsFédération Mondiale des Associations pour lesNations Unies 587

Correspondence 592

The USA, the UN, and transnational networks, byAlvin Toffler 593

Only the old in body and spirit need apply, by JonAlexander 599

Government and the multinationals, by C. North cote

Parkinson 602

Politics and tradition, by Susan Traill 605

Nouvelles organisations internationales/New international organizations 608

7th supplement to the 15th edition of the Yearbookof International Organizations (changes of address/name)— 7ème supplément à la 15e édition de l'Annuairedes Organisations Internationales (changementsd'adresse/nom) 612

Bibliography /Bibliographie 616

La vie des associations / News from associations 618

Congress calendar 621

Index of articles/Index des articles, volume XXVI! 629

Index of authors/Index des auteurs 631

Index of page numbers/Index de pagination 631

Index of advertisers / Index des annonceurs 632

Photo de couverture : « Au gui l'an nauf ». (avec la courtoisie de la revue« Americas » /J. L. Averell).Cover photo : Seasonal mistletoo (courtesy of « Americas » magazine/J.L. Averell).

UNION DES ASSOCIATIONSINTERNATIONALES

UNION OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

Président : President :

F.A. CASADIO. Directeur, Societa Italiana

per lÓrganizzazione Internazionale (Italie)

Vice-Présidents ; Vice-Presidents :Mohamed Aly RIFAAT (R.A.U.)former Secretary-General of the Afro-AsianOrganisation for Economic Cooperation.

S.K. SAXENA (India)director of the International CooperativeAlliance.

Trésorier Général : Treasurer General :Paul E. HIERNAUX (Belgique)Président de la Conférence Permanente des

Chambres de Commerce et d'Industrie de laCommunaute Economique Européenne.

Membres : Members :F.W.G. BAKER (U.K.)Executive Secretary. International council

of Scientific Unions.Th. CAVALCANTI (Brésil)Président de l'Institut de Droit Public de laFondation Getulio Vargas.Jonan GALTUNG (Norvège)Director, International Peace Research In-

stitute. Oslo.Nikola A. KOVALSKY (URSS)Directeur adjoint de lÍnstitut du MouvementOuvrier Internatioanl de lÁcadémie des

sciences de l'URSS.Marcel MERLE (France)Professeur à la Faculté de Droit de l'Univer-sité de Paris !.Aly RANGOONWALA (Pakistan)Chairman of the Pakistan National com-mittee of the International Chamber ofCommerce.

Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.)Executive Secretary of the Society for Inter-national Development.

Louis VERNIERS (Belgique)Secrétaire Général honoraire du Ministèrebelge de l'Education et de la Culture.

Secrétaire Général : Secretary-General :

PROPOS DE FIN D'ANNEE

L'année s'achève, pour les associationstransnati9nales liées à l'Organisationinternationale par un « statut » consul-tatif , dans l'attente, l'incertitude, voirel'inquiétude quant au sort que leur ré-serveront finalement les projets encours de « restructuration » du systèmedes Nations-Unies.

Ces projets de restructuration, ébau-chés par des experts, dans le sens d'unnouvel ordre économique (et social)mondial, s'élaborent dans un contextede difficultés politiques que nousn'avons pas ici à juger, si ce n'est pourcraindre et dénoncer le péril d'une politisation de toute l'action interna-tionale, là-même où elle est le plusmanifestement technique, et, partant,les menaces qui pèsent sur les associa-tions d'initiative privée qui se veulentindépendantes des Etats.

Le jeu politique est subtil et les acteurssont mobiles. Telle grande puissancequi se joint un jour à la majorité dutiers ou du quart monde, dès lors qu'ils'agit de • décolonisation économique»,s'en écarte aussitôt qu'il est suggéré dereviser la Charte et, partant, de ris-quer la remise en question du privilègedes membres permanents du Conseilde sécurité.

Mais les oppositions d'Etats ne profi-tent pas aux ONG, nous serions même

tentés de dire au contraire. Dans lamentalité étatique ou etatiste toujoursactuelle et malgré le fait des solidari-tés et de l'interdépendance, il se trou-vera finalement des majorités pourconsentir à un ordre économique etsocial mondial plus ou moins ouvertau développement pourvu qu'il ne tou-che pas au droit de veto, ni au domaineréservé de tous les Etats, grands etpetits.

En revanche, rien n'est moins sûr que,par ignorance, préjugé, ou méfiancechez les uns, indifférence ou prudencechez les autres, les Etats, tous plus oumoins jaloux de leur autorité souve-raine ou du moins publique, ne négli-geront pas la consultation et la partici-pation du secteur privé, ce qui seraitdommage pour le bien général et l'ef-ficacité de l'action internationale, oupis encore, que les Etats ne brimerontpas les ONG, ce qui deviendrait viteintolérable pour ces associations.

La 7ème Assemblée extraordinaire desNations Unies n'a pas été rassurante àcet égard et le Comité spécial plénierqu'elle a chargé de préparer un rapportpour la prochaine assemblée ordinairede 1976 n'en a reçu aucune directiveau sujet des relations avec les ONG,à notre connaissance. Cette carenceest malheureusement pour une bonnepart la faute des ONG elles-mêmes,

582 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1975

Noel MondialEditorial

qui n'ont pas donné opportunément àleurs représentants à la Conférence doNew-York instructions de présenterleur cahier de revendications.

Rien n'a été fait, mais rien n'est encoredéfait. Un homme d'Etat belge, qui aprésidé la première assemblée des Na-tions Unies, M, P.H. Spaak, disait en1948, à un instant périlleux de laguerre froide, « il n'est pas trop tard,mais il est temps ».

Il s'agit donc maintenant d'instruire leComité plénier, du dossier ONG. Car,au risque de paraître naif, nous persis-tons à croire que les faiblesses de làconsultation et le peu d'égards dontjouissent les ONG en général résultentprincipalement d'un manque d'infor-mation. On n'a pas assez dit aux Etats,urbi et orbi, à New York et à Genève,à l'Ecosoc comme à l'Unesco, ou ail-leurs : le réseau mondial des associa-tions est un univers de forces sociales,de forces d'opinions, de cadres scienti-fiques, c'est la création continue etcomme l'expression perpétuelle descroyances, des idées, des sentiments.des aspirations, des valeurs et des œu-vres humaines, c'est toute l'organisa-tion concrète de la société sans quoiil n'y aurait qu'un pouvoir abstrait.Cela est si vrai que le système collec-tiviste éprouve le besoin de créer, d'in-spirer, de parrainer ou d'animer desgroupements démocrates, de toutes sor-tes et que le Congrès des Forces de laPaix, qui s'est tenu et en quelque sorteinstitué à Moscou, a continué de mani-fester un intérêt considérable au phé-nomène sociologique et au mouvementmondial des ONG.

Plus pratiquement, on n'a pas assezdit aux Etats ce que la fonction inter-nationale sait fort bien, c'est que tousles programmes de l'organisation in-ternationale risqueraient d'être frappésde stérilité sans les ressources sprituel-les, scientifiques, techniques et écono-miques du secteur privé.

Les Associations pour les Nations Unie?ont une mission d'information à rem-plir dans ce sens. Leur Fédération —importante ONG parmi les ONG —a tenu sa 25e assemblée plénière àMoscou l'autre mois. Nous publionsdans le présent numéro des extraits durapport de son Secrétaire Général M.Horace Peirera ainsi que des textesde résolutions ayant trait à la détente,au désarmement, à l'information, àl'éducation pour la paix et à l'année dela femme, mais surtout un appel adres-sé aux gouvernements pour qu'ils con-sidèrent, appuyant et utilisent effective-

ment les ONG dont le rôle est essentielau succès de l'Organisation des NationsUnies. On appréciera particulièrementle dernier alinéa de la résolution quiinvite les associations membres de laFédération (WFUNA) à résister à tou-tes tentatives d'interférence dans lesactivités des ONG ayant un statut con-sultatif avec l'Ecosoc.

Mais le joyau de ce numéro est une« Réflexion » à propos des relationsentre les OING et le système des Na-tions Unies, venant d'un « groupe detravail inter-consultants » (une ving-taine de participants) d'associations ca-tholiques soucieuses de concilier leurliberté irrécusable avec un certain enga-gement, déterminé ou à déterminer, dustatut consultatif.

Nous devons ce précieux document àl'esprit de collaboration de Mgr. Des-camps, Secrétaire Général de l'Officeinternational de l'Enseignement catho-lique, à qui nous rendons grâce d'avoirpris l'heureuse initiative de susciteret de réunir les avis de quelques finsconnaisseurs en matières juridiques,notamment de droit administratif et in-ternational.

On lira cette consultation attentivement.On en appréciera un mélange classiquede pensée ferme et de forme modérée.Ce n'est pas son moindre mérite dedépasser délibérément les bornes del'Unesco pour aller à l'ensemble dusystème des Nations Unies et mêmedes organisations régionales. L'usagede la liberté d'association, les entravesqui le gênant et les dangers qui le me-nacent n'ont pas de frontières : à preu-ve les projets de restructuration duConseil économique et social suscep-tibles d'entraîner toutes les institutionsspécialisées.

Notre Revue a ouvert un dossier de laconsultation et de la participationqu'elle n'est sans doute pas près defermer, attendu que ce serait trop es-pérer que la majorité des Etats fussentsubitement édifiés sur les droits et lesapports des associations à l'ordre uni-versel, et que, pour notre part, nousirons jusqu'au bout de notre effortd'information des Etats et d'incitationà l'action solidaire des ONG.

Le directeur de la Division des Droitsde l'Homme de l'ONU, notre amiMarc Schrelber, qui sait mieux que

personne tout ce que l'organisation in-ternationale obtient d'excellentes ONGqui agissent dans son domaine, nousa fait un jour cette remarque d'expé-rience, que nous ne sommes pas prèsd'oublier : - c'est par la qualité queles ONG s'imposent et s'imposeront .,La réflexion des associations catholi-ques est de cette qualité-là. Versée ànotre dossier, nous souhaitons qu'elleserve d'exemple et, mieux encore,d'éperon aux réactions de toutes lesONG vertébrées.

Autre perspective : parallèlement àl'action internationale établie des Etatset à l'action transnationale établie desassociations sans but lucratif, on voitmaintenant se profiler l'action multi-nationale des entreprises de profit, quitend à son tour à s'organiser régiona-lement et mondialement.

Nous publions à ce propos un articledu professeur Parkinson, à titre d'in-formation, en laissant toute responsa-bilité à son auteur, par exemple quandil suggère, dans son univers des régions,une chambre européenne des Lords,dont on ne voit pas très bien le modede désignation en système démocrati-que.

Enfin nos lecteurs apprécieront le tex-te d'un extrait du témoignage d'AlvinToffler devant la Commission des af-faires étrangères du Congrès de Was-hington à propos des réseaux transna-tionaux. C'est un signe des temps que,consulté sur l'Organisation des Na-tions-Unies, l'auteur de «Future Shock»ait mis l'accent sur l'action non gou-vernementale.

En cette fin d'année, à la veille de laNoël, symbole chrétien de la Nativité,qui pourrait être celui de la naissanced'un nouveau monde plus humain etplus juste, nous demeurons convaincuque le nouvel ordre mondial promisau Développement passera par unesociété ouverte aux forces et aux va-leurs des associations non-gouverne-mentales de toutes disciplines, dont laparticipation à l'organisation interna-tionale doit faire l'objet d'une étudesérieuse, par exemple au sein d'unComité mixte ONU-OGN que l'UAIa formellement proposé avant mêmeque ne fût suggérée la réforme duConseil économique et social.

La parole est aux ONG, Le temps pres-se à peu de mois du rapport du Comitéplénier de la 7ème assemblée.

Robert FENAUX


Le point de vue des OING catholiques

Le dossier de la consultation

LA LIBERTEET LESTATUT CONSULTATIF

Réflexions d'un groupe de travail interconsultants

Sur la suggestion de plusieurs Organisations InternationalesNon Gouvernmentales ayant des relations de consultation aveclÚNESCO. les Consultants ou Représentants à Paris de laConférence Internationale des Charités Catholiques (CaritasInternationalis), de la Fédération Internationale des Univer-sités Catholiques, de l'Office International de l'EnseignementCatholique, de Pax Romana (Mouvement International des In-tellectuels Catholiques), de UNDA, assistés par le CentreCatholique International pour l'UNESCO et de divers experts

Nature et objet des O.I.N.G.Incidences sur le Statut Consultatif

Introduction

But et occasion de cette recherche

1. Fait que la notion d'O.I.N.G., de sa nature et de ses (onc-tions, est très incertaine, n'ayant jusqu'ici été que fort peuprise en considération par le droit international.

2. Cette situation floue explique, en partie au moins, les con-ceptions et le comportement variables des O.I.G. (1) vis-à-visde la réalité fondamentale des O.I.N.G. (existence propre, li-berté d'action) et aussi du point de vue de la définition dustatut consultatif.

Ambiguïtés de vocabulaire

La qualification des O.I.N.G., fait intervenir le qualificatif « in-ternational ». Ce qualificatif n'a pas, bien évidemment, à êtremodifié. On observera cependant qu'il ne traduit pas suffisam-ment le fait, fréquent chez les O.I.N.G. comme chez les O.I.G.,qu'au-delà d'accords entre les instances qui les composent,elles sont une entité qui est plus que la somme de ces in-stances composantes et de leurs engagements mutuels. Leterme . transnational » paraît à cet égard plus adapté (21. Par

notamment en droit administratif et en droit international, ontexaminé quelques questions soulevées par les relations réci-proques entre les Nations Unies et leurs Institutions spécia-lisées, particulièrement dans ta conjonction de la libertéd'Association et du loyalisme à l'égard des Organisations In-tergouvernementales.

On trouvera ici le résultat de cette réflexion.

ailleurs, le terme « international » risque de suggérer que lesO.I.N.G. sont sous la dépendance des gouvernements.

Dans quelle mesure les O.I.N.G. existent-elles ?Les O.I.N.G. sont, quant à leur existence, dans un état inter-médiaire entre la pure existence de fait et la pleine recon-naissance juridique. En effet :1. Aucun accord international entre Etats, seule source ex-plicite et formelle du droit international, n'a défini et reconnul'existence des O.I.N.G. Les O.I.N.G. ne jouissent formelle-ment d'aucune personnalité ni d'aucune capacité internatio-nale juridique (3).2. Néanmoins, nous devons accorder indirectement une exis-tence au plan du droit international, droit réel bien que nonexplicitement formulé, aux O.I.N.G. pour les raisons suivantes :a) La Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme recon-naît la liberté d'association. Certes, le contexte de l'article oùcette liberté est reconnue montre nettement que cette libertéd'association n'y est considérée que dans le cadre d'un Etat,Néanmoins, comme l'article ne précise pas qu'il exclut le casdes associations internationales, et comme, dans son esprit,la reconnaissance de cette liberté n'apparaît aucunement de-voir être limitée aux Etats, cette lacune procédant simplement

584 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1975

du fait que In Déclaration n'a pas porto attention aux associa-tions internationales, on peut conclure» que l'article do laDéclaration sur la liberté d'association pout être Invoquécomme une base non négligeable pour fonder l'existence desO.I.N.G. au plan international.

b) Sans doute, l'octroi du statut consultatif ne saurait êtreconsidéré comme la source de l'existence juridique d'uneO.I.N.G. Une O.I.N.G. qui demande te statut consultatif . pré-existe » à ce statut. Mais les dispositions qui fixent les condi-tions d'admission d'une O.I.N.G. au statut consultatif com-portent, en plus des critères qui sont relatifs à la conformitédes buts et des activités de l'O.I.N.G. avec ceux de l'Unesco,des critères qui concernent le concept même d'O.I.N.G. Cescritères constituent une donnée qui mérite d'être prise enconsidération pour la définition du concept d'une O.I.N.G.,ceci indépendamment de la question de savoir si l'O.I.N.G.est apte, par ses buts et ses activités, à recevoir le statutconsultatif; ces critères peuvent donc être considérés commevalant pour toute O.I.N.G. (voir annexe) (4).

c) L'existence d'une O.I.N.G. peut, dans une certaine mesure,être considérée comme fondée sur le fait que, dans un ouplusieurs pays, son existence est reconnue; car une tellereconnaissance ne saurait être considérée comme n'ayantaucune signification au plan international, le droit interne desEtats ne valant certes que dans les limites des Etats, maispouvant offrir au moins des indications, des suggestions pourle droit international lorsqu'il touche des questions d'ordreinternational, ceci du fait des rapports de coopération et debonne foi qui sont supposés exister entre les Etats constituantla société internationale.Mais pour cela, il faudrait que l'on rencontre dans les Etatsune telle reconnaissance des O.I.N.G. Or, on la rencontre rare-ment de façon indirecte et seulement dans certains pays oùle droit reconnait l'existence des associations étrangères,notion qui ne saurait être identifiée avec celle d'O.I.N.G., maisqui peut être considérée l'inclure (5). On la rencontre de façonplus directe dans les cas très peu nombreux (Belgique, autrepays ?) où les O.I.N.G. sont reconnues sur le territoire na-tional (6).

d) On notera une autre source d'existence, du moins indi-recte, des O.I.N.G. : le fait que non toutes, mais un grandnombre d'entre elles, sont constituées de branches nationalesayant une existence juridique dans le pays correspondant. Onpeut en effet considérer comme normal que le droit interna-tional implicite puisse voir dans ce caractère d'une O.I.N.G.un facteur justifiant son existence au plan international. Cetargument vient donc renforcer la considération 2.c). L'exis-tence d'une O.I.N.G. est d'autant plus susceptible d'être re-connue que les entités qui la composent ont elles-mêmes uneexistence (de fait, reconnaissance...).

Caractère non-gouvernemental des O.I.N.G.

On peut considérer comme équivalent du terme « non gouver-nemental » les expressions « privé », • non public », - nonétatique » (7).

1. Le caractère non gouvernemental d'une O.I.N.G. est unélément essentiel de sa définition. Une O.I.N.G. ne peut pré-tendre être reconnue comme telle que si elle apporte la preu-ve qu'elle le possède effectivement. Mais la « négation » (nongouvernemental) n'implique pas qu'une O.I.N.G. ignore totale-ment les gouvernements, les réalités publiques. N'altère pasle caractère non gouvernemental, le fait d'avoir des compo-santes nationales qui ont, à des degrés divers qui pourrontêtre plus ou moins accentués (existence de fait, simple re-connaissance, reconnaissance d'utilité publique), une exis-tence juridique. Cette reconnaissance juridique, tout en res-pectant leur liberté d'association, les oblige à respecter elles-mêmes des dispositions de simple sauvegarde de l'ordre pu-blique sans les contraindre en rien par ailleurs.

Par ailleurs, II faut à une O.I.N.G. des moyens d'existence IIost normal qu'elle bénéficie à cet offet de ressources ex-térieures, notamment de la part des pouvoirs publics enraison des services qu'elle rend à la société, à la conditionbien entendu qu'elle ait la maîtrise de l'emploi do ces res-sources. Dans ce contexte, l'octroi de subventions apparaitlégitime et acceptable.

2. En ce qui concerne les rapports d'une O.I.N.G. en tant quetelle avec une O.I.G. auprès de laquelle elle a un statut con-sultatif, ce statut doit être exercé en fait de telle sorte quel'O.I.N.G. garde une pleine autonomie dans la définition deses orientations et dans la conduite de son action.

Caractère international et national des O.I.N.G.

A. La référence nationale des O.I.N.G.

Il est nécessaire de porter attention aux éléments de carac-tère national qui constituent une O.I.N.G. quant à leur natureet quant à leur rôle, parce que, outre son intérêt pour la dé-finition du concept d'O.I.N.G.. cette question intervient dansles griefs qui peuvent être faits à une O.I.N.G. d'être soumiseau pouvoir public.Au sens le plus large, le plus compréhensif, nous croyonspouvoir retenir cette définition des O.I.N.G. proposée parl'Institut de droit international en 1950 :- Les associations internationales sont des groupements depersonnes ou de collectivités, librement créées par l'initiativeprivée, qui exercent sans esprit de lucre, une activité interna-tionale d'intérêt général, en dehors de toute préoccupationd'ordre exclusivement national » (8).Il faut d'abord constater et admettre que toute O.I.N.G. se pré-sente comme intégrant des éléments nationaux. D'une ma-nière générale, elle ne paraît pas intégrer des composantesd'une échelle plus petite.Selon la nature de leurs composantes nationales, les O.I.N.G.apparaissent pouvoir se répartir en deux grandes catégories ;— O.I.N.G. ayant dans divers pays des composantes natio-nales, formées chacune par une ou plusieurs organisations.— O.I.N.G. dont la référence nationale est constituée seule-ment par des personnes physiques.Quant aux rapports entre l'O.I.N.G. en tant que telle et sescomposantes nationales, on constate que, tant dans la pra-tique que dans leurs statuts, les O.I.N.G. considèrent commeessentiel le respect de l'autonomie interne de leurs organisa-tions membres, qui assument la pleine responsabilité de leurstâches propres.

B. Universalité et « consistance » des O.I.N.G.Une O.I.N.G. ne peut être considérée comme telle que si ellea :1. Une universalité suffisante. Il taut pour cela que son activitéconcerne un nombre suffisant de pays. Plus fondamentalement,une O.I.N.G. ne répond pleinement à sa vocation que si elleest au service du bien commun universel, et donc, en consé-quence, que si ses objectifs ne se trouvent pas restreints etlimités aux intérêts particuliers de groupements nationaux,si légitimes qu'ils puissent être (cf. supra III A/définition desassociations internationales).2. Une - consistance » suffisante (organisation, activités).Pour plus de détails, voir en annexe un extrait des directives

- de l'Unesco en ce qui concerne le statut consultatif.

Conséquences quant au comportement qu'uneO.I.N.G. doit attendre à son égard de la part d'uneO.I.G. auprès de laquelle elle a un statutconsultatif

1 L'octroi du statut consultatif à une organisation internatio-nale non-gouvernementale ne lait que confirmer son exis-


tence internationale. L'organisation Intergouvemementale quilut accorde ce statut doit respecter cette existence, notam-ment quant à la liberté d'orientation et d'action de l'O.I.N.G.L'exercice du statut consultatif n'est d'ailleurs qu'une fonc-tion entre autres d'une O.I.N.G. L'exercice du statut consulta-tif n'épuise pas le champ des activités d'une O.I.N.G. La plusgrande part de ses activités porte sur des questions indépen-dantes des O.I.G. auprès desquelles elle a un statut consulta-tif.

2, Plus spécialement une O.I.G. ne peut exiger d'une O.I.N.G,ayant auprès d'elle un statut consultatif, que le maintien descritères sur la base desquels elle a été admise, et l'exécutiondes obligations que comporte le statut consultatif (voir l'an-nexe en ce qui concerne l'Unesco). Mais le statut consultatifqui a été défini par la 11ème Conférence générale de 1960,une autre Conférence générale aurait pu ou pouvait le modi-fier, mais jusqu'à présent, aucune de !'a fait.

3, II apparaît que la décision do la Conférence générale rela-tive à l'Afrique du Sud ne constituait pas une modification dustatut consultatif, En effet, cotte déclaration est faite d'unrappel de l'obligation morale où sont les Etats membres d'uneO.I.G., et les O.I.N.G. de se conformer à la Déclaration desdroits de l'homme.Ce principe entraîne-t-il le droit pour une O.I.G. d'imposer àune O.I.N.G. ayant auprès d'elle le statut consultatif l'obliga-tion de se séparer d'une branche nationale pour la raison quele pays auquel appartient cette branche nationale ne respectepas ce principe ? S'il y a violation des droits de l'homme,elle est le fait du pouvoir politique, et non pas de l'organisa-tion membre de l'O.I.N.G. qui, ainsi qu'on l'a dit, plus haut,par définition même, n'est pas liée au pouvoir politique, etdont les statuts ne comportent rien qui soit en opposition avecle respect des droits de l'homme. Ceci a d'ailleurs été expli-citement manifesté dans la demande de statut consultatif parl'O.I.N.G., et constaté par l'octroi de ce statut. _

M. DESCAMPS, Représentant permanent de l'Office Inter-national de l'Enseignement Catholique.F. GOMART, Représentant permanent de CaritasE. BONE, Secrétaire Général de la F.l. des Universités Catho-liquesV. RIVIER, Consultante de Pax Romana MIICM. DECLERCQ, Représentant permanent de UNDAF. RUSSO, Conseiller du Centre Catholique Internationalpour l'UNESCO

O.I.E.C.Office International de l'Enseignement CatholiqueCatholic International Education OfficeOficina International de la Ensenanza CatólicaInternationales Kath. Büro für Unterricht und Erziehung

F.I.U.C.Fédération Internationale des Universités CatholiquesInternational Federation of Catholic UniversitiesFederation International de las Universidades Catóticas

Centre Catholique International pour l'U.N.E.S.C.O.International Catholic Center for U.N.E.S.C.O.Centre Católico International para la U.N.E.S.C.O.Internationales Katholisches Zentrum für die U.N.E.S.C.O.

(1) Le sigle O.I.G. est celui de l'expression« Organisations intergouvernementales », etnon pas de léxpression « Organisations inter-

nationales gouvernementales. — Au sens leplus coutant, seul retenu ici, une O.I.G. estune organisation intergouvernementale mondiale.Cependant, on étend souvent l'appellation O.I.G.aux organisations intergouvernementales régio-

nales telles que l'O.C.O.E. ou le Conseil del'Eurooe.(2) Le terme « multinational » aurait aussi

l'avantage sur le terme « international » desuggérer que les OIG et les OING constituentune entité qui est plus que leur somme. Noterque, alors que pour les OIG et les OING on

persiste á user du terme « international », on

parle dans le domaine économique do sociétés« multinationale» , ni même « transnationales ».(3) Voir à ce sujet Marcal Merte : « Le OINGsont-elles la préfiguration d'une société mon-diale?.. Le Monde, 17 mai 1973. Cet articleconstitue plus largement une vue d'ensemble

excellente du rôle des OING dans le mondeactuel.(4) Bien que de moindre poids, les critèresde définition d'une OING retenue par le Year-book of International Organisations (voir notam-ment année 1971) méritent d'être pris en con-sidération. Ils sont très semblables à ceux dudocument de l'Unesco sur le statut consulta-tif. Notons ce point que lón ne trouve pasdans le document Unesco : pour être consi-dérée comme OING une organisation interna-

tionale non-gouvernementale doit avoir desmembers individuels ou collectifs dans au

moins trois paya. On peut se demander si cechiffre n'est pas un peu faible et aussi si cecriteére numérique nést pas abusivement précis.(5) Voir á ce sujet, en ce qui concerne laFrance, René David : « Associationales étrangères

et Associations internationates salon la lotfrançais» ., Union des Associations Interna-tionales, bulletin des ONG, avril 1952.(6) L'Institut de droit international avait élaboré

International des OING en 1950. Voir SuzanneBastid : . Perspectives d'un statut interna-tional pour les OING >. Union des AssociationsInternationales, bulletin des ONG. avril 1952.Mais jusquíci, ce projet ná eu aucune suite

concrète.(7) L'article XI de la Charte de l'Unesco qui

traite des relations de l'Organisation avec les

organisations autres que celles des Nations

Unies, emploie pour les OING, dans la version

Française, le terme « Organisations Interna-

tionales privées », et dans la version anglaise

le terme « Organisations internationales non-

gouvernementales ».(8) Voir lárticle de S. Bastid cité supra.- Pour une analyse plus dátailée de la notion

d'OING, voir G. Caesoni : « Les enteras doClassification des OING » . Union des Associa-tions Internationales, juin-juillet 1970,Notons quo certains points do cette étudeappellent discussion.

CCIC


Consultation dossierWORLDFEDERATIONOFUNITED NATIONS

ASSOCIATIONS

La Fédération mondiale des associations pour les NationsUnies a tenu son assemblée générale à Moscou du 1er au 6octobre. Cette réunion a abouti à un certain nombre de réso-lutions qui touchent d'une part aux grands problèmes de l'ac-tualité politique internationale et d'autre part au sort et aurôle des organisations nongouvernementales.

