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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONSASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

1972 - n° 1

Published MONTHLY byUnion of International Associations (founded 1910)Editor, Administration : 1, rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels (Belgium)Tel. (02)11,63,96.

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MENSUEL publié parUnion des Associations Internationales - UAI (fondée en 1910)Rédaction, Administration ; 1, rue» aux Laines. 1000 Bruxelles (Belgique)Tél. (02)11.83.96Publicité : Roger Ranson. Délégué-Directeur de Publicité, 35 boulevard dela République, Saint Cloud 92 FranceTél. 605.39.78

Associations Internationale. rue aux Laines 1, Bruxelles 1000 BelgiqueTél. (02)11.83.96.

ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1972 3

janvierJanuaryEditorial 5

La Transformation des RelationsInternationales, par Prof. Marcel Merle 6

Mutations dans les fonctions des OING :Pourquoi un séminaire ? par G.P. Speeckaert 10

Changes in the functions of INGOs :Why hold a seminar ? (English translation),by G.P. Speeckaert 13

Le Programme du Séminaire de Milan 16

The World Network of Organizations,by A.J.N. Judge 18

Relations Between Organizations ; a criticalreview of the literature, by ProfessorBrian C. Aldrich 26

Developments Complicating the Classificationof International Organizations,by Professor Richard Y. Chuang 31

Slavery Today 44

Congressalia 47

IAPCO News 50

Bibliography /Bibliographie 51

News from International Associations/A l'écoute des associations internationales 54

New International Meetings Announced 57

UNION 0F INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONSUNION

DES ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

Executive CouncilComité de Direction

Président : Président :F.A. CASADIO, Directeur, Societa Italians per

Vice-Présidents : Vice-Présidents :W. ETEKI-MBOUMOUA (Cameroun).Ancien Ministre de l'Education et de la Culture.Mohamed Aly RANGOONWALA (Pakistan)

Trésorier Général : Treasurer General :

Femand GRAINDORGE (Belgique).

Nembres Members

Th. CAVALCANTI (Brésil).Président de l'Institut de Droit Public de laFondation Getulio Vargas.

F.W.G. BAKER (U.K.)Executive Secretary. Iniernational Council ofScientific Unions.Nikola A. KOVALSKY (U.R.S.S.)Directeur adjoint de l'Institut du mouvementouvrier international de l'Académie des sciencesde lÚ.R.S.S.

Roland RAINAUT (France)

de lÓ.E.C.E.

Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.)Executive Secretary of the Society for Inter-

Mohamed Aly RIFAAT (R.A.U.)Former Secretary-General of the Afro-AsianOrganisation for Economic Cooperation.S.K. SAXENA (India)Director of the international Cooperativealliance.Louis VERNIERS (Belgique)Secrétaire Général Honoraire du Ministère Belgede l'Education et de la Culture.

Secrétaire Général : Secretary-General :Robert FENAUX (Belgique)Ambassadeur honoraire

• International Associations •«Associations Internationales»

Editorial Committee :Comité de Rédaction :

Robert FENAUXGeorges Patrick SPEECKAERTGeneviève DEVILLEJere W. CLARKAnthony J.N. JUDGEGhislaine de CONINCKThai Wo TSANt/ardi RABER

Editorial L'avenir des OING

« Nous vivons une période où s'opèreune véritable mutation des sociétéshumaines de la civilisation, sousreflet du développement scientifï-que ».

Louis Armand et Michel Drancourl« Plaidoyer pour l'avenir »

* Ce que nous voulons ce n'est pasdeviner l'avenir probable mais pré-parer revenir souhaitable, et mêmepeut-être aller plus loin, tâcher derendre probable lávenir souhaitable ».Jacques de Bourbon-Busset

Carpe diem. Mets à profit le tempsrésent. Le conseil du poète latinappartient à une antiquité dite clas-ique, où la vie était courte, l'égoismeavouable, l'avenir laissé aux oracles,et la sagesse dans la hâte de jouirmodérément des biens à portée desoi, sans trop de remords du malheurd'autrui. Ce doux humanisme a long-temps suffi à la satisfaction d'un petitnombre, disons jusqu'à la révolutiontechnique de notre siècle qui a opéréplus de changement en cinquante ans,qu'auparavant dans l'espace d'unmillénaire.L'idée de solidarité a marché de pairavec l'idée de démocratie. Les phéno-mènes sociaux sont maintenant obser-vés d'un œil savant. Le prophète dejadis est devenu le « futurologue ».M. Jean Fourastié a écrit * l'Histoirede demain ». M. Gaston Berger ainventé le mot « prospectif » . Le créa-teur du premier Centre internationalde « Prospective » a dit de la chosequ'elle n'était ni une doctrine, ni unsystème mais « une réflexion sur l'ave-nir, qui s'applique à décrire les struc-tures les plus générales et qui vou-drait dégager les éléments d'une mé-thode applicable à notre monde enaccélération ».Un autre maître français, trop tôt dis-paru l'an dernier, Louis Armand, adéfini la prospective « une démarchede pensée, une attitude courageuseet constructive de l'esprit qui consisteà faire un très large inventaire de toutce qui risque de se passer, demainou dans dix ans, dans un sens favora-ble ou défavorable, afin de permettreà l'homme de s'adapter à l'avenir quil'attend ».Plus récemment M. Henri Janne, co-fondateur de l'Association internatio-nale des sociologues de langue fran-çaise, promoteur du « Plan 2000 pourl'Education » de la Fondation euro-péenne de la Culture, nous a donnéune image de la société en mutation,dont nous avons emprunté la légen-de : le temps du changement.

A la vérité tout change et vite Lavieille cité close perd ses •murailles.Les barrières nationales s'ouvrent auxcourants trans-nationaux. Un nouveautype de société s'ébauche. L'Etat n'estplus le seul agent des relations - exté-rieures » encore appelées internatio-nales par l'acquis d'un concept déjàdépassé. Nous publions à ce proposun article du professeur MarcelMerle, d'une brûlante actualité.Comment, dès lors, l'organisation nongouvernementale échapperait-elle àce grand bouleversement des idées

et des faits ? Plus encore, commentles OING — cet immense réseau uni-versel des « intérêts humains », lar-gement entendus — ne seraient-ellespas les premières concernées par latransformation d'un monde de plusen plus effectivement solidaire ?

Devant cette évidence, l'UAI a crude sa mission de donner l'occasionaux dirigeants responsables desOING de faire réflexion sur les muta-tions intervenues ou prévues dansl'organisation non gouvernementaleen général et dans le fonctionnementde leurs propres organisations en par-ticulier.Ainsi notre prochain séminaire deMilan (17 au 19 mai 1972) organiséen collaboration avec la Société ita-lienne pour l'organisation internatio-nale et qui fait suite à celui de Turinsur la formation des cadres des OING(1969), aura-t-il pour premier thème« la philosophie de l'organisation nongouvernementale » et pour second thè-me » le fonctionnement des OING ».Avant de fixer ce programme, l'UAIa cru bon de procéder à une consul-talion sous la forme d'une table rondequi a réuni dans les locaux hospita-liers de la Ligue des Sociétés de laCroix-Rouge, un choix de personnesvenues d'organisations intergouver-nementales et non gouvernementalesétablies à Genève. Nous publionsdans le présent numéro de notre Re-vue les conclusions de ce travailpréparatoire ainsi que l'ordre du jourdu Séminaire.Nous sommes conscients de l'ampleurde notre dessein et il nous apparaîtbien qu'un séminaire de trois joursne pourra prétendre qu'à l'intro-duction des problèmes posés. Maiscette introduction est essentielle eturgente. Elle requiert du reste desétudes auxquelles l'UAI va s'appli-quer tous ces prochains mois. Tousles avis qui nous viendraient desinstitutions et des personnes intéres-sées par nos travaux seront bien ac-cueillis, faut-il le dire. Notre revueouvrira généreusement ses colonnesà la préparation du Séminaire.

« Associations Internationales » seprésente à ses lecteurs sous une formenouvelle qui annonce un effort dedéveloppement. Qu'on veuille bienvoir dans cettes modification le signeextérieur d'une adaptation nécessaireau temps qui change, suivant le bonexemple de nos prédécesseurs.

Robert FENAUX

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1972 5

LE TEMPS DU CHANGEMENT

L'année 1971 aura été marquée parune série d'événements qui semblentde nature à changer le cours des rela-tions internationales : l'entrée de laChine à l'O.N.U., l'annonce d'entretiensau sommet entre les dirigeants chinoiset américains, l'admission de laGrande-Bretagne au sein du Marchécommun, le succès de l'Ost-Politik duChancelier W. Brandi et la conclusiond'un accord sur Berlin sont autant debouleversements qui affectent l'équi-libre des forces et ouvrent de nouvellesperspectives par rapport à la situationhéritée de la guerre et prolongée parl'équilibre de la terreur. Les expertss'accordent généralement pour penserqu'on est en train de passer du stadede la bipolarisation à celui de la multi-polarisation, mais ils se divisent sur lepoint de savoir si cette évolution estfavorable ou néfaste à la paix.Ce débat ne manque évidemment pasd'intérêt. Mais beaucoup d'indicesconduisent à se demander si nous nesommes pas victimes d'une certaineillusion d'optique en continuant à pri-vilégier l'examen des rapports de for-ces entre Etats, au moment même oùun autre type de société internationalesurgit sous nos yeux. La raison quinous incite à la prudence et nous em-pêche de déchiffrer les signes dutemps tient à la pesanteur des habi-tudes mentales qui nous fait penser leréel en termes de dichotomie (la paixou ta guerre ) et qui ne nous laissed'autre alternative, face au problèmeinternational, que l'acceptation dudésordre anarchique ou l'évasion dansles utopies mondialistes. Si l'on veutbien faire l'effort de dépasser ces anti-nomies, on peut accéder à une touteautre vision des choses et tenter, parlà, de mieux comprendre les problè-mes auxquels nous aurons à faire facedans les 15 ou 20 années qui viennent.Pour opérer une nouvelle lecture duphénomène international, le test leplus révélateur que l'on puisse utiliseractuellement est sans doute l'examendu vieux problème posé par les rap-ports entre politique intérieure et poli-tique extérieure.

Contrairement à ce que peuvent suggé-rer de fréquentes présentations péda-gogiques, la politique Intérieure et lapolitique extérieure n'ont jamais étécomplètement séparées. Qu'il s'agisse

de la Cité antique, du Prince de l'An-cien Régime ou de l'Etats moderneII y a toujours eu quoique interactionentre les deux faces de l'activité poli-tique ; mais il y a eu aussi changementpar alternance, selon les périodes etselon les pays, entre des phases oùla politique extérieure l'emporte surla politique intérieure et des phasesoù les préoccupations internes l'em-portent sur les visées étrangères. Pourne prendre qu'un seul exemple, il estévident que le monde a traversé, de-puis 1939 jusqu'à nos jours, une phasedans laquelle la priorité absolueétait accordée à la politique extérieu-re : la guerre elle-même, puis la guerrefroide, la peur de la catastrophe nu-cléaire, la constitution des « blocs »,les divers épisodes de la décolonisa-tion enfin les rivalités économiques ontprovoqué un climat d'extrême tensionqui a relégué à l'arrière plan, dans laplupart des pays, les débats de politi-que intérieure.La tentation est forte d'interpréter laconjoncture actuelle (passage de labipolarité à la multipolarité) commeun renversement de l'ordre des prio-rités, c'est-à-dire comme un repli desEtats-nations sur la solution de leursproblèmes intérieurs. Urne interpré-tation de ce type méconnaîtrait cepen-dant le phénomène essentiel ; plutôtque d'une nouvelle phase de l'alter-nance traditionnelle, il s'agit d'unchangement de nature, sans doute irré-versible dans les rapports entre poli-tique intérieure et politique extérieure :l'une et l'autre sont désormais étroite-ment imbriquées, et c'est à la jointuredes deux systèmes, national et inter-national, que se situe le nœud de toutesles difficultés à résoudre.C'est sans doute ce que veut direStanley Hoffmann quand il écrit, dansla Préface à l'édition française du livremagistral qu'il a consacré à l'étude dela politique extérieure américaine :« le message — partiellement impli-cite, partiellement involontaire — del'ouvrage, c'est que le problème le plusimportant n'est pas, en fait, l'étudedu « comportement diplomatico-stra-tégique » selon les schémas classi-ques des intérêts nationaux en compé-tition, c'est l'étude, à peine ébauchée,des rapports entre la politique inté-rieure et l'action des Etats sur lascène mondiale, l'analyse d'interac-tions fort complexes et des chocs enretour enchevêtrés » (1).Quels sont les facteurs susceptiblesd'expliquer cette mutation StanleyHoffmann invoque très légitimementle fait que • les instruments tradition-nels de la puissance ont perdu de leurefficacité « (2). H est exact que lesgrandes puissances ont dû renoncer,au moins dans leurs rapports mutuels,à l'usage de la force qui constituaitjusqu'ici le caractère spécifique desrelations internationales par rapportau jeu politique interne. Du fait de la

(1) Stanley HOFFMANN : Gulliver empétré, Paris,Seuil, 1971 p, 8-9.

(2) Id.

6 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1972

Essai de prospective

LA TRANSFORMATION DES

RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES

Marcel MERLEProfesseur à l'Université de PARIS ILes facteursde changement

neutralisation réciproque des puis-sances atomiques, sous le régime del'équilibre de la terreur, les forcessous-jacentes à la domination exclu-sive des facteurs stratégiques se trou-vent libérées : les petits pays recou-vrent une autonomie d'action inconce-vable à l'époque de la guerre froide ;les facteurs autres que politico-militai-res remontent à la surface et commen-cent à faire sentir leur poids.Mais on peut faire appel à d'autreséléments d'explication, non moinssignificatifs : la pression démographi-que, l'intensification des échangeséconomiques, la diffusion universelled'idéologies concurrentes et, surtout,les progrès fantastiques accomplisdans le domaine des communications(qu'il s'agisse des missiles ou des ré-seaux d'information) tendent à sous-traire beaucoup de problèmes à l'ini-tiative des acteurs traditionnels quiavaient jusqu'ici la responsabilité ex-clusive des relations internationaleset à « globaliser » d'autant plus faci-lement le champ de ces relations quele système international coincidedésormais avec les limites de la pla-nète et ne comporte plus de zonesd'expansion ou de secteurs géogra-phiques d'influence par l'entremisedesquels les grandes puissancesavaient toujours, jusqu'alors, soldéleurs différends mutuels.Pour ces différentes raisons, se trouvecréée une situation internationale ra-dicalement nouvelle, qui ne peut plusêtre appréhendée à travers les con-cepts traditionnels d'équilibré, depuissance ou de solidarité. D'unepart, les rapports internationaux, consi-dérés au niveau des Etats, tendent à sestabiliser, à tel point qu'on peut consi-dérer la société internationale commeune société bloquée ; d'autre part cha-cune des unités nationales, qui setrouve consolidée de l'extérieur parle nouvel équilibre des forces, se trou-ve aux prises avec d'inextricables dif-ficultés internes et beaucoup d'entreelles traversent des crises redoutableset sont menacées d'explosions auxconséquences imprévisibles.

Le blocagede la sociétéinternationaleDu côté du système international, onconstate une tendance à la stabilisa-tion. Celle-ci est évidente dans les rap-ports entre les deux grandes puissan-ces nucléaires ; mais elle affecte aussiles autres compartiments du système.Il faut noter, tout d'abord, la consolida-tion du statu quo territorial : depuista fin de la décolonisation, les trans-ferts de territoires et les déplacementsde frontières sont devenus exception-nels. Si l'on excepte le conflit duMoyen-Orient, où l'existence d'unEtat se trouve en jeu, les autres reven-dications frontalières qui peuvent sub-sister (Cachemire, litige somato-éthio-pien) restent très localisées et ne pa-raissent pas susceptibles de dégéné-rer en conflit mondial. En second Heu,

le recours à la force reste soigneusa-ment contrôlé. Jamais les grandespuissances ne se sont affrontées direc-tement par les armes ; là môme oùelles sont engagées militairement soitdirectement (Vietnam) soit par person-nes interposées (Moyen-Orient), ellesont toujours pris garde de ne pasfranchir les limites au delà desquellesse situe le risque d'une conflagrationgénérale. On peut même supposer queleur « connivence » joue pour contenirle recours à la force par les petits Etatsqui seraient tentés d'en user pourrégler leurs différends. Enfin, si leszones d'influence subsistent, comme ilest inévitable dans un monde diviséentre des unités de force très inégale,on doit constater que : 1} les zonesde conflit sont en voie de résorption(Ost-Politik, Accord sur Berlin), 2) lanormalisation des rapports l'emportede plus en plus sur le déchaînementdes rivalités idéologiques (ouverturedes Etats-Unis en direction de la Chi-ne), 3) le maintien de l'influence desgrandes puissances dépend de moinsen moins de leur présence militaire(l'exception de l'intervention en Tché-coslovaquie ne faisant que confirmerla règle), et se fonde de plus en plussur un arsenal de moyens « pacifi-ques ».Il en résulte qu'on voit mal, dans lescirconstances actuelles, quels sontles facteurs internationaux qui pour-raient conduire à bouleverser cet équi-libre dans lequel les grandes puissan-ces se trouvent effectivement de plusen plus concurrencées par les initia-tives des petites, mais parviennenttout de même à garder le contrôledes règles essentielles du jeu.