Ce sont ces dernières résolutions que nous publions volontiers.Un rapport général avait été soumis à l'Assemblée commedocument de travail par le Secrétaire Général M. HoracePeirera. Ce document, en deux parties au total d'une cinquan-taine de pages, n'a pas donné lieu à débat, ni fait l'objet d'au-cun vote. Nous croyons cependant utile d'en publier des ex-traits, à titre d'information. Il s'agit d'abord d'un extrait del'Introduction, d'une sorte de carte d'identité de la Fédéra-

tion qui se veut • internationale, indépendante, démocratique >et puis, en conclusion des réalisations de la FMANU longue-ment exposées, des tâches à venir : « Une nouvelle ère de laFMANU ».Nous reproduisons également, toujours à titre d'information,la conclusion du chapitre V du rapport sur les relations avecles membres de la famille des Nations Unies, ainsi que le

Le dossier de la consultation

FEDERATIONMONDIALE DESASSOCIATIONSPOUR LESNATIONS UNIES

chapitre VI ayant trait aux relations de la FMANU avec d'au-tres ONG.The World Federation of United Nations Associations held its

General Assembly in Moscow from 1-6 October. This meetingresulted in a certain number OF resolutions concerning on theone hand key problems of current international politics, andon the other the lot and role of nongovernmental organiza-tions.We are now publishing the latter.A general report was submitted to the Assembly as one of theworking documents by the Secretary General Mr. HoracePeirera. This 50-page document in 2 parts was neither debatednor a vote taken on it. However, we feel it is useful to publishextracts for their information value. Firstly there is an extractfrom the Introduction, a kind of resume of the Federationwhich sees itself as « international, independent, democratic »,and then concluding the lengthy achievements of the WFUNA,the future perspectives : « A new WFUNA era ».We are also producing, equally for its information value; theconclusion of Chapter V of the report on relations with mem-bers of the United Nations family, as well as Chapter VI con-cerning relations with other NGOs.

International, Independent,Democratic

On the 2nd of August next year theWorld Federation of United NationsAssociations will be celebrating its 30thanniversary. Hence it may be useful tobegin this Introduction by a brief glance

at the Federation itself and a review ofits more notable achievements over thelast twenty-nine years.

To begin with, from a movementwhich in 1946 was predominantly Wes-tern European-North American in cha-racter, WFUNA has developed into afamily of Associations in countries withwidely different traditions and cultures,

with different political, economic andsocial systems and in various stagesof development. Hence though we arenot yet universal in a strictly geographi-cal sense, we do represent the mainstreams of culture, the different schoolsof political thought in the world of to-day and we can claim to express thehopes and aspirations of a broad spec-trum of the world's population.


La 25ème Assemblée Lanière tenue à Moscoudu 1er au 6 Octobre 1975

We are art independent Non-Govern-mental Organization; we are not alliedto any government in any way; we arenot a medium for propagating anyschool of political, economic or socialphilosophy; we are not exponents ofany religious creed and we do notclaim to represent any one of the three,or four, worlds into which this universehas been periodically and arbitrarilydivided since the United Nations wasestablished. We are by no means amonolithic Organization and ourmethods are strictly democratic. Con-flicting and even diametrically opposedviews are put forward by delegates atour meetings; all opinions are takeninto account and no resolutions areadopted, no recommendations are ac-cepted and no reports are receiveduntil these have been carefully consi-dered and discussed and every dele-gation has had the right to criticise,amend and revise them with a view toreaching the maximum possible agree-ment. In spite of this, if there aredissents or abstentions these are re-corded and thus the independence ofeach delegation is preserved and res-pected.

In a sense, however, we have anideology, an ideology which the wholeworld has accepted and which isenshrined in the Charter of the UnitedNations. In a similar sense, we arealso not « non-aligned » for we co-operate with any organization, whateverits political affiliation, as long as it isrecognized by the United Nations Eco-nomic and Social Council as having,among its objects, support for one oranother of the aims of the United Na-tions and its Related Agencies. As amatter of fact in promoting peace,human rights, justice, security and pro-gress one cannot be non-aligned. Eitherone is for these noble aims or one isnot. We are, however, non-aligned inthe sense that we have no prior com-mitment to a single social philosophyor creed nor to any particular mediumor technique for achieving the purposesfor which the United Nations and forwhich subsequently our Federation wascreated.

A new WFUNA era

I would say that the time has come,on the eve of the 30th anniversary ofour Federation, not to sit on ourhaunches and smack our lips at oursatisfactory past, but to take inspira-tion from what we have achieved, toface the realities of the present and todevelop the potentialities of the future.UNAS can do this by increasing themembership of their respective Associa-tions, by trying to cover all or at leastmost UN programmes in their activities,by strengthening their ties with otherUN Associations and with the Federa-tion, by seeing that their programmesmeasure up to the tremendous require-

ments of the modern world, by co-ope-rating with the national affiliates ofother recognized INGOs and by helpingthe expansion of our movement inAfrica, Asia, Latin America and theCaribbean, If UNAS do all this they willbe contributing to the creation of abetter world and to the improvement ofthe quality of life of all peoples. If theydo not, they will not be living up totheir professed ideals and will reallybe betraying the trust and confidencewhich the United Nations, Governments,other Non-Governmental Organizationsand, above all, the peoples of the worldhave placed in them. Your Associationshave courageously assumed a heavyand sacred responsibility. It is yourobligation to discharge this responsi-bility to the best of your ability. Other-wise you shall stand condemned beforethe bar of history as people whoclaimed to devote their resources ex-clusively to propagating the aims andideals of the United Nations and un-fortunately failed to do so adequately,through sheer inactivity, inertia, selfis-hness, and outdated isolationism, or afalse sense of pride and superiority.You will all agree with me that thisshould not be the fate of our Federa-tion and it is left to each Associationto see that it will not be so.A final word for your consideration.Please remember that the future of theUnited Nations and all it stands for isin your hands. The Secretariat with itslimited resources is doing much morethan what can be expected of it. Wehave no qualms of conscience on thisscore. This is a time for UNAs to exa-mine their record and see whether theyare honestly satisfied as UNAs on theone hand and as Member Associationsof the Federation on the other. Let thisJubilee Assembly be a turning point inthe history of our movement. Let itusher in a new era in which strenousefforts will be made to ensure universa-lity of membership of our Federation;much stronger links will be establishedamong our Associations on the onehand and between our Associationsand the Secretariat on the other; moreco-operation will take place with otherrelevant voluntary bodies on the na-tional level, and effective programmeswill be carried out related to as manyactivities of the UN and its Agenciesas possible, not only at meetings but inour day to day activities. Only then andnot till then will the United Nations andits Agencies receive the understandingand support they need for the achieve-ment of the purposes for which theywere established.

NGO relations with the U.N.

We would be failing in our duty if wedid not take this occasion to expressour concern at what we consider somedisquieting features of recent develop-ments in NGO relations with the UnitedNations.

That peoples' movements can make acontribution to the thinking at UNmeetings and conferences is impliedby the preamble to the Charter, staledquile specifically in Article 71 of theCharter itself, stressed in resolution137 (II) of the United Nations GeneralAssembly and a procedure laid downin resolution 1296 of the Forty-fourthsession of ECOSOC. In spite of thisthere have been a few disturbing inci-dents.

(a) The Council Committee on NGOs

All matters concerning NGO relationswith the Economic and Social Councilare generally considered first by aCommittee of the Council which subse-quently reports to the Council itself.This Committee consists of representa-tives of Governments who are normallydesignated by their respective Perma-nent Delegations. In view of changesin the staff of these Delegations thereare frequent changes in the membershipof this Committee with the result that,barring the representatives of the majorpowers on the Committee the others,with a few rare exceptions, are newto the whole system and consequentlyare not in a position to give of theirbest to the deliberations of the Com-mittee. If summary records of thesemeetings are kept, new members ofthe Committee can brief themselves intime. Unfortunately this is not done. Asa matter of fact our proposal that suchrecords be kept was turned down forfinancial reasons.This Committee is also required by itsown rules of procedure to meet beforean ordinary session of ECOSOC to ap-prove requests from NGOs in CategoryI to address the Council and to receivestatements from NGOs in Category II.For some mysterious reason this Com-mittee did not meet before the present(viz. the 59th) session of ECOSOC andwe NGOs did not know to whom weshould apply for the right to speak.Meanwhile some NGOs had beengiven permission to address the Councilby an individual who had no right todo so. Finally, as a result of an inter-vention by the Vice-Chairman of theConference of NGOs, a rump sessionof this Committee met and, we are told,granted a blanket permission for NGOsin Category I to address the Councilon substantive items of the agenda.

(b) NGO representation atUN Conferences

It is true that our consultative relationsare with the Economic and Social Coun-cil and that this does not automaticallygive us the right to attend internationalconferences held under the auspicesof the UN. It is a pity that after 30 yearsno clear cut precedents have developedon the right of NGOs to attend thesemeetings. This has resulted in ourhaving to spend considerable time andenergy seeking admission to these con-


ferences - time and energy which wocould spend much more profitably Inmobilizing public opinion (or the ob-jects of the meetings themselves. As aresult of the organizers having to de-cide in the case of each conferencewhether NGOs should be admitted ornot, very often we receive the noticestoo late to organize a competent andrepresentative team of observers. Therewas an occasion once when NGOswere invited by cable to an interna-tional conference two days after theconference had commenced !A new technique has been devised bywhich NGOs, besides sending observesto a UN Conference are encouraged torun a parallel meeting called at diffe-rent times a Tribune, a Forum, etc. Thissystem began in Stockholm and workedquite well during the Conference on theHuman Environment. The parallel NGOmeeting in Bucharest in connectionwith the World Population Conferenceis also said to have been of value. Wehave received contradictory estimatesof the role of the parallel NGO meetingheld during the World Food Congressin Rome and of the Tribune held duringthe International Women's Year Con-ference in Mexico. We are not questio-ning the value of these parallel NGOactivities per se. What we are ques-tioning is whether the arrangementswere such that the NGOs were able tohave an impact on the deliberations ofthe main inter-governmental Conference.To hold international meetings to dealwith issues that primarily affect people,without representatives of peoples' or-ganizations would be tantamount tostaging Hamlet without the Prince ofDenmark.

(c) NGO Liaison Office in theSecretariat

We are also deeply concerned by whatwe consider are two unsatisfactorydevelopments in the UN secretariatvis-à-vis the NGOs. One is thatthe post of . Chief ECOSOC NGO Liai-son Office » which has been vacant forsome months has not yet been filled.Hence we do not know with whom todeal in such matters as NGO relationswith ECOSOC. There is also the pro-blem caused by NGOs being told thatvarious officers of the UN are in chargeof this or that programme with NGOs.We would like to see this system stream-lined and simplified so that we NGOsknow exactly with whom we have todeal.The other feature that seems incom-prehensible to us is the reluctance ofthe United Nations - be it the MemberStates or the Secretariat - to officiallyrecognize the Conference of NGOshaving Consultative Relations withECOSOC.There is no danger at all of the Con-ference developing into a sort of hostile- trade union • and carrying out a con-frontation with the competent organs ofthe UN, Some NGOs may occasionally

make what some Member Slates con-sider « biased » or « irresponsible »statements at UN meetings. This is noreason to erode the value of the NGOmovement as a whole which is doingits best to support the major program-mes of the United Nations and withoutwhose support the programmes willnot succeed. Special or Ad Hoc Com-mittees have been set up in Genevaand New York to strengthen NGO ac-tivity for Disarmament, Human Rights,Development, Environment, the Statusof Women, Action against Racism andDecolonizations, etc. NGOs are de-voting their time and resources to theseprogrammes not for their own kudosbut because of their dedication to theoverall ideals and aims of the UnitedNations. To keep NGOs out of the UN'sactivities is to deprive the United Na-tions of the vast potential of thesemovements. It is clear that the ultimatesufferers will be the UN and the Agen-cies and, what is worse, the peoples ofthe world.

Relations with other NGOs

The Federation's Constitution requiresit to co-operate with other organiza-tions whose aims include support forthe United Nations and its RelatedAgencies. The criterion whether anorganization's objects include supportfor the United Nations and its Agenciesis the ability of the NGO concerned tosecure recognition by the Economicand Social Council or by one of theRelated Agencies of the United Nations.There were till recently a fair numberof international non-governmental or-ganizations which were thus recogni-zed by the Economic and Social Coun-cil. The large majority of these organi-zations had for various reasons (someof them beyond their control) affiliatesonly in Western Europe and in someparts of Africa, Asia North America,Latin America, the Caribbean and Ocea-nia. It is only with these organizationsthat the Federation had working rela-tions during the first twenty years ofits existence. These relations consistedlargely of participating with them inthe permanent Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations havingconsultative relations with ECOSOC inefforts to maintain and if possible im-prove and extend the consultative pro-cess.There were also at that time a numberof Non-Governmental Organizationswith headquarters in Eastern Europe,or which were considered in some wayor another « linked » with the EasternEuropean countries. The large majorityof these did not enjoy consultative re-lations with ECOSOC or any of theSpecialized Agencies. Hence theycould not join the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations referredto above and generally speaking theNGOs which had consultative status

with ECOSOC - Including WFUNA -had very little to do with them, althoughtheir aims included working for peaceand progress.With the disclosures in 1967 that someNGOs were, entirely or partly, beingfinanced by the intelligence services ofcertain governments the Economic andSocial Council undertook a review ofall Non-Governmental Organizationshaving consultative relations with itand not only re-classified them, placinga few in Category I, a fair number inCategory II and a sizeable number onwhat is called the Roster, but alsoadopted a new resolution (Resolution1296 of the Forty-fourth session ofECOSOC) outlining a new procedurewhereby NGOs could exercise therights given to them in virtue of theirconsultative status.The re-classification itself made nodrastic changes and although someorganizations were treated with a cer-tain measure of hostility by some sec-tions of the Economic and Social Coun-cil, the new classification of Non-Governmental Organizations was, andis, considered fair. A few anomalieswere rectified later. With the new classi-fication and under the new conditionslaid down in resolution 1296 a numberof Non-Governmental Organizationssaid to be • Eastern European orien-ted » obtained consultative status withECOSOC, became members of the Con-ference of NGOs and in 1972 a fewwere elected to the Board (or Bureauas it is called) of the Conference.The admission of these Non-Govern-mental Organizations brought a newelement into the NGO movement itselfand into the Conference. Most of themwere not structured on the traditionallyaccepted pattern, did not function inthe manner of the « Western » parlia-mentary systems, were generally moreradical in their outlook and tended toplace much greater emphasis on thepolitical problems facing the UN direct-ly, or in the political issues underlyingvarious matters with which the UN andits Agencies were dealing.As in many other things, our Federa-tion gave leadership in working withthese « new > organizations. Our deci-sion to do so was determined by thefollowing considerations. The first wasthat they had been recognized byECOSOC as organizations capable ofcontributing to the realization of theaims of the United Nations and there-fore they came within the terms ofArticle 1 of our Constitution. Secondlythey were movements of peoples andeven though their members thoughtdifferently from us on some issues we.as a Federation whose aim is to be apeoples' movement for the UN, haveto work with them to promote greatersupport for the United Nations and itsRelated Agencies. Finally a fair portionof our own Associations, not only inEastern Europe, were very closelylinked with the national affiliates ofthese organizations and naturally


looked to co-operation between us andthese « new » movements. It was onthe basis of such considerations thatfrom 1967 our Federation designatedobservers to meetings of these organi-zations with the stipulation that ourobserver status be strictly recognizedat meetings and in the reports, andthat any decisions taken at these mee-tings or any recommendations madewould not be binding on us unless anduntil approved by our Executive Com-mittee.There is still a gulf between these« new > movements and what may becalled the traditionally accepted NGOs.The relations between them seem to bereminiscent of the period of the coldwar. It is to be regretted that while theinvisible flames of the cold war be-tween governments are being graduallyextinguished by the new spirit of de-tente, the cold war should tend to con-tinue among certain peoples' move-ments ! Détente between governmentscan be strengthened only by detenteamong peoples. This process will befacilitated if on the one hand the oldermembers of the Conference of NGOs

realized that the Anglo-Saxon patternof voluntary organization is not theonly pattern and that organizationsdifferently structured also have peoplebehind them; people whose support isalso necessary if the United Nations isto achieve the purposes for which itwas created. On the other hand thesenew organizations will do well to exa-mine their methods of work and modifythem in such a way as to dispel thesuspicions and fears which the tradi-tional NGOs rightly or wrongly haveabout them.Reference was made earlier to theworking relations between NGOs havingconsultative relations with ECOSOC.Apart from the working relations sprin-ging from the obligations of member-ship of the NGO Conference, a specialmechanism has gradually developed bywhich special committees could be setup to deal with substantive issues andthus give NGOs an opportunity to ex-change views, co-operate in certainfields and even organize joint activi-ties.In spite of its numerous tasks and heavywork-load the Federation's Secretariat

has participated in the work of thesecommittees, workshops, symposia andalso conferences of NGOs on specialissues. Similar activities have beencarried out by the Federation's Officesin New York and Paris.In conclusion it is necessary to pointout that while a certain measure of co-operation is taking place among NGOsat the international level, the co-opera-tion between the affiliates of thesesame organizations at the national levelleaves much to be desired. This is apity as, in the final analysis, govern-ments tend to be more sensitive to na-

tional pressures than to internationalappeals, criticisms and condemnations.It is hoped that in the next bienniumUNAs will take the initiative in promo-ting this co-operation at the nationallevel. Unless our affiliates succeed indoing this we shall not be securing forthe UN and its Agencies all the under-landing and support they need. In otherwords we shall not be carrying out ourown aims adequately and effectivelyand, in the long run, it is peace, justice,security and progress which will beimperilled.

Disarmament

THE TWENTY-FIFTH PLENARY ASSEMBLY OF WFUNA,

NOTING with deep satisfaction the progress in the field ofpolitical détente in recent years and particularly the successof the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe.CONSIDERING that political détente should be followed bymilitary détente and substantial progress in disarmament.EXPRESSING, however, concern at the continuing nuclearand conventional arms race and at the prospect of the crea-tion of new, and even more awesome weapons,EMPHASIZES the importance of strict observation of the pro-hibition of the threat and use of force among States includingthe use of all nuclear weapons,EMPHASIZES the need to take effective measures leadingtowards nuclear disarmament, and also to reach an agreementon general and complete disarmament under strict and effec-tive international control,

CALLS for the conclusion of an international convention pro-hibiting the threat and use of force in international relationsincluding the prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons inorder to facilitate the implementation of the relevant resolu-tion of the 27th Session of the United Nations General Assem-bly,CALLS as a matter of extreme urgency for the Governmentsof the USSR and USA to bring the SALT M talks to a rapidand constructive conclusion and for the participants in theGeneva and Vienna Conferences also to rapidly take signifi-cant steps to achieve the purpose of those conferences,

CALLS UPON the United Nations to complete constructivepreparations as soon as feasible, in order to convene a WorldDisarmament Conference so as to take urgently necessarysteps to achieve general, complete and verified disarmament,REQUESTS that in the preparation for the World DisarmamentConference there should be close consultation with WFUNAand all other Non-Governmental Organizations involved inpeace and disarmament issues,CALLS UPON the United Nations to facilitate the implementa-tion of proposals submitted to it as regards banning, under aneffective system of verification, the development and produc-tion of new kinds of weapons of mass destruction and of newsystems of such weapons, and completely and universallybanning nuclear arms tests, which would make an importantcontribution towards limiting the arms race, andAPPEALS to the United Nations Associations to do all in theirpower to encourage the discussion of the disarmament issuein broad public and governmental circles, to facilitate theadoption on the international level and the implementation ofconstructive measures to stop the arms race, to ban theweapons of mass destruction and to reduce substantially thearmaments and armed forces of all States.

Detente

THE TWENTY-FIFTH PLENARY ASSEMBLY OF WFUNA.

NOTING with satisfaction the definite progress achieved innormalizing international relations,


Resolutions

APPRECIATING the trend towards International detente whichhas become the dominant feature of world developments, andnoting with satisfaction, among other things, that the success-ful conclusion of the Conference on Security and Co-opera-tion in Europe was a major step towards turning Europe intoa continent of durable peace and co-operation between coun-tries and can have a beneficial influence on international re-lations throughout the world and recognizing that the imple-mentation of all parts of this agreement will further peace,understanding and human rights,EXPRESSING, at the same time, concern over the unsettledinternational conflicts which jeopardize peace and security,and over other pressing international problems, notably armsreduction and disarmament,REAFFIRMING their profound conviction that the UnitedNations must be an important and effective instrument for themaintenance of peace and security and for international co-operation on the basis of strict observance of the UN Charter,EMPHASIZING that the United Nations cannot and should notstand aside from the efforts to consolidate and further developthe positive trends in international relations,BEING CONVINCED that broader and deeper internationaldétente creates more favourable opportunities for heighteningthe efficacy of the United Nations, in particular, in workingtowards its chief aim of maintaining international peace andsecurity,

1. CALLS ON all United Nations Member Countries to do theirutmost to consolidate and deepen international détente, co-operation and understanding, making full use, for this purpose,of the possibilities of the United Nations in conformity with theaims and principles set forth in its Charter,

2. CALLS ON all National Associations for the United Nationsto take appropriate steps to mobilize public opinion in theircountries, to support deeper and broader international déten-te, co-operation and understanding in all parts of theworld, including regions where unresolved conflicts betweenStates still exist, and to make détente irreversible,

3. CALLS ON all National United Nations Associations to takeappropriate steps to influence their own governments to makeeffective all parts of the Agreement of the Conference on Se-curity and Co-operation in Europe, so that the spirit of dé-tente and international co-operation will be furthered andstrengthened,

4. CALLS ON all National United Nations Associations to doeverything possible, including the preparation of publicationsand the issuing of appeals to public opinion and governments,to develop a broad movement in favour of making politicaldétente effective and supplementing it with military détentewith the aim of ending the arms race and achieving effectivedisarmament,

5. CALLS ON all National United Nations Associations to usefor these purposes all available resources, including ralliesand undertakings that reach broad sections of the population,symposia, conferences, the preparation of studies and publi-cations, and

6. CALLS FURTHER on all National Associations to increasebilateral and multilateral co-operation for these purposes.

Information and education for peace


AWARE of existing differences in the orientations, traditions,values and aims among the peoples of our world today andthe conflict-situations thus arising,REALIZING that the existence of common values and of inter-national law do not prevent conflicts but contribute to non-violent and non-aggressive resolutions of conflicts.

EXPRESSING THE HOPE that, in future, the UN as an instru-ment for conflict resolution will adapt itself to the changes,needs and challenges of today's world,STRESSING THE NEED for world-wide peace research relevantto the development of international relations, the internationalpower structure and potential causes of conflicts and forspecific mechanisms to prevent conflicts from developinginto confrontations which threaten international peace, andRECALLING Resolutions of the UN GENERAL Assembly of1971 and 1973 on Peace Research,CALLS UPON UNAs

1. to include scientists, especially peace researchers, amongtheir members and to make full use of their findings,2. to increase, by programmes of information and education,the knowledge of the general public in their countries of issuesinvolving potential conflicts and to increase public awarenessof issues in a balanced manner, giving full effect to the legi-timate arguments of the contending parties,3. to encourage contacts between members of UN Associa-tions, either on bilateral bases or in multilateral symposia,especially in the case of potential conflict behaviour in anarea.

NGO Participation

THE TWENTY-FIFTH PLENARY ASSEMBLY OF WFUNA,.

WHEREAS the continued interest and support of non-govern-mental organizations is essential to the success of the UnitedNations, and should be encouraged,BE IT RESOLVED THAT the 25th Plenary Assembly of theWorld Federation of United Nations Associations :ENDORSES the statement of the Secretary-General of WFUNAregarding the continued access of non-governmental organi-zations to sessions of the United Nations, and to its bodiesand agencies, under the terms of ECOSOC resolution 1296,

CALLS UPON all Member Associations of WFUNA to urge theirGovernments to support the concept of active non-governmen-tal organization participation in the activities of the UnitedNations, and to encourage the expansion of this participationinto all parts of the UN system, andCALLS UPON all Member Associations of WFUNA to resistany attempts at interference in the activities of non-governmen-tal organizations in consultative status with ECOSOC.

(Draft resolution presented by the UN Association of theUSA)

International Women's Year


RECOGNIZING that women throughout the world generallyhave been denied equal and full participation in the civic,social, economic and political affairs of their countries and incontributing to the cause of peace and security of all peoples,FURTHER RECOGNIZING that discrimination against womenhas impeded the economic development of their countriesarid effected the quality of life of their families and of futuregenerations,

CALLS UPON all Member Associations actively to implementthe proposals contained in the Plan of Action adopted by theUnited Nations Conference for International Women's Yearin Mexico City and further calls upon all UNA'S to take allnecessary steps to ensure that their governments fulfill theobligations assumed by them by their adoption of the Plan ofAction.


Correspondence

UN ORDRE MONDIAL CO M PT ABLE?

Si les ONG doivent maintenant se plaindre, c'est qu'ellesn'ont pas su ou pas voulu combattre avec efficacité. Dans lemonde entier il n'y a que la manière agressive qui retientl'attention, qui s'impose. Les prêches ne suffisent pas. l'égli-se perd pied par un tel moyen.Cela étant, pouvons-nous demander pourquoi la probléma-tique mondiale appelle « l'établissement d'un nouvel ordreavant tout monétaire » ? Pourquoi ce nouvel ordre ne serait-ilpas, avant tout, comptable ?Notamment parce qu'il est inévitablement comptable et qu'au-cun problème monétaire international n'est réalisable aussilongtemps que le nivellement des salaires ne s'étend pas defaçon mondiale. Ceci sachant que dans tous les pays les sa-laires conditionnent les prix et que la montée de ceux-ci avilit— fatalement — le pouvoir d'achat de la monnaie. D'où l'éro-sion monétaire et l'inflation (incontestablement internationale),tandis que la Comptabilité Economique Universelle et le BilanUniversel (scientifiquement élaborés) confirment avec évi-dence que « les bons comptes font les bons amis » et, ipsofacto, préparent inévitablement au . tout > de la coopérationet de la Paix. La monnaie internationale sera, mais pas en-core demain.Peut-on savoir pourquoi les - multinationales » sont un inter-locuteur économique qui pourrait être « maudit » ? Alors queces entreprises qui subordonnent tout à leurs intérêts privésdirects, peuvent être disciplinées à condition d'imposer à leursdiverses ramifications une seule et même comptabilité éco-nomique universelle. Ainsi seulement tout le monde pourraitvoir clair, comprendre, analyser sa gestion et faire répartiréquitablement les bénéfices au profit de l'intérêt général.Ceci explique pourquoi les comptables répugnent à s'alignersur la Comptabilité économique universelle.Et pourquoi, alors que tout est soumis à l'ordre économiqueinternational, le « langage international » ne devrait-il pass'amorcer sur le langage des comptes internationaux — celuides chiffres canalisés et de l'indexation décimale des comp-tes. — tel qu'il se présente actuellement évolué et à la mercides grands phénomènes économiques dont les lois naturellesimpulsent les initiatives et activités humaines de tous ordres.Et cela volens nolens, assorti d'un nouveau raisonnementscientifique.La - réforme des structures », dont tout un chacun se gar-garise, au vu du désordre économique, sans jamais présenterune solution efficiente réalisable, pourrait-elle se fonder surune autre science que la « socionomie » ? Celle-ci destinéeà mettre de l'ordre dans le désordre social et économique, encommençant par apprécier, comme il faut, les responsabilitésde chacun ayant des comptes à rendre. C'est là le préalablede la coopération économique internationale... pour l'équité,l'équilibre, la Paix dans la justice.

Tout cela devrait être développé.Malheureusement, en ce qui concerne les OING, elles nesont souvent internationales qu'en titre, non en esprit, ni enintention. Trop accrochées au terroir, aux intérêts exclusifsde leur objet social — parfois mercantile — elles ne sont pasprêtes à sacrifier leurs routines, leurs raisonnements detoujours pour installer une réelle communauté de vue et d'ac-tion. Elles ne sont pas évoluées au point de vouloir faire béné-ficier les autres OING de leurs expériences — de gestionprincipalement — afin de créer l'émulation internationale dela coopération transnationale, afin de faire pièce, en force,aux prétentions des O.I.G. trop nationales.Le budget étant une information précieuse pour un enseigne-ment commun de l'organisation des OING un congrès, àBarcelone, en 1970, a tenté d'en instaurer l'idée et l'esprit,mais ce fut totalement vain. Cependant, le Bulletin de l'U.A.I.a préconisé — n° 3, 1968, p. 160 — la solution simple et ra-tionnelle, fondamentale, en quatre langues; elle est restéelettre morte et cinq années ont été perdues par toutes lesOING indistinctement. Le recul devant l'effort, le refus duchangement, la peur de lutter ont vaincu — provisoirement —le progrès offert.

M.M.E.R. MommenAdministrateur-général de

l'ACADEMIE INTERNATIONALE DE COMPTABILITE20.10.75

THE UNIVERSALITY OF UNESCO

In the course of our inquiry addressed to NGOs, we havehad the pleasure of publishing the interesting views of Mr.F.W.G. Baker concerning the Universality of UNESCO (1).We did so quoting his title as Executive Secretary of the In-ternational Council of Scientific Unions. However, we wishto clarify that Mr. Baker wrote to us in a personal capacity,and that his views do not necessarily represent those of hisassociation.(1) « International Associations», no. 10, Octobre 1975,

page 465.


Consultation dossierTHE USA, THE UN,AND TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS

Hearings before the Committee on Foreign RelationsUnited States Senate

94th Congress, First Session, 7 May-4 June, 1975

Extract from the testimony by Alvin Toffler(author of « Future Shock »)

(N.B. The emphasis in bold text has been supplied by the editors of InternationalAssociations, but the subheadings are those supplied in the original printed reportof the Hearings).

Mr. Chairman, I am an author andsocial critic and I am not an experton international affairs. I am not aspecialist on the problems of the Unit-ed Nations, and I was, therefore, sur-prised to be invited here but ! mustsay I am delighted, because I believethat the Government all too oftenignores the views of nonexperts. Theoutsider or nonspecialist often seesproblems quite differently than thosewho spend their entire careers dealingwith them, and I think this differencein perception can be stimulating andfruitful.But because I have not devoted my lifeto international affairs, and becauseI have not had very close direct connec-tions with these problems, I say what1 have to say with a degree of tentativ-ity which is not customary for me.Even if 1 put them in forceful terms,take them as tentative, nevertheless...

Goals are to end internationalanarchy

I obviously share a broad spectrum ofagreement with the other gentlemen atthis table on the need for some alter-native to international anarchy. And

I think we probably would all agreeon a few central goals that really oughtto be at the heart of American foreignpolicy. I can summarize those in threeitems.The planet is in need of ecologicalrebalancing. There is a danger thatwe will destroy the biosphere that sup-ports us and, therefore, it is in the int-erest of all nations to do somethingabout altering the way we deal with theenvironment.The second goal needs to be economicrebalancing. The disparity between therich and poor has reached the point atwhich it threatens everyone.The third goal ought to be, it seems tome, the containment of conflict.All of these have been stated here bef-ore in better and more detailed ways,and there is no need for me to elaborateon them now.I also think that what Dr. Brown refer-red to as . progressive international-ism » is basically the right attitude withwhich to confront the problems aroundus.

Questionable notions

But, having said that, I also have cer-tain problems and hesitations.

First, I think the projection of Amer-ican experience either from the 1780'sor from the progressive era or fromany other era of American history ontothe world scale, on to the global screen,is a cultural mistake. Analogies basedon U.S. experience in U.S. history arenot readily applicable to the world asdiverse and conflict filled as our own.We are dealing with a world filled withpeople whose cultures are differentfrom our own, and who have differentviews of reality. Those have to berespected. The notion that our historyprovides a model for everyone elseought to be reexamined. The AmericanRevolution took place 200 years ago.It should not be a model for any othersociety as we approach the year 2000.

Secondly, we need some form of worldorder. But to assume that a world orderneeds to take the form of « world gov-ernment > or some sort of « UnitedStates of the world » or some « federalmodel » based on our contemporarynotions of federalism, is another notionthat ought to be examined more caref-ully. It suggests that the way you get« order . is through the creation of acentralized power. The reverse mayalso be true. We need to reexamine ourfaith in centralization.


Similarly, our historic belief in theimportance of economic integrationhas led to the notion that « interdep-endence » is always, under all circum-stances, a good idea. This idea is part-icularly popular among internation-alists. Unfortunately, I think that isalso a dangerous misconception.Anybody who analyzes an adaptive sys-tem, whether it is a machine system ora biological system, will find not onlyinterdependence of the parts, but alsothe capability of those parts to separ-ate or decouple from one another whennecessary — to become independentunder certain conditions. I believe wehave reached the stage of overintegra-tion or overinterdependence in theworld economy with the result that wehave all become too vulnerable to eachothers mistakes.When we build ourselves an ocean lin-er, we build separate airtight compart-ments into it, so that, if one springs aleak, the whole ship does not sink.I think such « fail-safe > principlesneed to be looked at in connection withthe problems of world order as well,and that we need to think in terms ofthe creation not of a single center, ora single world government that willsome day govern the nations of theworld, but rather in terms of self-regul-atory network of transnational institut-ions, multiple institutions, a polycen-tric system. Such a transnational net-work can provide a higher degree ofstability for the planet than the central-ized model based on a single internat-ional governmental organization. Thegoal of the U.N. is not and should not beto evolve into a world government.

Crisis in industrial society

Today it is only possible to understandthe problems of the U.N. if we seethem in relationship to the much largersocial transformations taking place onthe planet. There would be no crisis,I think, in the U.N. today, or in theU.S. relationship to the U.N., if therewere not a general crisis in industrialsocieties. We must understand this gen-eral crisis.Industrial societies have not alwaysexisted. Our industrial civilization isonly about 200 or 300 years old. Itsprang from the Industrial Revolutionat different times and in different pla-ces. But all industrial societies sharecertain fundamental characteristics.They are based on mass productionand mass distribution. They all developmass education systems, mass media.They are all part of an integrated mon-ey system. They all develop a mater-ialistic value system. They all, by andlarge, rely on the nuclear family sys-tem. And they are all dependent uponfossil fuels.Moreover — and, as we shall see, thisis crucial to the U.N. — they are allbased on the nation-state and on bureau-

cratic forms of organization. In short,industrial societies are made up of cer-tain common parts and processes. Theyform a system.What is happening today is the crackupof this system. When I say that the sys-tem is breaking up, I am not talkingabout the capitalist system or the soc-ialist or Communist system, but thelarger system that includes both —the industrial system.This breakdown is evident not just interms of energy and resource dislocat-ions or in dislocations and upheavals intechnology. It is also evident in thebreakdown of the nuclear family sys-tem, in changes in the value system inthe society, and many other upsets andmalfunctions.The wild oscillation of the global econ-omy is also related to this overall his-toric breakdown of the industrial sys-tem, the general crisis of industrialism...1 think that industrial societies, whetherthey are capitalist or Communist orany intermediate form, all make useof certain fundamental technologiesand social procedures. As a result, theguy who gets up in the morning andgoes to work in the factory in Kiev isnot that different from the guy who getsup and goes to work in the factory inDetroit or Pittsburgh. Their daily rout-ines and experiences are not so differ-ent.Certainly, there are profound political,cultural, and historic differences, andcertainly we would rather live here,and they might or might not prefer tolive there — but these underlying life-support systems of all industrial societ-ies are basically the same. For exam-ple, none of them could function wit-hout mass education or mass commun-ications. They all, regardless of whetherthey are capitalist or Communist, relyon a certain form of family structure.They alt share the assumption that econ-omic growth or economic developmentis the primary aim of the society andof the individual, by and large. Theyall develop similar internal procedures.They all organize huge bureaucracies— pyramidal hierarchies. That is thedominant form of human organizingin all industrial societies, whether theUnited States or the Soviet Union.So that, I believe, there are fundamen-tal similarities between industrial soc-ieties quite apart from their politicaldifferences. And it is these underlyingarrangements that are now out of gear,that are now beginning to come apart.Of course, when I speak about thebreakdown of industrial societies, thatcan be taken as a Spenglerian vision ofdoom. But the transition out of indus-trialism can also be seen as the birthof a new civilization.What is happening, I think, is some sortof fundamental historic transformation.The system that we have grown up in— most of us are products of industrialsocieties — is now transforming intosomething new, and that new society islikely to have quite different charac-

teristics. It may very well be based onadvanced technology, but not any lon-ger, for example, on traditional assem-bly-line mass production. It may nolonger be based on very large scalebureaucratic forms of organizationbut, rather, on decentralized self-manag-ing forms, and so on...

Emergence of transnationaltechnology and institutions

The most obvious new fact to grow outof this historic shift is the emergenceof new technology and new institutionsthat are simply too big for the nationstate — institutions or technology thatspan the planet, institutions, or techno-logies that are not national but trans-national.For example, we now have what is, ineffect, a new transnational currency,Eurodollars, with an estimated 180 bil-lion of these rattling around the worldlast year and no transnational agencycapable of regulating or controllingthem.We have developed transnational banks.We have, above all, created transnat-ional corporations and trade unions.And the scale of some of these newtransnational institutions is enormous.The multinationals, for example, areso large that, according to the Inter-national Trade Subcommittee of theSenate Finance Committee, on a givenday at the end of 1971, these multin-ational corporations held S 268 billionin short-term liquid assets. This pocketmoney, as it were, was * more thantwice the total of all international mon-etary institutions in the world on thesame date ». How can the present regu-latory institutions hope to regulate suchvast new entities !These great transnational institutionsare, in turn, based on powerful tech-nologies, some of which endanger thebiosphere we all share, from the ozonelayer to the ocean floor, and many ofwhich produce problems that arebeyond the control of any one nation.This is why national leaders are in-creasingly helpless to stem the power-ful external waves that Jolt nationaleconomies.In short, the transition to superindustria-lism has raised the stakes in the gameof survival to the transnational level.

Where does the U.N. fit intransnational system

Now where does the U.N. fit into thispicture and why is it so widely regardedas a failure ?To understand the U.N. we must firstrecognize that the U.N. is only a tinypiece of a swiftly emerging transnat-ional mosaic or network of institutionswhich are part of the new superindus-trial system.


This network consists of thousands oforganizations and millions of Individ-uals around the world in continuallyshifting relationships with one another.

It consists not only of multinationalcorporations but also of transnationalcommunications — satellites, computerbanks, telecommunication systems. Itconsists of transnational transport sys-tems, ranging from supertankers tosupersonics. It even includes transnat-ional religious and cultural movements.Thus, a wave of Eastern mysticismreaches into the United States just asa wave of American culture, in theform of blue jeans, rock music, andtransistor radios sweeps through Europe,or. for that matter, the Middle East.

This transnational network which isspringing up also includes swiftly prol-iferating political and economic instit-utions, more and more intergovern-mental organizations, regional com-mon markets, « multinational researchcenters, and development projects.

This profusion of intergovernmentalinstitutions is matched at the nongov-ernmental level — a critical point towhich I will return in a minute. Fornow it is only necessary to note thatthere are already some 2,600 nongov-ernmental organizations or NGO'swhose activities reach beyond nationalborders and who themselves form akey network within the larger network.Only when it is observed against thisvery large, rapidly changing back-ground, can the U.N. be seen for whatit really is. It is only one small com-ponent in a very large, rapidly devel-oping system. It is a microchip in ahighly charged interactive network.This U.N. chip or component is im-portant because it has certain positivefunctions that no other part of the sys-tem can perform and the case for theU.N. rests heavily on this fact.Some of these functions were mentio-ned at the table today. It is still clearlyuseful to be able to plant a peacekeep-ing force in Sinai and on GolanHeights. It is still necessary for certainglobal housekeeping tasks to be routin-ely performed, for instance, thosequietly being carried out under U.N.aegis by the international telecommuni-cation union, or the international civilaviation organization, the postal union,the copyright organization and the like.Even the much-criticized « talk-shop »function of the U.N. — the provisionof a truly global forum — is a valuableone. The rhetoric and grandstanding inU.N. debates and the passage of resol-utions, 97 percent of which, by actualcount, never result in action, makesthis seem like an exercise in futility.Nevertheless, much useful communi-cation is carried on behind the scenes.So the U.N. does have important func-tions. If it did not exist it would haveto be reinvented to perform thesefunctions.

Furthermore, in defense of the U.N..many of its failures are not surprisingsince it Serves, as others have pointedout, as a hospital for last-resort cases,ultimate crises. Problems are dumpedinto the U.N. when all other effortsalready have failed. It is like a doctor90 percent of whose patients have ter-minal cancer when they walk in hisdoor. So that the U.N.'s failure rateshould not be evaluated in the usualway.Finally, the dramatic failures of theU.N. should be measured against thegiant scale of the problems and thecontrasting size of the U.N. resources.Roughly speaking, as I calculate it,the total annual U.N. budget is in thearea of S 1 billion a year, give or takea bit. This means that the total U.N.budget each year is 1/263 or 0.0037of the loose change available to mul-tinational corporations on any givenday. Our U.S. per capita contributionto that budget is, I believe, only about16 cents per month — which is the costof a package of chewing gum. It is asthough we were trying to hold the worldtogether with chewing gum. So weought not be surprised if the U.N. sooften seems ineffective, not to saybankrupt.

U.N. is based on anachronisticassumptions

Having entered all of that into the rec-ord, however, I think we must be absol-utely clear that the U.N. as it nowexists, is dangerously ineffective. Arro-gant, shoot-from-the-glands, get-toughattitudes won't help; but neither willliberal do-good defensiveness aboutthis fact. The -U.N. is overbureaucrat-ized. It is badly and wastefully organ-ized. It is based on anachronistic as-sumptions. It is, itself, arrogant.The U.N. does not see itself as onechip or component, in a growing trans-national network, but as an indepen-dent unit, just as nations mistakenly seethemselves as independent units. Itargues against national sovereignty butfoolishly asserts its own organizationalsovereignty. It does not seem to under-stand that it cannot function effectivelyuntil it is connected up with, or wiredinto, other parts of the transnationalnetwork. And because it isolates itselffrom the rest of the network, it hasno roots among ordinary people, nobasis or constituency, or direct contactswith the everyday organizations andgroups through which most of the workof the world actually gets done.Finally, if it is bureaucratic, it is alsorigid, confused and disoriented. It is,in the words of one Member of theU.S. Senate, « a basket case of futureshock ».This brings us to the role of the UnitedStates in the United Nations. Withinthis already unstable organization, the

United Stales faces a political crisis thatis likely to intensify dramatically withinthe next 2 or 3 years. For this reason,it is important for us to look at someof the stages, some of the forums thiscrisis might take.

Possible future scenarios

Here is how one well-placed observerof the U.N. situation sees the crisisdeveloping. « The rapid U.S. retreatwithin the present structure of the U.N.system will be characterized by theformation of large temporary major-ities from the developing countrieswhich will be demonstrably hostile to-ward U.S: national interest. The UnitedStates and some of its allies will beplaced in a defensive, isolated position,by virtue of almost presaged proceed-ing which would constitute new emotio-nal and collective brainwashing sessionsrather than civilized, international, tol-erant, rational forums.

« U.N. meetings will be transformedinto revolutionary tribunals where per-haps even terrorist groups will be prot-ected, while member states are abused.The United.. States may well find itselfsingled out for these humiliating out-bursts ». It is also quite likely, hebelieves, that a successful effort willbe made to move the U.N. headquar-ters out of New York to Vienna orGeneva, or perhaps to Algeria or Mex-ico City.

If we play out this scenario, we mightalso very quickly find dissident groupswithin the United States — whetherAmerican Indians or Eskimos or blacksor other ethnic minorities or, (or exam-ple, prisoners or small farmers orWest Virginia miners — being invitedto use the U.N. as a platform fromwhich to influence the internal affairsof this country.

Another possibility is that the U.N.itself will be torn into competingpieces as nation after nation or groupafter group break away to form theirown mini U.N.'s.Now, that is not a very pleasant picture.This scenario is certainly not inevitable.No one knows how events will develop.But it represents one dramatic set ofpossibilities that ought not be ignored,especially since such events, in turn,are likely to intensify dangerous pres-sures inside the United States for akind of Neanderthal isolationism. Theycould provoke us into blind, intransi-gent opposition to global progress.To head off the crisis, we need to un-derstand that it is not just a « gangup »or a random or accidental event. Itis a direct outgrowth of the decline ofthe nation-state in the high technologyworld, a process which is an inescapa-ble part of the superindustrial revol-ution.


U.N. — a product of industrialage mentality

Like alt industrial societies, the U.N,is nation-based. It is not a United WorldOrganization and never was. It is aUnited Nation's organization. It takesfor granted, right from the start, theperpetuation of and the need for nat-ion-states. This is an industrial-era idea.The modern nation is a direct productof the industrial revolution. Of course,great territorial empires existed beforethe industrial revolution. But they tac-ked the one decisive component thatall modern nations share : an integratedeconomy.Nations in the modern sense arose be-cause industrial technology requirednonlocal resources. It was impossibleto build an industrial society out ofpurely local resources. You neededraw materials from a larger area. Sim-ilarly, the new technologies of indus-trialism made it possible to producemore goods than could be sold in alocal market. Therefore, you beganto expand, and you developed inte-grated, national economic markets.The modern nation state includes, there-fore, an integrated economy as one ofits fundamental components. .Today we have 138 member nationsof the U.N. They range from thePeoples Republic of China with 800million people to 20 nations whosecombined population scarcely addsup to 10 million. I would hazard aguess that fewer than 40 or 50 of thesehave the tightly integrated economicsystems that characterize modern nat-ions. This doesn't mean that they areunimportant. The familiar sneers aboutmini-nations or « Third World cornflakes » reflect an arrogance based onignorance.Senator Percy : To emphasize yourpoint, among those smaller nationswith nonintegrated economies aresome of the most powerful in the world,OPEC countries.Mr. Toffler : That is right.Senator Percy : Such as Saudi Arabiaand Kuwait. So when you say they areimportant, they are not only impor-tant, they are absolutely vital.Mr. Toffler : Clearly. The fact thatsome so-called minination doesn't siton some crucial resource today does notmean it will not someday soon. As ourtechnology changes, our resource needschange. So 1 think we are going-to haveto get over our cultural arrogance aboutsmall states. But we also need to under-stand the role of nationhood in thembecause it bears directly on the struc-ture of the U.N.

New concepts of developmentand nationhood

Today nationalism and nations are cru-cially important to the so-called devel-

oping countries. To the degree that de-velopment means traditional industrial-ism or industrialization, they requirethe nation-state as a political frameworkfor the emerging integration of theireconomies. We are going to see soona new concept of development that isnot based on blind implementation ofWestern industrial experience. Whenwe do, the rote of nationhood willbegin to change. But until now develop-ment in many countries has meant in-dustrialization. And to the degree thatdeveloping countries means industrializ-ing countries, to the degree that theybecome enmeshed in the world money 'system, to the degree that they becomedependent upon trade and export, andso on, they will find it convenient, ifnot necessary, to create or maintainthe nation-state.

The crisis in the U.N. springs in goodmeasure from the fact that, ironically,precisely the opposite situation is nowthe case in the most technologicallyadvanced parts of the world. The nation-state, far from being crucially impor-tant for solving problems, is increas-ingly becoming an obstacle. Too smallto cope with transnational realities, itis too big to deal effectively with mainsubnationai problems. This is why webegin to hear more demands for dec-entralization and devolution of politi-cal power, not only in our country,but more dramatically in place likeScotland and Wales, in Alsace Lorraineand Corsica and Quebec and BritishColumbia and Western Australia, tocite only a few instances...

To return, there is a reason for thesedemands for regional autonomy orsecession. Just as the industrial revol-ution « massified » society, the super-industrial revolution now occurring« demassifies » it. As the superindus-trial revolution develops, technologi-cal societies become increasingly div-erse, their consensus breaks apart.They become « demassified ». Thismeans they become more diverse cul-turally, socially, technologically, ethni-cally and politically.

Movement of power necessary

They become so varied internally thatkey problems can no longer be definedlet alone solved, at the national level.In this situation return to the regions,states provinces or cities. Power must,in short move down from the nationallevel.

Simultaneously, because of the increas-ing scale and scope of our technologyand the global integration referred toearlier, more and more power mustmove up above the national level totransnational agencies. Thus more and

more problems arise that cannot besolved by a single nation. As the super-industrial revolution advances, thehigh technology nation-state begins tolose control at both ends. In short, po-wer moves up to transnational anddown to subnational levels at the sametime.

We thus live on a planet divided intoone part in which the nation-state, as apolitical form, is growing more impor-tant, and another part in which thenation-state is growing less important.The political crisis in the U.N. springsfrom precisely this split. It is this splitwhich aggravates relationships betweenrich and poor nations, between themega-states and the mini-states. Indeed,this division can be expected to broa-den until it threatens to crack the U.N.wide open.

All this suggests that, if there is to bea workable U.N. in the future, it willhave to revolutionize its basis of mem-bership. It will have to become not theUnited Nations but a United WorldOrganization (perhaps one of several).If it is to remain an umbrella underwhich all peoples can join, it will haveto give up the assumption that the onlyform of representation is representationby nation.

Alternative forms ofrepresentation at the U.N.

We shall have to begin designing one ormore world organizations in which theprinciple of representation is quitedifferent — in which, for example,representation is extended to the majorreligions, or to different occupationalor professional groupings, from peasantsto scientists, or in which racial, orethnic differences are recognized, orin which geographical regions are re-presented on a population basis. Infact, one can conceive of the U.N. it-self transformed in the future intoan organization based on multipleforms of representation and perhapshaving several different chambers.

Not only is the present structure ofthe U.N. not sacred, it is obsolete forall parties concerned. From a long-range point of view, the transforma-tion of the U.N. from the United Nat-ions to the United World Organizationis a necessary next step.

The problem of the nation is, however,only one of the fundamental factors inthe U.N. crisis.

The second great problem I thinkfacing the U.N., is its internationalbureaucratic structure, the fact that itis built like a pyramid, rather than ina responsible, ad-hocratic, flexibleform of organization. Because of the


rapid rate of change and because of thevery diverse and unexpected demandsproduced by the high-change environ-ment, bureaucracies can no longeroperate effectively. The internal struc-ture of the U.N. will need to undergofundamental changes if it is to becomeeffective. I can enlarge on that later,if the members of the committee wish.

But the final point I would like to em-phasize is that, if the U.N. is to func-tion realistically, it is going to haveto face the fact that it's only one pieceof a larger network. And here I thinkthe United States has a crucial andinnovative role to play.

Plugging the U.N. into othertransnational networks

Our long-term role should be to streng-then other parts of the transnationalnetwork and to encourage the U.N. toplug its efforts into them. To under-stand this, we might think in terms ofnot one but two world organizationsthat coexist today. The first is the U.N.,which is highly visible, controversial,and political. The second world « orga-nization », and 1 put that word inquotes, is not a single organization atall, but a vast, complex collection ofagencies and organizations — the 2,600nongovernmental organizations alludedto earlier. These international organi-zations span every conceivable humaninterest. They devote themselves toeverything from ocean explorationto education; they deal with everyconceivable produce of raw materials.

They represent every conceivableshade of political interest or lack ofinterest. The number of these organi-zations has been growing very, veryrapidly, rising from 1,300 in 1963 totwice that number today, and it is ex-pected that from 1.000 to 2.000 moresuch organizations will spring uparound the world by 1985. They re-present a great unrecognized globalresource. They are, in a sense, anundeveloped part of the transnationalnetwork. We have well-developed go-vernments and governmental organiz-ations. We have well-developed mul-tinational corporations. But we haveyet to devote much effort — or evendo much thinking about — this thirdlayer of the emerging transnationalnetwork.

Despite this, last year these NGO'sor nongovernmental organizations hadan aggregate budget of about S 1,4 bil-lion, of which some S 800 million waschanneled into aid or developmentproject of one kind or another. Andthis is only the tip of the proverbialiceberg because all of these internatio-nal organizations have national affiliatesand subsidiaries whose budgets aremuch larger as a rule than that of the

International organizations to whichthey belong,Many of these organizations are highlyrespected, high caliber groups, filledwith energetic, skilled, and talentedmembers, many of whom are eager tobe of service to the global community.Many have strong scientific or othercapabilities for dealing with some ofthe same health, medical, cultural, orecological problems as the U.N. itself.I don't know that anybody has evencalculated yet how many individualhuman beings are members of this vast,seething, energy-filled system.Senator Percy : Do you have a systemof a lot of interlocking directors, peopleserving on multiunits and relativelysmaller groups of people that reallyconcentrate on that ?Mr. Toffler : I don't think so. I amsure there is overlap, but it is such adiverse group that, in fact, if anything,it is not sufficiently integraged or con-nected.

Strengthening nongovernmentalorganizations

The NGO's represent a largely ignoredpart of the transnational network. Veryoften they go their own way, as thoughthe U.N. didn't exist — which apparent-ly, is precisely what the U.N. wantsthem to do, because, while it is truethat 600 NGO's hold what is mislead-ingly known as consultative status withthe U.N., the fact is that the U.N. isvery jealous of its « sovereignty ». Itregards these NGO's much as it regardscholera and yaws. It sometimes un-dercuts then, but more often it ignoresthem. So basically we find two keyparts of the transnational network, withmany common goals, but each operat-ing, by and large, as though the otherdidn't exist.

When you look at these two parts of thenetwork you see something remarkable.The U.N. is heavy at the top, it has asizable bureaucracy (not compared withGeneral Motors, of course, but withinits own terms, a sizable bureaucracy).Yet it has no roots. Its wires run fromthe U.N. to the 138 nation-states andthen stop. The U.N., in a word, is all top and no bottom.

When we look at the NGO's, we findthe exact reverse. They are all bottomand no top. They have lines or wiresthat run down through their affiliatesinto lives of literally millions and mil-lions of people around the globe. TheNGO's are active, doing things every-where. But there is no coordination,no systematic way for them to interact,no effective way to find other organiz-ations with similar goals, and no wayto really connect their energies up withthe United Nations system itself.

I would suggest, therefore, that one ofour goals ought to be to find a way to

strengthen the NGO sector of thetransnational system and to channeltheir energies Into the development ofimproved food supplies, conservationmeasures, depollution programs, com-munity development and so forth. Herethe United States could make a majorchange at very little cost. If the UnitedStates did nothing but simply providea limited amount of office space, sometravel funds, and telephone WATS linesfor some of these organizations —facititative services for them — I thinkit would significantly upgrade a funda-mental piece of this emerging trans-national network. Within the U.N., theUnited States ought to earmark spéci-fie funds to be used for the purpose ofintegrating these two parts of the net-work, the U.N. and the NGO's. Forexample, a special fund contributionto the U.N. environmental programfor the support of nongovernmentalorganizations in the environmentalfield could have long-range structuralvalue to both the U.N. and the NGO's,Where the United States does providefunds to the U.N. for work with NGO'smoreover, it ought to stipulate thatcontrol over the funds should be jointlyshared by the NGO's and the U.N., sothat NGO's do not need to come to theU.N. as supplicants. By supporting theNGO or voluntary sector, the UnitedStates would be building up an enor-mous transnational resource of value toall of us — the U.N. included.There are, of course, problems withthis policy, as with any other. ManyThird World countries look uponNGO's as essentially Western in originand outlook.

Nevertheless, the careful, deliberatestrengthening of the NGO sector andthe integration of U.N. activities withthe activities of the NGO's would goa long way toward replacing the presentbureaucracy with a flexible, effectivead-hocracy.To summarize, then, long-term U.S.policy toward the U.N. must take intoconsideration the larger transnationalnetwork that is swiftly emerging as partof the breakdown of industrialism andits replacement with a new, super-indus-trial world system. The United Statesought to begin thinking now about pro-posals for alternative forms of repre-sentation within the U.N. It should sup-port efforts at internal reorganizationof the U.N. to reduce the bureaucrat-ization. And it should present a clear,direct program for breaking downsome of the walls that separate theU.N. from other parts of the transna-tional network, the NGO's in particular.Whatever it does, it should not shootfrom the hip. We cannot allow oursel-ves the luxury of going into blind op-position. We need a calm, unexcitableapproach based on long range ratherthan immediate goals. We need, inshort, to see our relationship with theU.N. in the context of the super-indus-trial revolution...


What can the United Statesdo to strengthen the U.N. ?

Senator Clark : I am going to pose onequestion, Mr, Chairman, and ask thateach of the members of the paneladdress themselves to it.

What would you like to see us do dif-ferently that would help strengthen theU.N. ?