Si cet équilibre venait à être mis enquestion, ce serait plutôt sous l'effetdes crises de plus en plus graves quiaffectent les unités consitutives de lasociété internationale. Nous sommesici en présence d'une situation parado-xale. En apparence, notre époque mar-que le triomphe universel de l'Etat-nation. Celui-ci constitue l'infrastruc-ture de la société internationale parcequ'il demeure la forme la plus achevéedu groupe social organisé. Ce n'est pasun effet du hasard si le nombre desEtats s'est considérablement accrudepuis 30 ans et si l'Etat a été instinc-tivement considéré comme la struc-ture d'accueil idéale non seulement' par les peuples soucieux d'assurer leurindépendance mais encore par lesrégimes socialistes qui professentofficiellement le dogme du dépérisse-ment de... l'Etat. Cependant, au mo-ment même où l'Etat-nation sembletriompher, il paraît dangereusementmenacé. Cela se manifeste d'abordpar les crises sanglantes qui ont affec-té beaucoup de jeunes nations aux


Le paradoxede l'Etat-Nation

prises avec des conflits raciauxou religieux (Nigeria, Soudan. Pakis-tan) et aussi par la déplorable Insta-bilité qui affecte la conduite des affai-res dans la plupart des pays neufs— même lorsque l'unité nationalen'est pas en cause. Mais il ne s'agitpeut-être là que de crises de crois-sance, reproduisant, à l'échelle duXXe siècle, les secousses qui ont mar-qué, en Europe, la gestation des vieuxEtats-Nations. Mais le fait nouveauest que la contestation intérieure ga-gne maintenant les sociétés politiquesconsidérées comme les plus stableset les plus solides; le mouvement derévolte, même s'il s'exprime ici ou làde manière très différente, n'épargneni les Etats-Unis, ni les démocratiesd'Europe occidentale, ni même lespays socialistes, au sein desquelscommencent à se manifester des re-mous caractéristiques. Tout se trouvesimultanément remis en question : laforme du gouvernement, le statut de labureaucratie, les modalités d'appro-priation des biens et de répartition dela richesse, le système éducatif etles valeurs culturelles. Bref, le consen-sus dont pouvaient s'enorgueillir cesrégîmes est menacé (sinon partout,dans l'immédiat, au moins à terme) etles gouvernements sont assaillis etparalysés par une masse considérablede revendications contradictoires etimpossibles à satisfaire. Les structurestraditionnelles de l'Etat-nation sontdonc prises comme dans un étau entrela pression que continue d'exercer surelle la concurrence (militaire, écono-mique, idéologique) d'origine inter-nationale et la poussée des demandesde tous ordres qui émanent de l'inté-rieur des sociétés nationales.

Une crise globaleLe jeu des solidarités nationales conti-nuera-t-il, dans ces conditions, à pré-valoir et à servir de fondement à l'équi-libre international — ou bien est-ilcondamné à disparaître pour faire pla-

ce à des formes Inconnues d'organi-sation des rapports sociaux, sinen aune sorte de grande éruption anarchi-que ? Personne ne peut répondre àcette question, mais la question doitêtre posée. Dès lors que les facteursde changement (démographiques,technologiques, idéologiques) quijouent à l'échelle mondiale ne peu-vent plus se traduire par des mutationsau sein des rapports internationaux,consolidés dans un relatif équilibre,ils risquent de faire éclater les struc-tures traditionnelles sur lesquelles re-pose l'équilibre en question. Autre-ment dit, et pour résumer brutalementles données du problème, l'alternativeà la situation présente pourrait bienêtre non pas, comme on le croit géné-ralement, la guerre, mais la révolution.Et si la guerre demeure un danger réel,c'est surtout parce qu'elle risque, à uncertain stade, d'apparaître comme leseul moyen d'éviter la révolution. Entout état de cause c'est bien désormaisà l'intérieur de chaque unité compo-sante, plutôt qu'au niveau des rapportsentre ces unités, que se posent les pro-blèmes les plus urgents. Mais le main-tien inévitable, dans un monde concur-rentiel, de la compétition internationa-le risque de compliquer et de com-promettre la solution des problèmesintérieurs ; la crise monétaire suffità le montrer. C'est en cela que l'imbri-cation des problèmes intérieurs et desproblèmes extérieurs n'a jamais étéporté à un si haut point. On peut mêmedire que la distinction entre ces deuxsecteurs de l'activité politique est deplus en plus académique, arbitraireet même dangereuse. Le problèmepolitique est devenu un problème glo-bal, qui ne trouvera de solution qu'àl'échelle globale.

De la réflexionà l'actionSi cette analyse est exacte, ses con-clusions ne sont manifestement pasoptimistes, mais elles ne sont pas non

plus décourageantes, puisqu' elles per-mettent de circonsrire les problè-mes à résoudre.A une crise globale de la société nepeuvent répondre que des mesuresglobales. Puisque la distinction desproblèmes intérieurs et extérieurs estdépassée, il faut admettre que toutesles activités sociales sont solidairesles unes des autres et que le sort dela paix se joue partout et à tout instantPuisque l'Etat n'est pas le seul acteurdes relations internationales, il faut prê-ter une grande attention à tous lesmouvements, nationaux ou transnatio-naux, qui sont porteurs de solidaritésnouvelles et dont les initiatives peu-vent, à défaut de fournir une solutionde rechange tout à fait illusoire actuel-lement, contribuer à débloquer lesrouages de coopération grippés par larivalité des Etats souverains. Puisqueles facteurs diplomalico-militaires sontde moins en moins déterminants, il fautétudier le fonctionnement des autres« claviers » sur lesquels se déroule lacompétition, le clavier techno-écono-mique, le clavier psycho-idéologique,dont les règles sont encore mal con-nues et dont la caractéristique com-mune est d'échapper de plus en plusau contrôle des gouvernants.Ce ne sont pas là seulement des thè-mes de réflexion, mais des incitationsà l'action pour ceux qui ne se résignentni au scepticisme facile ni au fatalismemorbide. L'effort d'anticipation requisde ceux qui entendent peser sur l'ave-nir exige, plus que de la bonne volon-té, une réflexion critique sur le contenudes « données immédiates de la cons-cience » et le dépassement des éviden-ces trompeuses. On a souvent dit queles militaires étaient en retard d'uneguerre. Il ne faudrait pas que, fauted'une analyse appropriée, ce soientles pacifistes qui se trouvent aujour-d'hui en retard d'une paix.

(Resume of the article of Prof. Merle, p.6.)Certain recent events indicate ~ andexperts agree — that the post-warworld is passing from a state of « bipol-arism » to one of « multipolarism » ;there is great debate, however, onwhether this evolution is good or badfor the prospects.of peace.One approach to the study of thisphenomenon is to examen the problemof the relationship between internaland externel politics, which are not iso-lated from each other. To see the newmultipolarism as a return to the old« nation-state » concept with its em-phasis on internal politics fails to reco-gnize the phenomena as a (probably)permanent change in the relationshipof external and Internal politics. Atthis juncture of national and Interna-tional systems is the crux of all pro-blems to be solved.What has caused this change ? Per-

haps the « neutralization » of theCold War, with its liberating of smallercountries from the East or West bloc ;perhaps also the population explosionor the « globalization » of the worldby ever-increasing world trade andimpact of communications advances.At once the relations between statesare stabilized and internally the statesare going through crises.

On the international scene, there isan unheard of territorial status quo,and the use of military force is beingkept firmly under control. Furthermore,the maintenance of influence by thesuperpowers is depending less andless on force, and relations betweenideological enemies are being * nor-malized ».

At the same moment that the indepen-dent nation-state appears triumphant.It also appears dangerously menaced.A groat Instability affects nations —

not only the newer ones, but also thosecountries considered the most stableand solid. The traditional structuresof the nation states are being pressedvice-like between international econo-mic, military, and ideological demandson one side and the international needsof the nation on the other.

If nations can no longer respond to thefactors of change — technological,demographic, and ideological, on aninternational level, what is risked isnot war but revolution. The problem ofpolitics has become a global problemwhich can only be solved on the globallevel. Since the State is not the onlyactor in international relations, it isnecessary to pay great attention toall movements, national or internatio-nal, governmental or nongovernmental,which could lead to a new solidarityor to the smoother movement of themechanism of international relations.

8 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1972

Le Palais da Sormani a Milan, où se tiendra du 17 au 19 mai le Séminaire organisé par lÚAI, en colloboralion avec la Société italienne pour l'organisationinternationale. (Photo : Touring Club Italiano).

Pourquoi un Séminaire sur les mutations intervenues ou prévues dans les fonctions des organisationsinternationales non gouvernementales ?

Les conclusions d'un travail préparatoire

A part quelques institutions, de gran-des dimensions ou très politisées, lesorganisations internationales gouver-nementales et non gouvernementales,donnent à l'observateur — et surtoutont elles-mêmes — l'impression dene pas être ébranlées par tout ce quibouge autour d'elles.Peut-on cependant considérer qu'uneorganisation internationale, dans sonpropre réseau interne de membres etd'activités ou dans le réseau externeauquel elle appartient, est * commeláxe au sein de la roue tournante * ?Certes, elles participent de près, cha-cune dans son secteur ou sa disci-pline de travail, aux évolutions ac-tuelles et souvent même les provo-quent, les favorisent ou tout au moinsles constatent.Mais dans leurs structures ou leursméthodes aussi bien que dans leursrelations mutuelles, elles paraissentse trouver dans un état d'immobilisme,surtout comparativement au boulever-sement des organisations industrielles,ministérielles et même universitaires,si fortement souligné par Alvin Toffler,dans la vingtaine de pages du chapitre« L'Organisation : l'ad-hocratle mon-tante » de son livre « Le choc du futur ».Les organisations internationales —

et limitons-nous à présent à celtes decaractère non gouvernemental — setrouveraient-elles, dans notre mondeen pleine mutation, dans la situationexceptionnelle d'échapper aux effetsde cette mutation, par le fait qu'ellesn'auraient jamais eu de structuresrigides, hiérarchisées, bureaucrati-ques?Il est vrai, sans doute, que les diri-geants des OING ont toujours été enquelque sorte des « citoyens du futur »Imaginatifs et audacieux ; que dansleurs fonctions au sein de leurs organi-sations, ils n'ont guère été scléroséspar la préoccupation ' de leur propresécurité, qu'ils s 'y sont comportés da-vantage comme des « spécialistes »attachés par des liens corporatifs avecdes confrères éparpillés un peu par-tout, et comme des * entrepreneurs »de projets, que comme des tenantsd'organigrammes permanents.Mais ce qui est assez généralementvrai pour les hommes qui œuvrentdans les OING, est-il nécessairementvrai pour tes organisations elles-mêmes ?L'accélération de l'évolution de la so-ciété dans son ensemble est un faitévident et il serait étonnant qu'il n'yait pas eu, dans le domaine des rela-

tions internationales, des éléments detransformation qui exercent une in-fluence importante sur le rôle et lescompétences des OING, leurs liensavec leurs branches nationales, leurfonctionnement, leur coopération mu-tuelle, et surtout peut-être sur leursrelations avec les institutions inter-gouvernementales.

L'Union des Associations Internationa-les a estimé nécessaire de procéderà un examen global du problème enrecherchant quelles sont les mutationsintervenues ou prévues dans les fonc-tions des OING et dès lors quelles sontles adaptations qui s'imposent auxOING sur te plan de leurs relationsextérieures, de leurs programmes etcelui de leur gestion.Elle s'est proposée de confier la pre-mière étape d'un tel examen au 2eSéminaire pour les dirigeants d'OING,qu'elle prévoyait d'organiser en 1972,comme suite au 1er Séminairequ'elle avait tenu du 6 au 11 octobre1969 à Turin, au Centre international deformation professionnelle et techniquedu BIT, sous les auspices de la Com-mission Européenne d'Agriculture dela FAO.

G. P. Speeckaert


L'UAI a cru utile de consulter au préa-lable à ce sujet quelques dirigeantsd'OING en demandant aussi l'opinionde quelques fonctionnaires d'organi-sations intergouvernementales.Cette consultation eut lieu sous la for-me d'une table ronde tenue le 22 oc-tobre 1971, à Genève, au siège de laLigue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge,qui avait eu l'amabilité de mettre sasalle de réunion à la disposition del'UAI. On trouvera, en annexe, la listedes personnes qui participèrent à cettetable ronde.Comme il avait été convenu de ne pasdonner un compte rendu nominatifdes interventions, voyons simplementles principales idées qui y furentformulées et ensuite les contusions quelÚAI en a tiré au sujet du programmede travail du 2e Séminaire.Tout d'abord, lÚAI tient à remerciertous les participants d'avoir répondu àson invitation et d'avoir immédiatementet constamment placé l'échange devues à un niveau très élevé de consi-dérations.La première constatation qui peut s'endégager est une approbation com-plète et unanime de l'opportunité del'initiative envisagée par l'UAl.Une seconde constatation concerneles relations des OING avec les NationsUnies. Les OING ont leurs propres pro-blèmes. Elles n'en pas été créées parles Nations Unies, dont elles ont aucontraire favorisé l'établissement. Ilest fort juste que les OING coopèrentavec les Nations Unies et y fassentpart de leurs expériences et de leursaspirations respectives. Malheureuse-ment, les efforts des OING ne sont paspris en considération, comme il le fau-drait, par les organisations intergou-vernementales, à quelques excep-tions près. Dans quelle mesure, ceciest-il dû à l'insuffisance de la qualitéde la représentations des OING, dûà l'insuffisance de leurs moyens ? Detoute façon, il s'impose d'entreprendreune action pour restaurer la confianceet de reconsidérer les relations desOING avec les Nations Unies et avecles gouvernements.D'une façon plus générale, ne doit-onpas relever un certain sentiment d'insé-curité chez les OING. Beaucoup ne seposent-elles pas la question : • qu'est-ce que nous sommes, qu'est-ce quenous pouvons faire » ?Un des participants exprime à ce sujetl'avis que l'on se trouve à un tournant.La situation était assez facile auxdébuts de raclions des Nations Unies,influencée par la prédominance desEtats européens et de la culture euro-péenne. A la sortie de la guerre, lesaspects logiques ont prévalu. Puis lasituation a changé avec le développe-ment quantitatif de l'organisation inter-nationale et la création d'un plus grandnombre d'OING spécialisées. Pourcelles-ci, la situation n'est pas mau-vaise et le dialogue existe avec lesInstitutions spécialisées des NationsUnies, Per contre, les OING de carac-tère idéologique se sentent davantage

en dehors du circuit, malgré l'apportpositif qu'elles ont fait, par exempledans le domaine des Droits del'Homme.Au sein des Nations Unies, qui sontpassées de 51 Etats membres à 131,les nouveaux Etats ne connaissentguère ce que sont les OING et se mé-fient des OING au niveau national.Il faut qu'une action d'information soitfaite à leur intention.Une autre intervention émet l'opinionque le problème du statut consultatifvient de la crise des OING, dû à l'évo-lution technologique. Il y a une tensionentre le concept juridique existant auxNations Unies et la prise de conscien-ce de l'individu. Il se crée un écranentre l'individu et l'Etat, le quel est enmême temps en train de perdre sa con-sistance. Les OING sont au cœur duconflit entre la réalité juridique et laréalité psycho-sociologique, dontelles sont plus proches. Il y a désaccordentre les structures et il faudrait ana-lyser cette crise ainsi que le passagede l'international au transnational.De plus, il faut tenir compte du fait queles jeunes aiment ce qui est concret.Toutes les OING sont restées au niveaudes abstractions et leur paraissentjouer aux organisations. Les jeunessouhaitent la coordination sans l'orga-nisation. Ceci aussi crée une tension.Nous vivons actuellement au « tempsdu changement », fait-on remarquer,et nous nous distançons d'un passéde traditions et de permanence. Lesfaits vont vite. D'où la nécessité vitale,pour l'organisation non gouvernemen-tale, de se préparer dès maintenantaux transformations de ce qui n'estdéjà plus à strictement parler la vieinternationale. Les faits, c'est le glisse-ment de la société fermée des souve-rainetés nationales à la société ouvertedes associations transnationales. Jus-qu'ici, au plan international, on n'aconçu de droit que celui des Etats, etde décision que celle venant de l'au-torité des gouvernements et de leursdélégués. Tout le reste (à l'exceptiondes solidarités du travail et de l'emploiintégrées à l'OlT), c'est-à-dire l'immen-sité des initiatives non gouvernemen-tales a été laissé à la fortune des in-fluences morales et politiques, à l'ex-pédient des groupes de pression, éco-nomiques et sociaux, avec pour seulmoyen de participation internationalela consultation.

La consultation est actuellement tesujet de beaucoup de travaux universi-taires et de publications, d'un point devue national il est vrai, et en considéra-tion de la crise de l'institution parle-mentaire. Mais les mêmes argumentset les mêmes hypothèses valent sou-vent, mutatis mutandis, pour l'organi-sation intergouvemementale.