Mr. Toffler : 1 think that we can'tstrengthen the U.N. by denying itsweaknesses. Therefore, I think, we oughtto reexamine the way we support itwith money. As I have said. I am notan expert, but my impression is thatwe support the various specialized agen-cies in addition to making a contribut-ion to the central fund. I think the veryidea of specialized agencies may beobsolete, that we ought perhaps to belooking at specialized missions, special-ized programs, specialized temporaryprojects, instead. In other words, ourmoney ought to be earmarked moreclosely for specific purposes and pro-grams rather than for the maintenanceof permanent structures of that kind.

Move toward regionalization

I think there is going to be a movetoward regionalization within the U.N.and we should not oppose that move.In fact, perhaps we might use our fin-ancial contributions to encourage thedevelopment of healthy regionalizationwithin the structure. As I said, weought to do something — and smallamounts could make a significant dif-ference — to shift in a dramatic waythe relationship of the U.N. to all ofthese nongovernmental organizationsoutside, which are essentially frozen outby the U.N. right now. These are allways to encourage debureaucratization.Basically, the U.N. has to become mis-sion-oriented rather than bureaucrati-cally organized in the pyramidal form.

And we can help to some degree.

On the more general philosophical orpolitical question relating to our stan-ce, I would simply agree with what hasbeen said here. We would be making,I think, a dreadful mistake if we allow-ed ourselves to be pushed into the cor-ner of being the opposition party —opposed to equity in the world, opposedto ecological sanity in the world, op-posed to any of these goals which arenecessary for survival of everyone. Ifwe face the position that we are goingto be blindly tough, that we are goingto walk out, we would very soon findourselves an international pariah, andthis would have a very profound neg-ative impact on some of the very

people in this country who favor thosepolicies...

« Adhocracy »

Senator Percy : Dr. Toffler, in « FutureShock », you express the view that« adhocracy » will be the organizationalsystem of the future. Would you expandon that ? What do you mean by adho-cracy, and how does the concept applyto international organization matters ?Senator Percy : Dr. Toffler, in « Futurein a very, very sketchy fashion.Mr. Toffler : That is what I alluded toDuring the period of industrial society,we have learned to create very large,very powerful, and very seeminglyefficient organizational structures thatare essentially designed in the shape ofpyramids, with a hierarchy of com-mand, with the orders flowing from thetop down, with the people down belowtaking orders, with functional divisions,so that you have, in a company, lorexample a marketing department, amanufacturing department, a researchdevelopment department, and someother departments. These are perma-nent structures with people frozen intopositions that are also regarded as moreor less permanent. Any large civil ser-vice bureaucracy including the U.N.civil service bureaucracy, reflects thatkind of organizational structure.

Now, that type of ornnization is high-ly efficient in an environment whichis predictable, because, in effect, thebureaucracy is a kind of machine. Itis a factory for producing repetitivedecisions. That is what a bureaucracyreally is. It is designed to produce arelatively narrow range of decisionsand to produce those in as routine andrepetitive and standardized a fashionas possible.

Senator Percy : Could it also be lookedon as a machine for grinding up anddisintegrating new ideas ?

Mr. Toffler : Clearly. At this point Iwould like to throw in a four-line poemthat Kenneth Boulding once wrotewhile attending a boring conference.He said :

In every corporationAre lines of communication.Along which, from root to crown,Ideas flow up and vetoes down.So yes, of course. But the reason wehave built bureaucracies is that theymake a certain kind of sense wherethe organization has to deal with apredictable environment. If it knowsthat very week it is going to get a fixednumber of orders for a certain product,and it will receive a fixed amount ofsupplies, that is fine. But as organizat-ions move into less predictable envir-onments, as the rate of change becomesmore rapid, the « efficiency » of bu-

reaucracy breaks down. What is re-quired are organizational forms thatpermit ideas, permit inventive respon-ses, permit resourceful responses tototally new situations. Bureaucraciesare no good at that. The U.N., itseems to me, is still organized in thisanachronistic pyramidal fashion. Onealternative to that is the structure whichis now beginning to emerge in manyadvanced industries, but which also hasanalogs outside the corporate world.

For example, both ITT and the Viet-cong share certain organizational char-acteristics. Thus neither of them isreally a classical bureaucracy. Bothof them rely on temporary units thatare mission-oriented, that are createdand then folded down after their missionis accomplished. And both of them un-doubtedly require a great deal of mov-ement of the people back and forth.

Neither of them is a civil service kindof organization. The U.N. is. That'swhy 1 think it is going to be forced torestructure itself along more ad-hocra-tic lines — which also implies a down-ward movement of the decision-makingwithin the structure. And this is what Iwas trying to suggest, that our policycould encourage that kind of internalrenovation.

How to create a coherentinternational network ofnongovernmental groups

Senator Percy : You are a sharp criticof the concept of world government,feeling that you really distrust the cen-tralization of power, as I understand it,and you would much prefer to see crea-ted an international network of institut-ions and arrangements.

I am troubled by how you would orga-nize that and yet I saw in Bucharestwhere we had the bureaucracy repres-ented by all of the governments there,and all of the private agencies thatdealt with population planning formedan organization that they called a trib-une. You could actually meet with allof them, address them all. They hada newspaper, they put out daily bulle-tins, they really proved an effectiveforce and found a way to work with thegovernments of the bureaucracy. Theeffort is really rather remarkable.

Would you care to expand on how youwould envision groups of people re-presenting across-the-board industry,labor, women, ethnic and religiousgroups, organized students and so forth,coming from various geographic units?

How would you organize them intosome sort of a coherent network andwhat issues would such assemblies takeup ?Mr. Toffler : The question raises extre-me difficulties. When you say I mis-


trust world government, what I mistrustis centralization of power, and I thinkwe should not find ourselves in a posit-ion of opposing the notion of worldorder based on decentralized power orpluralistic power. Wo have got to findan alternative structure which dealswith both these questions. The readyassumption that il we can centralizepower we will be able to solve our pro-blems, is a traditional assumption thatgrows out of our industrial-era exper-ience. I think it applies less and less.One of the reasons 1 argue the case formuch more attention to the NGO's isthat the NGO's form the potential forarty number of temporary, mission-oriented consortia that could be broughttogether, whether they are environmen-

tal organizations or scientific organiza-tions or organizations concerned withcommunity development of food orwhatever the Issues are. It is possibleto put together temporary consortiato deal with specific problems.Now, in order for that to work you haveto have some coordination or manage-ment, But what I am describing neednot be a pyramid.

Now, here is one way to verbalize thealternative organizational structure.Think of the pyramid. Then think of athin trame, a very thin frame whichis essentially coordinate, which is athin layer of management and direc-tion, with a whole series of essentiallytemporary organizational clusters of

modules that have relatively short lifespans, and among which people floatquite freely. They move from onemodule to another rather than beingfrozen in a single bureaucratic niche.If we pump some funds into the non-governmental sector, we might help tocreate precisely this thin coordinatesystem at the top. We would then havea basis lor a very large, very diverse,very flexible, ad-hocratlc organizationthat could operate in the internationalfield.. If we simultaneously help theU.N. déstructure itself and then re-structure itself along these lines, wewould be ahead of the game that muchfurther. Then if we connected thesetwo networks, we would be light yearsahead of where we are now...

Consultation dossierONLY THE OLD IN BODY

AND SPIRIT NEED APPLY

- a Fable based on an attempt by Youth NGOsto communicative with the United Nations

by Jon Alexander(Secretary-General of ISMUN) (1)

In his message to mark UN Day thisyear — 24 October, the 30th Anniver-sary of the entry into force of the UNCharter — UN Secretary-GeneralWaldheim emphasised the importanceof the « profound personal stake in thefuture of the United Nations , which« every man and woman has ». I won-der how many cynical eyebrows thatsentiment raised — even among NGOswho base so much of their raison d'être

on the need to realise the claim of theUN to be an organisation of • WE,THE PEOPLES... ». But if the adults(who will not be around to see thedawning of the long-yearned-for newage) are cynical before the UN's hy-pocrisies and ever-expanding bureau-cracy, what do the young feel aboutthem, how do the hundreds of millionsof under-25s, who together with theirchildren will either inherit the new age

or reap the destruction which theirparents have sown, how do they regardthe UN ?

It's a good question, and one that nohonest person can fully answer, espec-ially regarding the majority of theworld's youth who are not « organised »in their rural or urban centres in theunder-developed nations of the world.


But since the current session of the UNGeneral Assembly is to discuss . Chan-nels of Communication between theUnited Nations (2) and Youth and In-ternational Youth Organisations >, Itmay be useful — especially in the con-text of the current reassessment ofrelations between NGOs and the UNSystem, which has been a feature inthese columns recently — to examineat least some aspects of this question.

The General Assembly debate will bebased on the experience, particularlyof the UN Secretariat and InternationalYouth Non-Governmental Organis-ations (lYNGOs) in consultative statuswith EcoSoc, during a 3-year « testing-period » (1973-5) initiated by the Gen-eral Assembly after the Secretariat hadproduced a report (A/8743) on meas-ures needed « to establish channels ofcommunication with youth and inter-national youth organisations ». Thismandate, from General Assemblyresolution 2497 (XXIV) was a long-overdue admission that prior to 1969no channels of communication worthyof the name had existed, an analysisboth shared by the Secretariat whichdescribed the existing situation as « in-adequate » and « largely formalis-tic » (3), and repeatedly confirmed dur-ing the « testing-period » in which IS-MUN and a number of other lYNGOshave been deeply involved,

ISMUN's position

Let me, at this point, clarify the baseof this question — the relationship be-tween « the young » and « society ».

ISMUN's position (and that of mostlYNGOs, I believe) is that young peo-ple, at whatever age one draws a line,are an integral sector of society whoseneeds and aspirations can only be metwithin the context of the progress ofthe society in which they live towardsits goals of economic, social and cul-tural development. At the same timeit is undeniable that in many societies(even in some where legislation affordspeople certain rights at a low age) youthis a marginal element, who are not giv-en equal opportunities to participatemeaningfully in the mainstream oftheir national life (like women, orethnic minorities, in certain societies).

It is also recognised that young peoplehave certain specific needs that arerelated to their dependency status (food,health facilities, education, etc) or tothe transitional stage from dependencyto independent adulthood (vocationaltraining, culture & leisure facilities,counselling, etc.). There is real evid-ence that the formidable task of meet-ing these needs (as with meeting theneeds of any sector of society) will beaccomplished much more quickly,

cheaply and effectively, by providingthe consumer with the widest range ofopportunities to participate meaning-fully in the process, not least with aview to training them through the exer-cise of responsibility for the importanttasks of national and global citizenship.In this context the importance of creat-ing effective channels of communic-ation between the UN and young peopleis an essential prerequisite to their ful-lest participation in the programmesof the UN cannot be overstated.

Youth participation andUN programmes

It is not clear what motivated the Gen-eral Assembly to take up this question— maybe May 1968 in Paris and elsew-here forced certain Governments torealise that youth participation at leastin those areas of national life directlyaffecting the young was something whichneeded some attention. Certainly priorto 1969 interest in youth and youthprogrammes within the UN was eitherlimited to a very few delegations or wasthe usual run of paternalistic provisionsfor the young and studies/research onthe young (as problems). To undertakeany programmes with real live youngpeople, in ways which involved themmeaningfully in the planning, implem-entation and evaluation of programmesand enabled them to exercise substan-tial responsibility, rather than exploitedthem as cheap labour, was unheard of— or expressly avoided, as by thosewho, witnessing the total success of UNVolunteers in alienating the onlylYNGO which had substantial exper-ience in the field of « export volun-teers », concluded that working withyoung people was not the path of pro-motion and the easy life (a conclusion.incidentally, that the new extendedbrand of UNV seems to share if one isto judge by the current state of its relat-ions with the IYNGO community).Until about the same period, the inter-est of most lYNGOs in the UN, andtheir knowledge of its procedures andprogrammes, was pretty minimal —for a number of very good reasons.The very nature of a real youth organ-isation, continual turnover in member-ship and staff, fluctuations in policyand priorities, minimal material res-ources, the diversity and complexity ofthe UN System, its deadly preferencefor words and paper rather than action,its governmental nature, and the biaswithin it for a long time against certainorganisations with certain politicalorientations — all these and other fac-tors reduced the involvement oflYNGOs in the UN itself, althoughmany of them undertook programmesat all levels on issues (like decolonis-ation, development, disarmament, andenvironment) which were major UNconcerns.

Since 1969, however, this has changedconsiderably — almost dospile the UN.By that, I mean that most of the pos-itive developments in IYNGO interestand Involvement in the UN have takenplace as a result of factors that owelittle to the UN, whereas the UN'sinitiatives and actions have generallybeen negative or have included signif-icant negative aspects.

Funding

Nothing illustrates this more clearlythan the question of funding either foryouth programmes within the UN, par-ticularly for programmes with youngpeople or involving lYNGOs (withwhom the UN has a Charier-based rel-ationship), which might emanate fromthe «testing-period», or for effectivechannels of communication, a univer-sally recognised prerequisite for effic-ient programming (as the UN RegularBudget clearly testifies). When the UNcame to seek a mechanism for fundingyouth programmes, it was done by in-terested sectors of the Secretariat (pri-marily interested in the maintenanceor extension of their own « empires >than in the full involvement of youth)without any prior consultation with asingle IYNGO, despite the channelsof communication exercise, with theresult that in June this year 15 of themajor lYNGOs took the unpreceden-ted step of requesting (through the Se-cretary-General) that the General As-sembly postpone consideration of theproposal until proper consultation hadtaken place. (Neither had the Special-ised Agencies been consulted on thisproposal, which resulted in an intensif-ication of the usual territorial warfare,which is far from ended and in whichthe first and major losers are the young.)The proposed mechanism is the SpecialVoluntary Fund of UN Volunteers,and the deadlock may yet be resolvedif the General Assembly make certainamendments to the draft resolution(E/RES/1966) which designates UNVas an « operational unit of the UN forthe launching of operational program-mes to promote the effective involve-.ment of youth in the development pro-cess », otherwise the problem whichUNV faced in implementing its firstmandate in the area of * export volun-teers » are likely to pale into insignif-icance compared to those of executingits extended mandate over the headsof a much more conscious and unitedIYNGO community.

Regarding the establishment of effec-tive channels of communication, thefuture appears at the moment even lessbright. The UN has never provided asingle $ from its Regular Budget forchannels of communication withlYNGOs in consultative status, since


the minimal funding which has beenchannelled through the UN for theGeneva Informal Meeting of lYNGOs(now likely to be recognised formallyby the General Assembly as a majorchannel of communication between theUN and youth) has come from the sur-plus from the World Youth Assemblyin 1970. the part of the surplus at leastwhich was not squandered on a $ 10,000mural (against the wishes of the lYNGOswho voiced their opinion on the issue)or given to the UN University (whichhas (ailed to include « appropriaterepresentation of young scholars » inits Council, despite the (act its Charterstipulates such representation and theSecretariat has already sought and rec-eived appropriate nominees). Now thatsurptus is exhausted, and the UN Sec-retariat has rejected a request forS 10,000 per year (4) to fund, thetravel of 1YNGO representatives oforganisations not based in Geneva,especially those from the developingcountries. The General Assembly couldusefully recognise the Geneva Infor-mal Meeting as a major channel ofcommunication with organised youth,but to do so without allocating suffic-ient resources (or it to realise its prov-en liaison and programmatic potentialwould be cynical in the extreme.

A lack of communicationand cooperation

But if money is needed to enable achannel of communication to work,something else is also required — theability to communicate, to hear and torespond meaningfully. And it is in thisarea that the UN, on the basis of Usrecord (both the Secretariat and theMember States) during the « testing-period », has revealed (with a few ex-ceptions) its real bankruptcy. For theUN is either so lacking in principleddirection or so frightened of the voiceof youth, that even when that voice iscarefully selected or deliberately res-trains itself in the hope of encouraginga positive response, it will deny thatvoice a hearing.

The only visible element of the - test-ing-period », for example, was the AdHoc Advisory Group on Youth (AHAG),established by the Genera! Assemblyto advise the Secretary-General — ie :it was an internal advisory body of« experts » to the Secretariat. It metfor 10 days once a year in 1973-5,composed of 10 young people care-fully selected by the Secretariat bysome magic formula which guaranteedall sorts of artificial « balances », allserving in their - personal capacities »(a technique totally rejected by manylYNGOs and some of the AHAG mem-bers, including myself). Normally suchan « expert » group would have the

same membership throughout Its exis-tence — not AHAG. The membershipat the 2nd meeting was totally new, andin all 23 young people participated inone or two of the meetings. Personally,I can say that to participate in the lattertwo meetings was an education — inthe difficulties of communicatingmeaningfully with a bureaucracy likethe UN.

It was clear from the fate of the reportof the first meeting of AHAG that theUN tradition of creating problems (orstatements/documents emanating fromyouth meetings was still very muchalive. Not only were the recommen-dations of the Group seldom discussed,let alone implemented, by the respon-sible section of the Secretariat or poli-cy-making organ, but the report onlybecame official by the skin of its teethafter an attempt to delete the requestfor the report from the relevant Eco-Soc resolution had been withdrawn. Thereport of the second meeting, not over-forthright in its criticism of the lackof progress since the first meeting, wasnot so lucky, nor was the third. It isvery clear that the decision was takensomewhere in the Secretariat not topush for the inclusion in the relevantresolution of a request (or the reportsof these two meetings with the resultthat they will not become official doc-uments of the UN — they will remainun-documents. Worse than that, theSecretariat not only then failed to con-vey fully and fairly the conclusions andrecommendations of the latter twomeetings to the General Assembly inthe just-published report of the Secret-ary-General (A/10275) on the « tes-ting-period », but after a feeble firstdraft had been prepared some facelessbureaucrat higher up the pecking lad-der, made a number of further substan-tial cuts (including all references tothe desirability of having the reportsof AHAG circulated (or further dis-cussion both among youth organisat-ions and within the UN, and all refer-ences to the funds needed to make theGeneva Informal Meeting the effectivechannel of communications that thereport recommended elsewhere itshould be recognised to be).

In such circumstances, our expectationsfrom the General Assembly can hardlybe high. But if the signs on the UN sideare grim, things are brighter with thelYNGOs, who having successfully or-ganised as a joint venture a major youthcoherence on population during WorldPopulation Year, are now embarkingon a wide-ranging programme on « Un-employment and Young People » withan emphasis on concrete national pro-jects, thus developing further on thesuccess of the 20 projects which follo-wed the International Youth PopulationConference. Perhaps, if the UN willnot learn to communicate and cooper-ate, the lYNGOs should vote withtheir feet. •

FOOTNOTES

(1) The International Youth and Stud-ent Movement tor the United Nations(ISMUN) was the first Youth NGO tobe accorded Category I consultativestatus with EcoSoc — 28 years alterthe founding of the UN !

(2) At the General Assembly and inthis article the discussion will deal sole-ly with the UN itself, excluding the restof the UN system — a distinction whichbears no relation to modern realities,especially with regard to programming,but which is fiercely preserved (orattacked, depending on the issue) withinthe bureaucracies, and which kills altattempts at much-needed coordination.For instance, in 8 years of ACC meet-ings on youth policies and program-mes, the UN and Agency representat-ives could not even agree on a com-mon conceptual framework !

This distinction should be contested onall possible occasions by NGOs, espe-cially in the context of the « restruct-uring » debate, and the all too fre-quent attempts by parts of the UNsystem to use NGOs in fighting irrel-evant internal battles should be expo-sed and resisted.

In particular, there is no part of theUN system which has a record to beproud of regarding meaningful youthparticipation, and if lYNGOs are tomake any progress on this issue, itmust be based on agreed principlesapplied throughout the UN system.

(3) See A/8743, paragraphs 12and 32 respectively.

(4) This request is in fact not the fullsum required, if representatives fromAfrica, Asia, Latin America and theMiddle East are to be assisted to parti-cipate in the Geneva Informal Meetingas fully as they should. It should alsobe compared with the $ 78,000 peryear in 1974 and 1975 for the 2ndand 3rd AHAG meetings.

The question has to be posed — if theUN was willing to spend that sum onan 'ad hoc' and unrepresentative con-sultative unit, which itself recognised"the fundamental need for an effectivechannel of communication to be devel-oped on a permanent and more repres-entative basis, how can the UN refuseto allocate a similar sum for the main-tenance and development of existingmachinery (the Geneva InformalMeeting), which has already demon-strated the potential to fulfil this role ?

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1975 601

This article (*) was specially written for « Profile », publishedby and for International Telephone and Telegraph Corpora-tion. European Headquarters, ITT Europe Inc. The purposeof the periodical, published quarterly in English, French.German and Spanish editions, is to provide a continuingprofile of ITT to counter information which is « prompted orcoloured by emotion — fear, hostility, suspicion ». The firsteditorial stated « Some may brand this publication as propa-ganda. We can only say that it is aimed at that sector ofopinion which, by its training and aptitude for critical ana-lysis, is least susceptible to propaganda and least likely-tohave its mind made up by others. We shall simply dig forfacts which are not readily available and let the reader drawhis own conclusions. The company is not a unique pheno-menon, and it cannot be isolated from its time or the worldaround it. Accordingly we shall include in Profile significantcontributions, by well-known authors and personalities, onissues which are important to us and, we hope, to our rea-ders »,

We reproduce this article from the current issue for severalreasons. Firstly because the discussion of an InternationalConference of Business Enterprises relates to our concernfor International Conferences of International Non-profitOrganizations; the motivation may be different, but the pres-sures to create such structures, and the problems of howthey work and relate to suspicious intergovernmental struc-tures, may have points of similarity.

The emergence of such a proposal into the open should bofollowed with careful attention :— because of its many implications— because the United Nations might welcome such a new

body as an NGO with which consultative relations couldbe established under Article 71 of the Charter (whereasthe U.N. Is most embarrassed at having to relate to in-dividual profit-making multinationals);

— because, if individual multinationals, or conferences ofmultinationals, were recognized as NGOs by the U.N.(and the Charter does not preclude this), those MemberStates hostile to non-profit NGOs might be quite happyto see the « social action » NGOs in the same bag as themultinationals;

— and because the United Nations might find it convenientto accord special privileges to multinationals through thenew Commission on Transnational Corporations at a timewhen the facilities accorded to NGOs are being eroded.Secondly, because it is the first periodical we have receivedwhich is written by a multinational enterprise (outside itshome country) and for a multinational audience. Thirdly,because we think that our readers should be aware of thisstrategy by a multinational to create a climate of opinion toenable it to move in a direction of structural modification ofthe international system. And finally, as with the first articlewhich we reproduced from « Profile » (see InternationalAssociations, no. 2, 1975, pages 85-88), which was also byC. Northcote Parkinson concerning the break-up of thenation-state system into semi-autonomous sub-regions, wefind it interesting that such themes should be chosen asissues important to ITT in particular in its thinking about thefuture.

Any system which allows multinational compagnies to work more smoothly with dif-ferent national interests must be good for business generally. A European House ofLords, in which multinationals would be represented, could be the answer, saysProfessor C. Northcote ParkinsonIn this article, specially written for « Profile » as part of the series that exploresthe realities of the multinationals, he advocates his personal views on transnationalharmony, above the level of everyday diplomacy or negotiation.

The world's first multinational industrywas the manufacture of dynamite. Thisbusiness was founded by Alfred Nobel(1833-96), the Swedish inventor of thatexplosive. Railway and shipping com-panies looked dubiously at this highlyunstable substance so that export planshad to be abandoned, dynamite beingmanufactured henceforth in each coun-try where it was wanted. The resultwas an industrial network which ignoredthe frontiers. What Nobel failed to in-vent was an organisation for controllinghis far-flung empire, which finally disin-tegrated, leaving the Nobel Peace Prizeas its slightly inconsequent tombstone.The problem of controlling a multina-

tional company was finally solved byMarcus Samuel, whose Royal DutchShell Group still flourishes, by Unilever(another Anglo-Dutch concern) and byNestlé of Switzerland. These examplesof a successful internationalism werefollowed by the American firms of DuPont, Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Pal-molive, Ford, Gillette, IBM, Heinz andITT.

Multinationals are now numbered inhundreds, many of them with mainEuropean offices in Brussels. They aregenerally useful, as most will admit,in spreading technological informationand managerial skill. They bring a

measure of prosperity to countrieswhich are not otherwise industrialisedand they are undoubtedly a major forceon the side of peace and against con-flict in any form.

They are also, however, a target forcriticism. They are accused, for example,of profiteering in drugs, the critics so-metimes failing to notice the cost ofresearch as apart from the cost ofsupply. They are accused, more vaguely,of representing a kind of neocolonialrule; an economic strangle hold insteadof a strict administration. One way andanother they attract a fair amount ofadverse comment.

(') No permission to reproduce this was required. « All

material in Profile is copyright, but may be reproduced freeof charge if source is credited ». We have reproduced Itfrom « Profile » (Brussels, ITT Europe), no. 5, Autumn 1975.


NGOs BEWARE ! Consultation dossier


No passport for the elephantVisiting the Kruger National Park, theauthor of this article was told by itschief executive that many of the diffi-culties with which he had to contendstemmed from the fact that the Parkboundaries did not enclose an ecolo-gical region. Within such a region themigrant forms of wild life have room tomove between summer and winter gra-zing shifting seasonally between thehills and the plain. But the bounda-ries of the National Park are all too Na-tional, fixed in one direction by privaterequest or government decision fixed inanother direction by the frontiers ofMozambique. Left to themselves, theelephants would not worry too muchabout passport formalities. As thingsare. some attempt must be made tokeep them within a merely politicalringfence, outside of which they haveno protection in law.Throughout the world at large, frontiershave been fixed and frozen by militaryand political accident. The areas thusfenced off are not ecological or econo-mic regions. Unrestricted trade wouldignore the customs barriers, flowing tothe best market by the shortest route,but there are a host of complex restric-tions by which the natural pattern isdistorted. In the web of restrainingfrontiers the multinational company isseen as the rogue elephant, ready totrample down the fence should it begiven the chance. National governmentsput much of their effort into ensuringthat the elephant's opportunity willnever come.The nation, unlike the multinationalcompany, was formed for the onepurpose of war. For administrative con-venience it is often too large. For eco-nomic purposes it is often too small.It uses the language of aggression anddefence, insisting upon its nationalsovereignty, hoisting its battletorn flag,defending its sacred soil, defying itstraditional enemies and playing itsnational anthem.Us more patriotic citizens apply the mi-litary metaphor to matters of commer-ce. They fear an invasion of foreignmerchandise. They resent an alienfirm's advertising campaign. They urgeeach other to buy only the goods whichbear the national emblem. They willendure siege conditions, if need be,and they will defend their own marketsto the last. To men of this sort, whosepatriotism is most deeply felt, themultinational company is, on the onehand, a hostile army and, on the otherhand, a sinister system of espionage.Using their patriotic language, we canthus talk of the American invasion ofEurope. In more muted tones we canmention the European counter-attackon America.In our saner moments, however, wemay come to see that much of thishysteria is beside the point. Our mistakehas been to accept a metaphor as areality. The terms we are using, fromaggressive salesmanship to economic

A PROFILE OF ITT BY ITT

from « Profile » (Autumn, 1975)

MULTINATIONALS:

THE OLDEST COMMON MARKET

Idealistically, the European Community (Common Market) represents an associa-tion of communities, designed to uphold general common interests. Currently,however, this bold concept is rift by differences — not only of opinion, but ofsectarian interests.Recession has stimulated many nationalistic instincts seldom much below thesurface, which are portrayed happily by the political cartoonists of all the membercountries. Thus one sees a Belgian and a Luxembourger saying of a British dele-gate, « He's as arrogant as the Germans, difficult as the French, volatile as theItalians, blunt as the Dutch, dour as the Danes and as contrary as the Irish, in fact,a true European ! »The attention of the nine member countries is in fact firmly fixed on their indivi-dual back yards. Home problems of inflation, « guest workers », unemployment andstrikes have given common aims (like economic and monetary union by 1980) avery low priority indeed.But all these negatives are only growing pains. Every large organisation with anysort of truly multinational impact has to suffer them... and the parallel between theCommon Market and multinationals is extra-ordinary.The main advantage that many multinationals have is that they fused together intoa workable organisation many decades ago, as is the case of ITT. Standard Elek-trik Lorenz, one of its German companies, was formed from the merger of Mix &Genest and C. Lorenz, which were established around 1880. ITT's main Belgiancompany, Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company, was set up in 1882. Its mainBritish company, Standard Telephones and Cables, came next in 1883, while inFrance G. Aboilard & Cie, later to become Le Matériel Téléphonique, opened in1889 and La Société Postel-Vinay (now La Compagnie Générale de ConstructionsTéléphoniques) was founded in 1892. The process of their fusion began whenSosthenes Behn set up the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation in1920.From the start, the company had a philosophy for international co-operationwhich was expressed in this 1920s statement (although the reference to commu-nications systems is today obsolete, ITT having long since withdrawn from tele-phone operating in Europe, the essential significance of the views expressed isStill valid to this day) : « The International Telephone and Telegraph Corporationwas organised to co-operate and assist technically and financially in the generaldevelopment of electrical communications in a broad international sense, and,with respect of the organisation and development of national communicationssystems, it is the purpose of the International Telephone and Telegraph Corpora-tion to develop truly national systems operated by the nationals of each countryin which the International Corporation is or may become interested ».International teamwork, which is currently bedevilling the Common Market, hasbeen a way of life at ITT in Europe from the very beginning. When, in 1927 forexample, ITT installed one of the first major rotary telephone exchanges in France.the Carnot exchange in Paris, the technicians working on the project includedBelgians, Britons. Danes, Norwegians. Hungarians and Australians, as well asFrenchmen. The policy of managing national companies by nationals has beenclosely adhered to, with very rare and temporary exceptions, to this day.This sort of experience bodes very well for a truly integrated Europe. Already anumber of close links have been quietly established (between businessmen,lawyers, accountants and academics) which have improved inter-national under-standing. People are moving around more freely than ever before, easily acceptingthe idea of open frontiers, free trade, mobility of labour and common laws.Those who think of themselves as « Europeans », who believe in the currentlyvisionary concept of a European Government, sharing in the common interest theresources now held by different nation states, can take heart. Time is on theirside — and the experience of the multinationals, the oldest Common Market, isthere to be drawn on.

surrender, are not really applicable tomatters of business. We are quitewrong to shudder at the names ofChase Manhattan or Westinghouse asif these represented so many hostilenations. The rogue elephant is notreally dangerous. The only trouble isthat he does not fit into the politicalframework in which we have come tobelieve.Against the multinational company thegist of the politician's complaint is thatit is unpatriotic. He means by this thatil is disloyal to national interests, asseen by him, and that it is a potentialsecurity risk. He assumes that Texacoand Goodyear represent the vanguardof American aggression. The fact is.however, that the multinational com-pany is much more what it would seemto be.Take BATA, for example, the manu-facturer of footwear. The firm was foun-ded originally in Czechoslovakia butmoved to Canada, where it is still based.There are now more than 100 companiesin the group, operating in over 40 diffe-rent countries, its 6,000 executivesbeing drawn from every country in theworld. The group's biggest sales arein India but would the government ofIndia be right to regard BATA as aninstrument of Canadian or Czechoslo-vak aggression ?Thomas Bata is an essentially interna-tional figure, spending half his life injet aircraft and all his energies on abusiness which covers the world. Itwould be as absurd to see him as aCanadian representative as it wouldbe to think him a communist spy. Thereal multinational company presidentlives in an economic world of his own,on a higher plane than that of nationalpolitics. He is ahead of the rest of usin thinking already of the world as one.