Quelque chose est en train de bougerdans les rapports des OING avec l'or-ganisation intergouvernementale. Onétait parti timidement des dispositionsde l'article 71 de la Charte pour insti-tuer un statut consultatif dont le rende-ment a été faible pour les raisons poli-

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1972 II

tiques et autres que l'on sait. Aujour-d'hui le besoin d'une coopération pluseffective so fait sentir. L'importanterésolution du 3 juin 1971 de l'Ecosocdépasse son objet apparent et fournitl'occasion d'une véritable revision dela consultation. Il faut que les OINGy répondent par des suggestions posi-tives.Si le climat entre certaines OIG et lesOING s'est quelque peu détérioré,ajoute-t-on, et s'il arrive aussi que desgouvernements soutenant les OING àl'échelon international ne les soutien-nent pas à l'échelon national, les OINGdevraient cependant éviter de se re-plier dans leur indépendance ou dansl'opposition systématique. Elles de-vraient prendre leur place dans unecollaboration intelligente, quitte à refu-ser de répondre aux questions repré-sentant une atteinte à leur dignité, queleur poseraient des OIG qui croientpouvoir s'ériger en tribunal des OING.Deux interventions soulignent la diver-sité des OING ainsi que la différencia-tion entre les divers objectifs d'organi-sations telles que l'ONU et ses Institu-tions spécialisées d'une part et lesOING d'autre part. Ne faudrait-il pasrépartir les OING en plusieurs groupespour l'étude de leurs problêmes et puisdégager une perspective générale. .Au sujet de la classification, il est rap-pelé que l'une des Institutions spécia-lisées a voulu créer des famillesd'OlNG. La remarque est aussitôt faitequ'il faut s'opposer à une classificationdes OING de la part des Nations Unies,car il est important que chaque OINGait la liberté de choisir le ou les parte-naires avec lesquels elle désire coopé-rer dans un même domaine d'activité.Un autre participant considère que lesOING sont déjà cataloguées au niveauintergouvernemental, puisque on lesy distingue de deux autres types d'or-ganisations : les mouvements de jeu-nesse et les mouvements de libération,pour lesquels des procédures de con-sultation spéciale ont été prévues.Cependant il semble qu'une psychoses'est fait jour au sein de certaines OINGdans leurs rapports avec les fonction-naires des organisations intergouver-mentales, rapports qui entraînent uncertain complexe respectivement d'in-fériorité ou de supériorité. De plus lesfonctionnaires des grandes OIG voientdans les OING un outil pour mettre enœuvre leurs objectifs, tels ta propa-gande pour divers programmes desNations Unies ou même la recherchedes fonds pour leur financement. Dece fait les OING ne savent plus sielles doivent apporter leur contribu-tion originale ou exécuter ce qui estdécidé par les OIG.Un participant considère que la prin-cipale préoccupation des OING devraitêtre l'amélioration des échanges entreles membres nationaux. Il faut, avecleur concours, non plus avant toutétablir entre eux une fédération inter-nationale « faîtière », mais surtout agir.Pour promouvoir certaines activités,il faut repenser te style d'action des,OING. Un autre croît que le problème

des OING où ce qu'on appelle leurcrise, se situe plutôt au niveau del'action concertée.S'il est nécessaire d'étudier l'activitédes branches nationales et le rôlequ'elles peuvent jouer dans le mondeinternational, il faut aussi, est-il taitremarquer, se pencher sur l'individuqui, somme toute, forme la base desorganisations nationales. H faut aussise pencher sur le problème de la jeu-nesse.L'importance de l'information pour lesOING est soulignée par un autre par-ticipant.Un autre encore est d'avis que lesressources principales des OING sontl'intelligence et la bonne volonté, tan-dis que l'action d'information requiertdes ressources financières qui man-quent généralement aux OING.Mais celles-ci, déclare un participant,ne devraient-elles pas repenser cer-taines de leurs activités de relationsextérieures ? Est-il opportun, sauf quel-ques exceptions, de conserver desreprésentants permanents auprèsd'institutions intergouvernementales ?Les OING n'ont-elles pas trop peu decontacts par contre avec les déléga-tions permanentes des Etats auprèsdes institutions intergouvemementa-les. Ne devraient-elles pas, de mêmeque leurs branches nationales établiesdes contacts avec les services dé-partements ministériels nationaux ?Il y a aussi le problème du rôle queles OING peuvent jouer à l'égard dessociétés multinationales à but lucratif,dans le cadre d'activités consultatives,normatives ou opérationnelles, aveccomme tâche principale sans doute deleur faire mieux comprendre les as-pects humains de la coopération entreles peuples, qui doivent les concernercomme toutes organisations interna-tionales.Un certain scepticisme à ce sujet estexprimé par un autre participant; carles OING ont un but désintéressé, alorsque les sociétés multinationales seréfèrent au « management » pour at-teindre des buts lucratifs. Il est vraicependant que des sociétés multinatio-nales commencent à se sentir con-cernées par des problèmes d'intérêtgénéral, telle la pollution, et que d'au-tres, sous la pression des OING syndi-cales ont dû se préoccuper des problè-mes humains du travail.La question du terme « non gouverne-mental » est soulevée et deux partici-pants expriment l'opion qu'il s'agitd'un vocable malheureux, il ne corres-pond pas aux concepts des langues etdes cultures non indo-Européennes etdans nombre de pays en voie de déve-loppement, ce terme risque d'être com-pris comme signifiant « anti-gouverne-mental ».La notion de lucratif ou non lucratif de-vrait elle-même être revue. Il existedes organisations intergouvernemen-tales qui ont des buts lucratifs, tandisque les sociétés multinationales ayantdes buts lucratifs sont considéréescomme des organisations non gouver-

12 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1972

nementales, bien qu'il y en ait quiappartiennent à des actionnaires gou-vernementaux.te concept « organisation » lui-mêmen'est pas sons poser des problèmes,car il ne lient guère compte des types.de groupements propres aux sociétésnon occidentales. Il y a aussi un dangerà vouloir faire une distinction rigideentre tes organisations permanentes etdes organisations de nature temporaireet des organismes ad hoc.Enfin on peut se demander la distinc-tion qu'il faut encore maintenir entrele public et le privé.Après avoir ainsi émis une série deremarques au sujet du premier thèmeque l'UAI se proposait d'inscrire auprogramme du 2e Séminaire, à savoir« la philosophie de l'organisation nongouvernementale » à la lumière desmutations intervenues ou prévues dansles fonctions des OING, les partici-pants procèdent à un échange de vuessur le deuxième thème proposé «Œlasociologie des organisations non gou-vernementales ».Des opinions diverses sont expriméesen ce qui concerne la terminologiequ'il conviendrait d'employer : gestion,management, administration, organi-zation's development, stratégie del'action.Ensuite la Table ronde examina lessous-thèmes suggérés pour la secondepartie du Séminaire : a) problème del'information ; b) gestion des fonctionsopérationnelles des OING ; c) sélec-tion, recrutement et formation du per-sonnel des OING.

D'une façon générale, ces trois sous-thèmes sont considérés comme judi-cieux.Enfin la Table ronde se penche sur leproblème des méthodes de travail quidevraient être utilisées pour le Sémi-naire et sur la question des catégoriesde personnes qui devraient y partici-per.

On trouvera en annexe les conclusionsque l'UAI a tirées de l'ensemble desremarques et suggestions faites aucours de la Table ronde, c'est-à-dire leprogramme du Séminaire, qu'elle aétabli à la suite de la Table ronde. Ontrouvera aussi en annexe la liste deses participants.

Table ronde du 22 octobre 1971(slègo do la Ligue des Société do laCroix Rouge)Genève

Parmi les opinions exprimées à Genè-ve :M. Szmitkowski (Caritas Internationa-lis) est très en faveur des rencontrescomme celle-ci, car elles permettentune réflexion et des échanges d'idées.Les OING représentent une grandevariété de formules et de champs d'ac-tion. C'est une richesse, car cela don-ne un grand éventail d'expression del'opinion publique ; mais c'est aussi unecertaine faiblesse — du moins appa-rente — à cause de leur grande di-versité qui ne facilite pas la mise aupoint des idées communes et la coopé-ration (pourtant très désirée par noustous) avec les Institutions internatio-nales.

Cependant, en ce qui concerne les su-jets qui touchent de très près les OING,comme par exemple la préparationd'un texte aussi important que la Dé-claration universelle des Droits del'Homme, les OING ont su fournir unapport très valable aux activités desNations Unies, grâce à leur collabora-tion et grâce à leurs interventions quiont permis d'établir une sorte de dia-logue avec l'Institution internationale.D'ailleurs, parmi les délégués gouver-nementaux qui ont préparé ce texte,il y en avait plusieurs, semble-t-il, quivenaient du milieu des OING.

En outre, en ce qui concerne les Insti-tutions spécialisées, certaines OINGdont les activités correspondent àcette «'spécialisation'», continuent leurcollaboration, souvent intense, et par-fois aussi leur soutien matériel (c'estpar exemple le cas de l'action en fa-veur des réfugiés, du Fonds de l'En-fance, de toute l'action en cas de cata-strophes naturelles, etc.).

En revanche, à l'ONU, vu une grandesensibilisation politique, vu aussi laprésence de nouveaux Etats qui sou-vent n'ont pas encore de tradition bienétablie dans le secteur non gouverne-mental, des difficultés ont surgi, et c'està leur intention qu'une démarche d'in-formation devrait être faite.


Why hold a seminar on thechanges which have already oc-curred or which are likely tooccur in the activity of non-governmental organizations ?

Apart from some very large or verypolitical organizations the governmen-tal and nongovernmental internationalorganizations give the observer theimpression of not being affected byanything which happens around themand above all they seem to have thisimpression of themselves. However,can an international organization withinits own internal system of membersand activities or in the external systemto which it belongs be considered asthe axis at the heart of a revolvingzone ?Certainly each in its own sphere takespart in present day developments andoften even provokes them, promotesthem or at the very least records them.But in their structures or their methodsjust as much as in their mutual rela-tions they seem to find themselves ina state of immobility — above all incomparison with the upheaval in in-dustrial, ministerial and universityorganizations — a fact which is stronglyunderlined by Alvin Toffler in thechapter entitled « Organization : therising adhocracy », of his book. FutureShock.Could international organizations suchas nongovernmental organizations findthemselves in the extraordinary posi-tion of escaping the effects of the changes in our rapidly changing worldbecause they have never had rigidstructures, strict hierarchies or bureau-cracies ?Without doubt it is true to say that theleaders of the INGOs have in someways always been citizens of the future;both imaginative and audacious; thatpreoccupations with their own securityhave not tended to make then inflexiblein their organizations; and that theyhave behaved more as specialistsattached by corporate ties to theirwidely scattered colleagues and ascontractors of plans than as membersof a permanent schema of organiza-tions.But is that which is true for the menwho work in the INGOs also true forthe organizations themselves ?The acceleration of the evolution ofsociety as a whole is evident, and itwould be surprising if there were notin the field of international relationselements of transformation which havean important influence on the role andcompetence of INGOs : their ties withtheir national branches, their functions,their mutual coperation and perhapsabove all, on their relations with theintergovernmental institutions.The Union of International Associa-tions considered it necessary to exa-mine on a worldwide basis this problem,looking at the changes which havealready taken place and those whichare expected to occur in the functionsof the INGOs, and from there to decidewhat adaptations will be necessary inthe INGOs exterior relations program-mes and administration.It was decided to entrust the first stageof such an examination to the 2dSeminer for the executives of INGOswhich was planned as a sequel to the

2n Seminar for the Executives of INGOsWhich took place from 6 to 11 October,1969 In Turin at the International Cen-tre for Professional and TechnicalTraining of ILO under the auspices ofthe European Commission for Agricul-ture of the FAO.UAS believed it a useful preliminaryto consult some of the heads of theINGOs on this subject and asked aswell for the opinions of some officialsof intergovernmental organizations.This consultation took the form of aRound Table held on 22 October, 1970in Geneva at the headquarters of theLeague of Red Cross Societies whichhad been kind enough to place itsconference chamber at the disposal ofthe UAL Attached it a list of the peoplewho took part in this Round Table.The first statement to emerge was acomplete and unanimous approval,of the opportunity of the initiativeenvisaged by the UAI.The second point concerned the rela-tions of the INGO with the UnitedNations. The INGOs have their ownproblems. INGOs were not createdby the UN; rather they helped to pro-mote its creation. It is very right thatINGOs should co-operate ' with theUnited Nations and should make knowntheir experiences and hopes. But theefforts of INGOs are not taken intoconsideration as they should be byintergovernmental organizations (with afew exceptions). To what degrés isthis due to the lack of quality in theINGOs' representation or the lack ofmeans ? In any case, some actionmust be taken to restore confidenceand to reconsider the relations of theINGOs with United Nations and withgovernments.In a more general way, one shouldtake note of a certain feeling of inse-curity in the INGOs ; which manifestsitself in questions such as « what arewe ? what can we do ? »One participant expressed the opinionthat the INGOs were at a turningpoint. Their position was fairly clearin the early days of the UN's work,influenced as it was by the predomi-nance of Western states and theircultures. But with the growth of international organization and the creationof a greated number of specialized INGOs, the position changed. Therelationship is not poor for thesespecialized INGOs ; a dialogue existswith the specialized agencies of themUN. On the other hand, INGOs of anideological nature feel more on theperiphery, in spite of positive contri-butions they have made in such areasas human rights.The United Nations has grown from57 to 131 member states. The newnon-western states hardly know whatINGOs are and distrust IGOs at thenational level. They must be betterinformed. Another speaker expressed the opi-nion that the problem of consultativestatus comes from the technological-evolution-caused crisis of the INGOs.Tension exists at the UN between the


legal concept of the INGO and theconflict of conscience » of the indi~victual. This forms a screen betweenthe individual and the decreasinglystable state. The INGOs are at (heheart of the conflict between the« legal » reality and the psycho-sociological reality to which they arecloser. There is disharmony betweenthe structures. This crisis should beanalysed as well as that of the transi-tion from the international to thetransnational. The fact that youthappreciate the concrete must be takeninto account : « all INGOs haveremained at an « abstract » level andappear to be playing at being organi-zations *.

It has been remarked that we nowlive in a « time of change » and thatwe are getting further away from a tra-ditional and permanent past. Thingsmove fast, therefore it is vitally neces-sary for non-governmental organiza-tions to be prepared for the transfor-mation of what can not even now bestrictly called the * internationallife ». The basic fact is the transitionfrom the closed society of nationalsovereignty to the open society oftransnational associations. Until now,at the international level, only law asthe law of States, and decisions com-ing from the authority of governmentsand their delegates have been consi-dered. All the rest, except for the soli-darities of work and employment inte-grated in the ILO — these immensenon-governmental efforts — havebeen left to chance moral and politicalinfluences and to the expedient ofeconomic and social pressure groups,with consultation being the only me-dium of international participation.Today consultation is the subject ofmuch work in universities and manypublications, but only from a natio-nal point of view, and because of thecrisis in the parliamentary institution.The same arguments and the samehypotheses are often valid, mutatismutandis, for intergovernmental orga-nizations.There are movements afoot in the fieldof the relations of INGOs with inter-governmental organization. Theybegan timorously in Article 71 of theCharter with the institution of a con-sultative statute — whose efficiencywas limited by political and otherreasons. Today, the need for moreeffective co-operation is making itselffelt. The important ECOSOC resolu-tion of 3 June 1971 went beyond itsapparent objective and gave theopportunity for a real revision onconsultation. The INGOs must replywith positive suggestions.Even if the relationship between cer-tain IGOs and INGOs has detioratedsomewhat, and even should the govern-ments supporting the INGOs at theinternational level not support themnationally, the INGOs must be carefulnot to retreat into indpendence orsystematic opposition. They must taketheir place in intelligent collaboration,free not to answer questions attacking

their dignity when IGOs who believethemselves competent to judge thetNGOs, ask such questions.Two speakers underlined the diversityof the INGOs as well as the distinctionbetween various objectives of organiza-tions such as the United Nations Spe-cialized Agencies on one hand and theINGOs on the other. Should theINGOs not be divided up into severalgroups to study their problems andthen outline a general view ?

On the subject of classification, onemust recall that one of the specializedagencies wanted to create families ofINGOs. The remark was also madethat INGOs must oppose classificationon the part of the United Nations,since each INGO should have the free-dom to choose with which partners itwishes to cooperate in the same fieldof activity. Another participant thoughtthat INGOs are already catalogued atthe intergovernmental level since theyare markedly distinguishable from twoother types of organization — youthmovements and liberation movements— for which special consultation pro-cedures have been arranged. However,it seems that a psychosis has appearedin certain INGO's relations with IGOs— relations which introduce a certaininferiority, or conversely, superioritycomplex. The officials of large IGOssee in the INGOs an instrument toimplement their own objectives, suchas propaganda for various UN program-mes, or even look to them for funds.As a result, INGOs no longer knowwhether to make original contribu-tions or simply execute those programsdecided on by IGOs.One speaker said that the principalpreoccupation of the INGOs shouldbe the amelioration of exchanges be-tween national members. It is aboveall necessary to act and not to establishbetween INGOs an umbrella interna-tional federation. In order to promotecertain activities, it is necessary torethink the style of action of theINGOs. Another believed that the pro-blem of INGOs, what is called their« crisis », is primarily a matter ofconcerted action.If it is necessary to study.the activityof the national branches and the rolethey can play in the international scene,it is also necessary to take an interestin the individuak who, when all issaid and done, forms the base of thenational organizations. INGOs mustpay special attention to the problemof youth, as well.The importance of information for theINGOs was underlined by anotherparticipant. Another felt that the prin-cipal resources of the INGOs are intel-ligence and good will, since the use ofinformation requires financial resourceswhich are often not available to INGOs.But should INGOs not rethink certainof their external relations ? Is it wise,with a few exceptions, to have perma-nent representatives in intergovernmen-tal institutions and not in permanentdelegations of their Member States ?