A House of Lords for Europe

In some ways people in the MiddleAges would seem to have been morepractical than we are to-day. A typicalmedieval institution is the British Houseof Lords; essentially a gathering ofpeople thought to be useful, still morea gathering of people it would bedangerous to ignore. It included almostfrom the beginning the leading soldiers,financiers and judges. It included bis-hops and mitred abbots who were atleast partly international in character.

It included the larger landowners, thebig businessmen of the day, and itstradition has been to recruit (as timehas gone on) a variety of people whoare thought to be important, from theowners of newspapers to the brewersof beer. The House sets an examplewhich should not be wasted on a worldwhich is moving, hesitantly, awayfrom nationalism. The United Nationsis probably a false start on the wronglines but we see more hopeful organi-

sations, the EEC being one and NATOperhaps another. What Europe wouldseem to want, following the Britishexample, is a European House of Lords,a non-elected assembly of people whoare important in themselves.This would be the gathering in whichthe multinational companies should,ideally, be represented. It would not beworldwide but it would cover, in time,the one continent and might serve toharmonise its relationships with inter-national big business. When other con-tinents followed suit there would be.throughout the world, a more viablesystem of commerce and finance.There would be. apart from that, aforum in which some important mattersmight be discussed. Two matters wouldcome high on the agenda. One mightbe a code of conduct to be observedby multinational companies — and na-tional governments. Another would bethe dangers inherent in polluting thesea and sky.We are all familiar with the view thatmanagement should be « responsible »,but this is possible only within rathernarrow limits. For the company's aimsare laid down in its articles of associa-tion and the general welfare of man-kind is not among them. The duties ofthe directors are precisely defined anda wide interpretation of those dutieswould not even be legal. Could therebe an appeal to the shareholders ?There could be nothing of the kind.Half the shareholders are institutions,bound by their several terms of re-ference. Many are trustees, respon-sible for incomes payable to widowsand orphans, foundations and charities.There is no way of transforming a com-pany into something totally different.There are ways, however, in which itspolicies can be modified and theseare proper subjects of discussion be-tween the companies themselves. Ifone company is to forego the ad-vantage which might result from a cer-tain technique, its directors need to beassured that other companies, inother parts of the world, have agreedto do the same. This sort of agreementis not to be reached at a local politicallevel. The agreement has to be regionalor global, above the level of every-daydiplomacy or negotiation. There aregrounds for thinking that a code ofconduct is needed and that it mightderive, in the first instance, from aEuropean House of Lords.

The long arm of the multinationals

Then there is the threat of pollution. Itis the peculiarity of this danger that itcannot be tackled at the national level.

Countries round the Mediterranean areall pouring sewage and chemical eff-luent into that sea. Any one countrycould ban this practice so far as itsown coasts are concerned, but nonehas authority over the rest. As for the

crime committed by the supertanker, itmay be committed on the high seas,beyond the jurisdiction of any court andoutside the accepted definition of piracy.Voices are raised in protest againstpollution, but little is achieved. So faras pollution is concerned, mankindwould seem to be on a collision coursewith destiny.But a part at least of the pollutionmight be prevented by agreement be-tween the multinational companies, fortheirs is an authority which goes beyondthe nationi frontier. Their orders godirectly to the ships themselves. AEuropean Conference of Big Businesscould do much and a World Conferencecould do more. Far from looking withjealousy at the rogue elephants, weshould encourage them to meet to-gether and elect a chairman. Theyhave a great part to play, partly as aninfluence on the side of peace, butstill more as the group which couldbest enforce some fairly elementaryrules of conduct.Of one thing we can be certain and itis this : that any attempt by nationalgovernments to break up the multina-tional companies, bringing them downto the merely national level, would bea major disaster for the world. In asignificant article of recent date, Dr.Rainer Hellman pointed out that thenation states feel more and more po-werless in relation to the multinationals.He goes on to suggest that their re-medy is to strengthen their regionalgroupings as between the countriesof the EEC, the Andean Pact or Come-con (in East Europe) and so confrontthe multinational companies with anagreed policy for a given region.He finally suggested that the multina-tionals should themselves be in favourof such a policy because the alterna-tive would be to multiply controls ineach individual state. There is much inthis argument to command respect, butthe sequel should surely be a corres-ponding organisation of the companiesthemselves. They would gain moreattention if they were to speak with asingle voice. •

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?* The executives of the world cor-porations are the natural new leadersof a peaceful, humane world. In 1500the papacy lost its dominance overmen's minds; in the 1960s the lea-ders of the nation-states have a/sosuffered a dramatic decline in con-fidence and power. The new worldleaders are the creative executivesof world corporations ».From Global problem solving - a newcorporate mission, by Arthur Barber,published in • Innovation », no. 15(Oct.) 1970.


POLITICS AND TRADITIONImpressions of the Mexico Conference and Tribune

for the International Women's Year

by Susan TraillThe Mexico Conference for Internatio-nal Women's Year has been criticizedin the general press for being too poli-tical, too disorganized, and in the caseof the developed world press, too ThirdWorld oriented. In most cases a kinderparagraph or two rounds off a general-ly caustic appraisal. What has it allachieved ?1GO reports are more positive, almostpropagandist in their applause for theevent. It does seem to have beensomething of a star-studded occasion,almost in the style of an Ascot or theParrs fashion season. It was a chancefor Mrs. Sadat and Mrs. Rabin to walkout on each other's speeches, a mee-ting ground of Princes and Princessesfrom far-away places : an historic andmemorable event. The mixing of suchhigh-level company surely augers wellfor future national developments. It issurprising too that international jour-nalists by-passed the opportunity ofsuch excellent copy for their columnsin a cloud of mere sarcasm.NGO reports also tend to be buoyant,idealistic, hopeful, although NGO par-ticipation in the Conference throughthe Tribune and amendments proposedto the Draft Plan for Action was checkedto an absolute minimum. One associa-tion comments how it was pleased thatmany governmental amendments whichwere adopted approximated to theirown proposals, since theirs were notaccepted. Another NGO delegate com-mented how irritating she found thestatement of the President of the Con-ference, Pedro Ojeda Paullada, thatnothing new was being said at the Tri-bune. She also expressed the view thatit was a bad point, if only symbolically,that a man should have been chosenas President of this particular Confe-rence.It serves to illustrate certain of thestructural weaknesses in the Mexicofabric. In bending over backwards notto be unfair to men (equality); in deci-ding beforehand that women do notnave problems of their own, only pro-blems of bunder-development; and indeciding that women are fundamental-ly different apart from their biological

function, ie that they are peaceful (amisnomer), the organizers of the Con-ference left the widest possible marginfor dissention and digression. Otherfactors contributed to create schismswhich should not have occurred if thedebate had focussed proprely onwomen's issues.To individuals, the phenomenon of aUN world Conference with attendant

NGO Tribune can be totally confusing.Yet such individuals are often highlyinvolved in activities at a national leveland can contribute much through theirexperience. If the action and fine re-solutions are to continue into effect,then support from both individuals andNGOs is essential.6,000 women, many from NGOs, butalso many taking part in an individual


Photo : Lydia Horton

capacity, attended the Tribune, Thismade the Tribune attendance aboutthree times that of the Conference.Since it is by definition less formal thanthe Conference, the importance ofgood basic organization cannot beoveremphasized; and for this purposean adequate budget. Both were lacking.The budget allotted for the Conferencewas less than one third that allowed forBucharest. The Mexico Tribune suffe-red similarly. In addition to this, thevenue was changed from Bogota toMexico City only six months beforethe Conference was due to open. Ad-vance information and advance semi-nars, such as those where the DraftPlan of Action was established, werefewer and the seminars more compres-sed than those either for Population orthe lavish outlay on Habitat currentlyin full swing. The Conference dateswere set back twice, thus cutting downthe already minimal preparation time.Although the Tribune was held at thesame time and in the same city, it wasnot held in the same place. When theConference President said that nothingnew was being said at the Tribune, itseems indicative of a predeterminedattitude not to take the Tribune acti-vities into consideration. If the UN hadgenuinely sought an information effectfrom the Tribune, it would have en-couraged the Mexican authorities toset up both Conference and Tribune onwhat surely must be one of the world'slargest university campuses, instead ofseparating them by five miles of urbanpandemonium. By pushing the Tribuneinto the background, it ensured thatthere would be no counter-balance tothe political debate. Some individualparticipants felt that in Mexico, theMachismo empire, all Tribune partici-pants were viewed with suspicion bythe authorities, as * a bunch of wildmadcap women ». Protected from thisunruly mob, the political arena of theConference was tempered by yet anot-her factor, that of the Mexican desireto take a more prominent place in UNaffairs.

The site of Mexico City expressed initself a political element, that of theemerging Third World. At the sametime it epitomized the key sublimationof the women's issue to that of develop-ment. Yet, despite this, the majority ofthe Third World, Asia, was under-re-presented at the Conference becauseof inaccessibility. One post-Conferencereport stressed the urgent need for asimilar conference to be held in Asia.

Most of the ad hoc participants, na-turally enough, came from the twoAmericas, producing a head-on politi-cal collision between developed anddeveloping countries. This mainly affec-ted the Tribune, but spread from thereto the Conference. Copies of the DraftPlan of Action were virtually unobtai-nable at the Tribune. Amendments couldonly be made after studying it. Women

from developed countries, with easieraccess to documentation in their owncountries and sometimes with moresupport from their national delegations,were able to read the Plan and takepart in the drafting of amendments,whereas those from developing coun-tries were less able to do so. Thiscaused accusations of political mani-pulation on the part of the developedcountries, which culminated in an al-most riot scene on the last day of theConference. Had the basic documen-tation been adequately organized, andsurely the Draft Plan was the essentialdocument, this situation would not havearisen.The work of the Tribune, including itsown programme of discussions andconsideration of the Draft Plan of Ac-tion, could have been linked to thework of the Conference, if the Tribunehad not been relegated to a backwater.NGOs and individuals represented acomplete range of opinions, religiousto political, progressive to conserva-tive. An example of the contrasts to befound : the presence of the Interna-tional Planned Parenthood Federationand an anti-abortion group. However,the stimulus of this rich gathering of dif-ferent views was wasted while the Confer-ence indulged itself in political wrang-

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I

I

lings far removed from women's issues,or the practical effectuation and resultsof women's equality. The curbing ofthis political tide and redirection ofattention onto women's problems wasmainly due to the efforts of ElizabethReid (Australia) and Françoise Giroud(France), who also drew attention tothe NGO and Tribune contribution. Incontrast to the Conference, the Tribuneexpressed essentially the female pointof view through its complete spectrum,represented in the long-establishedwomen's NGOs and women's sectionsof NGOs, concerned and coping withdifferent women's and world problemsin different ways, and in feminist orga-nizations and individuals, taking a moremilitant approach. Debates were oftenheated. They were also politically in-volved. This seemed inescapable owingto the tenor of the Conference, the site,the ad hoc participants, and the themesof equality, development and peace.However, when the discussion centredaround the problems women face aswomen, politics fell into the background,and agreement could be reached. Thishappened during two sessions heldconcerning the organization of a Tri-bunal in Brussels next year on crimesagainst women - the injustices thatwomen face as human beings.


This was one of only two notice boards provided at the Tribunefor 6000 women.

Considering the heavy political over-tones of the Conference, the achieve-ments embodied in the Plan of Actionfinally adopted, are remarkable. SomeTribune participants commented on thebasic soundness of the Draft Plan,which in many places only needed moreemphatic wording rather than actualamendments. Despite this 894 amend-ments were presented to the Confe-rence, mostly from governmental dele-gations, since there was little or notime to consider NGO amendments.The contents of the Plan hinge on threemain points : education, employmentand participation in decision-making.These excellent principles alreadysound a little rhetorical, rather liketheir abundant forerunners producedby the United Nations Commission onthe Status of Women for the past 30years. The politicization of the debateensured that the minimum of time wasgiven to discussion of how these goalsshould be achieved in practice. Yet itwas agreed that in spite of the recogni-tion of the principle of equality betweenmen and women by national govern-ments, progress in achieving this hadbeen slow. One item of the Plan callsfor parity in the exercise of civil, socialand political rights such as those per-taining to marriage, citizenship andcommerce. However, this point isscarcely stressed; it is difficult to pickit out from a welter of high-soundingbut vaguely worded demands for grea-ter literacy, equal opportunities in edu-cation and employment, etc. But whereis the incentive for a woman to makethe effort to educate herself better toobtain better working conditions, or for a goverment to make this effort for her,if she is still dependent on a man as« head of the household > under civillaw ? Will this man allow her to bebetter educated or to have a job equalto his ? Another point calls for theneed to recognize the economic valueof women's work in the home, in do-mestic food production and in marke-ting... « not traditionally remunerated ».Here lies a possible incentive for go-vernments to provide better educationfor women, but not to ensure thembetter employment nor a more equalstatus under the law. There is no sug-gestion that men should perhaps sharein some of these non-remuneratedtasks, or that the tasks in themselvesshould be remunerated.An article defining the purpose ofInternational Women's Year said thatit was to establish what women areand what they should be now and inthe future. It seems that the MexicoConference was more interested in the« should be » than the . are ». This hasbeen the bane of women for millenia.It is out-of-keeping with the approachtaken at other world conferences inother UN Years. Why make an excep-tion for women ? The women themsel-ves did not choose to make this change.The UN by its own admission is male-dominated and practices discrimina-

tion against woman. Women in variouscapacities were available for consulta-tion at the Tribune, but the opportunitywas excluded.The sad fact of social change is thatit has been so slow. It is only now thatit is seen to adversely affect economicchange, that governments are prepa-red to « intensify their efforts » towardsmore equality for women. It was per-haps too much to expect any radicaloutcome from the Mexico Conference,but this in fact is what was needed.

Thirty years is too long to wait for theequality promised in the UN Charterand by the Commission on the Statusof Women. However, the only means ofchecking the concrete results of thefine resolutions of the Plan of Actionwill be a follow-up Conference to beheld in 1980. This was proposed byPrincess Ashraf of Iran and acceptedby the UN. A Tribune proposal for acontinuing UN study group to monitordevelopments was quashed.

The Conference recognized and nor-malized more key demands than femi-nists thought possible, both in the Planof Action and in supplementary resolu-tions against the « degrading exploita-tion of women as sex symbols and ins-truments of economic interests by cer-tain media », against the discrimina-tion against women within the UnitedNations system itself, and in favour ofencouraging national governments toinclude women delegates at interna-tional meetings. However, in the poli-ticization of the debates and the UN'sand Mexico's fear of non-governmen-tal women, the dynamic value of thisevent was lost. As Alvin Toffler remar-ked at the day panel discussion on« Women and Men : the Next 25 Years

(held at UN Headquarters on 7 March1975) :« the women's movement is extremelyimportant because it can help forcenew ideas into the political arena thathave not yet been seen. It can helpalter the power balance generally be-tween the technocrats and the politicalpowers that nominally exist and thoseeconomic groups that don't share inpower at all ».Such politics would have been viableat Mexico, but politics arrived at asthe natural result of redressing an eco-nomic and social imbalance. The im-plications of this kind of politics areequally radical for developing and de-veloped countries alike; but to equatewomen's problems with those of theThird World is a bad comparison andvery misleading. These problems donot disappear with a higher standardof living, nor with socialism, they merelychange costume and mask. The poli-tics of Mexico was not that of thewomen's movement, nor did it offeranything new even on non-women'stopics. It was traditional, male in cha-racter, unequal in its distinctions, andwill not have furthered peace withinthe existing system. However, apartfrom the politics, women participantsseemed to feel satisfied that as muchas possible had been achieved giventhe circumstances. The main value ofthe Conference and the Tribune, par-ticularly from an NGO and individualparticipant viewpoint, appears to havebeen the contact effecutated betweenwomen from all over the world. Thiscontact provided an exchange of infor-mation and experience which is theessential base for the understanding ofwomen's problems worldwide, andwithout which effective action cannotbe taken. •


Ecosystems

On the initiative of the United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP), theFAO, UNESCO and InternationalUnion for Conservation of Nature andNatural Resources (IUCN) have agreedin Merges (Switzerland) July 1975 toform an Ecosystem ConservationGroup to help coordinate their effortsrelating to nature conservation andecosystem conservation in particular.Ecosystem conservation — the ecolo-gical management of whole communit-ies of plants and animals, together withtheir non-living environment, for exam-ple in national parks and equivalentreserves — is generally regarded as thelinchpin of international nature con-servation. As such, by safeguarding astock of each nation's inventory ofplant and animal resources, it playsa crucial part in development TheEcosystem Conservation Group willmeet several times a year to examinegeneral issues as well as specific projectsand specific country situations.Broadly, the roles of the four organ-izations in this field are :UNEP — to facilitate co-operation andstimulate action;IUCN — to identify problem areasrequiring attention;UNESCO — research, education andscientific training;FAO — management and training atprofessional and technical levels.The Group intends to achieve its ob-jectives through a problem-orientedapproach rather than an organization-oriented approach. By discussion ofprojects and programmes, agreementwill be reached on specific tasks foraction by each of the organizations.Un Groupe de Conservation des Eco-systèmes est créé par les quatre plusimportantes organisations internatio-nales traitant de la conservation de lanature : l'UNEP, l'UlCN, la FAO etl'UNESCO,

Technologie des Conférences

L'Association internationale de tech-nologie des conférences dont la créa-tion avait été envisagée lors du 5e con-grès sur l'organisation des congrès, àBarcelone en 1970, vient d'être consti-

tuée officiellement en Belgique parArrêté Royal du 4 juillet 1975.On trouvera de plus amples informa-tions dans la rubrique « Congressalia »parue dans notre numéro de novembre.Le Secrétaire général est M. P. Loose,Schildersstraat 41, B-2000 Antwerpen.Tél. 031-38.98.32 p. 94.The International Association for Con-férence Technology has been foundedin Belgium.

Ex-Lib ris

A San Juan, Porto-Rico, vient de sefonder une association internationalede l'ex-libris (Asociacion Internacionaldel ex-libris) pour grouper les institu-tions qui en favorisent l'usage et lespersonnes qui réalisent ou collection-nent les ex-libris. Le but de l'associa-tion est de promouvoir l'art de l'ex-libris, de réaliser des œuvres éducati-ves, artistiques, culturelles, et de pro-mouvoir l'usage de l'ex-libris dans lesbibliothèques privées et publiques,nationales et internationales. Le prési-dent de cette nouvelle association estM. Antonio J. Molina (Apartado Postal1361, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00902).The International Association of theBookplate has just been founded in SanJuan, Porto Rico.

Social innovation

Mankind 2000 and the « Centre d'étu-de des conséquences générales des gran-des techniques nouvelles » are theinitiators of the International Foundat-ion for Social Innovation, which offic-ially came into existence in May 1975.This foundation is directed towardsindividuals and organizations who wishto promote and implement action lead-ing to social innovation. Its aims atbeing : a meeting place and a centerfor initiative, a center for the analysis,implementation and measurement ofsocial experimentation. The Foundat-ion will develop an information andexchange system made up of variousinterrelated elements : a system forprotecting social « software », a dynam-ic social innovation data bank, an infor-mation system, an annual report onthe « state of social innovation ». The

Foundation hopes to hold an interna-tional Forum in 1977 which is to beintended to be a showplace for internat-ional models or prototypes. (20 rueLafirte, F-75009 Paris. Tel. 770.91.44).La Fondation internationale de l'inno-vation sociale créée en mai 1975 áParis se propose d'être un centre derencontre et de confrontation des ini-tiatives ainsi qu'un centre d'étude demise en place et de mesure de l'expé-rimentation sociale.

Directeurs d'hôpitaux

Créée en 1970, l'Association euro-péenne des directeurs d'hôpitaux tien-dra son premier congrès au Palais descongrès de Strasbourg en mai 1976.L'Association groupe actuellement 14pays membres. Elle est présidée parM. Halbout (France). Le conseil d'ad-ministration comprend en outre les per-sonnalités suivantes : Vice-présidents :Dr François Kohler (Suisse), RudolfTornar (Autriche), James Fraser Milne(UK); Assesseurs : Hans Christensen(Danemark), Dr Luciano Girardi (Ita-lie), Maurits van Oyen (Belgique). LeSecrétaire général est M. Erwin Prévôt,2 Quai St Nicolas, 67000 Strasbourg.Tel (88) 36.71.11.The European Assocation of HospitalAdministrators founded in 1970 willhold its first congress in Strasbourg,May 1976.

Dissolution

Le Comité d'Action pour les Etats-Unis d'Europe (Annuaire n° 4) a étédissous le 9 mai 1975.The Action Committee for a UnitedStates of Europe (Yearbook n° 4) hasbeen dissolved on 9 May 1975.

Development

in March 1973, concerned individualscoming from the principal religio-cqul-tural groups in Asia — Buddhists, Hin-dus, Muslims and Christians — cametogether at Bangkok, Thailand. Therethey formed the nucleus of an Asia-Wide coalition on Development. Theinformal association that resulted fromthat March 1973 Conference was var-


lousty called : the Asian Inter-CulturalForum on Development and Justice(March-December 1973); then, theAsian Cultural Forum on Develop-ment (December 1973-May 1974), andfinally, the Asian Religious and Cul-tural Forum on Development (May1974-June 1975). On 6 June 1975, theinformal association became a fully-fledged regional (nongovernmental)organization and adopted the name :ACFOD - Asian Cultural Forum onDevelopment. (Please note that thisNGO is defining itself as an « extra-governmental organization »). Itsmembers are individuals and organ-izations from the countries of Asia andthe Pacific involved in social action,research and communication.ACFOD aims to bring together per-sons and groups from the region intoa movement which participates in inte-gral development. This includes thesocio-economic and religio-culturaladvancement of peoples. It seeks tostimulate the formation of viable com-munities in a way that translates thecultural values and forces of develop-ment into programmes. Through suchprogrammes, power and decision-mak-ing are shared by the participants at alllevels, helping them to organize them-selves for their own advancement.ACFOD will foster research into local,national and international problemsand obstacles to integral development.The ACFOD's governing body, calledthe Council, is composed of two re-presentatives of all the ordinary mem-bers of ACFOD in each country. TheACFOD Co-ordinating team is madeup of one Co-ordinator and five othermembers. The Co-ordinator electedfrom 6 June 1975 is Stanislaus Fer-nando from Sri Lanka. (ACFOD,Room 201, Siri Building, 399/1 SoiSiri, Off Silom Road, Bangkok, Thai-land).Le Forum culturel asiatique pour ledéveloppement a été officiellementcréé le 6 juin 1975 à Bangkok. Il sedéfinit lui-même comme une organi-sation régionale « extra-gouvernemen-tale > groupant individus et organisa-tions des pays d'Asie et du Pacifique,impliqués dans l'action sociale, la re-cherche et la communication. La phi-losophie fondamentale de l'ACFODest de considérer les problèmes del'injustice sociale et économique auplan national et au plan transnationalcomme un fait d'ordre essentiellementmoral.

L'étain

Une conférence des Nations-Unies surretain a adopté le 21 juin 1975 à Ge-nève un nouvel Accord sur l'Etain.C'est le cinquième : le Premier Accordsur l'Etain avait couvert la période1956-61, le Deuxième les années 1961à 1966, le Troisième 1966 à 1971, leQuatrième 1971 à 1976. Le CinquièmeAccord est ouvert à la signature des

gouvernements, au siège des NationsUnies, jusqu'au 30 avril 1976. Il en-trera en vigueur le 1er juillet 1976,après l'expiration de l'Accord existantet ce, pour une période de cinq ans.L'Accord a pour objet d'empêcher lesfluctuations excessives du prix del'étain, de contribuer à augmenter lesrecettes d'exportation tirées de retainet d'assurer un approvisionnement suf-fisant en étain, à des prix équitablespour les consommateurs et rémunéra-teurs pour les producteurs (Annuairen° 2632).The Fifth International Tin Agreem-ent was adopted in Geneva on 21 June1975 and will come into force on1 July 1976.

L'Unité africaine

La treizième Conférence des Ministresdu Travail des pays membres de l'Or-ganisation de l'Unité Africaine s'esttenue à Libreville du 24 au 30 mars1975. Les délégués ont demandé quela conférence devienne une institutionspécialisée de l'OUA. A cet effet, laprochaine session de la conférence quiaura lieu à Freetown en mars 1976,sera saisie d'un rapport sur l'opportu-nité de la création d'une organisationafricaine du travail, et d'un projetd'amendement de la charte de l'OUAen ce sens. Ils ont également décidéd'institutionnaliser le Congrès africainde prévention des risques profession-nels dont la première réunion a eu lieuà Alger en novembre 1974.Delegates at the Thirteenth Conferenceof Employment Ministers from OUAmember countries have proposed thatthe Conference should become a spec-ialized agency of the OUA (Organiza-tion of African Unity).

Weightlifting

An Arab Weightlifting Federation hasbeen formed with headquarters in Bei-rut The officers elected are the fol-lowing : President M. Alaywan (Leba-non); 1st Vice-President A.K. Radi(Egypt); 2nd Vice-president M.S. Me-dailal (Syria); Secretary General M.Kaissi (Lebanon); Assistant SecretaryA. Sauri (Egypt). (Address : Mr M.Alaywan, President FAH, rue MadhatPacha, Ramel El-Zarif, Beirut, Le-banon.)Une fédération arabe d'haltérophiliea été créée avec siège à Beyrouth.

Navigation

An International Association of Instit-utes of Navigation has been formedwith its headquarters at the Royal Ins-titute of Navigation in London, tocoordinate the activities of Navigationinstitutes throughout the world. Thefounder members are the institutesin the United Kingdom, France, Italy,USA, Japan and Australia. The first

President is Professor P. Hugon,Secretary General of the French Insti-tute of Navigation and the SecretaryGeneral is M. W. Richey, Director ofthe Royal Institute of Navigation. TheInstitutes have fruitfully cooperated ina number of tasks over the past fewyears, the most notable of which wasperhaps work which led to the introduc-tion of marine traffic separation schem-es throughout the world.Une association internationale des in-stituts de navigation a été créée àLondres.

Responsabilité scientifique

A l'initiative de M. Robert Mallet,Chancelier des Universités de Paris,un groupe d'hommes de science s'estréuni il y a quelques mois à la Sor-bonne pour constituer le MouvementUniversel de la responsabilité scienti-fique. Les objectifs du Mouvementsont tes suivants : établir un forum per-manent où les hommes de science etde culture se réuniront et se concerte-ront avec d'autres personnes intéresséespour mettre en évidence et discuter lesproblèmes qui peuvent résulter pourl'humanité du développement de lascience et de ses applications; inciterà une prise de conscience générale desquestions qui se posent à la société età ses membres en confrontant les éva-luations des bienfaits et les risques dece développement; stimuler une ré-flexion prospective rigoureuse surl'homme et la planète et sur les mesu-res à prendre dès aujourd'hui pour ga-rantir leur avenir. (M. Robert Mallet,Sorbonne, 47 rue des Ecoles, 75224Parts Cedex 05.)A group of scholars meeting in Parishas decided to set up a world movem-ent for scientific responsibility.

Documentation

An agreement between Unesco andEgypt setting up a Centre for SocialScience Research and Documentationin the Arab States was signed on 23 Oc-tober 1974. The Centre is located inCairo and will receive financial assis-tance from Unesco and the Egyptiangovernment Us function will be topromote co-operation between docum-entation and research institutions inthe region, and to collect and dissem-inate information paying special atten-tion to social science methodology.Un Centre de recherche et de docu-mentation en sciences sociales pour lespays arabes a été créé au Caire parune convention entre l'Unesco et legouvernment égyptien.

ArchitectureLe 12e congrès de l'Union internatio-nale des architectes tenu à Madrid enmai 1975 a adopté plusieurs résolutions


et recommandations. L'une de celles-ci suggère la création sous les auspicesde l'Union d'un centre mondial d'in-vestigation et d'information, destiné à :donner les orientations pour les pro-grammes d'enseignement et d'exer-cice de l'architecture. Cataloguer, sim-plifier et diffuser les programmes desbesoins humains et les techniques deréalisation. Définir une prospectivedes besoins humains afin d'anticiperla solution des problèmes futurs et dé-velopper les disciplines d'extrapola-tion qui aideront l'architecte à s'orien-ter vers de nouvelles solutions.

A proposal to set up a world researchand information center for architec-ture under the auspices of the Inter-national Union of Architects has beensubmitted to the 12th IUA world con-gress in Madrid.

Languages

The inaugural congress of the WestAfrican Modern Languages Association(Association des langues vivantes pourl'Afrique occidentale — ALVAO) washeld 31 March — 6 April 1975, inIbadan, Nigeria. The headquarters ofthe Association is located at the IbadanUniversity.

Sport médical

Un match de rugby âprement disputéle 17 mars 1968, entre des médecinsde plus de 30 ans de ta région de Bé-liers (France) et des dentistes de lamême région est à l'origine de la créa-tion d'une association internationale.En effet, le profit de ce match devaitêtre attribué à la recherche cancérolo-gique; plus de 5.000 spectateurs assis-tèrent à la rencontre et laissèrent auxguichets plus de 20.000 FF. Des pra-ticiens d'autres régions de France imi-tèrent cette initiative dans d'autres dis-ciplines sportives. Bientôt des contactsfurent pris avec l'étranger, en premierlieu avec la Grande-Bretagne. Le 21 fé-vrier 1970 la Fédération internationaledu sport médical pour l'aide à la re-cherche cancérologique — FISMARCétait née. Actuellement le Comité in-ternational comprend 21 pays. Le butde la FISMARC est de subventionnerla recherche médicale de pointe, enrassemblant tous les médecins, phar-maciens, dentistes, vétérinaires, leurfamille et les étudiants en ces discipli-nes, au cours de compétitions spor-tives, artistiques ou culturelles. (Châ-teau des Templiers, B.P. 231, F-34502Béziers).

An international federation of medicalsport for cancer research set up in Bé-ziers (France) now has members in21 countries.


YEARBOOK OFINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1975

7th SUPPLEMENTChanges of address and/or name

#47American College of Chest PhysiciansCollège américain de médecine thoracique

Dir exec Dr. A. Softer, 911 Busse Highway,Park Ridge, Illinois 60068 USA.

#114Association for the Taxonomic Study of Tropical Afri-can FloraAssociation pour l'étude taxonomique de ta flore d'a-frique

SG Prof. G. Kunkel, Laboratorio de Botanica,Excmo. Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria, LasPalmas, Canary Us., Spain.

#194 (new name)World Scout Bureau.

#380Commonwealth Society for the DeafSociété du Commonwealth pour les sourds

Sec Mrs. N.F. Reid, 83 Kinnerton street,London 8ED SWIX UK.

#428 (changement d'adresse et de titre)Fédération européenne des syndicats d'entreprisesd'isolation

10 rue du Débarcadère, F - 75852 Paris Ce-dex 17

#500EEC Graphic Arts Industries GroupGroupement des fédérations des industries graphiquesdans les Communautés Européennes

40 Square Ambiorix, Bte 48, B - 1040 Bruxel-les. Tel. 736.90.90 Tx 23 197 EUROF

#585European Association of Training Programmes inHospital and Health Services AdministrationAssociation européenne des programmes de forma-tion d'administrateurs des hôpitaux et services sani-taires

c/o King's Fund Emergency Bed Service,28 London Bridge Street, London SEI 9SGUK.

#631European Committee for StandardizationComité européen de normalisation

SG H J Worch, Boulevard de l'Empereur 5,B- 1000 Bruxelles. Tel. 513.55.64.

7e SUPPLEMENTChangements d'adresse et/ou de nom

#696European Confederation of Postal and Telecommuni-cations AdministrationsConférence européenne des administrations despostes et des télécommunicationsS - 105 00 Stockholm

#819European Organization for Civil Aviation ElectronicsOrganisation européenne pour l'équipement électro-nique de l'aviation civile

SG J. David, 11 rue Hamelin. F-75783 ParisCedex 16.

#840European Regional Clearing House for CommunityWorkCentre régional européen pour le développementcommunautaire

c /o N.I.M.O., Havensingel 8, Den Bosch,Holland. Tel. 073-13.72.95.

#864European Society of PathologySociété européenne de pathologie

Treas Prof Dr G.J.V. Swaen. Medical FacultyHospital St. Annadal, Lab. of PathologyMaastricht, Pays Bas

#1064Interamerican Confederation of Catholic EducationConfédération interaméricaine d'éducation catholiqueCalle 78, 12-16, ofc. 101. Apartado aéreo90036, Bogota 8, D.E., Colombia.

#1101Inter-American Society of PhilosophySociété inter-américaine de philosophie

SG Gerardo Marin. Apartado Aéreo 32501,Bogota, Colombia S.A.

#1299International Association of LaryngectomeesAssociation internationale de ceux qui ont subi lalaryngectomîe

Exec Sec Jack L. Ranney, 777 3rd Ave.,New York NY 10017 USA.

#1318International Association of Music LibrariesAssociation internationale des bibliothèques musi-cales

SG Anders Lönn, Svenskt musikhistorisktarkiv, Strandvägen 82. S-115 27 Stockholm.


#1320International Association of Oral SurgeonsAssociation internationale des chirurgiens de labouche

SG Dr. Jorgen Rud, Knabrostraede 3,DK-1210 Copenhagen.

#1370International Association of Women and Home PageJournalistsAssociation internationale des journalistes de la presseféminine et familiale

SG c/o I P C, Boulevard Charlemagne, 1,B - 1040 Bruxelles

#1396International Bar AssociationAssociation internationale du barreau

Headquarters 93 Jermyn street, LondonSWIY 6JE - UK.

#1628International Committee on Alcohol, Drugs and TrafficSafetyComité international d'études des effets des droguessur la sécurité routière

Sec Prof M. Vamosi, Box 6016,S-900 06 Umea 6.

#1656International Confederation of Art DealersConfédération internationale des négociants enœuvres d'art

Siège social 27 rue Ernest Allard,B-1000 Bruxelles.

Pres c/o Syndical National des Antiquaires,Négociants en Œuvres d'Art, Tableaux an-ciens et modernes, 11 rue Jean Mermoz,F-75008 Paris

#1683 (nouveau nom)International Catholic Conference of ScoutingConférence internationale catholique du scoutismeInternationale Katholische Konferenz des Pfadfinder-turnsConferencia Internacional Catolica de Escultismo

#1763International Council of WomenConseil international des femmes

European Centre Mrs Irmgard Bonn, Admiral-Scheerstr. 5, D - 44 Munster.

#1788International Dental FederationFédération dentaire internationale

Registered Office 165 Avenue de Jette,B - 1090 Bruxelles

#1845International Federation of Adult Rural Catholic Mo-vementsFédération internationale des mouvements d'adultesruraux catholiques

Rue Africaine 92, B - 1050 Bruxeltes.

#1861International Federation of Audit Bureaus of Circula-tionsFédération internationale des bureaux de justificationde la diffusion

SG R. Sala-Balust, Sainz de Baranda 35,Madrid 9, Spain

#1873International Federation of Camping and Caravan-ningFédération internationale de camping el de caravan-ning

Pres Boite postale 955, 44 rue d'Arenberg,B - 1000 Bruxelles

#2030International Federation of the Societies of ClassicalStudiesFédération internationale des associations d'étudesclassiques

SG rue de Vermont 26, CH 1202 Geneva

#2040International Federation of Wholesalers, Importersand Exporters in Automobile FittingsFédération internationale des grossistes importateurset exportateurs en fournitures automobiles

Exec Sec 10 rue Pergolèse, F 75116 Paris

#2049International Fellowship of Former Scouts and GuidesAmitié internationale des scouts et guides adultes

SG Rue Major René Dubreucq, 25, B-1050Bruxelles

#2130International Institute for Education StudiesInstitut international d'études sur l'éducation

Managing Bruxelles Boite 7, Avenue desArts, 1-2, B-1040 Bruxelles

#2244International Marketing FederationFédération internationale du marketing

SG Mr. Erik Nielsen, Toldbodgade 19B,DK-1253 Copenhagen K

#2322International Organization of EmployersOrganisation internationale des employeurs

26 chemin de Joinville, CH-1216 Genève.Tel. (022) 98.16.16. C, Employers.

#2337International Paleontological UnionUnion paléontologique internationale

SG Prof G.E.G. Westermann, Department ofGeology, McMaster University, Hamilton,Ontario L8S 4MI Canada.

#2355International Philatelic FederationFédération internationale de philatélie

SG Ch. Rousseau, Foyer de la Philatélie,38 rue du Curé, Luxembourg, G.D.

#2385International Psycho-Analytical AssociationAssociation psychanalytique internationale

Sec Prof Daniel Widlöcher, 39 Avenue deVersailles, F-75016 Paris.

#2423Interational Round Table for the Advancement ofCounsellingTable ronde internationale pour le développement del'orientation

Chairman Livingstone House. LivingstoneRoad. London E15 2LL - UK


#2442International Secretarial of Catholic Technologists,Agriculturalists and EconomistsSecretariat international des ingénieurs, des agro-nomes et des cadres économiques catholiques

SG André Marelle, 18 rue de Varenne,F 75007 Paris

#2575International Sociological AssociationAssociation internationale de sociologie

Exec Sec P O Box 719, Station A, Montréal,Canada H3C 2V2, Tel. (514) S76.5634.C. Isagram.

#2584International Sports Organisation for the DisabledConseil international des sports pour handicapés

SG Miss Joan Scruton, Stoke MandevilleSports, Stadium for the Paralysed and OtherDisabled, Harvey Road, Aylesbury, Bucks -UK

#2787International Union of the Medical PressUnion internationale de la presse médicale

6 bis, rue Gabriel Laumain. F 75010 Paris.

#2839Federation of Arab EngineersFédération des ingénieurs arabes

SG Dr. Aziz Ahmed Yassin, 28 RamsesStreet, Cairo - Egypt

#2925Liaison Committee of Professional Road Hauliers inthe European CommunitiesComité de liaison des transporteurs professionnelsroutiers des Communautés. Européennes

Rue d'Arlon 96, B-1040 Bruxelles.Tel. (02) 511.14.72.

#3139Common Market Chamber of CommerceChambre de commerce du Marché commun

Secretariat general Rue Royale 266, Boite 7,B-1030 Bruxelles

#3223Sociétés LiturgicaSociété liturgique internationale

Sekr. Liturgisches Institut, Dr. L. Brinkhoff,Jesuitenstrasse 13C, D-55 Trier.

#3354Union of International FairsUnion des foires internationales

SG Roger Henri Weber, 35 Bis, rue Jouffroy,F-75017 Paris. Tel. 755.99.12 - 924.78.74.

#3511World Evangelical FellowshipUnion évangélique mondiale

Int Sec PO Box 155708, Beirut - Lebanon

#3514World Federation for Mental HealthFédération mondiale pour la santé mentale

2255 Wesbrook Crescent, The University ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T IW5Canada.

#3627 (new name)Asian Development Institute

#3846European Transport CommitteeComité européen des transports CMT

50 rue Joseph II, B-1040 Bruxelles.

#3855International Association for Germanic StudiesAssociation internationale des études germaniques

Deutsches Seminar der Universitat, Clara-strasse 13, CH - 4058 Basel.

#3859Linguistic and Philological Association of LatinAmericaAsociacion de Linguistica y Filologia de America La-tina

Dr A. Rabanales, Casilla 1313, Santiago deChile, Chile.

#3875Arab States Broadcasting UnionUnion des radiodiffusions télévisions des Etats ara-bes

22a Taha Hussein St., Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt.Tel. 805825. Tx 347 ASBU UN.

#3984International Association of Charities of St. VincentAssociation internationale des Charités de St-Vincent

Secretariat Rue d'Alsace Lorraine, 38,B-1050 Bruxelles

#4011 (new telex number)International Division Pipe Line Contractors Associa-tionDivision internationale de l'association des entre-preneurs en pipe Unes

Exec Sec B O Butler, 95 Boulevard Berthier,F-75017 Paris. T. 380.61.53. Tx PLCA 660472

#4143Scandinavian Association of GeneticistsAssociation Scandinave des généticiens

Sec Dr. Rousi, Dept of Botany, University ofTurku, SF-20500 Turku 50.Pres Prof. Suomalainen, Inst. of Genetics,University of Helsinki, SF - Helsinki.

#4178DEC (CELAM)-CLAR-CIEC Publications AssociationAssociation de publications DEC-CLAR-CIECAsociacion de publicaciones educativas educacion

Perspectives latinoamericanas, Apartado90036. Bogota 8, Colombia S.A.

#4192European Society for MicrocirculationSociété européenne de microcirculation

SG Prof. D H Lewis, Clin. Res. Center, Uni-versity Hospital, S-581 85 Linköping.

#4199International Association of Literary CriticsAssociation internationale des critiques littéraires

SG P. Moustiers, Campagne St. Anne, Bddes Acacias. F 83100 Toulon.

#4224European Society for Engineering EducationSociété européenne pour la formation des ingénieursc/0 Prof. W.G. Geysen. K.U.L - Dept E.,Kard. Mercierlaan 94, B - 3030 Heverlee.


Booksreports

and proceedings received

Meeting reports /Comptes rendus

International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation. Proceedingsof the Fourth Meeting of heads of prison administrations. Ox-ford, 23-29 September, 1973. English and French editions, 95pages, including appendices and photos (black-and-white).European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Meetingon technology arising from high-energy physics, proceedings,Geneva, 24-26 April, 1974.Vol. 1 : Review papers, 206 pages, including tables, maps,graphs, diagrams and photos (black-and-white), CERN 74-9,Vol. 1, 15 June 1974.Vol. 2 : Technology Notes, 693 pages, including tables, graphs,diagrams and photos (black-and-white), CERN 97-9. Vol. 2,24 April 1974 (15 June 1974).International Union against Cancer. 11th International cancercongress, report. Florence, 20-26 October, 1974. In « BulletinCancer » vol. 13 no. 1, April 1975, 31 pages including photos(black-and-white), résumés en français, resumenes en es-panol.International Federation of Interior Designers. Participation1974 - Conference on living, working environment. Stockholm,1974. 109 pages, including graphs, diagrams, drawings, plans,tables and photos (black-and-white).Association des Instituts d'Etudes Européennes. Colloque surles régions transfrontalières de l'Europe. Genève, 23-24 janvier,1975. Dans le « Bulletin du Centre Européen de la Culture »,XVe année no. 1/2, printemps-été 1975, 248 pages, une étudeen anglais, une en allemand, la plupart en français, tableaux.International Institute for Peace. Scientific symposium : * Fore-casting and programming of modern international relations »,report. Hamburg, 13-15 February, 1975. In « Peace and theSciences », no. 3, September 1975, 111 pages.International Dairy Federation. Seminar on mastitis control,proceedings. Reading University, UK, 7-11 April, 1975. 1975Bulletin, Document 85, 512 pages, including tables, graph's,diagrams.International Catholic Movement for Intellectual and CulturalAffairs. « Societies in crisis - a call to Christians » - 22ndpleniary assembly, report. Rome, 26 April - 3 May, 1975. In«Convergence» no. 1-2/1975, 58 pages, trilingual English-French-Spanish.Nordisk Rad. Turistkonferens. Saltsjöbaden, 5-6 maj, 1975.Nordisk utredningsserie 1975: 13, 115 sider, ISBN 91-7051203-0.Nordisk Rad. Nordisk Kontaktmandsseminar. Aarhus, Danmark,13-14 maj, 1975, Nordisk utredningsserie 1975: 16, 84 sider,ISBN 91-7052-206-5.Union Internationale des Syndicats des Industries Chimiques,du Pétrole et Similaires. Vile conférence internationale profes-sionnelle. Tarnow, Pologne, 13-17 mai, 1975. Numéro spécialdu « Bulletin d'Information », 69 pages.Confédération Internationale du Crédit Populaire. XVIe congrès,actes. Bruxelles. 21-23 mai, 1975. Numéro spécial de la « Re-vue de la Confédération Internationale du Crédit Populaire »,2e trimestre 1975, prix: 5 FF, 99 pages avec photos (noir-et-blanc).International Federation of Consulting Engineers. Forum :« The Consulting engineer and related professions ». Heldduring the F1DIC General Assembly, Paris. 9-12 June, 1975. 67pages.

Ouvrages,

rapports

et comptes rendus reçus

Associazione Internazionale dei Pubblici Istituti di Crédite suPegno. Riunione del consiglio di gestione, verbale. Vienna, 10Giugno, 1975. « 11 Crédite Pignoratizio », anno XXV (LIX), N. 1« Gennaio-Giugno 1975, 40 pagine + traduction partielle enlangue française, 29 pages stencilées à part.Chambre de Commerce Internationale, XXVe congrès. Madrid,13-20 juin, 1975. Compte rendu abrégé dans le • Bulletin d'In-formation » du Comité national belge de la CCI, août 1975 etseptembre 1975 (2 parties), 6 pages et 7 pages stencilées; desinformations supplémentaires suivront.ISCA. 7ème réunion. Genève, 19-20 juin, 9 pages stencilées,éditions française et anglaise.The Stanley Foundation. Tenth Conference on the United Na-tions of the next decade : « Coordination of the economic andsocial activities of the United Nations ». Baden Bei Wien, Aus-tria, 22-29 June. 1975. English, French and Spanish editions,33 pages including photos (black-and-white).World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. 22nd worldconference, report. University of Sussex, UK, 23 June - 2 July,1975. In « The Council Fire », vol. L no. 4, Oct.-Dec. 1975, 41pages including photos and drawings (black-and-white), tri-lingual English-French-Spanish.International Peace Research Association. Seminar : Europeand Africa : Exploitation or development, report. Västerhaninge,Sweden, 1-14 August, 1975. In the « International Peace Re-search Newsletter», vol. XIII no. 5, 1975. 32 pages includingdrawings (black-and-white).Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme. Assembléegénérale, rapport. Obertauern, Autriche, septembre 1975. Dansle Bulletin no. 66, septembre 1975, 19 pages.

Annual reports /Rapports annuels

Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin. RapportAnnuel 1974, Tome I. 67 pages avec graphiques et tableaux,bilingue français-allemand, prix : 13 FF.Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l'Acier. Rapportfinancier pour l'année 1974. No. 20, 34 pages avec tableaux,graphiques et annexes.European Federation of Finance House Associations (Eurofi-nas). Annual Report / Rapport Annuel/Jahresbericht 1974.Publication no. 22, May 1975, 59 pages, trilingual English /Fran-çais /Deutsch.Inter-American Development Bank. - Economie and Socialprogress in Latin America », annual report 1974. 485 pagesincluding tables and graphs.United Bible Societies. World annual report 1974. In the « Bulle-tin » no. 98 first quarter 1975. 95 pages including tables andmaps.International Federation of Consulting Engineers. FIDIC Re-port 1975. 29 pages including photos (black-and-white).International Monetary Fund. Annual report 1975. 133 pages,including graphs, tables, appendices and index.International Bar Association Ombudsman Committee/Ameri-can Bar Association, Section of Administrative Law Ombuds-man Committee. Ombudsman survey July 1, 1974 - June 30,1975,by Bernard Frank. 51 pages.


Reference manuals / Manuels de référence

Food and Agriculture Organization. Training for agricultureand rural development 1975. 147 pages, including tables, dia-grams and photos (black-and-white), English and Frencheditions,Association Internationale des Palais des Congrès / ComitaloRetazioni Internazionali Congressuali, Centro Internazionaledei Congressi - Firenze. Liste di controllo coordinate; Elabora-zione al calcotatore; Modetlo di un congresso. 63 pagine.

Peace

Institut Français de Polémologie. Etudes Polémologiques. Re-vue trimestrielle de 96 pages, comprenant études au fond descauses de la guerre, un bilan de conflits récents et en cours,études sur la médiation, la non-violence, théorie générale.International Peace Research Institute, Oslo. Journal of PeaceResearch. Quarterly, approx. 160 pages. Studies on economic,social and political structures which form the basis for conflict,individual conflicts worldwide, the phenomenon of militarycoups d'etat, conflict resolution and the problems of peace +sections on book notes and books received. Occasional spe-cial issues on peace research in one country.Tampere Peace Research Institute, Finland, instant Researchon Peace and Violence. Quarterly, 51 pages. English withRussian summaries. Studies on conflict, destruction and re-construction, social indicators, democracy + book section.The Japan Peace Research Group. Peace Research in Japan.Studies on peace problems, including those of research andeducation, violence, communication theory, individual con-flicts.International Atomic Energy Agency. Bulletin vol. 17 no. 2,April 1975 : special issue on the Treaty on the non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Review Conference, held in May1975. Editions in English and French. 61-page special sectionincluding graphs, tables, photos (black-and-white) and map(colour).The Stanley Foundation. Fifteenth Strategy for Peace Confe-rence, report. Warrenton, USA, 17-20 October, 1974. US orien-tation; discussion group reports on the Non-Prolifertion TreatyReview Conference, development decision-making, new peace-keeping initiatives, Southeast Asian neutralization, conventionalweapons control, international cooperation in outer space. 76pages.The Stanley Foundation. Perspective on the NPT Review Con-ference, by Mason Willrich. Occasional paper no. 7. Back-ground + appendices : the text of the Treaty; participants (givenin three categories), signatories (where the process of ratifica-tion is not yet complete) and non-signatories. 18 pages.The Brooking Institution. The Control of Naval Armaments -prospects and possibilities, by Barry M. Blechman. The ninthin the Brookings series of Studies in Defense Policy, a studyin the limitation of Soviet and United States conventionallyarmed naval vessels. 100 pages, ISBN 0-8157-0987-7, priceUS S 2.50.Steering Committee of the World Congress of Peace ForcesContinuing Liaison Committee. Bulletin. Monthly, published inEnglish, French. Russian and Spanish, 20 pages. Follow-upmeetings, documents and action to the World Congress.Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economi-ques, Agence pour l'Energie Nucléaire. Bulletin de Droit Nuc-léaire. 2 numéros par an + suppléments, abonnement : 18 FF;

£ 1.80; $ 4.50, 90 pages le numéro, 33 pages le supplément.Informations sur nouveaux règlements et législation nationaux,aussi que de nouveaux accords internationaux et les activitésdes organisations internationales, études sur de sujets tels quela pollution radioactive, les risques nucléaires et la réparationde dommages nucléaires, bibliographie.

The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. A nuclear-free zoneand Nordic security. Special issue of Ulkopolittiikka - Utrikes-politik, quarterly magazine. 48 pages, price : Fmk 5,—; $ 1.50.World Council of Churches. Anticipation, no. 20, May 1975;« Facing up to nuclear power». Special paper circulated toparticipants in the ecumencial enquiry on . The future of Manand Society in a world of science-based technology .. Studiesand different views on the risks and potentialities of expan-sion of nuclear power programmes both military and civil, withmore emphasis on the latter but making the connection be-tween the two, insofar as research in this field may serveeither; 3-page glossary of technical terms. 43 pages.Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Extensivepublications on armaments, disarmament, arms trade, militaryresearch, different methods of warfare and the consequences,security. Recently received :The right to conduct nuclear explosions. Stockholm Paper 6,24 pages.Safeguards against nuclear proliferation. 114 pages, ISBN0-262-19137-7, clothbound price : Sw. kr. 49.50.Chemical Disarmament - New weapons for old. SIPRl Mono-graph. 151 pages, including tables and diagrams. ISBN 91-85114-27-8, paperback price : Sw. kr. 49.50.Disarmament or Destruction ? Magazine format, 21 pages, in-cluding tables, graphs, photos (black-and-white).

International Institute for Peace, Vienna. Peace and the Scien-ces, irregular series of symposium reports published in Englishand German. In depth studies on scientific, political and eco-nomic problems of international life + book reviews. Price perissue : AS 40; subscription : AS 150.International Peace Research Association. International PeaceResearch Newsletter. 32-36 pages, monthly, annual subscrip-tion : inclusive in membership dues; 15 SF or US $ 5 for non-members. News of peace research, disarmament and relatedtopics around the world; news of national peace researchinstitutes and their activities, symposia, peace education, pu-blications.Canadian Peace Research Institute. Peace Research. Quarterly,22-26 pages. Original research on the problem of war, world-wide perspective.War Resisters' International. War Resistance. Quarterly, 30pages, annual subscription: £ 1.00; US $ 2.50; DM 6.00;FB 100. News of civil action against non-peaceful structures,eg against conscription, purchase of armaments, payment ofwar taxes, nuclear-produced domestic electricity; notes onpacifists jailed for reasons of principle; conference news.Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Pax etLibertas. 24-page quarterly newsletter. News of world con-ferences and national activities relating to peace, disarma-ment, related topics and women's role in peacekeeping.YMCA, Center for International Management Studies. CIMSNewsletter, no. 10 May 1975 : - East West Detente - andbeyond ».12 pages, including brief report on a conference ofNew Initiatives in East-West Cooperation held at Vienna, 12-16November, 1974, + round-up of CIMS 1974 East-West activities.International Peace Academy. IPA News. 4-page newslettergiving seminar and programme news + recent publications.International Association of Educators for World Peace. News-letter. Monthly, 4 pages. Conference notes, publications, asso-ciation news.Association Française pour la Paix Universelle. Inter-Paix.Bulletin mensuel de 8 pages d'informations sur des activitésen faveur de la paix sur le plan international. Prix le numé-ro : 3 FF; abonnement annuel : 30 FF (France); 40 FF (Etran-ger).Christian Peace Conference. CPC Information, 9-page stencil-led newsletter on meetings and activities in favour of peace,association news, contacts with UN.