There is also the problem of (he rolewhich the INGOs can play with regardto the multinational profit-makingenterprises in the framework of con-sultative activities, both normative andoperational. The principal task is tomake them understand more fully thehuman aspects of cooperation betweenpeoples, which must concern them asit does all other international organ!'zations.Another participant expressed a certainscepticism on this subject, becauseINGOs have a disinterested aim whilemultinational enterprises depend on« management « to attain profitableends. It is true, however, that the mul-tinational corporations are beginningto feel concerned about general pro-blems such as pollution, and that others,under the pressure of Trade UnionINGOs, have had to give their attentionto human problems in working condi-tions.The question of the term « non-govern-mental » was raised; it was felt thatthis was not a good choice. It probablydoes not correspond with the conceptsand cultures of non-Indo-Europeancountries and in a number of casesruns the risk of being understood as* anti-governmental ».The idea of profit-making and non pro-fit-making should be reviewed also.Although intergovernmental organiza-tions exist which have profit-makingaims, multinational profit-making enter-prises are considered as non-govern-

Liste des participants

LIGUE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE

MM. ABUT et SCHUSSELEMme CAMPORINI

PAX ROMANAM. DEMB1NSKI

UNION INTERNATIONALE DE PROTEC-TION DE L'ENFANCEM. BREMOND

INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE DE HAUTES-ETUDES INTERNATIONALESM. SIOTIS

CENTRE DE LA PAIX MONDIALE PARLE DROIT

M. STOSIC

CONSEIL OECUMENIQUE DESEGLISES

M.REES

CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL POURL'ORGANISATION SCIENTIFIQUE

M. LEDERER

mental organizations, even If they arepartly or wholly owned by governmentagencies.The concept of « Organization » itselfis not without its problems, becauseit does not take into account types ofgroupings proper to non-Western cul-tures. There is also a danger of wantingto make rigid distinctions betweenpermanent organizations, organizationsof a temporary nature, and ad hocbodies.

Having thus expressed many opinionson the subject of the first theme theUAI proposed to put on the programmeof the 2nd meeting — partici-pants proceeded to exchange views onthe second proposed theme, « the ope-rations of non-governmental organiza-tions ».

Differing opinious were expressedconcerning the suitable terminology tobe employed : administration, manage-ment, organizational development,action strategy. The Round Table nextexamined the suggested sub-themes forthe second part of the Seminar : (a)the problem of information, (b) themanagement of the operational func-tions of INGOs (c) the selection,recruitment and training of the personnel of INGOs.

The programme of the Seminar whichwas set up as a result of remarks andsuggestions made during the RoundTable are to be found as an annexto this report.

CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DES A-GENCES BENEVOLES

M. RITCHIE

CARITAS INTERNATIONALEM. SZMITKOWSKIALLIANCE INTERNATIONALE DE

TOURISMEM.KRAUSE

OFFICE EUROPEEN DES NATIONS-UNIES

Mme GIURIATI

. UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FORTRAINING & RESEARCH-UNITAR

M. GRIBAUDO

BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DU TRA-VAIL

MM. HENNIS et WALKER

UNION DES ASSOCIATIONS INTER-NATIONALES

MM. CASADIO; FENAUX; SPEECKAERT;TSAN- JUDGE et TIBALDIM. SOMERFELD

PROCES-VERBALISTEMme VORONOV


du séminairede Milan(Du 16 au 18

PARTICIPANTS ;

Ce Séminaire réunira de quarante àcinquante personnes, dont une partiesera composée de secrétaires géné-raux ou directeurs d'organisations in-ternationales non-gouvernementales etl'autre partie de délégués d'organisa-tions intergouvemementales, de socié-tés multinationales et de fondations etde représentants des milieux de larecherche (professeurs d'université,directeurs d'instituts de relations inter-nationales) outre l'un ou l'autre diri-geant de branches nationales d'OING.Parmi les participants figureront despersonnalités appartenant aux pays envoie de développement et des diri-geants de mouvements de jeunesse.

*

ORIENTATION GENERALE :

A l'inverse du premier Séminaire deTurin qui avait été consacré surtoutaux problèmes d'administration desOING (formation des cadres) et dansune moindre mesure à un échanged'idées générales, le deuxième Sémi-naire de... sera principalement deréflexion sur les changements en coursou à prévoir dans les relations interna-tionales et transnationales, tout encomportant l'examen de certains pro-blèmes particuliers de gestion, d'in-formation et de personnel.Des documents de travail seront pré-parés et transmis aux participantsavant l'ouverture du Séminaire.

*

DUREE :La durée du Séminaire sera de troisjours.

*

THEMES :

Les travaux du Séminaire porteront,dans une proportion égale de séances,sur les deux thèmes suivants :I. — La philosophie de l'organisationnon-gouvernementale.II. — La sociologie des organisationsnon-gouvernementales,!. — La. philosophie de l'organisationnon-gouvernementale.a) les mutations intervenues ou pré-

vues dans les fonctions des OINGrésultant ou pouvant résulter deschangements intervenus ou prévuspar rapport :aux Etatsaux organisations interétatiquesà la technologieaux systèmes ou processus déci-sionnelsaux organisations internationalesnon gouvernementales et à leursstyles d'actionà l'action concertée ou au travailen commun des OING et des asso-ciations temporaires entre OINGà la distinction entre le public etle privé, le lucratif et le non-lucratif.

b) les mutations internes des OING,en ce qui concerne :leurs organes internationaux etleurs structuresleurs membres nationauxleurs liaisons avec les membresnationaux au niveau de l'individu.

c) les rapports qui existent ou pour-raient exister entre les OING etles sociétés transnationales quantaux responsabilités de ces der-nières à l'égard des individusaux activités consultatives, norma-tives et opérationnelles.

d) la recherche d'une nouvelle formu-le de relations entre les OING etles O1G, en considérant notammentle conflit existant entre la réalitéjuridique et la réalité psycho-socio-logiquele conflit existant entre la fonctioninterne des OING et leur fonctionenvisagée du point de vue des OIG

les perspectives offertes pour la2ème décennie de développementla modification de la terminologieconcernant les OINGles relations entre les branches natio-nales des OING et les Etats.

H. — La sociologie des organisationsnon-gouvernementales

(Gestion - management - administra-tion - organisation's development ouchange - stratégie de l'action).

a) problème de l'informationreçue et utilisée par les OINGentre les secrétariats et les mem-bres des OINGentre les OINGdans leurs autres relations exté-rieures.

b) la gestion des tondions opération-nelles des OING

c) la sélection, le recrutement et laformation du personnel des OING.


During the 2nd Seminar at Milan,May 1972. part of the discussionwill deal with new styles of organi-zation management appropriate tothe more complex social environ-ment of the future. This article ;'s acontribution to that discussion.

Interdépendanceof OrganizationsThere is a widely prevalent tendencyto think of organizations, particularlyinternational organizations, as func-tioning within the social system likebilliard balls on a table. In this view,they may « knock into » one another,but essentially they are completelyunrelated to one another — there is nopermanent organic relationship be-tween them.This view resembles that which lies atthe base of current environmental pro-blems, namely that each factory canfunction in its environment as thoughits products had no significant effecton other parts of nature. In the past twoyears, however, it has become widelyrecognized that man exists in a verydelicate and complex equilibrium withhis environment —- any industrial acti-vity may have consequences for anyother. Each factory functions in a webor network of dynamic relationshipswith other factories, via the processesof the natural environment.To what extent is it recognized thatevery social activity of man — thedomain of most INGOs — may havesignificant consequences for anyother social activity ? It is, in fact,impossible to predict which organiza-tions will give rise to problems by theiractions, which other bodies wilt beaffected, and which bodies will thenbe in the best position to undertakecompensatory action. All social entities— INGOs, IGOs, groups, national orlocal bodies, movements, and indivi-duels — are bound together in a deli-cate web of interdependent socialrelationships, in which each is autono-mous and at the same time, depen-dent on the actions of others. It isa truism that • No man is an islandunto himself » but it is not so widelyrecognized that none of man's organi-zations can function in isolation.This is clearly recognized for one fieldin the following extract from a speechby Henrik Beer, Secretary Generalof the League of Red Cross Societies,at the 15th International Conferenceon Social Welfare :

« One of the most important trendsin the field of international volun-tary service in recent years hasbeen the recognition that socialdevelopment cannot be pried loosefrom economic and political deve-lopment and that the work of volun-teer organizations cannot be iso-lated from other aspects of social

work. Prognostics for voluntaryservice must be seen as part of awhole. It is already outmoded tolook on community social services. as an entity in itself : It is part ofa socio-economic whole...From now on U.N. programmes willnot be considered individually.Priority will be given to a total ap-proach by every country to theirown development planning, withharmonised progress, and, hope-fully, no competition between dif-ferent agencies and ministriesabout priorities, people and money.The same will apply to our planning— we shall no longer promote onlythe programmes we favour »,

The excessive stress placed on theautonomy of organizations masks thelinks between them. Excessive focuson one type of link — the consulta-tive relationship with UN agencies —de-emphasizes the many other links,formal and informal, between orga-nizations of many types, thus renderingimpossible any balanced understand-ing of the social system.

Can INGOs — recognized or unreco-gnized by the UN system — adopt anycourse of collective action which is soshortsighted and procedure-orientedas to expressly favor only isolated in-ternational organizations whilst ignor-ing the immensely complex worldnetwork of organizations of all typeswhich stretches from the individual tolocal, national and international bodiesto include the potentially highly-signi-ficant inter-INGO groupings ?

For that matter, can the UN agenciesafford to encourage any action which

ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1972

The world Network of Organization

A Symbol for the 1970'

18

fragments INGOs Into unrelatedagency-oriented groupings at a pointin time when the global crisis is com-pletely multi-disciplinary and demandsthe utilization of every available re-source ? Can the agencies and themany INGOs each treat the world net-work of organizations as an adminis-trative problem when it clearly repre-sents an unstudied social phenomenon?Is it not an unexplored global, networkof organizational resources — of whichthe governmental and business worldsare an integral part — which has notyet been effectively related to thepeace / population / food / develop-ment / education / environment crisisprecisely because the functional rela-tionship of all the parts to the socialwhole is repeatedly and systematicallyignored in organizational decisions ?

Networkof OrganizationsIt is no longer useful to concentrate onthe problems of one * independent »organization or group of organizations(as though each operated as an auto-nomous frontier outpost surroundedby uncharted terrain). Not is it usefulto focus on a single geographical re-gion or subject area — it is now essen-tial to look at the problems of the net-work of interdependent organizationsand their interrelated concerns. (Theterrain is now charted and populatedso that the previously isolated frontierposts can now link together to surviveas a community.) The nature and com-plexity of interdependence betweenplants and animals in nature has beenthe theme of the whole environment/ecology issue and the 1970 EuropeanConservation Year. Perhaps this inter-dependence, still only recognizedwith great difficulty, between extre-mely different organisms can be usedas a parallel to illustrate the natureof the interdependence between or-ganizations of different types andsocial function. This social interde-pendence has yet to be recognizedwith precision despite frequent use ofsuch terms as the « international com-munity ». A century ago it was preci-sely this theme of interdependencebetween natural organisms which wasforcefully stressed amid much contro-versy with texts such as the following :

Many cases are on record showinghow complex and unexpected are the' checks and relations betweenorganic beings which have tostruggle together in the same coun-try... I am tempted to give onemore instance showing how plantsand animals, most remote in thescale of nature, are bound togetherby a web of complex relations ».(Charles Darwin. The Origin ofSpecies, London, 1859).

The example showed how two spec-ies of flower were fertilized with theaid of humble-bees whose nests wereattacked by field-mice, which werein turn preyed upon by cats.

« Hence it is quite credible thatthe presence of a feline animalin large numbers in a districtmight determine, through the in-tervention first of mice and thenof bees, the frequency of certainflowers in that district... A corol-lary of the highest importance maybe deduced from the foregoing• remarks, namely that the structureof every organic being is related,in the most essential yet oftenhidden manner, to that of all otherorganic beings, with which it com-mes into competition for food orresidence, or from which it has toescape, or on which it preys. >

Organizational EcologyWith this perspective, what can besaid of the relationship between suchsocial structures as governmental,and nongovernmental, profit and non-profit, formal and informal organiza-tions, movements, periodicals, massmedia, etc ? Is enough yet known oforganizational ecology, namely thechains of interdependence betweensocial organizations of totally diffe-rent types, to be able to determinewhich actions of one type of organi-zation will directly affect the oper-ations and even the survival of whichother types of organizations respon-sible in society for other funtions ?

* The program of a large orga-nization, whether intended, or not...affects a wide sector of the orga-nization's environment, one muchwider than the organization mayunderstand to be its surrounds...Organizations that wish to dealresponsibly with their socialsurrounds must be capable ofeliciting and evaluating responsesfrom those who realize that theyare affected but who are ordina-rilly silent, and from those who areaffected but may not realize it... »(R.A. Rosenthal and R.S. Weiss,Problems of OrganizationalProcesses.)

In view of the ignorance of these inter-organizational processes and of theecological role of different categoriesof the social flora and fauna :

« We think that enybody whowished to sort out « necessary »and « superfluous » or - justified >and - unjustified » NGO's so as toprove the allegation that there isan inflation of international organi-zations (in the deprecatory sense)would find it rather hard to definehis criteria and would have toclaim for himself the foresight ofa prophet before making his jud-gement in a great many cases,furthermore, even the smallest,lowliest, and oddest NGO's maywell be regarded as an expressionof the genuine longing of theirmembers for more internationalcontact, understanding and coope-ration. Such longings should betaken seriously because humanmotivation and psychological fac-

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1972

19

TABLE 1 Traditional Style Charismatic or Intuitive Style

Classical or Bureaucratic Style

Human Relations or Group Style

Systemic Style Network Style

1. Focus Maintaining atradition

Pursuing en in-tuition

Running an admin-istrative machine

Initiating and leading groups

Survival of a systemin a hostile environ-ment

Adapting to emergingconditions

2. Organization2.1 Conception

Historicalinstitution

Spontaneouscreation

MechanisticStructure

Network of personalrelationships System of flows of in-

formation and

materials, developed

in response to

Dynamlc evolvingnetworks of personaland organizationalunils, living systemor organization

2.2 Purpose ofdesign

Preservation ofstatus quo

Implementing in-tuition

Maximizing effi-ciency

Maximizing personalsatisfaction

Maximizing survivalpotential and growthof system

Maximizing relevance to perceived problems

2.3 Source ofmomentum

Force of tradition Dynamism of intuition Leadership driveand allocated funds

Group synergism Individual self-advan-cement through organ-izational unit successin achieving systemmilestones

Stimulus of individualsand organizationalunits by new problemsand possibilities

2.4 Duration < Permanent >through a historicalperiod

<Permanent> forthe lifetime ofthe leader andhis immediatedisciples

Undefined duration Undefined short duration

For as long as is use-ful for owners andemployees

For as long as is useful in term ofproblem relevance

3. Decision making process3.1 Main concerns

Recurrent ItemsCritical issues Efficient performance

of voted programsElaborating groupsgoals

Adapting system tochanging conditions

Maintaining balancebetween adapting to environmental change

3.2 Goals Unquestioned,possibly implicit

Highly explicit Objective and eval-uated quantitively

Subjective and emer-gent

Outlined centrally;defined and refinedby decentralizedexecutant units

Defined interdepen-dently

3.3 Degree of consciousness

Non-reflective Spontaneous Conscious;calculated Articulation of feel-ings

Highly conscious ofrational perspective

Conscious balancebetween value andrational perspectives

3.4 Type of decision Affirmation of newcustom

Proclamation ofintuition

Production oforders

Formulation of consensus

Initiated by expertsand evaluatedteam

Participative withrepresentatives of allconcerned bodies

3.5 Communication of decison

Transmission ofheritage

Magnetic, persuasiveinfluence

Detailed directions Shared Initiated by expertsand evaluated byteam

Outline directives

3.6 Response todecision

Implicit consent Intuitive accord Agreement underobligation or

Participation consent Team consent Modified by team inresponse to localconditionscoercion

4. LEADERSHIP4.1 Dominantpersonality

Elders; wise,sacred

Enlightened Agressive, domi-neering

Sensitive, cultured Expert; technician Network linkcatalyzers, generalist

4.2 Functions ofleaders

Voice of tradition;source of wisdom;nurturer; guardian

Prophetic, in-spirational

Directive; organizing Permissive, non-directive, creation of< atmosphere >;draws out

Interprets systemenvironment; clarifiesgoals, monitorschange

Interprets psycho-social environment,clarifies goals andorganizational com-plexes required;monitors change

5. CENTRAL PROCES5.1 Main features

Strength of tradition,little awareness ofalternatives

Judgementalcharacter of intuition;all of adherents

Specific standardsset by topmanagement

Individual sense ofresponsibility;answerability toconstituents

Conscientiousness ofexpert; corrective ofgoals; threat of non-survival of system

Conscientiousness of those with networkroles; counterbalancingobjectives of organ-izational units; threatof non-survival ofhuman society

6. ORGANIZED RELATIONSHIPS6.1 Intra-organiza-tional

Coherent, stabletraditional hier-archical structure

Emanations of thecentral intuition

Procedural routinizedlinkages based ondocument transfer;jurisdictional dispute

Fluid; informal basedon mutual empathy Interacting, constant

evolution of new

authority structures

Interdependent;dynamic emergence ofcross-linking authoritycenters of shortduration

62 Inter-organiza- Traditional contacts,other organizationsare irrelevant; fed-erations of organiza-tions only stableunder externalsupreme authority(eg. sovereign, gov-ernment, etc.)