La Viedes Associations

NewsFrom Associations

IGOs-NGOs

For the first time an official meetingwas held at the United Nations betweenUN officials and delegations represen-ting the three world trade unions' feder-ations : the International Confederationof Free Trade Unions, the World Con-federation of Labour and the WorldFederation of Trade Unions. The meet-ing was held in July last under thechairmanship of G. van Laethem, Un-der-Secretary-General for Economicand Social Affairs. On the United Na-tions side the participants included theSecretary General of UNCTAD, theDirector General of GATT, the Dep-uty Director-General of ILO and re-presentatives of UNDP, UNEP, UN1-DO, FAO and the International Mone-tary Fund. The agenda of the meetingcalled for an examination of the inter-national economic situation and ofmajor problems currently under dis-cussion in the world community. Theinternational trade union organizationsstressed the importance they attachedto the need to be more closely infor-med of the economic and social activ-ities of the UN, and their desire toparticipate actively when the problemsin hand affected the interests of theworkers.

Anniversaire

En octobre dernier, à Paris, la Fédé-ration Syndicale Mondiale a fêté sontrentième anniversaire. Constituée àParis le 3 octobre 1945, la FSM grou-pait à l'origine 64 millions de travail-leurs de 56 pays. Elle en réunit aujour-d'hui plus de 150 millions, groupés en70 organisations de 65 pays.

Normalisation

Depuis plusieurs années des efforts ontété poursuivis par la Fédération Inter-nationale des Musiciens pour arriverà une normalisation des partitions etdu matériel d'orchestre. Un groupede travail réuni à l'initiative de la FIMélabora une série de normes qui furentapprouvées par le 8e congrès statutaireen 1973 à Londres, Un accord fut re-cherché avec l'organisation internatio-nale des éditeurs de musique mais ne

put être réalisé. Le Comité exécutifde la FIM réuni à Budapest en septem-bre dernier vient de décider de publierces normes.

Manuel

L'Union Internationale des TransportsRoutiers vient de publier l'édition 1975du « Manuel du Transport Routier In-ternational ». Rédigé en trois langues(français, anglais, allemand) cet ouvra-ge contient la documentation la plusrécente sur le transport internationalpar route et notamment les législationsde 28 pays. Actuellement l'Uniongroupe 104 associations de 27 payseuropéens et de 23 pays extra-euro-péens.

Co-ordinated approach

« The impact of air freight on the airindustry » is the title of an Internatio-nal Cargo Handling Co-ordination As-sociation symposium held in Londonin November 1975. The rising worldtrend in the carriage of goods by airhas resulted in considerable changesbeing adopted in the air transport in-dustry. These changes, in conjunctionwith the rapid growth in the carriage ofair freight, have caused several physi-cal and documentary limitations to beplaced on the advantages to be gainedthrough transporting goods by air. Bygathering international speakers fromboth the user's and manufacturer's sidesof the air transport « system » and allo-wing them to identify and discuss theirown specific problems resulting fromthis growth in trade, ICHCA is prov-iding a global or co-ordinated approachto the solution of these problems.

New scale of assessment

The constitution of the InternationalUnion of Food Science and Technolo-gy has been amended by its GeneralAssembly and by the delegates througha mail vote. In September 1974 theGeneral Assembly recommended a newand steeper scale of assessments. Thenew scale now adopted is the following :

« Each adhering body shall pay an an-nual assessment which will entitle thatbody to voting delegates in the GeneralAssembly as per the following schedu-le : 1 delegate US S 100 or equivalent,2 delegates $ 400, 3 delegates $ 800,4 delegates $ 1,300, 5 delegates $2,000.

Personalia

• L'Association Internationale des Pa-lais des Congrès réunie en assembléegénérale à Innsbruck a élu un nouveaucomité directeur, composé commesuit : Président M. Thomas van derMeer. Directeur du R.A.I. Amsterdam;Vice-Président : M. Lamberto Ariani,Secrétaire général du Palais des con-grès de Florence; Secrétaire général :M. Marcel Lageirse, Directeur du Pa-lais des congrès de Bruxelles; Admini-strateur financier : M. Helmut Fieberg,Directeur du Palais des congrès deBerlin; Membres : MM. Félix Valls-Taberner, Président du Palais des con-grès de Barcelone et Jean Delobel,Directeur du Palais des congrès deVersailles.

• M. Grosver W. Ensley, Directeurgénéral de l'Association des caissesd'épargne américaines, a été élu à laprésidence de l'Institut International desCaisses d'Epargne (IICE) par l'assem-blée générale de l'IICE réunie dans lecadre du 11e Congrès mondial des cais-ses d'épargne tenu à Bogota en septem-bre dernier. Plus de 500 responsablesde caisses d'épargne de 20 pays partici-paient au congrès réuni pour la pre-mière fois en dehors d'Europe oud'Amérique du Nord.

• M. Ernest Meyer, Directeur de l'In-stitut International de la Presse depuis1969, vient de prendre sa retraite. Sonsuccesseur est M. Peter Galliner né àBerlin et établi à Londres depuis 1938.

• L'Ambassadeur Guido Ciolonna, quifut Secrétaire général adjoint de l'OECE(1948-1956) et Membre de la Commis-sion de la CEE et des Communautés


européennes, a été élu Président duComité Consultatif Economique et In-dustriel auprès de l'OCDE (BIAC) enremplacement de M. Emilio G. Colla-do.

• Au cours de sa 13e session l'Assem-blée générale de l'Association Interna-tionale des Traducteurs de Conférencea élu comme président M. V. Hurtado.vice-présidents Mlles M. Levick et A.Raab, trésorier M. Mowbray. Mme Ca-role Martin Lavallée a été réélue pré-

sidente du Comité de négociation et deliaison avec les organisations interna-tionales.

• MM. Heinz Bindseil (Hambourg),Matti Kaleva (Tampere), Paul Nemer-lin (Bruxelles) ont été élus respective-ment président, vice-président et tré-sorier de EUROPHOT (Associationeuropéenne des photographes profes-sionnels) au cours d'une assemblée gé-nérale tenue à Chalon-sur-Saône (Fran-ce) en septembre dernier.

• A la sulle de l'assemblée générale te-nue à Munich en juin 1975, l'UnionAcadémique Internationale a désignéM. E.G. Turner (Londres) commeprésident, MM. P. Devambez (Paris)et J. Harmatla (Budapest) comme vice-présidents. M. Maurice Leroy (Bruxel-les) Secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académieroyale des sciences, des lettres et desbeaux-arts de Belgique, assume lesfonctions de secrétaire administratifde l'Union en remplacement de Jac-ques Lavalleye, décédé.

2nd IAPCO SEMINAR ON

PROFESSIONAL

CONGRESS ORGANIZATION

Not without a certain pride and satisfaction we are announcingthe second IAPCO Seminar on Professional Congress Organ-ization.When after much hesitation and consideration, we launchedthe first Seminar of this kind a year ago, we realized that wehad embarked on an ambitious project, almost surpassing therather modest means of the International Association of Pro-fessional Congress Organizers. But the results justified ourinitiative : 34 partipants convened in Scanticon, coming from19 different countries and 4 continents. More significantly,they parted a well-integrated group, unanimously expressingtheir opinion that the Seminar had proved worthwhile and thatit was most desirable to continue this kind of comprehensivetraining. Following this suggestion the IAPCO General Assem-bly decided to organize a second Seminar.Basically, it has the same set-up and programme. However,certain points have been refined in accordance with specificsuggestions from participants in the first Seminar. It will againbe held in Scanticon, Denmark, as this outstanding ConferenceCentre with its expert staff provided an ideal setting for ourwork.As we want to maintain the characteristics of a workshop, nomore than 40 participants will be accepted. Experts will leadthe discussions dealing with both theory and practice, withemphasis on the latter. Modern audio-visual tools and methodswill be used, to demonstrate their vast possibilities and to givegreater impact to the debate.Every effort is being made to give the participants value formoney so that it will be an inspiring exercise for both partici-pants and discussion leaders.Now that the Seminar has been shown to satisfy a real need wewill have to live up to a certain reputation. This is a challenge,which we accept with enthusiasm.

Themes* Defining your objective : what are we talking about ?The Professional Congress Organizer (PCO) as a consultas.Some basic rules of every meeting scheme.• Minimum facilities in various types of meeting places, asrequired by the PCO.• Language problems; their financial and psychological impli-cations rea. interpretationb. printed matterc. staff

• The Scientific Programme :organizational aspects of the implementation of the program-me.• The internal organization of the PCO's office.• How to get the message across.Use and abuse of modern trends in communication.The proper use of audio-visual tools.• Protocol and social events.The laws of leisure — receptions, excursions, programme foraccompanying persons etc.• The internal organization of a Congress secretariat.• Administrative techniques and procedures.Book-keeping, allocation of hotel rooms, registration, admi-nistrative data re chairmen, rapporteurs, speakers etc.Computerization.• Exhibitions as part of an international congress.Promotion - finances - techniques.• Documentation as an integrated part of both promotion andproduction.• Finances.Budgetting and budget control.Pre-financing.Grants, loans and guarantees.• Promotion.a. Identifying the marketb. How to get more congressesc. How to get more participants.• Communication : the tool of leadership.The role of the PCO as a manager.

Dates :The programme will run from Sunday, February 15, 1976 beforedinner, through Friday, February 20. 1976 after luncheon.

Place :The Seminar will be held in Scanticon. Scandinavian Manag-ement and Conference Centre, Moesgaardvej, Aarhus, DK-8720 Hejbjerg, Denmark.Scanticon is sutuated at 45 kilometres from Aarhus Airport.

InformationFor any further information , please apply to the Secretariat ofIAPCO, 1, rue aux Laines. 1000 Brussels. Belgium.Tel. 511.83.96 (Ms. Gh. de Coninck).


New International Meetings Announced

Les informations faisant l'objet de celte rubrique consti-tuent les suppléments au « Annual international congresscalendar » 16e édition. 1976.Le signe • indique un changement ou complément auxinformations publiées précédemment.

1976 Jan 2 London (UK)Modem Humanities Research Association. Annual meeting.

(YB n° 3851)Dr D A Wells, Dept of German, Queen's University,Belfast, BT7 INN, UK.

1976 Jan 4-7 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium)European Association for Research and Development inHigher Education, Faculty of Psychology and EducationalSciences of the Université Catholique de Louvain. Con-gress. Conference : Instructional design in higher educa-tion. Innovations in curricula and teaching. P : 250.

Congress EARDHE - Secrétariat Faculté de Psycholo-gie et des Sciences de l'Education, U.C.L., Tiense-straat 100, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.

1976 Jan 4-7 New Orléans (La, USA)Professional Convention Management Association / HealthCare Exhibitors Association. 19th Annual joint conférenceon médical conventions. P : 800. C : 4.

W J Becker, JCMG, P O Box 572, Northbrook, Illinois600052, USA.

1976 Jan 4-8 Madras (India)6e Congrès Afrique-Asie d'ophtalmologie : Maladies oculai-res endémiques ; kératoplastie ; décollement de la rétine ;neuro-ophtalmologie. Ex.

Dr J Agarwal, 29-C, Edward Elliots Road, Madras600 004, India.

1976 Jan 4-11 Melbourne (Australia)Universal Esperanto Association. 1st Pacific espéranto con-

gress. P : 200. (YB n° 3399)Australian Esperanto Association and New Zealand

Esperanto Association, Mr Herbert Koppel, CongressSecretary, 41 Byfield Street, Reservoir, Vie 3073, Aus-

tralia.

1976 Jan 5-7 Manchester (UK)Institute of Physics, Solid State Physics Sub-Committee.13th Annual solid state physics conference.

The Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics, 47 Bel-grave Square, London SW1X 8QX, UK.

1976 Jan 5-8 Jerusalem (Israel)European Broadcasting Union. Meeting of the news coor-dinators. P : 40. (YB n° 598)

Mr Z Gil, Israel Broadcasting Authority, TelevisionStudio, Jerusalem.

1976 Jan 5-8 Las Vegas (Nev, USA)Int Federation of Store Owners Associations, Inc. Meeting.P :550.

Mr Merlin Liebzeit, President, 525 W Pershing Street,Appleton, Wisconsin 54911, USA.

This calendar is a monthly supplement to informationlisted in the « Annual International Congress Calendar »16th edition 1976.The sign * indicates supplementary information ofmodification to previous announcements.

1976 Jan 5-11 Madras (India)251h Pugwash conference : Development, resources andworld security.

Prof J Rotblat, Pugwash Conference on Science andWorld Affairs, 9 Great Russell Mansions, 60 GreatRussell Street, London WC1B 3BE, UK.

1976 Jan 5-16 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,Special Committee on Preferences. 7th Session.

(YB n° 3381)Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.

1976 Jan 6-9 London (UK)Ciba Foundation. Symposium on research and medicalpractice. P : inv. only.

41 Portland Place, London W1N 4BN, UK.

1976 Jan 6-10 (Black Forest, Germany, Fed Rep)Int Federation for Information Processing, TC2. Workingconference on « Modelling in data base management sys-tems ». (YB n° 1828)

Prof C Machgeels, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av.Franfflin-D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

1976 Jan 6-12 Izmir (Turkey)Association for World Education / Society for EducationalReconstruction / Universities in the Quest for Peace /World Education Fellowship. Conference : Expanding di-mensions of world education. P : 100. C : 12-15. Ex.

(YB n° 4001)Association for World Education, 3 Harbor Hill Road,Huntington, New York 11743, USA.

1976 Jan 7 Manchester (UK)Institute of Physics, Polymer Physics Group. Meeting :Polymer composites.

The Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics, 47 Bet-grave Square, London SW1X 8QX. UK.

1976 Jan 7 Salford (UK)Institute of Physics, Vacuum and Atomic Collisions inSolids Groups. Meeting : Low energy ions for surface ana-lysis.

The Institute of Physics, Meetings Officer, 47 BelgraveSquare, London SW1X 8QX, UK.

1976 Jan 8-9 Brighton (UK)B.E.S. / Hospital Physicists' Association. Meeting : Bio-medical engineering in obstetrics and gynaecology.

The Institute of Physics, Meetings Officer, 47 Se/graveSquare, London SW1X 8QX, UK.


1976 Jan 8-10 Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia)Inter-University Centre of Post-Graduate Studies. Sympo-sium : Ethical problems of science, (YB n° 4277)

Inter-University Centre of Post-graduate studies, FranaBulica 4. YU-50 000 Dubrovnik,

1976 Jan 8-15 Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv (Israel)World Federation of Jewish Fighters, Camp Inmates and

Nazi Victims. 2nd World congress. P : 400. (YB n° 3938)Mr S Grayek, World Federation of Jewish Fighters,

Partisans and Camp Inmates, POB 2660, Tel-Aviv,Israel.

1976 Jan 11-14 Sanlbel Island (Fla, USA)Int symposium on quantum biology and quantum pharma-cology with particular reference to molecular disease.Int Research Workshop and Int Symposia, QuantumTheory Project, 362 Williamson Hall, University of Flo-rida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

1976 Jan 11-17 Lima (Peru)Interamerican Confederation of Catholic Education. Con-gress : The catholic school in front of the world change.P : 400. C : 24 (in America). (YB n° 1064)

Calle 78, 12-16, Ole 101, Apartado aéreo 90036, Bogota8, D E, Colombia.

1976 Jan 11-25 Suva (Fiji)World Confederation of Organization of the Teaching Pro-fession. 1st South Pacific regional education conference.P : 150. C : 15. (YB n° 3491)

5 avenue du Moulin, CH-1110 Merges, Switzerland.

1976 Jan 12-14 Salt Lake City (Utah, USA)Optical Society of America. Integrated optics meeting.Optical Society of America, Integrated Optics Meeting,Suite 620, 2000 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036,USA.

1976 Jan 12-15 Badgastein (Austria)12th Int symposium on radioactive isotopes in clinicalmedicine and research. P : 400.

Prof Dr R Höfer, Directeur, Centre de Médecine Nu-cléaire, 2e Clinique Médicale Universitaire, Garnison-gasse 13, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.

1976 Jan 12-16 London (UK)SEAS (European association in the field of data proces-sing and computing existing of users of large IBM com-puter configurations). Winter projects meeting.

SEAS Administrative Secretariat, Toernooivetd, Nijme-gen, Netherlands.

1976 Jan 12-18 . Caracas (Venezuela)US National Cancer Institute / Organization of American

States, Multinational Biology Project. Working symposiumon lumoral virology in primates and malignant transforma-

tion. (YB n° 3030)c/o Department of Scientific Aflairs, General Secreta-

riat of the OAS, Washington, DC 20006, USA.

1976 Jan 13-16 Singapore (Singapore)Asian Productivity Organization. 6th Workshop meeting ofheads of national productivity organisations in APO mem-ber countries. P : 28. (YB n° 90)

Aoyama Dai-ichi Mansions, 4-14, Akasaka 8-chome,Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan.

1976 Jan 14 London (UK)Institute of Physics, Electronics Group. Meeting : Integratedoptics,


1976 Jan 14-16 Dusseldorf (Germany, Fed Rep)European Federation of Corrosion / Verein DeutscherEisenhuttenleulo / Deutschen Gesellschaft für Metallkunde /Gemeinschaftsausschuss Verzinken. 2. Korrosionum - Kor-rosion und korrosionsschutz metallischer werksloffe imhoch- und ingenieurbau. (YB n° 728)

Verein Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute, Brelte Strasse 274 Dusseldorf, Germany, Fed Rep.

1976 Jan 14-16 Sydney (Australia)Universal Esperanto Association. Post-Pacific espéranto

congress. (YB n° 3399)Australian Esperanto Association, Prof R Robertson,Organiser, 7 Euroka Street, Northbridge, NSW 2063,

Australia.

1976 Jan 14-17 Ibadan (Nigeria)Paediatric Association of Nigeria. 2nd Int paediatric con-gress.

Dr J B Famllusi, Conference Secretary, Department ofPaediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan.

1976 Jan 15-17 Sanibel Island (Fla, USA)Int workshop on quantum mechanical methods in studyingthe properties of matter.

Int Research Workshop and Int Symposia, QuantumTheory Project, 362 Williamson Hall, University of Flo-rida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

1976 Jan 16-18 Paris (France)Laboratoire de Changement Social. Séminaire : Expres-siodrame.

Laboratoire de Changement Social, Centre Universi-taire Dauphine, Place de Lattre de Tassigny, 1, F-75016Paris.

1976 Jan 17-23 Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia)Int Association for the Exchange of Students for TechnicalExperience. 27th General conference. P : 100. C : 40.

(YB n° 1218)Mr K Kochle, Ramistr. 101, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzer-land.

1976 Jan 18-19 Innsbruck (Austria)Congress on mutual problems of dermatologists and hair-dressers. P : 500.

Kongresshaus Innsbruck, Rennweg 3-5, A-6040 Inns-bruck.

1976 Jan 18-22 Ciemson (SC, USA)American Crystallographic Association. Meeting on instru-ments for tomorrow's crystallography.

Mr E E Snider, Administrative Secretary, AmericanCrystallographic Association, c/o American Instituteof Physics, 335 East 45th Street, New York, NY 10017,USA.

1976 Jan 18-22 Lugano (Switzerland)Simposio int veterinari per piccoli animali. P : 300.

c/o Office du Tourisme de Lugano, Riva Albertolli 5,CH-6901 Lugano.

1976 Jan 18-23 Paris (France)4e Congrès int d'ingénierie hospitalière : L'hôpital et lemalade.

Fédération Hospitalière de France, 83-87 avenue d'Ita-lie, F-75013 Paris.

1976 Jan 18-23 Phoenix (Ariz, USA)Int Association of Chiefs of Police. Workshop : Manage-

ment of the investigative function. P : 40. (YB n° 4330)Mr Richard W Kobetz, Assistant Director, ProfessionalStandards Division, Int Association of Chiefs of Police,Eleven Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20760,

USA.


1976 Jan 18-24 Sanibel Island (Fla, USA)Int symposium on atomic, molecular and solid-state theo-ry, collision phenomena, quantum statistics, and compu-tation methods.

Int Research Workshop and Int Symposia, QuantumTheory Project, 362 Williamson Hall, University of Flo-rida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

1976 Jan 18-29 Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv (Israel)6th World gastronomical congress. P : 200.

Mr M Benin, Chaine des Rôtisseurs, 10, Huberman St.,Tel-Aviv, Israel.

1976 Jan 19-20 Mainz (Germany, Fed Rep)Int symposium on post irradiation processes in nucleartechnology.

Geschättsstelle des Deutschen Atomforums, Haus X,Atlianzplatz. D-53 Bonn 1, Germany, Fed Rep.

1976 Jan 19-23 Kathmandu (Nepal)Asian Development Institute / United Nations ChildrenFund / Centre for Economic Development and Administra-tion. Meeting on delivery of social services, with specialreference to women and children. (YB n° 3627/3380)

Asian Development Institute, P O Box 2-136, Bangkok2, Thailand.

1976 Jan 19-23 Port Moresby (Papua)Asian Development Institute / South-Pacific Commission /South Pacific Economic Commission / UN Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific. South Pacificregional conference on development.

(YB n° 3627/3260/4177)Asian Development Institute, P O Box 2-136, Bangkok2, Thailand.

1976 Jan 19-24 Berlin (West)7e Réunion spécialisée int du film agricole. P : 300.

Int Agrarfilm-Wettbewerbe Berlin, Bundesallee 216-218,1 Berlin 15.

1976 Jan 19-30 New York (USA)United Nations Development Programme. United NationsSpecial Fund, Board of Governors, 2nd session.

(YB n° 3382)New York, NY 10017.

1976 Jan 20-21 Las Vegas (Nev, USA)Int Carwash Association. Mid-year conference. P : 600.Mr R R « Gus » Trantham, CAE, Executive Director,4415 West Harrison Street, Suite 545, Hillside, III 60162,USA.

1976 Jan 20-22 Las Vegas (Nev, USA)American Society of Mechanical Engineers / AmericanInstitute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1976 Annualreliability and maintainability symposium.

Mr Paul Drummond, Director, Meetings and Conferen-ces, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA.

1976 Jan 21 Sheffield (UK)Institution of Metallurgists. Meeting : River don works ofBritish steel works ; technical visit.

Northway House, High Road, Whetstone, London N2O9LW, UK.

1976 Jan 21-25 Hamburg (Germany, Fed Rep)North-West German Society. Congress : Internal medicine.P : 1300.

Hamburg Messe und Congress GmbH, Jungiusstrasse,Postfach 302360, D-2000 Hamburg 36, Germany, FedRep,


1976 Jan 21-Feb 13

Montreal (Canada)Int Civil Aviation Organization, Committee Phase. 87th Ses-sion. (YB n° 1505)1030 University Street, Montreal 101, Canada.

1976 Jan 2Z

London (UK)Institution of Mining and Metallurgy /

Volcanic StudiesGroup. Joint

meeting : Volcanic processes in ore

genesis.Volcanic Studies

Group, Dr I L Gibson,

Secretary,Dept of Geology, Bedford College,

London NW1, UK.or :

M J Jones, Secretary, Institution of Mining and Metal-lurgy, 44 Portland Place, London W1N 4BR, UK.

1976 Jan 22-26

San Antonio (Tex, USA)American Mathematical Society. Annual meeting.POB 6248, Providence, Rl 02940, USA.1976 Jan 24

Baghdad (Iraq)Arab States Broadcasting Union / Iraqi General Organiza-tion for Broadcasting. Television and Cinema. Seminar :Information, documentation. P : 35. C : 21. (YB n° 3875)ASBU, 22a Tana Hussein Street, Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt.

1976 Jan 24-25

Brussels (Belgium)Société Royale Belge de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique.Congrès. P : 1000. Ex.

Dr J Huys, Avenue E de Harzir 65, B-4430 Alleur, Bel-gium.

1976 Jan 24-29

Atlanta (Ga, USA)Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association. Congress. P :8000. C : 28.

James W Hurst, Executive Vice-President, Atlanta Con-vention & Visitors Bureau, 1414, 229 Peachtree StreetNE, Atlanta, Georgia

30303, USA.

1976 Jan 25-28

London (UK)Ciba Foundation. Symposium on the value of medical re-search to clinical practice. P : 25.

Ciba Foundation, Meetings Officer, 42 Portland Place,London W1, UK.

1976 Jan 25-28

New Orleans (La, USA)Atomic Industrial Forum. Workshop on reactor licensingand safety.

Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc, Conferences Department,7101 Wisconsin Avenue, Washington, DC 20014, USA.

1976 Jan 25-30

Lagos (Nigeria)Int Association of Chiefs of Police.

Workshop : Hostages :

Tactics and négociation

techniques. P : 40. (YB n° 4330)

Mr Richard W Kobetz, Assistant

Director, Protessional

Standard Division, Int Association of Chiefs of Police,Eleven Firsttield

Road, Gaithersburg,

Maryland 20760USA.

1976 Jan 25-30

Phoenix (Ariz, USA)Int Association of Chiefs of Police.

Workshop : Manage-

ment of inspectorial services. P : 40.

(YB n° 4330)Mr Richard W

Kobetz, Assistant Director,

ProtessionalStandards

Division, Int Association of

Chiefs of Police,Eleven Firstfield

Road, Gaithersburg,

Maryland 20760,USA.

1976 Jan 25-31

Jerusalem, Tel Aviv (Israel)World assembly of Jewish war veterans. P ; 1500.Kenes, 7 Leteris Street, Tel Aviv, Israel.

1976 Jan 25-31

New Delhi (India)Int Marketing Federation / Institute of Marketing andManagement. 5th World congress : Distribution manage-ment and economic development ; pricing politics and

economic development ;

communication and economic

development ; role of int agencies in effective

marketing ;infrastructure required

for effective marketing : export stra-

tegy for economic development ; role of

government agen-cies in effective

marketing.

(YB n° 2244)5th World Congress

Secretariat, do Institute of Mar-

keting and Management, 62-F

Sujan Singh Park, NewDelhi 110003, India.

1976 Jan 26-28

Liege (Belgium)Int conference on nuclear energy and quality of life. P :300. Ex.

Association des Ingénieurs de Montétiore, AIM, rueSt Gilles 31, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.

1976 Jan 26-29

Vienna (Austria)Latin American Confederation of Tourist Organizations.Extraordinary congress - Euro-Cotal 76. P : 1500. C : 40.Ex.

(YB n° 396)Viamonte 640- 8"p. Buenos Aires, Argentinaor :Austrian Tourism Board, Dr Helmut Zolles, Hohen-stanfengasse 3, A-1010 Vienna.

1976 Jan 26-30

Abidjan (Ivory Coast)Int Christian Union of Business Executives / AssociationIvorienne des Dirigeants d'Entreprises. Int congress forAfrican heads of enterprise : Enterprise in Africa and itsenvironment. P : 250. C : 4. (YB n° 1502)

Avenue d'Auderghem, 49, B-1040 Brussels, Belgiumor :Mr Robert Arnaud, EECI, BP 1345, Abidjan.

1976 Jan 26-30

Strasbourg (France)Council of Europe. Parliamentary assembly, session.

(YB n° 435)

Avenue de l'Europe, F-67 Strasbourg.

1976 Jan 27

Leeds (UK)Institute of Acoustics. Meeting : Noise legislation.


1976 Jan 27-28

Munich (Germany, Fed Rep)Congrès int BAU : Transformation de l'environnement parla construction ; la construction sous l'angle de la sauve-garde de l'environnement ; isolation thermique et écono-mie d'énergie ; lutte contre les bruits dans les bâtimentset les constructions urbaines ; aménagement locaux d'a-près de nouveaux points de vue ; assainissement et réno-vation des anciens bâtiments ; système d'information pourles domaines de construction. Ex.

Münchener Messe- und Ausstellungsgesellschaft mbH,D-8000 Munich 12, BP 121009,

1976 Jan 27-30

Calcutta (India)2nd Int symposium on prehistoric religions ; Religions ofnon-literate peoples.

Dr Asok K Ghosh, Department of Anthropology, Cal-cutta University, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Cal-cutta 70019.