Contacts initiatedand maintained ifthey can accept thesuperiority of thecentral message andwill help to dissemi-nate it; conferencesof organizations onlyif they enhance theauthority of the cen-tral intuition

Relations governedby policy of« recognition » inwhich the super-iority of therecognizer is consi-dered implicit; weakand unstable federa-tions of organizations

Ad hoc unstructuredcontacts; organizationfor project level col-laboration; organiza-tion groupings rackedby fear of « organi-zation »

Links between

complementary or

competing organiza-

tions committed so

survival of samemacro-system;dictated by cost

Interdependent,dynamic emergence ofcross-linking authoritycenters of shortduration, distinctionbetween intra- andinterorganizationallinks consideredacademic

7. RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENT7.1 Social environ-mem

Component part ofstatic society

Rejection of statusquo; articulateschange

Machine formanaging extensivebut uncomplex en-vironment

Reflection of cultured democratic society

Attuned to those fea-tures of its environ-ment which mightconstitute a potentialthreat to its contin-ued growth

Attuned to thosefeatures of its en-vironment which mightconstitute a potentialactivity and to thosewhich might be threa-tened by its continuedactivity

7.2 Problem environment

Docile, isolatedproblems in anerderly environment

Identification of a

problem underlying

problems.

Docile problemgroups characterizedby their number andvariety rather thantheir complexityand interrelationship

Dynamic interactive

problems, the conse-

quences of some

Aggressive interactiveproblems; considera-ble strategic skillsrequired for centralplanning

Very aggressive inter-active problems; cen-tralized strategyabandoned in favor ofdecentralized responseby a network of inter-dependent organizational units


20

tors of this kind are of conside-rable Importance for the wholepresent and future development ofinternational organizations ».(Alexander Szalai. The Future ofinternational organizations. NewYork, UNITAR, 1970. Paper pre-sented to a seminar on organi-zations of the future.)

Styles of OrganizationWithin the above context, it is usefulto look at different styles of organiza-tion, how they function and how theyrespond to their environment. TheTraditional, Charismatic, and Classi-cal styles are quite familiar. TheHuman Relations style has recentlyappeared on the scene, together withthe Systemic style. These five stylesare described and compared in Ta-ble 1 (1). Each succeeding stylereflects a progressively greater con-cern with interdependence, but ineach case with compensating weak-nesses. The relationship between thedifferent styles of organizations canbe usefully illustrated in Figure 1.There is a progressive convergencetowards a subtler and more sensitivetype of social action, with progres-sibly smaller swings between theextremes shown in Figure 1.Each style of organization is of cour-e the most appropriate in a certaintype of environment. But what styleof organization is most appropriateto the complex environment noted inthe earlier sections of this article ?Most management literature is fullof descriptions of * systems mana-gement » as applied to large corpora-tions and even to governments. PeterRudge (2) considers the Systemicstyle to be the most appropriate forcomplex organizations such as thechurches with which he is especiallyconcerned. And yet it is against theconcept of a - system » that manyleft-wing and youth organizations areprotesting. It seems certain that inter-national nongovernmental organiza-tions do not wish to conceive of them-selves as being part of any system —there is too much suggestion of coor-dination without respect for autonomy,or of being a « cog in somebody else'smachine ».Working with the ideas in the earliersection of this article, and with highlyinnovative books such as that ofDonald Schon (3), it seemed possibleto identify a style of organization that

(1) These five styles and their descriptionsare based on an excellent typology given in :Peter F. Rudge. Ministry and Management ;the study of ecclesiastical administration.London, Tavistock, 1968. Descriptions havehowever been much modified in a number ofcases, the sixth style and some points havebeen added.

(2) op. clt,(3) Donald Schon. Beyond the Stable State.(See article based on his book, by A.J.N.Judge Wanted : new types of social entity.. International Associations .. March, 1971p. 148-170).

combines some of the advantagesof the Human Relations and Systemicstyles and avoids some of their disad-vantages. This can be termed the« Network Style ». It is described inTable 1 and is shown as the next swingof the curve in Figure 1.There is of course a range of systemsmanagement styles, and some wouldclaim to include the Network style,but it seems as though organizationscan become systems without becom-ing networks (4). And it is the conceptof a network of organizations whichseems less constrictive and morefruitful.

Nature of the NetworkIn order for INGOs to survive andcontribute effectively to social changein the 1970s there may be some advan-tage in attempting to define moreclearly the nature of this new styleof organization. It is as yet unde-fined because it is of less interest tobusiness corporations for whichinter-organizational relations arelargely restricted to transactionswhich can be translated into financialterms. The case of nonprofit organi-zations is much more complex inmany respects. INGOs need to worktogether to match the strength anddemands of governmental and busi-ness programs. They also need towork together to ensure that the effectsof their programs do not cancel eachother out (e.g. in the case of environmental programs), or compete withone another unnecessarily (e.g. in thecase of educational programs in aparticular locality). But in workingtogether, they do not want to be suckedinto an uncontrollable relationshipunder which their autonomy is threa-tened.In a sense we are moving towards theidea that INGOs are autonomous bo-dies which at any one time may eachhave working links with « neighbour-ing » INGOs — or may temporarily beworking in isolation. As Figure 2shows, this type of situation resultsin a network of organizations. It isnot a frozen structure but a dynamicone. Each day new patterns of linksare created some new links are formed,some links are terminated. Somepatterns of links are more permanentthan others — but all links have theirpart to play in the activity of the net-work :

Link

+ 10 years < permanent > working contacts+ 5 years links for long term programs(eg coordination of comple-

mentary programs)+ 2 years links for short term projects

(eg organization of a large con-ference)

+ 1 year links (or specific tasks (eg.joint publication of a book orbrochure)

(4) The Systemic style defined in Table 1 hasbeen modified from that suggested by PeterRudge to clarify this distinction.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1972

21

Figure 1. Indication of the succession of management styleextremes and the convergence over time on a morebalanced form

Excessively organized and «efficient»; impersonal, centralized;exclusive definition of relevance

Excessively disorganized and « inefficient >; personal, decentra-lized; over-sensitive to too many immediate problems


+ 1 month links for very specific points of common interest (eg. exchange of letters and documents follo-wing contact at meeting)+ 1 week face-to-face

22

Network Action StrategyThe problem for INGOs is to developa way of increasing the dynamism andstrength of the network without retreat-ing to the unsuccessful formula of thecoordinating umbrella body — whichis probably following the dinosaursinto social history. Clues to a newaction strategy can be obtained bylooking at the now well-developedSystemic style.The Systemic style has been speci-fically developed for closed-systems;that is to say for an organization andthose parts of its environment withwhich it thinks it should be in contact.Every other outside influence is syste-matically excluded. But the relations

between the parts of the organizatio-nal system are conceived as beingvery sophisticated and subtle. Itwould seem possible to « translate »these features of the closed-systeminto open-system features by thinkingof the INGOs not as interlinked partsof a closed system but as autonomousinterdependent organs within anopen society — the social system as awhole. The Systemic style may thenbe said to be applicable to one orga-nizational system, whereas the Net-work style is applicable to manyinteracting organizations. This mightbe considered a mere transpositionof the Systemic style to a differentlevel, but for one factor. In order foran organization to respond to the

network environment of the open so-ciety, it must become less introvertedand exclusive in its concerns, andas such one can speak of the emer-gence of a new organization styleboth externally for the network as awhole and internally for the organi-zation itself. The stress is on inter-action and interdependence, howeverthe choice of interactant and form ofrelationship is entirely autonomous.Peter Budge (5) has summarizedthe characteristics of the Systemicstyle. In the light of the above com-ments, we can attempt to translate andmodify these for the inter-organiza-tional setting. The Network style maytherefore be characterized by :

(a) emphasis on the contribution of

special knowledge, competenceand experience by any appro-priate INGO to the common taskof any ad hoc group of INGOsset up for a specific task

(b) the « realistic » nature of theprogram of any INGO which isseen as set by its perception ofthe most significant problemsfor which it is competent, interms of the information whichit has managed to receive.

(c) the adjustment and continualredefinition by each INGO of itsprograms through interactionwith and in response to others ;the network is conceived asconstantly changing and evol-ving, sub-networks of INGOswith a special interest in com-mon come into existence for anyrequired period ; INGOs mayeach be participating in anynumber of such partial networks;partial networks are deliberatelyterminated when no longer use-ful.

(d) the shedding of «responsibility»as a limited field of rights, obli-gations and methods (e.g., world

problems may not be systema-tically ignored as being someother organizations sole respon-sibility)

(e) the spread of commitment of anINGO to society as a wholebeyond any technical definitionof programs or legal definitionsof constitution or statutes.

(f) a network structure of control,authority, and communication ;the sanctions which apply to theindividual INGO's conduct inits working role derive more frompresumed community of interestwith the rest of the network inthe survival and evolution of theopen society, and less from anytemporary contractual rela-tionship between the INGO andsome body recognized as coor-dinator for the program in ques-tion.

(g) omniscience no longer imputedto key organizations in the net-work ; knowledge about theeconomic, social, cultural, scien-tific, technical, etc. problemsof the immediate task may belocated anywhere in the organi-

zational network ; this locationmay, if appropriate, become thead hoc centre of control, autho-rity and communication for thattask.

(h) lateral rather than verticaldirection of communicationthrough the network, communi-cation between organizationsof different status ; consultativecontacts are emphasized witheach participant adjusting itsprograms in consequence if itperceives such adjustment to bewarranted.

(i) a content of communication be-tween INGOs which consists ofinformation and advice ratherthan instructions and decisions.

(j) commitment to the problems ofthe development of the opensociety is more highly valuedthan loyalty and obedience tothe individual INGO.

(k) importance and prestige attachto affiliation of the INGO to pro-fessional, scientific or culturalnetworks not directly concernedwith the INGO's immediate pro-gram tasks.

Each of these points concerning inter-organizational relations may requiresome adjustment in the internal or-ganization of the INGO and more spe-cifically to the way the organizationconceives itself. Although comment hasbeen restricted to the INGO network,this is clearly intimately related to thenetwork of governmental agenciesto that of business enterprises and tothat of the academic community.

The organizational network is an« organic » form appropriate to to-day's rapidly changing conditionswhich constantly give rise to freshproblems and unforeseen require-ments for action — requirementswhich cannot be rapidly and satisfac-

torily distributed to organizationsworking in isolation within rigidlydefined programs. The network per-mits all the decentralization neces-sary to satisfy the need for autonomousorganizational development and indi-vidual initiative. It also provides forvery rapid centralization, canalizationand focussing of resources the mo-ment any complex problem (or naturaldisaster) emerges which requires thetalents of a particular configurationor constellation of INGOs (or otherbodies). The centralization is onlybinding on the INGOs concerned withthe problem in question, and for theperiod during which they have • com-mon cause » and in no way affectsothers in the network. The network is.

furthermore, multidimensional in cha-racter since INGOs may centralizethemselves to different extents inmany different partial networks andat the same time decentralize (ordisassociate) themselves on otherissues.The network is not - coordinated »by any body : the participating bodiescoordinate themselves so that onemay speak of « auto-coordination »rather than coordination. Similarly thenetwork as a whole is not < directed >or « controlled » by any body, ratherit is « self-directing » and self-adap-

ting.

A.J.

(5) Op. Cit, p. 30.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1972 23

Network with respect to Issue A(same organisations as for Issue B,but different pattern of links(*)

Organi- Linkszations

Primary 22 J4Secondary 33 8Tertiary 147 228Isolates 58 n.a.Isolated groupe 4 n.a.

i.e. network is more integrated, withfewer isolates; but some primarycoordinating bodies are only re-lated via tertiary links.

Network with respect to Issue B(same organizations as for Issue B,but different pattern of links)(*')

Organi- Linkszations

Primary 8 9Secondary 12 0Tertiary 140 130Isolates 100 n.a.Isolated groups 34 n.a.

i.e. network is less integrated, withmore isolates; but all primarycoordinating bodies are relatedvia primary links.

Figure 2. Illustration of how onepart of the world network of orga-nizations might appear with respectto two different issues (or, alterna-tively, at two different dates).

( * ) Organizations may be of primary, se-condary or tertiary significance to thenetwork in response to any given issue, orthey may operate as isolates.


24

RELATIONSBETWEENORGANIZATIONS

A CRITICAL REVIEWOF THE LITERATURE

Brian C. Aldrich*

* Dept. of Sociology, University of Minnesota, USA.Paper for the American Sociological Association SeminarSession on « Volunteer Action Theory and Research : StepsToward Synthesis, » Washington, D.C., August, 1970.

Interorganizational relations constitute the primarybasis (or understanding the linkage between ma-jor elements in the social system. Determination ofthe causes and consequences of such links pro-vides clues to understanding the dynamics of bothorganizations and the larger society. Voluntary or-ganizations, or those formal social units whoseenergies come principally from « free labor » and/o rwhose direction and control is without financialremuneration, are one such set of organizations.The encompassing term « interorganizational rela-tions » is far from analytically precise, and partof the justification for the following review lies inthe attempt to specify different classes of indicators,the variables they indicate, and some theoreticalrationale used in connection with them. The remain-der of the task is to examine, in the limited literaturewhich is available, some causes and consequencessuch relations have for voluntary and other orga-nizations.There are two principal ways to conceptualizeinterorganizational relations :1. As relations between subparts of a larger unit,

such as the level of relations between orga-nizations in a community (Aiken and Alford, 1970;Warren, 1967) ;

2. or, as relations between a particular organizationor social unit and other social units, such asbetween selected voluntary organizations andother organizations (Aiken and Hage, 1968; Lef-ton and Rosengren, 1966).

In the first instance, relations between subparts arehypothesized (or examined) for the possible effectupon, say, performance or some other attribute ofthe entire unit, such as a community. In the secondinstance, relations between a focal organizationand others are examined in order to understandyet another aspect of the organization, such as itsinnovation. Again, in the first instance, interorga-nizational relations are « intra » system or betweensubunits of a larger unit ; analogous to relationsbetween departments in an organization, whereasin the latter they are relations between systems orunits.While the measurement in both instances may besimilar, the level of analysis is very dissimilar. Tosuggest that the performance of an organization orof a community is in part a consequence of itslinks with the larger system, is quite different fromarguing that the internal relations between com-munity organization has consequences for the per-formance of the entire community. Furthermore,when examining the interunit links in social orga-nization, it is not necessary to have an exhaustiveset of the other units involved. Nor must we assumethat the set is the same for all the organizations, orthat different issues involve the same set.

TYPES OF INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSThere is a great deal of latitude in the designationof relations between organizations. They can varyfrom generalized « industry tradition » (Cyert andMarch, 1963) and « domain consensus » (Levine,et. at 1963) to explicit « uncertainty-absorbing con-tracts » and other formalized relations (Parsons,1960). The area of voluntary associations, wherecooperative relations are a normative expectation,is a good arena for observation, in contrast to thenegative evaluation of such relations in businessand industry.


Johns and Marche (1951) have provided a basicclassification of relations between agencies in healthand welfare. These involve :1. Furthering acquaintances with other agency

leaders ;2. Those resulting in exchange of information ;3. Specific consultation with agencies ;4. Definite planning with representatives of other

agencies ;5. Definite operating responsibilities with represen-

tatives of other agencies.Black and Kase (1963) overlap this list with one

which includes :1. Informal understandings between agencies ;2. Formalized referral procedures ;3. Functional coordination ;4. Joint programs or sharing of forces ;5. Interdisciplinary staff for pilot projects.Most of these are involved in direct provision ofservices, while the Johns and Marche list includesplanning as well.Klonglan, et. al. (1969), in an examination of agencyattempts to alter the care system for alcoholics,includes the representation of other agencies on theboard of the agency and in-service, training of otherstaff. Levine, et. al, (1963) list the resources whichagencies exchange, including referrals (clients),information and finances.Others emphasize one or more of the above relationsor exchanges (Reid, 1964 ; Aiken and Hage, 1968 ;E. Gumming, 1968; Eichhorn and Wysong, 1968;Warren, 1967). In a study of interrelations betweenmunicipal governments, Friesema (1968) lists theextent of cooperative agreements regarding theuse of such municipal services as police, fire andlibraries.Two other studies, in a more sociometric orientata-tion, measure the relations between organizationson the basis of the following questions :(A) « What organization does your organization

deal with in carrying out its business ? » (Ander-son, 1967),

(B) « In carrying out its activity or work, how fre-quently, if ever, does your organization deal witheach of the following organizations ? » (Sutton,undated).

These involve measures of interaction between twoor more organizations in a designated field. A moresophisticated sociometric measurement was deve-loped by Bernstein and Weldon (1968) involvingdiplomatic, military, economic and other kinds ofrelations between countries.At the present time, these articles and studiesconstitute an adequate basis for indicating thenature of the relations between organizations inmost institutional areas except business and industry.But it is unclear whether they constitute a scale ofascending degree of interdependency, or whethereach of the items has independent explanatoryvalues vis-a-vis other attributes (Johns and Marche,1951 ; Bernstein and Weldon, 1968).One possible distinction which can be made alongthese lines is to distinguish between « institutional »relations, such as domain consensus, overlappingboards and committees, and other consensus andcontrol-maintaining activities, - operational » ones.The latter would include information exchange,referrals, and shared resources of various kinds injoint or pilot projects. The former may be basedupon common values and understandings, andthe latter upon complementarities in task. Relations

on the operational level need not follow from thoseon the institutional, or vice versa. B. J. F. Mott (196S)points out that organizations may come togetherin a coordinating council to determine sources ofcommon interest and cooperation, including boththeir internal programming and their relations withthe larger society, such as legislatures and pu-blics, while at the same time remain highly com-petitive at the operational level over new programs,target populations, or sources of funds. While thisis only an instance, it does suggest a basis fordifferentiation along at least two dimensions.

THE BASIS FOR INTERORGANIZATIONALRELATIONS :

When examining particular organizations, whatfactors appear to be related to variations in rela-tions with other organizations ? Again, the literatureis sparse on this subject, but more and morematerial is becoming available. W. Reid (1964) ar-gues that coordination (ad hoc case coordination,systematic case coordination, and program coor-dination) between organizations is based primarlyupon the need for resources to achieve goals ; thelevel of coordination (value of goods and servicesexchanged) being a function of whether agenciesshare the same goals, have complementary re-sources, and need « efficient mechanisms for con-trolling whatever exchanges are involved. » Hereit is the characteristics of both agencies which isnecessary to predict relations between them. WalterMiller (1958) lists several factors leading to conflictbetween agencies concerned with juvenile delin-quency, which when reversed, suggest bases forcooperative relations. These include :1. Similar assumptions about how juvenile delin-

quency is viewed ;2. Similar assumptions about the focus of deviant

behavior ;3. Similar methods of dealing with offenders ;4. Similarity of priorities in program ;5. Similarity in organizing preventative programs ;6. Similarity in qualifications and status of person-nel in program-Assuming these can be examined in variable form,they become predictors of cooperation among twoor more organizations. Barth (1963) suggests dissi-milarities akin to these, adding competition for re-sources and autonomous organizations in the samearea of interest as additional factors — which con-cern for cooperative relations would also have toconsider.Form and Nosow (1958) conclude that similarityof structure and congruent expectations lead tocooperation between organizations in a disaster,while Douds and Rubenstein (1966) hypothesizethat structural differences between organizations orunit is associated with low levels of interface com-munication. Russett (1968) in a study of alliancesbetween nations suggests that the level of cultural,political, and economic bounds would be highlycorrelated with the extent of alliances. Bernsteinand Weldon (1968), in the same area of study con-cluded that those nations which were highly dif-ferentiated externally would tend to articulate moreextensively with nations at similar levels of dif-ferentiation,Fewer studies exist specifying the relationship be-tween particular attributes of organizations and thenature and extent of their interorganizational rela-tions. Hage and Aiken (1968) have shown in a


study of sixteen health and welfare organizationshow the number of joint projects an organizationhas with other organizations is related to its com-plexity, degree of innovation, decentralization andlevel of internal communication. MYTINGER, (1968), ina study of public health agencies, shows how size ofstaff, special training programs, etc., are related tocontacts with other organizations, presence ofhealth in the area plan, and other measures ofthe integration of health concerns into the com-munity.Bernstein (1968) concludes that the level of inter-nal differentiation in nations is related to the extent.of external articulation and external differentiation.Douds and Rubenstein (1966), in a similar vein,hypothesize that the level of internal communicationand tolerance will be correlated with the level ofcommunication and tolerance in relations with otherproject groups, and further, that the greater thenumber of levels between the unit and the liaisonwith other projects, the greater the conflict withthese other groups. Lefton and Rosengren (1966)and Eichhorn and Wysong (1968) show that thebroader the concerns of the organization for theclient, the greater the extent of interorganizationalrelations.

In order to distinguish between the two differentlevels of analysis and the role of interorganiza-tional links in each, it is necessary to examine someof the assumptions which underly them, and whichprovide the rationale for one strategy rather thananother. There appear to be three different butoverlapping sets of assumptions which would leadto the study of interunit relations.The first of these involves the implicit assumptionthat cooperative relations are « good, » i.e., havebenefcial effects upon performance, through effi-cient use of resources (Warren 1967; Reid 1964:Douds and Rubenstein, 1966), coordination of efforts,and nonduplication of services. Gumming (1968),. however, has documented how such relations mayalso be conceived of as a system of control overdeviants ; variously defined. What, therefore, mayappear to be highly efficient and cooperative rela-tions from one perspective may from antoher bethe basis for the negation of any far-reacing change.Experiences with goverment programs from urbanrenewal to Peace Corps should have alerted socio-logists to both the problems of measuring per-formance in the arena of social change, and tothe consequences such programs have at variouslevels within the system.A second kind of rationale — which fits with thefirst in some respects, sees interorganizational rela-tions as a means whereby organizations can maxi-mize their use of resources in the interest of innova-tion and change (Hage and Aiken, 1968 ; Levine,White and Paul, 1963). The focus here is upon creat-ing the conditions, in organizations or communities,for achieving higher levels of cooperative relationsor joint programs which facilitate resource maximi-zation. Again, it has been pointed out that maximi-zation of resources vis-a-vis other social units canalso be another form of dominance. Morris andRein (1968) and Connery (1968) point out the wayin which public welfare organizations have come todominate the provision of social services as aresult of increased nonlocal sources of income.Maximization of resources through joint programsmay be a form of dominance as well as of effciency.It is a question which needs further study.

A third area, and one which is relatively underde-veloped in the consideration of interorganizationalrelations, is the assumption that contracts, domainconsensus, overlapping boards, joint planning andprograms, are responses to environmental uncer-tainties (Cyert and March 1963) which centeraround problematic contingencies. Mott's (1968) studyof a coordinating council suggests this. The organi-zations which were attended most regularly werethose directly affected by the council's jurisdiction.And it became the basis for working out emergingproblems between the agencies having to do withthe implementation of federal and state legislation.The study suggests that interorganizational relationsmay fruitfully be examined from the standpoint ofhow they are related to particular kinds of pro-blems and issues in the larger system, and the extentto which change or stability will affect its level ofuncertainty.Again, interorganizational relations are variables inthe linkage of social units. The more we understandhow these linkages work, the more we will under-stand about the dynamics of social organization.More precise, analytic, comparative, and inter-institutional work is needed before a clearer out-line of these relations appears. Voluntary orga-nizations, where such relations are more visible,and whose complexity and size is less extreme,are an ideal focus for the expansion of our know-ledge.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AIKEN, Michael and Robert ALFORD. 1970, Comparativeurban research and community decision-making New

Atlantis, (Winter) 1970.AIKEN. Michael and Jerald HAGE. 1968, Organizational Inter-

dependence and Intraorganizational Structure. Ameri-can Sociological Review, 33:6, 912-930.

ANDERSON, Robert C., 1967, A sociometric approach to theanalysis of interorganizational relations. A paper pre-pared for and presented at the 1967 American Socio-logical Association meetings in San Francisco, Cali-fornia.

BARTH, Ernest A. T., 1963, The causes and consequencesof interagency conflict. Sociological Inquiry, 33 (Winter):51-57.

BERNSTEIN. Robert A. and Peter D. WELDON. 1968, A struc-tural approach to the analysis of international rela-tions Journal of Conflict Resolution, 12:2, 159-181.

BLACK. Bertram J. and Harold M. KASE. 1963, Interagencycooperation in rehabilitation and mental health. So-cial Service Review, 37 (March) : 26-32.

CONNERY, Robert H., 1968, The politics of mental health..New York : Columbia University Press.

CUMMING, Elaine, 1968, Systems of Social Regulation.New York : Atherton Press.

CYERT, Richard M. and James G. MARCH, 1963, A beha-vioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey :Prentice-Hall, Inc.

DOUDS. Charles F. and Albert H. RUBENSTEIN. 1966, Somemodels of organization interfaces in the R + D pro-cess. Program of Research on the Management ofR + D, Department of Industrial Engineering and Ma-nagerial Sciences, The Technological Institute, North-western University, Evanston, Illinois.

EICHHORN. Robert L. and Jere A. WYSONG, 1968, Interagencyrelations in the provision of health services : tubercu-losis.control in a metropolitan region. Purdue Univer-sity : Institute for the Study of Social Change, InstituteMonograph Series Number 2.

FORM, William H. and Sigmund Nosow. 1958, Communityin Disaster. New York : Harper and Row.


FRIESEMA, Harry Paul, 1968. Metropolitan political structure;Intergovernmental relations and political integrationin the Quad-cities. University of Iowa : UnpublishedPh.D. thesis.

JOHNS, Ray E. and David F. DE MARCHE. 1951, CommunityOrganization and Agency Responsibility. New York :Association Press.

KLONGLAN, Gerald, Don A. DILLMAN. Joel S. WRIGHT andGeorge M. BEAL 1969, Agency interaction patterns and

community alcoholism services. Sociology Report 73.Ames, Iowa : Department of Sociology and Antrhro-pology, Iowa State University.

LEFTON, Marck and William ROSENGREN. 1966, Organiza-tions and client : Lateral and longitudinal dimensions.American Sociological Review 31 (December) • 802-810.

LEVINË. Sol, Paul E. WHITE and Benjamin D. PAUL. 1963,Community interorganizational problems in providingmedical care and social services. American Journalof Public Health, 53 (August) : 1183-1195.

MILLER. Walter B., 1958, Interinstitutional conflict as amajor impediment to delinquency prevention. HumanOrganization 17 (Fall) : 20-23.

MORRIS. Robert and Martin REIN, 1968, Emerging Patternsin Community Planning, in Frieden and Morris (eds.)Urban Planning and Social Policy.

MOTT. Basil J. F., 1968, Anatomy of a coordinating council:Implications for Planning. Pittsburgh, Pa. : Universityof Pittsburgh Press.

MYTINGER. Robert E., 1968, Innovation in local health ser-vices. Arlington, Virginia: U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Divisionof Medical Care Administration.

PARSONS. Talcott, 1960, Structure and Process in ModernSocieties. New York : The Free Press.

REID, WILLIAM. 1964, Interagency coordination in delin-quency prevention and control. Social Service Re-view, 38 (December) : 418-428.

SUTTON. Willis A., Jr., Undated, Interorganizational relationsin a Kentucky County ; Toward a group sociometricanalysis of community structure. Unpublished manus-cript.

TURK. Herman, 1970, Interorganizational networks in urbansociety : Initial perspectives and comparative research.American Sociological Review, 35 (February) : 1-19.

WARREN. Roland L., 1967, The interorganizational field asa focus for investigation. Administrative ScienceQuaterly, 12 (December) : 396-419.


Developments Complicating the Classification

of International Organizations

and some possible alternatives

by Richard Y. CHUANG

The nineteenth and twentieth centuries haveseen the rapid development of, among otherthings, technology and communications. Thisdevelopment not only facilitates contacts, pers-onal or by communications, between peoplesand states but also accelerates their trans-actions across the national boundaries. Thishas been followed, as a consequence, by modi-fications in the method and organization of theinternational society, including the establish-ment of numerous public and private inter-national organizations.

Prior to the nineteenth century, transactions'between states were usually conducted throughdiplomatic channels, i.e., communications be-tween foreign offices, and treaties concludedwith much formality. The complex structure ofthe modern international society has made itnecessary that the corresponding departmentsof governments make contact from time to time.Agreements concluded directly between themare not unusual and many of the formalitieshave been dispensed with.1 Organizations arealso established as a result of an agreementconcluded directly between them. For example,the African Telecommunications Union wasestablished by the African TelecommunicationsAgreement, 1948, concluded between the Tele-communications Administrations of some Afric-an states and European colonies. The partiesto the agreement are expressly designated as«The Administrations,» and the agreement issubject to the approval of their governments.

The activities of states transcending nationalboundaries are not confined only to the execut-ive branch of the government. Organizations

I. Introduction : Developments CausingComplications


have been established by members of the na-tional parliaments or by the parliament as aunit, such as the Nordic Council and the Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Agreements are concluded and sometimesorganizations are established between municip-alities of states such as the International Unionof Local Authorities, the Council of EuropeanMunicipalities and the Inter-American MunicipalOrganizations. Agreements are reported to havebeen concluded between member states of theUnited States and some foreign authorities.2

Another line of organizational development with-in the state since the nineteenth century hasbeen the establishment of public corporationsand mixed enterprises (corporations). While theymay not be considered as departments properof a government, they are certainly connectedwith the executive or the legislative branch ofthe government. Legally as well as structurally,they are in the boundary zone of governmentaland private organizations. Many associationshave been established by public corporations orauthorities, usually together with private entities,belonging to different states, for example, theInternational Air Transport Association. Itsmembers include B.O.A.C., B.E.A., Air France,SAS, etc., which are public corporations or mix-ed enterprises, and TWA, PAA, Nwa, etc., whichare private companies.

These developments cause considerable prob-lems for the classification of international organ-izations. This paper attempts to evaluate theexisting methods of classification and to providesome possible alternatives.

International organizations have usually beenclassified into two broad categories : publicinternational organizations and private internati-onal organizations, or inter-governmental organ-izations and non-governmental organizations.3

The purpose of making this distinction varies.First, it may be political rather than legal, suchas importance and prestige. Second, it is con-cerned with their legal status in national andinternational law. Inter-governmental organizat-ions (IGO's) may have international legal person-ality and may enjoy privileges and immunitiesand have the capacity to conclude treaties orbring international claims. The non-govern-mental organizations (NGO's), as a general rule,do not. Third, it may serve some special pur-poses, such as making consultative arrange-ments.

The Economic and Social Council of the UnitedNations adopted one negative test, although forthe purpose of consultation only, that « any in-ternational organization which is not established

32. ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1972

II. Some Existing Methods ofClassification

by inter-governmental agreement shall be cons-idered as a non-governmental organization forthe purposes of these arrangements. » A casuallook at the list given by the ECOSOC woulddispel some doubt about the seriousness of thiscriterion since many organizations which areusually considered as inter-governmental or-ganizations but are not established by « inter-governmental agreement » in its strict sense arenot at all listed as non-governmental organizat-ions with which it has made consultative ar-rangements. A number of organizations havebeen established in pursuance of a resolutionor proposal adopted at a diplomatic conference,for example, the International Wool StudyGroup, the Asian-African Legal ConsultativeCommittee and the Colombo Plan Council.4

Some others have been established in pursuan-ce of a resolution adopted by a conference noteven convened in the name of the state. Forexample, the International Criminal Police Com-mission was established as a result of a con-ference convened by the police president ofVienna.5 Some organizations are established byparallel decisions of the parliaments of severalstates without a constituent treaty among thestates, such as the Nordic Council. Althoughmost inter-governmental organizations are esta-blished by a treaty or international agreement,the latter is not a necessary condition. Whatis important is that international organs exist.6

The International Law Commission of the UnitedNations adopted, in another context, two ne-gative tests for distinguishing organizations. Ac-cordingly, an organization to be qualified as aninternational organization (inter-governmentalorganization) has, in addition to being establish-ed by a treaty, to consist of members which arestates. The term « treaty » is even more restrict-ive than « inter-governmental agreement, » the-refore, the same objections raised to the lattermay also be applied to the former. The othercriterion « members must be states » needssome further elaboration. First, it is not knownwhether members should be states exclusively.According to the Statute of the InternationalBureau of Education, non-state and non-terri-torial entities may be admitted into the Bureauas full members with rights and obligationsequal to those of state members. Article 4 of theStatute reads : « the bodies named below shallbe recognized as members of the InternationalBureau of Education : any government, publicinstitution, or international organization, payinga minimum annual contributon of 10,000 Swissfrancs, may, subject to the approval of theCouncil, also become a member. » It is to benoted that none of the seventeen articles of theStatute makes any distinction between the statemembers and non-state members with regardto their rights and obligations. It is unknown,however, whether the inter-governmental char-acter of the Bureau would change if a non-stateentity were admitted into it. Of course, one



could argue that the non-state entity's particip-ation as a member in the Bureau is only pos-sible when the provisions of the treaty express-ly provide so. However, the point is that themembership of an inter-governmental organizat-ion does not have to be, intrinsically, composedof states exclusively. Likewise, an organizationwhich is established initially by private indivi-duals may later include state membership. Sec-ond, some of the international instruments ex-pressly indicate that the parties to the instru-ment are administrations not the governmentsor states themselves, such as the African Tele-communications Agreement mentioned above. Inthis case the administrations should be able torepresent the states, especially when the agree-ment is subject to the approval of the govern-ments concerned. Thus the membership of theUnion, the Administrations, can be imputed tostates. In case there is no express provision tosubject agreements to the approval of govern--ments, whether the agreement is binding onstates or the membership can be imputed tostates is a question of evidence or of properauthority. It will ultimately depend on the publicinternal law of each state. Unfortunately, mostlaws of states are silent on this matter. It issubmitted that inter-department or inter-author-ity 7 agreements are probably the deliberatecreation of inter-state practice. The agreementsso concluded should be binding upon the states.In a recent case (Loschetter v. Public Prosec-utor, Luxembourg, High Court of Justice, Dec. 3,1960, reported in International Law Reports, Vol.31, 1966, pp. 425-426) a court held that « notwith-standing that the Protocol had not been signedby the Luxembourg Head of State, as requiredby the Luxembourg constitution, it was a validinternational agreement. The procedure usedfor the conclusion of these agreements matterslittle because the form of international agree-ments is determined freely by state practice ».Thus if an organization is established pursuantto the agreement, the membership should beimputed to the states themselves. Third, it isimportant to note here that it is not part of thecriteria8 listed by Dr. Seyersted that an inter-governmental organization is to be constitutedby, and composed of, any particular organs ofthe member states. The organization referred tois the Nordic Council, which is composed ofrepresentatives of parliaments of the five Scan-dinavian states. Obviously he considers thatthe representatives of parliaments can representthe states in the Council, but he did not givereasons why. It is presumably based on theauthorizing act or decision passed by each par-liament, and parliament, is one of the threebranches of the government. This draws attent-ion to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, whosemembers are composed of national groupsconstituted in parliaments in states recognizedas subjects of international law. Statutory author-ity for United States participation is contained

III. Greyer Area : Organizations of theMixed- type

in an act of Congress. According to Seyersted'scriteria, it may also be considered as an inter-governmental organization. The relevant pointseems to rest on who are the organs of the stateand which one or ones can represent the state.Fourth, even though an international agreementis concluded between states, the members ofthe organization established pursuant to theagreement are not necessarily the states them-selves. The Bank for International Settlementsand a host of the so-called «treaty corporat-ions » are cases in point. Presumably the centralbanks, as in the case of the BIS, may representthe states.