1976 Jan 27-Feb 2

Jerusalem (Israel)Educational convocation on Jesus : His life, his time. P :1500.

Educational Opportunities Inc., POB 23446, OaklandPark, Florida 33307, USA.

1976 Jan 28-29

Paris (France)institut d'Informatique et de Gestion. BBL Congrès. 3rd Intcongress computers in industry : Teletreatment. P : 300.C : 7. Ex.

BBL Congrès, 8, rue du Vieux Colombier, F-75006Paris, France.


1976 Jan 28-29

Singapore (Singapore)Int Union of Independent Laboratories. Conference : Inde-pendent consultancy services. (YB n° 2728)

Mr A Herzka, Ashbourne House, Alberon Gardens,London NM11 OBN, UK.

1976 Jan 28-Feb 1

Los Angeles (Cal, USA)Annual radiological conference.

Century Plaza Hotel, Los Angeles, Cal 90067, USA.

1976 Jan 28-Feb 26

Lugano (Switzerland)Int Committee of the Red Cross. Conference of Govern-ment experts on the use of certain conventional weapons.P : 250. C : 55. (YB n° 1623)ICRC, 17 avenue de la Paix, CH-1202 Geneva.

1976 Jan 29-Feb 6

Davos (Switzerland)European Management Forum. 6th Symposium : Short-termsurvival and long-term prospects - European businessfaces the future. P : 400. C : 25. (YB n° 2413)

19 chemin des Hauts-Crêts, CH-1223 Cologny-Geneva,Switzerland.

1976 Jan 30

Los Angeles (Cal, USA)6th Annual

interdisciplinary conference on piagetian theory.Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, P O Box 54700,Los Angeles, Cal 90054, USA.

1976 Jan 30-Feb 1

New Orleans (La, USA)Collège Int de Médecine et Chirurgie du Pied / OrthopedicFoot Association. Congrès : Métatarsalgies.

M de Wulf, 6 rue de la Reine Astrid à Saint Gilles,B-9330 Termonde, Belgium.

1976 Jan

Algiers (Algeria)

Arab Labour Organization, Arab Institute for Labour Educa-tion and Labour Researches. Board of Directors, 3rd ses-sion. (YB n° 63)P O Box 814, Cairo, Egypt.

1976 Jan

Cairo (Egypt)Arab Labour Organization, Trade Union Freedom Commis-sion. 3rd session. (YB n° 63)P 0 Box 814, Cairo, Egypt.

1976 Jan

Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia)Inter-University Centre of Post-graduate Studies. Int con-ference on participation and self-management.

(YB n° 4277)Inter-University Centre of Post-graduate studies, FranaBulica 4, YU-50000 Dubrovnik.

1976 Jan

Kfar Hamaccabiah (Israel)Maccabi World Union. Meeting of the Int Maccabiah Ga-mes Committee. P : 60. (YB n° 2938)

Maccabi World Union, Klar Hamaccabiah, Ramat Chen,Israel.

1976 Jan

Paris (France)Unesco: Symposium to study conditions calculated toassist the access of workers to education and measuresto be taken to ensure their effective participation in edu-cation activities of concern to them. (YB n° 3383)Place de Fontenoy, F-75007 Paris.

1976 Jan Santiniketan (India)int society for Metaphysics. Small congress.

Prof Hywel D Lewis, King's College, The Strand,London WC2, UK,

1976 Jan

Singapore (Singapore)Government of the Republic of Singapore / Southeast AsianMinisters of Education Secretariat, 11th Conference of theSoutheast Asian Ministers of Education Council. P : 60.(YB n° 3157)

SEAMES, Darakan Building, 920 Sukhumvit RoadBangkok, Thailandor :Ministry of Education, Kay Siang Road, Singapore 10,Rep of Singapore.

1976 Jan (Denmark)

UN Economic Commission for Europe,

Environment andHousing Division.

Seminar on long-term prospects and

policies in the construction sector.

(YB n° 4176)UN ECE Environment and

Housing Division, Palais des

Nations, CH-1211

Geneva 10, Switzerland.

1976 Jan

(Guatemala)Central American Research Institute for Industry / Organi-zation of American Stales. Seminar on technology transfer.(YB n° 235/3030)

ICAITI, Avenida La Reforma 4-47, Zona 10 GuatemalaC A.

1976 Jan

(Latin America)Int Movement of

Apostolate of Children. Meeting of the

movements of Latin America. C : 3.

(YB n° 2273)MIDADEN, Local

Secretariat, Rio Branco 1430, Monte-

video, Uruguay.

1976 Jan-Feb

Auckland (New Zealand)Commonwealth Association of Planners, 2nd Conference.

(YB n° 3958)18 Northumberland Avenue, London WC2N 5BJ, UK.

1976 Jan-Feb

Kfar Hamaccabiah (Israel)Maccabi World Union. Maccabi youth gathering (Northern

Hemisphere). P : 200. (YB n° 2938)

Maccabi World Union, Kiar Hamaccabiah, Ramat Chen,Israel.

1976 Jan-Feb

New York (USA)United Nations Development Programme. Governing Coun-cil. 21st session. (YB n° 3382)New York, NY 10017.

Last minute

1976 Jan 19-24

NOGENT (France)Int Association for the Development of Int and WorldUniversities. Symposium : Exchanges of experiences bet-ween managers of Int Universities adjustment programs ofresearch and action. P : 60. C : 30. (YB n°4005)

IADIWU, 148 Blvd de Strasbourg, F-94130 Nogent-Sur-Marne.

1976 beginning

(Morocco)Federation of Arab Engineers. Conference. Mineral res-sources in Arab countries. P : 100, C : all Arab countries.

(YB n° 2839)FAE, 28, Ramses Street, Cairo, Egypt.

1976 Jan 26-30

Brussels (Belgium)Management Centre Europe, Meeting ; Management, menand organisation.

Management Centre Europe, Avenue des Arts 4,B-1040 Brussels.

1976 Jan 24-30

Grossari (Austria)Int Fellowship of Former Scouts and Guides. Eruopeanforum of former scouls and guides : Industrialised coun-tries and the third world. P : 100. (YB n° 2049)

IFOFSAQ Secretariat, rue Major René Oubreucq 25,B-1050 Brussels.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 627

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

volume XXVII, 1975

Index of articles Index des articles

Studies on transnational organisation and movementsEtudes sur l'organisationet les mouvements transnationaux

Agir ensemble, par Jean Rey. No. 1, 8.L'action en faveur de l'environnement, par Jean-Pau! Harroy.

No. 1, 11-12.Consultation dossier/Le dossier de la consultation : see sec-

tion below/voir section ci-dessous.Forum mondial d'innovation sociale/World forum for social

innovation. No. 1, 38-44.Meeting psychosocial dynamics. No. 1. 45-46.The congress phenomenon/Le phénomène congrès: see sec-

tion, by B.A. Wood. No. 2, 79-84.Social problems : movements for change and their fragmenta-

tion, by 8.A. Wood. No, 2, 79-84.The little (united) states of Europe, C. Northcote Parkinson.

No. 2, 85-88.State size and independence in the future. No. 2, 89-96.Sociétés multinationales/Multinational corporations. No. 2,

97-103.Sociologie des relations internationales, par Marcel Merle.

No. 4, 201-206.Le bureau du coordonnateur des Nations Unies. No. 4, 220-221.International Women's Year/L'Année Internationale de la

Femme : see section below/voir section ci-dessous.World problems/Problèmes mondiaux : see section below/

voir section ci-dessous.The budget : a dimension of IGO-NGO growth, by Ted A.

Winings. No. 10, 468-475.L'enseignement des relations publiques aux Etats-Unis, par

Emile Toebosch. No. 10, 476-480.International Standard Book Numbering. No. 10, 481-485.Income and expenditure patterns among IGOs and NGOs, by

Ted A. Winings. No. 11, 543-546.

NGO portraits/Portraits d'ONG

La Ligue Européenne de Coopération Economique, par leComte Boël. No. 1, 9-10.

La Société d'Etudes et d'Expansion, par Eugène-Jean Prost-Gargoz. No. 1. 13.

La Fédération Internationale des Jeunesses Musicales, parHadelin Donnet. No. 1, 14-16.

WAY at work, by Carlos Antonio Carrasco. No. 1,17.The Comité International Maritime, by Albert Lilar, No. 1,

18-19.L'Association Internationale de Science Politique, par André

Philippart, No. 1, 20.The Fédération Dentaire Internationale, by G.H. Leatherman.

No. 2, 76-77.International Federation for Documentation (FID), by W. van

der Brugghen. No. 8-9, 392-393.International Commission of Jurists, by Niall MacDermot, U.C.

No. 8-9. 403-404.Amnesty International, by Martin Ennals. No. 8-9, 405.L'Institut International de Droit Humanitaire, par Jovica

Patrnogic. No. 8-9, 406-408.International Council of Social Democratic Women (ICSDW),

by Mary Saran. No. 8-9, 409-410.

La Fédération Internationale des Femmes Diplomées des Uni-versités (FIFDU), par Suzanne Debruge. No. 8-9, 410-411.

Women's International Democratic Federation, by FannyEdelrnan. No. 8-9, 412-413.

WCOTP : The teacher's voice, by John M. Thompson No 8-9414-415.

Le centre de recherches sur les institutions internationales, parJohn Goormaghtigh. No. 10, 475.

L'AFAL. No. 11, 538.Alliance Internationale du Tourisme. No. 11, 557.

International meetings and anniversaries/Réunions et anniversaires internationaux

L'Association Internationale de Science Politique, par AndréPhilippart, No. 1, 20.

World Congress of Peace Forces Continuing Liaison Commit-tee. No. 1, 32-37.Le XVIe congrès des sciences administratives, par Jacques

Stassen. No. 2, 75.Un événement de valeur exemplaire (Le 25ème anniversaire

de la FAIB). No. 4. 220-221.The role of NGOs in the World Food Conference; by Thomas

C. Weiss and Robert S. Jordan. No. 5, 268-271.La 2e assemblée de l'opinion publique pour la sécurité et la

coopération européennes, par Albert de Smaele. No. 6-7,328-329.

L'Année Internationale de la Femme, pour quoi faire ? (Unejournée internationale organisée à Paris le 7 mars 1975).No. 6-7, 348-349.

La femme et les ONG, par Mlle. Dissard. (Conclusions de lajournée internationale.) No. 6-7, 350-351.

Les aspects économiques du travail féminin (Economie aspectsof women's work), colloquium report by Susan Traill. No. 6-7,

352-355.80th Anniversary :International Federation for Documention (FID), by W. van

der Brugghen. No. 8-9, 392-393.La FID au service de l'humanité, par Helmut. Arntz. No. 8-9,

394-398.Problème de la documentation au niveau international, par

Jean de Keersmaecker. No. 8-9, 399-401.Le 80ème anniversaire de la FID. No. 11, 520-527.Les assocations transnationales et le monde francophone. (La

6ème Biennale de la Langue française.) No. 11, 536-537.La 6ème Assemblée générale de l'Association Internationale

des Parlementaires de Langue Française à l'Ile Maurice.No. 11,539.

Du côté du désarmement/Concerning disarmament. (Le 25èmeanniversaire de la signature du Protocol du Genève/25thAnniversary of the signing of the Geneva Protocol.) No. 11,547-549.

World Federation of United Nations Associations/FédérationMondiale des Associations pour les Nations Unies. (25thPlenary Assembly/La 25ème assemblée plénière.) No. 12,588-592.

Politics and tradition, by Susan Traill. (Impressions of theMexico Conference and Tribune of the International Wom-en's Year). No. 12, 605-607.


Consultation dossier/Le dossier de la consultationPopular participation. No. 1, 27-31.Political disputes and social services in international associations,

by Richard E. Bissel. No. 2, 72-74.Le Conseil de l'Europe et les ONG. No. 4, 208-211.Une enquête de l'UAI : De la consultation (consentie) à ta par-

ticipation (instituée)/From consultation (agreed) to participa-tion (established). No. 4. 212-218.

NGO field-level relations with the UN. No. 4, 225-228.L'UNESCO et les ONG — L'avis de Mme. S. Bastid. No. 5,

266-267.The red Cross. NGOs and the UN, by Henrik Beer. No. 6-7,

330-331.Statement, by Mr. Piet H. van Zeil, No. 6-7, 332-333.The universality of science and freedom. No. 6-7, 334-336.Resolution of the Canadian National Commission for UNESCO.

No. 6-7, 337.Remarks made to the ECOSOC Committee on NGOs by Brad-

ford Morse. No. 10, 458-463.The universality of UNESCO, by F.W.G. Baker. No. 10, 463.De la consultation à la participation/From consultation to par-

ticipation. No. 10, 464-466.UN Commission gives priority to transnational corporations.

No. 10, 466-467.Le nouvel ordre économique mondial et les associations trans-

nationales (OING). No. 11, 528-529.ECOSOC et ONG/ECOSOC and NGOs. No, 11, 529-530.Les ONG et les Droits de l'Homme. No. 11, 531.Les associations transnationales et le principe d'universalité.

No. 11, 531.Le concept des OING et les relations de consultation avec

l'UNESCO. No. 11, 532-535.La liberté et le statut consultatif. No. 12, 584-586. World Federation of United Nations Associations/Fédération

Mondiale des Associations pour les Nations Unies. No. 12,588-592.

The USA, the UN, and transnational networks, by Alvin Toffler.No. 12, 593-599.

Only the old in body and spirit need apply, by Jon Alexander.No. 12. 599-601.

Government and the multinationals, by C. Northcote Parkin-son. No. 12, 602-604.

International Women's Year /L'Année Internationale de la FemmeLes ONG au service de la femme — Message de Mme. Helvi

Sipilä. No. 6-7, 339.Female alternatives to hierarchical systems, past and present,

by Elise Boulding. No. 6-7, 340-346.L'Année Internationale de la Femme — nouveaux objectives,

par Maryvonne Stephen. No. 6-7, 347-348.L'Année Internationale de la Femme, pour quoi faire ? — Une

réponse africaine, par Delphine Isanga; An Asian response.by Cecilia Munoz Palma. No. 6-7, 348-349.

La femme et les ONG, par Mlle. Dissard. No. 6-7, 350-351.Les aspects économiques du travail féminin (Economie aspects

of women's work), by Susan Traill. No. 6-7, 352-355.International Council of Social Democratic Women (ICSDW),

by Mary Saran. No. 8-9, 409-410.La Fédération Internationale des Femmes Diplômées des Uni-versités (FIFDU), par Suzanne Debruge. No. 8-9, 410-411.

Women's International Democratic Federation, by FannyEdelman, No. 8-9, 412-413.

Politics and Tradition, by Susan Traill. No. 12, 605-607.

World problems/Problèmes mondiauxYearbook of World Problems and Human Potential. No. 6-7.

356-358,Problèmes mondiaux et potentiel humain, par Anthony J.N.

Judge. No. 8-9, 416-421.To solve a problem, by R.E. Hunet and E.S. Tew. No. 10,

486-488.Yearbook of World Problems and Human Potential. No. 11

552-554.

Editorial, par/by Robert FenauxVœux de solidarité. No. 1, 7.A propos du mondialisme. No. 2, 71.Evolution d'une tradition française. No. 3, 135.Les forces vives de la société. No. 4, 199.Le Japon à l'heure des associations et des congrès. No. 5, 263Les ONG et le nouvel ordre mondial. No. 6-7, 327.De la légende des siècles à la révolution de l'information No

8-9, 390-391.ONG attention ! Attention NGOs ! No. 10, 454-455.L'ONU a trente ans. No. 11, 518-519.Propos de fin d'année. No. 12, 582-583.

The congress phenomenon/Le phénomène congrèsForum mondial d'innovation sociale/World forum for social

innovation. No. 1, 38-44.Meeting psychosocial dynamics. No. 1. 45-46.La prospective du phénomène congrès dans la société mondiale

contemporaine. No. 2, 104-106.Synthèse des travaux réalisés par l'équipe développement pa-

risien du COE sur le phénomène congrès. No. 2, 107-109.L'Irlande. No. 4, 231.See also special issues Nos. 3 (France) and 5 (Japan)/Voir

aussi les numéros spéciaux Nos. 3 (France) et 5 (Japon).

Regular features/ChroniquesCongressalia :

No. 1: 51-53; No. 2: 117; No. 3: 167; No. 4: 240-241;No. 5 : 303-304; No. 6-7 : 264-366; No. 11 : 562-564.

Calendar :No. 1: 57-63; No. 2: 123-128; No. 3: 177-192; No. 4:245-255; No. 5 : 307-317; No. 6-7 : 369-383; No. 8-9 : 437-447; No. 10: 503-512; No. 11 : 567-576; No. 12: 621-627.

lAPCO News :No. 1 : 53; No. 2: 118-120; No. 3: 172-174; No. 4: 242-. 243; No. 10 : 501 ; No. 12 : 619.

FEVC News/Chronique de la FEVC :No. 3 : 175; No. 5 : 304; No. 11 : 565.

Al PC News :No. 6-7 : 366.

New international organizations/Nouvelles organisations inter-nationales :No. 2 : 110-113; No. 8-9 : 422-424; No. 12 ; 608-611.

Bibliography/Bibliographie :No. 2: 115; No. 4: 238-239; No. 6-7: 361-363; No. 8-9:430-433; No. 10: 489-491; No. 11: 558-561; No. 12:616-617.

Supplement to the 15th edition of the Yearbook of InternationalOrganizations/

Supplément à l'Annuaire des Organization Internationales :No. 1 : 48-49: No. 3: 169-171; No. 4: 234-237; No. 8-9:427-429; No. 10 : 493-495; No. 12 : 612-615.

La vie des associations/News from associations :No. 8-9 : 434-435; No. 10 : 498-499; No. 12 : 618-619.

Newsletters /Bulletins

6th international congress on congres organization/6e congrès international sur l'organisation des congrès :Newsletter no. 4/Bulletin no. 4 : No. 1, 47Newsletter no. 5/Bulletin no. 5 : No. 4, 233Newsletter no. 6/Bulletin no. 6 : No. 5, 301Newsletter no. 7/Bulletin no. 7 : No. 6-7, 359Newsletter no. 8/Bulletin no. 8: No. 10, 496-497Newsletter no. 9/Bulletin no. 9 : No. 11, 550-551

Special issues /Numéros spéciauxNo. 1 Belgique : Terre d'associations et de congrès 8-25No. 3 France : Terre d'associations et de congrès 137-167No. 5 Japan : Congress country 272-301No. 6-7 International Women's Year/L'Année In-ternationale de la Femme 338-355


volume XXVII 1975.

Index of Authors / Index des Auteurs

Alexander, Jon. Only the old in body and spirit need apply.No, 12, 599-601.

Arnts, Helmut. La FID au service de l'humanité. No. 8-9,394-398,

Baker, F.W.G. The universality of UNESCO. No. 10, 463.Bastid, Mme. S. L'UNESCO et les ONG. No. 5, 266-267.Beer, Hendrik. The Red Cross, NGOs and the UN. No. 6-7,

330-331.Bissel, Richard E. Political disputes and social services in inter-

national associations. No. 2, 72-74.Boël, le Comte. La Ligue Européenne de Coopération Econo-

mique. No. 1, 9-10.Boulding, Elise. Female alternatives to hierarchical systems,

past and present. No. 6-7, 340-346.Carrasco, Carlos Antonio. WAY at work. No. 1,17.Castex, François. Paris, capitale de congrès. No. 3, 152.Costa de Beauregard, R. Message. No. 3, 140.Debruge, Suzanne. La Fédération Internationale des Femmes

Diplômées des Universités (FIFDU). No. 8-9, 410-411.De Keersmaecker, Jean. Problème de la documentation au

niveau international. No. 8-9, 399-401.De Smaele, Albert. La 2e assemblée de l'opinion publique

pour la sécurité et la coopération européennes. No. 6-7, 328-329.

Destrée, J. Belgique — vieille terre de congrès. No. 1, 21.Dissard, Mlle. La femme et les ONG. No. 6-7, 350-351.Donnet, Hadelin. La Fédération Internationale des Jeunesses

Musicales. No. 1, 14-16.Ducray, Gérard. Message. No. 3, 139.Edelman, Fanny. Women's International Democratic Federa-

tion. No. 8-9, 412-413.Ennals, Martin. Amnesty International. No. 8-9, 405.Goormaghtigh, John. Le centre de recherches sur les institu-tions internationales. No. 10, 475.Harroy, Jean-Paul. L'action en faveur de l'environnement.

No. 1, 11-12.Hunot, R.E. and Tew, E.S. To Solve a problem. No. 10, 486-

488.Isanga, Delphine. L'année internationale de la femme, pour

quoi faire ? — Une réponse africaine. No. 6-7, 348-349.Jordan, Robert S. and Weiss, Thomas C. The role of NGOs in

the World Food Conference. No. 5, 268-271.Judge, Anthony J.N. Problème mondiaux et potentiel humain.

No. 8-9, 416-421.Laubard, Paul. Message. No. 3, 141.Leatherman, G.H. The Fédération dentaire internationale.

No. 2, 76-77.Lilar, Albert. The Comité international maritime. No. 1, 18-

19.MacDermot, Niall. The International Commission of Jurists.

No. 8-9, 403-404.Merle, Marcel. Sociologie des relations internationales. No. 4,

201-206.

Miyazawa, H.E. Mr. Kiichi. Message. No. 5, 265.Morse, Bradford. Remarks made to the ECOSOC Committee

on NGOs, No. 10, 458-463.Munoz Paima, Cecilia. L'année internationale de la femme.

pour quoi faire ? — An Asian response. No. 6-7, 349.Ohta, Mr. Saburo. Message. No. S, 272.Parkinson, C. Northcote. The little (united) states of Europe

No. 2, 85-88.Parkinson, C. Northcote. Government and the multinationals

No. 12.Patrnogic, Jovica. L'Institut International de Droit Humain-

taire. No. 8-9, 406-408.Philippart, André. L'Association Internationale de Science

Politique. No. 1. 20.Prost-Gargoz, Eugène-Jean. La Société d'Etudes et d'Expan-

sion. No. 1, 13.Rey, Jean. Agir ensemble. No. 1, 8.Saran, Mary. International Council of Social Democratic

Women (ICSDW). No. 8-9, 409-410.Sauvagnargues, Jean. Un élément nouveau de la vie diploma-

tique : les organisations non-gouvernementales. No. 3, 137-138.

Schreiber, Marc. Les ONG et les droits de l'homme. No. 8-9, 402.

Schreurs, André. La vocation internationale de Liège. No. 1,23.

Sïpila, Helvi. Message. No. 6-7, 339.Stassen, Jacques. Le XVIe congrès des sciences administrati-

ves. No. 2, 75.Stéphan, Maryvonne. L'année internationale de la femme.

No. 6-7, 347-348.Tew, E.S. and Hunot, R.E. To solve a problem. No. 10,

486-488.Thompson. John M. WCOTP : The teachers' voice. No. 8-9,

414-415.Toebosch, Emile. L'enseignement des relations publiques

aux Etats Unis. No. 10, 476-480.Toffler, Alvin. The USA, the UN, and transnational networks.

No. 12,Traill, Susan. Les aspects économiques du travail féminin

(Economie aspects of women's work). No. 6-7, 352-355.Traill, Susan. Politics and tradition. No. 12.Van der Brugghen, W. International Federation for Documen-

tation (FID). No. 8-9, 392-393.van Ziel, Piet H. Statement. No. 6-7, 332-333.Wattier, Francis L. L'Europe des peuples. No. 4. 209-210.Weiss, Thomas C. and Jordan, Robert S. The role of NGOs

in the World Food Conference. No. 5, 268-271.Winings, Ted A. The budget : a dimension of IGO-NGO

growth. No. 10, 468-475.Winings, Ted A. Income and expenditure patterns among

IGOs and NGOs. No. 11, 543-546.Wood, B.A. Social problems : movements for change and

their fragmentation. No. 2, 79-84.

vol. XXVII Index of page numbers / Index de pagination 1975

No. Month Pages Mois No. Month Pages Mois

No. 1 . January 1- 64 Janvier No. 6-7 June-July 321-384 Juin-Juillet

No. 2 February 65-128 Février No. 8-9 August-September 385-448 Août-SeptembreNo. 3 March 129-192 Mars No. 10 October 449-512 OctobreNo. 4 April 193-256 Avril No. 11 November 513-576 NovembreNo. 5 May 257-320 Mai No. 12 December 577-632 Décembre


volume XXVII 1975Index of Advertisers

Index des Annonceurs

COMPAGNIES DE TRANSPORT AERIEN ET FERROVIAIRES/AIRLINES AND RAILWAY COMPANIES

AIR FRANCE... 4th cover of every issue + page 151.SABENA... 3, 65, 3rd cover of March issue. 194, 300, 324, 388,

449, 556. 580.UTA... 2, 166, 260. 516, 578.SNCF... 188.UIC... 2nd cover of each issue from January to August-Septem-

ber.SAS... 3rd cover of April issue, 302. 3rd cover of June-July

issue, 385, 3rd cover of October, November and Decemberissues.

JAPAN AIRLINES... 292.AEROLEASING... 318, 384, 448, 511, 574, 626.

HOTELS & RESTURANTS

CASINO D'ENGHIEN... 62, 126, 189, 253, 317, 382, 448,510, 575, 626.

HOTEL CABANA, Gstaad... 49, 96, 576, 611.HOTEL DOLDER, Zurich... 63, 113, 190, 255, 320. 383, 433,

495. 565. 632.HOTEL INTERCONTINENTAL IVORY COAST, Abidjan... 219,

306, 367, 426. 502, 514, 610.HOTEL LENDI. Brussels... 59.HOTEL MERIDIEN, Paris... 122, 168, 296, 316, 374, 441, 507

571, 628.HOTEL PLM ST. JACQUES. Paris... 3rd cover of January issue,

134, 313, 438, 568.HOTEL TRIANON PALACE, Versailles... 124, 182, 250, 315,

508, 625.HOTEL VICTOR HUGO, Paris... 191, 320. 381, 510, 574.CHAINE HOTELIERE FRANTEL... 181.HOTEL AMISO, Brussels... 249, 319, 379, 447, 509, 570, 623.HOTEL DE LA PAIX, Lausanne... 318.CASINO RUHL, Nice... 505.HOTEL CHATEAU ROYAL, Noumea... 444.HOTEL MARHABA, Morocco... 187.HOTEL PRESIDENT, Ivory Coast... 248, 319.HOTEL TERANGA, Dakar... 378.HOTEL MAEVA BEACH, Tahiti... 573.IMPERIAL HOTEL, Tokyo... 295.KEIO PLAZA, Tokyo... 296.HOTEL OKURA, Tokyo... 297.PALACE HOTEL, Tokyo... 298.KYOTO PRINCE HOTEL, Kyoto... 299.

MAISONS D'EDITION/PUBLISHERS

EDITIONS CNRS... 53, 120, 174.L'ANNUAIRE DES PARTICIPATIONS ETRANGERES EN

FRANCE... 175.

BANQUES ET INDUSTRIES/BANKS AND INDUSTRIES

SOCIETE GENERALE DE BANQUE... 3rd cover of Januaryand February issues, 179, 193, 257, 321, 3rd cover of August-September issue, 2nd cover of October, November and De-cember issues.

DIVERS/MISCELLANEOUS

GUINON, Paris... 60, 125. 183, 251. 312, 377, 445, 506, 569625.

BOISSIER. Paris... 58, 127, 180, 232.PRE FLEURI, Suisse... 106. 170, 320.ECOLE D'HOTESSES INTERNATIONALE LEJEUNE... 61, 128

192, 254.ECOLE ROCHE, Lausanne... 63, 190, 317, 432.CHALETS KOHLI, Suisse... 192, 383.GRAINDORGE... 384, 512, 611.

OFFICES DE TOURISME/TOUR1ST OFFICES

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PALAIS DES CONGRES DE LIEGE... 22, 186, 305, 322, 436,492, 577.

FRANCE CONGRES... 54, 116, 157-165, 244. 504.SOCFI-WAGONS LITS/COOK... 185, 258.COMITE PARISIEN DES CONGRES... 50, 108. 124, 154-156,

246,311, 372, 452, 513, 614.JAPAN CONVENTION SERVICES INC... 293.KYOTO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE HALL... 290-291.JAPAN CONVENTION BUREAU... 178-289.INTERGROUP CORPORATION, Japan... 294, 425.


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