Despite the above criticisms about the criteria,several conclusions can be reached. First, thémost important requirement for constituting aninter-governmental organization is that govern-ments themselves, or a branch of the govern-ment such as the parliament, or departments oragencies which can represent the governments,participate in the organization. The agencieswhich can represent the governments are mostlikely to be the central agencies, i.e., on anational level, such as the central banks andnational academies.9 Second, members of theIGO in most cases are states exclusively. Onlyoccasionally does it admit non-state entities tomembership. Third, a great majority of IGO's areestablished pursuant to a resolution or proposaladopted by an inter-governmental conference.Only occasionally are they established by paral-lel decisions of some organs of the states.Fourth, almost all IGO's, except some treatycorporations, are unincorporated, even though aheadquarters agreement is usually concludedbetween the organization and the host state.Fifth, most IGO's enjoy immunity from the localjurisdiction in their member states. They mayor may not have international legal personality.It is admitted that one may readily distinguishthe IGO's by some or all of the characteristicsdescribed above from the INGO's, whose mem-bers are composed entirely of private individualsand entities. It may be relatively difficult todistinguish the IGO's from the organizations ofa mixed type whose members are composed ofeither public corporations exclusively or to-gether with private entities of with the particip-ation of states.

There exist a number of organizations whosemembers are composed of private and publicentities — public corporations or authorities —of different states. The legal status of the publiccorporations in municipal law varies from stateto state and from type to type within the samestate. Generally, a public corporation maybelong to one of three categories : the depart-


mental administration, the joint stock companycontrolled completely or partly by government,

and the public corporation proper, as a distincttype of corporation different from the private-

law company.10 The first group enjoys some kindof privileges and immunities; the second, little,if any; and the third, a status in between. Thegeneral trend is to assimilate them to the status

of ordinary commercial companies with theexception of those engaged in social services.

However, when shifting from the national to theinternational sphere, it has been maintained by

many states that public corporations or statetrading companies are instrumentalities of the

state, and therefore they should enjoy therights of sovereign immunity, even though thesecorporations or companies are usually granted

a separate legal personality in national laws.There is little agreement on the criteria for

determining when they continue and when theycease to be sovereign organs. Professor Hydeonce warned that « a state never acts in a

private capacity, even when the activity in whichit participates is one which is commonly confin-

ed to and carried on by the private individuals. »On the other hand, the mode of incorporation is

no more decisive than the distinction jure im-perii and jure gestionis. This problem cannot be

solved automatically by analysis of either thelegal status of the entity or its functions but only

by appreciation of its political role.11 If this isthe case, what will be the legal status of an

association whose members are composed ofpublic corporations either exclusively or to-

gether with private entities, such as the Inter-national Broadcast Union. Those organizations

whose members are composed of public andprivate corporations together with a number ofgovernments pose further complications, since

in this case the governments can and do re-present the states. The Permanent International

Association of Road Congress is a concreteexample. These organizations can be calledeither «privately controlled mixed organizat-

ions » or « officially (government) controlledmixed organizations ».12 Their legal status is dif-

ficult to determine.

From the fact that most of these organizationsare incorporated in a certain state, it is theore-tically possible to maintain that they are subjectto the national laws of the place of incorpor-ation. Thus legally they are national organizat-ions. They are different from the treaty corporat-tion in that the latter, if incorporated in a certainstate, may be interpreted in such a way that thesovereign states merely incorporate the laws ofa certain state into the treaty. Thus the treatycorporation is theoretically only subject to theprovisions of the treaty.13 On the other hand,these mixed-type organizations are in principlesubject to the laws of the forum unless thecharter of associations provides otherwise. Thefact that governments voluntarily participate in


IV. A Functional Approach to the LegalStatus of « Non-governmental »Organizations

the association may Imply they agree to conformwith the laws of the forum and thereby give upsovereign immunity beforehand. However, theexact legal status of each of them may stilldepend upon the factual situation besides in-corporation.

Taking again the Permanent International Asso-ciation of Road Congress for example, theAssociation seems to be the result of a diplom-atic conference convened by the French Gov-ernment in 1908." Membership of the Associat-ion is mainly of three types : National govern-ments, corporations, and individuals. The gov-erning body is composed exclusively of govern-ment representatives. Among other powers, itcan modify the rules of the Association, butrules only. The plenary organ is the congress,held every four years. Each member governmentis entitled to one delegate for each 250 francsof its annual subsciption and each corporationone delegate for each 100 francs. Voting is bydelegates of member governments and corpor-ations and by individual members with decisionby a majority of the votes cast. The congressmay change the structure, policy and procedureof the Association. So far as the governing bodyis concerned, it amounts to an inter-govern-mental organization, except that it might becontrolled by non-state members when theirvoting power is greater than all state memberscombined in the congress. While it is difficult tostate the exact legal status, it is unconvincing toconsider it as a French entity merely by the factthat it is registered under the French law. Lador-Lederer describes this kind of situation as apeculiar kind of functional federation.15

Certain writers object to « nationality by incorp-oration » since the only contact of these organ-izations with the national law of the host stateis the accident of having a headquarters thereor having incorporated there.16 Others maintainthat as long as a formal link is believed to benecessary between these NGO's or INGO's andsome municipal law there would be no satis-factory solution to the legal status of theformer." Still others argue that if an organizat-ion is incorporated in State A and at the sametime is also empowered to act abroad, then theorganization is not to be considered as pos-sessing the nationality of State A but is ratheran international agency recognized by the lawof State A.18 At present. the legal status ofINGO's, at least in the mind of some writers,seems to be internationalized by means of « de-nationality. »19


From another angle, i.e., the functional,20 theinternational status of the INGO's may be greatlystrengthened. It is maintained that « if it wasonce the personality which made a functioninternational, it is now the function which con-fers legal internationality upon the entity whichis engaged in such activity. »21 The immediateproblem to this approach is whether this pro-cess, i.e., international function, confers legalinternationality is automatic. In other words, issome kind of « recognition » by existing sub-jects of international law necessary ? WhileLador-Lederer does not expressly state that« recognition » is necessary, he maintains thatif certain conditions exist the community ofstates should « recognize » it and the characterof recognition is nothing but declarative.22 Thismay be true of the recognition of non-territorialentities, the INGO's. Thus Dr Seyersted ex-presses the view, although in another context,that « if an organization does not fulfill thecriteria (for objective international legal person-ality), it can be a subject of international lawonly if and to the extent that states have con-ferred international functions upon it, and onlyin relations to these states and to states whichhave expressly or by implication recognizedthese functions. »23 This obviously is also afunctional test, but the function is only one ofthe conditions. It goes along with the act of« conferring » and « recognizing. » Thus it re-presents the constitutive view. It is submittedthat this view is consistent with the presentpractice of states. The most conspicuous wayof recognition is by treaty, especially a multi-lateral treaty. The organization often mentionedis the International Committee of the RedCross.24 Several conventions, particularly theGeneva Convention of 1949, have acknowledgedits humanitarian activities and have delegatedcertain powers to it in this field. The name of theICRC is mentioned in more than sixty referencesand its international legal status within the limitof delegation is generally recognized.25 Thusthe agreements it concluded with states andinter-governmental organizations are consider-ed as treaties and therefore are to be governedby international law.

The status of the ICRC is strengthened by someother factors which strictly speaking are notlegal factors. First, its humanitarian activities areconsidered by some to be partially based onnatural law. Second, it is the initiator of the RedCross organizations. Third, Switzerland is aneutral country, therefore the ICRC is presumedto be, and in fact is, neutral too in exercisingits functions. Otherwise there is not too muchdifference between it and other national RedCross societies except that the IRCR is the onlyone mentioned by name in the 1949 Convention.

Some of the characteristics of the JCRC as alimited subject of international law appear tobe also present in some other non-governmental


organizations. If the ICRC may have the capacityto conclude treaties, the Carnegie Foundationappears to have it too.26 If the ICRC may enjoyimmunity from local jurisdiction while perform-ing humanitarian activities in other countries,27

this is also true even of certain contractors whenperforming missions for the United Nations.28

However, it must be admitted that perhaps noother non-religious,29 non-territorial, and non-governmental organizations may have a generalstatus of that sort.

To sum it up, a certain international status30 isseen to exist if an NGO or INGO exercises in-ternational functions,30 either conferred31 and/orrecognized by the existing subjects of internat-ional law. The exercise of functions may beeither operational or non-operational. The oper-ational ones, such as exercised by the ICRC,national Red Cross Societies and other relieforganizations, very often involve field activities.The organization itself usually acts. The. non-operational ones, such as exercised by theInter-Parliamentary Union, are usually of adeliberative type. They study, discuss questionsand make recommendations. The recommendat-ions are carried out through members individ-ually. The organization itself usually does notact. Even if it acts, such as to bring the recom-mendation to the attention of certain internat-ional organizations, this does not usually involvefield activities. Thus the necessary facilities,such as immunity from local jurisdiction, capaci-ty to conclude treaties, etc., needed by eachorganization to perform its functions success-fully, may differ.

Recognition may be either express, as by wayof treaty,32 or by implication. The latter includesdirect participation in the INGO's either in thename of the government33 or in the name ofpublic authorities or public corporations.34

It is submitted that what is important is the in-ternational functions they perform rather thanwhat their status is. Their status in still in theprocess of formation.35

The criteria for classifying international organ-izations adopted by the UN International LawCommission, i.e., whether the organization iscreated by a treaty (in its broad sense) andwhether members are states, are probably stillthe most useful and important ones since wehave not found any organization possessingthese two features which is not an inter-govern-mental organization. However, these two criteriaare only « sufficient » conditions and not always« necessary » conditions. A number of otherfactors in addition to the above functional ap-proach must be taken into account if anorganization does not posses these two features.

V. Another Alternative :

A Partial Paradigm for Classification36


In that case we usually cannot get a neat andclear category. Rather, the organization inquestion may be located anywhere along acontinuum between the two extremes, i.e., pure-ly inter-governmental and purely private organ-izations. The following is a partial paradigm forthe classification of international organizations.Each variable is, as far as possible, arrangedin the descending order of its governmental(or intergovernmental) character.

1. The legal source of its creation.(a) A formal international agreement or treaty which is

also the constituent document of the organization : theUN, its specialized agencies, and most of the inter-governmental organizations.

(b) A formal agreement or treaty which is not the consti-tuent (or the sole constituent) document of the organ-ization : Most of the so-called treaty corporations, suchas the European Investment Bank, established in pur-suance of Article -129 of the Rome Treaty, and theBank for International Settlements.

(c) A resolution or recommendation of an inter-govern-mental conference : the International Wool StudyGroup, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Commit-tee, International Union of Railways.

(d) Inter-departmental or inter-authority agreement : thePolish-Hungarian Mixed Commission of History, theAfrican Telecommunications Union.

(e) Parallel legislation of individual states : the NordicCouncil.

(f) Purely private contracts or agreements.

2. The legal source of the delegation of author-ity to non-governmental entities.37

(a) Multilateral treaty : the International Committee ofthe Red Cross, the Scandinavian Airways System.

(b) Bilateral treaties or agreements : the lATA.(c) Parallel legislation of the individual states : the Inter-

national Tea Agreement (Commission).

3. The nature of members.38

(a) Mainly inter-state or inter-governmental level.1. Exclusively sovereign states : most international

organizations.

2. Not-fully-independent political entities : UPU, ITO.However, they are usually associate members with-out the right to vote.

3. Mainly sovereign states, but non-territorial entitycan be admitted as a full member; the Internationa!Bureau of Education.

4. A branch of government : the Nordic Council andto some extent the Inter-Parliamentary Union,

(b) Mainly inter-departmental or inter-authority level.1. Exclusively organs, with a departmental or compar-

able status : The Polish-Hungarian Mixed Commis-sion of History, the African TelecommunicationsUnion.

2. Mainly organs with a departmental of comparablestatus but with some private entities : the Bankfor International Settlements, the International Unionof Railways.

(c) Sub-departmental level.39

1. Mainly public corporations : the International Broad-casting Union.40

2. Mainly public corporations as well as mixed enter-prises ; IATA.


3. Mainly or entirely private enterprises : most of theshipping conferences.

(d) Highly mixed : Government, corporation (public andprivate), and individuals.The Permanent International Association of RoadCongress, the Permanent International Association ofNavigation Congress, the International Rice ResearchInstitute,41 the Pacific Area Travel Association,42 etc.

4. The degree of government control over themembers.

(a) Direct management of the enterprise,(b) Legal and/or factual control.(c) Only supervision and promotion.

5. Percentage of government ownership in theenterprise.

(a) Complete.(b) More than 50 percent.(c) Minority holding.(d) in case (c), has the government any special rights ?

6. Is permission for the member to participateneeded ?

The participation of the United States in the Inter-parliamentary Union and the Permanent international Asso-ciation of Road Congress are authorized by the UnitedStates Congress.

7. Does the organization enjoy certain diplom-atic (or sovereign) immunity or privilege ?

" Professor Chuang is Assistant Professor of PoliticalScience at Northern State College, Aberdreen, SouthDakota.

This article was taken from Professor Chuang's recentbook, The International Air Transport Association, (1972,Leiden, A.W. Sijthoff).

Résumé de l'article do M, Chuang (p.31)

A IB suite des progrès de la technolo-gie et des communications au coursdu 20e siècle, les moyens de dirigerles relations entre les états ont changé.Les contacts ne se font plus par lesseules « voies diplomatiques », nlexclusivement au niveau exécutifdes gouvernements. Actuellement, lesdépartements spécialisés des diversgouvernements, et même des organis-mes au niveau local peuvent corres-pondre directement entre eux. Cettecomplication, aussi bien que l'appari-tion des sociétés publiques et des or-ganismes « mixtes » (semi-gouverne-mentaux et semi-privés) rend néces-saire une révision des méthodes declassement des OING.Le moyen le plus simple pour établirla distinction entre les OIG et les ONGest de relever les traits propres auxOIGs ; ceux-ci sont au nombre de trois;i) les gouvernements eux-mêmes, oules agences qui les représentent, par-ticipent à l'organisation ; i i ) les mem-bres de l'OIG sont presque exclusive-ment les états, et iii) l'organisation doit-sa création à une conférence inter-gouvemementale.Une zone moins facile à classer estcelle des organisations « mixtes » —c.a.d. groupant des participationspubliques et privées. L'Associationinternationale permanente des congrèsde la route est un tel organisme, dontles membres sont des organismes pu-blics et privés, ainsi que de nombreuxgouvernements. Même si la plupart deces organisations relèvent d'un statutnational un certain pays, Us ne peu-vent pas être correctement considéréscomme de simples parties de cet état.On voit qu'une certaine position inter-nationale existe si l'OIG ou l'OINGexerce des fonctions internationales,soit en accord soit reconnues par dessujets existants des lois internationa-les. Cette exercice des fonctions peutêtre soit opérationnel soit delibératif.La reconnaissance de ces organismespeut être formelle, par les moyens d'unaccord, soit impliquée.Au terme de l'article, l'auteur proposeun paradigme de classement commeune alternative aux critères établis parles Nations Unies, conditions à sesyeux « suffisantes » mais pas * indis-pensables ». Les nouveaux critères declassement proposés comprennent:l'origine légale de l'organisme, lasource légale du partage de l'autorité,le type de membres, le degré de con-trôle gouvernemental sur les membres,et le pourcentage de propriété gou-vernementale dans t'entreprise. Enoutre ; l'autorisation éventuelle à solli-citer de l'autorité gouvernementalenationale pour la participation àl'OIG, les exemptions ou privilègesdiplomatiques, M. Chuang pense quede tels critères pourraient présiderefficacement au classement des orga-nismes internationaux.


FOOTNOTES

1. Mervyn Jones, « International Agreements Other Than'Inter-States Treaties' — Modern Developments, » 21British Yearbook of International Law 110-120 (1949).

2. Raymond Spencer Rodgers, « The Capacity of Statesof the Union to Conclude International Agreements :The Background and Some Recent Development. » 61American Journal of International Law 1021-1028 (1967).

3. The term « inter-governmental » is a misnomer. Govern-ments being merely the representatives of the states,it should be « inter-state ».

4. Amos J. Peaslee, International Governmental Organ-izations (The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff, 1961), 2nd rev,ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1560-1562, Vol. 1, pp. 40-41, 262-263.

5. The participation of the United States was authorizedby an act of Congress. The Attorney General of theDepartment of Justice was authorized to accept andmaintain representation on behalf of the United Statesin the Commission. Cf. Department of State, Inter-national Agencies in which the United States Particip-ates, 1947, pp. 211-215. (Hereafter to be cited asInternational Agencies.)

6. Finn Seyersted, Objective International Personality ofInter-Governmental Organizations (Copenhagen, 1963),pp. 51-52.

7. The term « inter-authority » has been used by Sovietwriters to denote an organization whose membersare composed of government institutions or agenciesdirectly dependent on governments. See Peter Vas-Zoltan, «Aspects of Defining International ScientificOrganizations, » International Associations, 1965, No. 4,pp. 198-205.

8. The criteria are used for the purpose of establishingthe objective international personality of inter-govern-mental organizations, see Seyersted, op. cit., p. 47.

9. For instance, the Academy Sinica of the Republic ofChina is directly subordinate to the Office of thePresident of the Republic; immunity was granted by aN. Y. court to Hungarian National Museum [38 N.Y.S.2d 419 (1942)1 on the ground that it was a governmentinstrumentality exercising governmental functions andwas administered by a ministry; an Italian court grantedimmunity to the Hungarian Academy in Rome afterascertaining that the Academy was an organ of theMinistry of Culture and Education according to Hun-garian law (Hungarian Ecclesiastical and PontificalInstitute v. Academy of Hungary in Rome, 88 Clunet837 (1961).

10. Wolfgang Friedmann (ed.), The Public Corporations(Toronto, 1954), p. 547.

11. D.P. O'Connell, International Law (London N. Y.,1965), Vol. 2, pp. 946-951.

12. These terms are used by Lyman C. White, see hisInternational Non-Governmental Organizations (RutgersUniversity Press, 1951), p. 8.

13. « Corporations Formed Pursuant to Treaty, » 76 HarvardLaw Review 1403-1432 (1962-1963), p. 1437,

14. It is not known whether « an international Road Con-gress called by the French Government» is an inter-governmental conference. See International Agenciespp. 280-287.

15. J. J. Lador-Lederer, International Non-Governments!Organizations (Leyden : A. W. Sythoff, 1963), p. 330.He is actually referring to the Permanent InternationalAssociation of Navigation Congress, which has similarstructure as the Permanent International Associationof Road Congress.

16. R, S, Rodgers, «A General Theory of InternationalOrganizations», International Associations, 1961, No 2pp. 88-93, at p. 92.

17. Labor-Lederer, op. cit., p. 212.

18. C. H. Alexandrowicz, World Economic Agencies : Lawand Practice, 1962, p. 272. The case he referred to isthe International Air Transport Association.

19. This is certainly the case of most of the « treatycorporations » developed at a relatively later date.See footnote 13 above and Lador-Lederer, op. cit.,p. 305.

20. C. Chaumont, « Les perspectives d'une théorie de Ser-vice public à l'usage de Droit International», In Latechique et les principes du droit public — études enl'honneur de Georges Scelle, Paris, 1950; G. Scelle,Précis de Droit de Gens, Paris, 1932 : works cited infootnote 7 at p. 3 of J. P. Chamberlain, et. al. Inter-national Organizstion (Carnegie Endowment for Inter-national Peace, 1954).

21. Lador-Lederer. op. cit., p. 14, p. 215.22. Lador-Lederer, op. cit., pp. 210-221.23. Seyersted, op. cit., p. 57.

24. ICRC is not even an 1NGO so far as its membership isconcerned. It is composed of Swiss citizens exclus-ively.

25. J. Pictet, « La Croix-Rouge et les Conventions de Ge-nève, » Recueil des Cours, 1950; Paul Ruegger, « TheJuridicial Aspects of the Organization of the Inter-RedCross.» 82 Ibid., 483-585 (1953/1); See especiallyAuguste-Raynald Werner, La Croix-Rouge et les Con-ventions de Genève, Imprimé, 1943.

26. See Seyersted, op. cit. footnote 138 at p. 55.

27. It is to be noted that despite the fact that severalconventions have delegated certain powers to theICRC, most of these powers (functions) cannot beexercised without the consent of the states concernedin each particular case. See, especially, J. Pictet,Commentaire de la 1ère Convention de Genève de1949, Imprimé, 1952.

28. C. W. Jenks, International Immunities (New York :Oceana, 1961), pp. 142-144.

29. Thus the Order of Malta and the Holy See areexcluded.

30. Necessary but difficult to define.

31. « Conferring » may also imply recognition.

32. Such as ICRC and IATA.33. Such as the Permanent International Association of

Road Congress and the Permanent International Asso-ciation of Navigation Congress.

34. Such as International Union of Railways.35. See Paul Ruegger, op. cit., p. 526.

36. See also R. S. Rodgers, « A General Theory of Inter-national Organizations, » International Associations,1962, No. 2, pp. 88-93.

37. « Inter-governmental » here means the highest level,i.e., not departmental or sub-departmental.

38. It is to be noted that the signatories to an internationalagreement and the members of the organization there-after created may not always be the same. Forexample, the members of BIS are central banks of thesignatories except that of the United States. In thiscase, however, the central banks can be interpretedas representing the signatories. But the judges on theinternational courts are, at least theoretically, notrepresenting the signatories of the instruments con-stituting the courts.

39. Public corporations are usually under the supervisionof a department and therefore are sub-departmental,

40. Regarding the membership of the International Broad-casting Union please see Yearbook of InternationalOrganizations (Brussels : Union of International Asso-ciations, 1965), p. 993.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid. p. 1056.


SLAVERYTODAY

statement by the Anti-Slavery Society forthe Protection of Human Rights.

concerning the Special Report by Mr.Awad

Discrimination and Protection of Minoritiesof the ECOSOC Commission on HumanRights (New York, 1971).

The Anti-Slavery Society wishes to pay its sincere tributeto the Special Rapporteur for this most valuable report. Ifit does not state In which countries those institutionssurvive which are forbidden under the Supplementary Con-vention there is a valid reason for this omission which canbe found in paragraph 130 and in other paragraphs. If noestimate is made of the number of persons embraced bythese institutions, this is for the same reason — govern-ments are reluctant to admit to harbouring slavery but alsobecause they do not know — and who should know betterthan they ?Implicit throughout the report, however, is a recognitionof the survivat of slavery in many different forms and inmany parts of the world. This recognition sets and maintainsthe tone of the whole report, which, with the exception ofone short section, is one of realism, yet of patient optimism.In the 140 years of its experience, the Anti-Slavery Societyhas learned the need for patience — the need to be realis-tic and gratefully to accept on behalf of its voiceless andanonymous clients whatever crumbs of social justice maybe conceded to them. With your permission, Mr. Chairman,I would like to comment on several specific points in thatreport.I do not propose to say anything about Apartheid beyondwelcoming the distinctions drawn in paragraph 29 betweenApartheid and Slavery,. This should not be taken to implythat Apartheid is thought to be less obnoxious. Indeed,since its early days the Society has considered that con-tract labour often causes worse suffering than does chattelslavery. A slave is a valuable possession whose health isworth caring for : contract labour is expendable. The Anti-Slavery Society has been denouncing Apartheid and thelesser evils which in Southern Africa preceded it since1910, but we regret that, since 1966, because of the in-troduction of Apartheid, the vast and intractable problemof slavery has not been treated by the Council as a separateitem.In response to the Secretary-General's invitation to provideinformation the Anti-Slavery Society submitted a memoran-dum in May 1970. In paragraph 110 the report states « TheAnti-Slavery Society has reason to believe that chattelslavery, serfdom, debt bondage, the sale of children andservile forms of marriage survive today to the extent thatthey constitute a recognizable element in the pattern ofsociety in some African countries. »We do not wish a wrong impression to be given and willbe grateful if this passage could be corrected. The Society'scarefully-worded statement read : * The Anti-Slavery Societyhas reason to believe that either chattel slavery or serfdomor debt bondage or the sale of children or servile forms ofmarriage survive today to the extent that they constitute arecognizable element in the pattern of society in seventeenAfrican countries, fifteen Asian countries and six LatinAmerican countries.The fate of Mr. Awad's previous report, which was debatedin the Social Committee of the Council from 6 to 15 July1966, is referred to in paragraphs 22-24 and again, signi-ficantly, in paragraph 165. The Special Rapporteur hadbeen asked to suggest remedies. He made one strong re-commendation, that machinery be set up to implement theConvention. The reasons why this should be done werestated in debate. None of them was answered. Yet it wasdecided to refer the whole question of slavery to a subor-dinate body of the Council,Five years have passed and many more children have beenboth born and sold into slavery in the meantime. The Anti-Slavery Society trusts, Mr. Chairman, that before anotherreport on slavery is commissioned, the knowledge, thevision and the insight which characterize this report maybe put to good use and that real progress in eradicatingslavery and towards effective implementation of the Con-vention be made.In paragraph 29 we read - Naturally there can be noquestion of imposing sanctions to eradicate the vestiges ofslavery.... » Later, in paragraph 130 we read of « ..... thereluctance of governments to request technical assistancefor the purpose of dealing with the eradication of slave-


ry.... » and of « .... a lack of general interest in the Imme-diate eradication of institutions and practices which existfor the most part only clandestinely and without legalsanction. > This is in spite of repeated efforts by the Coun-cil to induce Member States to make use of the availabletechnical assistance resources, and in paragraph 140 underthe heading « The need for land reform », we read that« in some countries, where land reforms have been under-taken, political power is in fact in the hands of those whothemselves exploit the tenants and It is rare for Govern-ments to make a real effort to enforce the land reformlegislation they have passed. »It is true, perhaps, as we read in paragraph 29, that noofficial sanction can be imposed. But those who feel thatthey have a responsibility to uphold the Universal Declara-tion of Human Rights will be understood if they resort tothe only sanction left — appeal to public opinion.The Anti-Slavery Society regrets that no request has yetbeen made to the Secretary-General for the Services of anyof the 36 experts recommended by Governments andaccepted by the Secretary-General as being competent toadvise on the elimination of slavery.As the report states, much of the surviving slavery existsin inaccessible places. Moreover, it is protected by thevigilance and the violence of the employees of thosewhose wealth and power are derived from it. An example ofthis has recently been studied by the Society. This revealsthat in one country, and it is not the only one, the peasantsare required to grow opium, most of which is sold illicitly. Fordisobedience, or if they fail to produce their stipulatedquota, they may be flogged, branded, mutilated or, even-tually, turned out of their houses, No one dares employ onewho has been evicted in this way. He and his family willstarve. In the same country chattel slavery too survives andchildren of both sexes are both sold and given as giftsand used both as domestic help and for sexual gratifica-tion.But, though such widespread servitude is only likely tosurvive in remote areas today, other customs are openlypractised. Only last week I was given evidence by a doctorconcerning an influential family in a Middle Eastern countrywhich had recently bought some African boys for domesticservice. This custom is common throughout the region andmay be regarded as of benevolent origin and intent. Myinformant told me, however, that most of those he had seenwere treated « as kindly as unwanted animals » and werekept at work from dawn until after dark.Returning to the report, paragraph 39 describes the excel-lent machinery whereby the I.L.O. supervises the implemen-tation of its Conventions. It is machinery of this kind whichthe Anti-Slavery Society has repeatedly advocated for theSupplementary Convention. Indeed provision was made forit in the original first draft of that Convention. But the I.L.O.machinery presupposes that either the aggrieved personswill be literate and able to make their appeal or that themembers of the Committee of Experts will be well-informedeither from their own experience or by having access toreliable intelligence from within regions where the Con-vention is being infringed. Neither of these conditionsobtains in many of the regions where slavery persists todayand some of these are within States which have ratified theSupplementary Convention. The Anti-Slavery Society isgrateful therefore to Mr. Kettani for emphasizing to theSub-Commission, in the debate on communications onFriday, that if communications from independent sourceswere to be inadmissible if they reported only violationswhich were against the law, this would amount to an invi-tation to governments to condone such violations withimpunity. It is difficult and may be both dangerous andexpensive for independent sources to obtain, verify andpresent evidence of such violations but this is a functionwhich it seems will long remain the responsibility of non-governmental organisations.

From the very valuable section of the report which dealswith the possibility of adapting to the reduction of slaverythe techniques used in the control of narcotics certainsignificant points arise.


The Anti-Slavery Society has long felt that these techniquescould be adapted. There are, however, differences betweenthe two problems. The production and sale of narcotics arenot illegal. Governments can without embarrassmentaccept and welcome the services of U.N. experts to helpthem to fulfil their obligations under the Single Convention.Slavery, on the other hand, is against the law of everycountry. To admit expatriates to help to end it would betoo much to expect. The traffic in narcotics is a traffic andneeds to be controlled. Slavery is mainly static and it needsto be eliminated.But the Anti-Slavery Society does not suggest that thereis an appreciable traffic in persons across national fron-tiers. Trickles exist. The Anti-Slavery Society has receivedreports in varying degrees of detail of such traffic in ninedifferent directions. But by far the bigger problem is thatwhich governments would claim to be their own domesticaffair.Another reason why the analogy between slavery andnarcotics is not a true one is that in the case of narcoticsthere are more obvious and pressing reasons why govern-ments should wish to eliminate an illicit traffic. A fewgovernments cannot see why they should eliminate slaveryor serfdom. Their attitude is « après nous le déluge ».Just one year ago an example of this was in the news. Theautocratic ruler of an independent monarchy was deposedand his place was taken by his very enlightened andcourageous son. The ruler had set his face against anykind of social or economic reform in spite of having re-cently acquired ample means to introduce them. Conditionsin his kingdom had remained unchanged since the TenthCentury.This state of affairs had been permitted, to continue thanksto the military support of a powerful ally which felt noobligation beyond diplomatic propriety until the position ofboth the ruler and his allies was challenged by insurgentguerrillas. When the first journalists were admitted, it trans-pired that the descriptions of slavery which had reachedthe Anti-Slavery Society were no exaggeration though theyhad been hotly denied. Slaves, for years forbidden tospeak, had lost the power of speech. The Anti-SlaverySociety had maintained that, so long as investigation onthe spot remained impossible, credence would be lent tothe sensational stories of slavery.The Society cannot agree with the suggestion containedin paragraphs 133 to 137, namely that the problem ofeliminating these institutions should be approached on aregional basis.Another of our informants told me recently of a particularlydistressing sight he had seen when in company with govern-ment officials of a Middle Eastern country last year. Twoyoung girls, their wrists chained, were being draggedbehind camels to their purchaser. Our informant insistedon stopping the car and tried to intervene. Finally heoffered to buy the girls. This was refused: The officials,who had at first shown neither surprise nor concern, wereembarrassed. An official complaint was made but no actionwas taken. The impression was given that this was acustom and no interference could be considered.If the few examples of conditions I have described — andthere is not time to describe more — are to be toleratedand perpetuated because they are customs of the region,this seems to the Anti-Slavery Society a good reason whythis subject should not be reserved for regional discussion.But other influences outside that country bear a share ofresponsibility for the social and economic conditions withinit. I shall mention three which are of special importance.First there is the government of any country which per-suades the government of a developing country to accept,in payment for the raw materials it exports, armaments in-stead of the means of raising the subsistence level of itspeople. Second, there are the influences which, in defianceof the writing on the wall and in disregard of overwhelminghuman suffering and degradation hinder the acceptanceof the more merciful method of population control. Thirdare those donors of aid to developing countries whichgive aid with strings attached. These strings have in cer-

tain cases required that Interest on loans be paid in thepurchase of labour-saving machinery. This is reported tohave resulted in unemployment In certain developing coun-tries reaching 30 percent.And so in the elimination of slavery there is an opportunityfor all to make a contribution.To sum up, Mr. Chairman, I am bound to say that, while theAnti-Slavery Society will be greatly encouraged by Mr.Awad's excellent report, progress towards the eliminationof slavery will depend on the existence of a genuine desireand determination at government level to achieve thisreform. To expect such reform would be unrealistic, as theSpecial Rapporteur has said in paragraph 72, withoutsocial, education and economic reorientation. It will alsorequire courage at governmental level — as it alwaysdoes — to insist upon a change in the social attitude ofone's own electorate. And the attitude in which change isvital in the countries where the most unpleasant violationsare most prevalent is one on which the criticism of outsidersis most hotly resented — the attitude of men towardswomankind.The Anti-Slavery Society looks forward to the acceptanceby governments of the measures advocated in Mr. Awad'sreport.I thank you, Mr. Chairman, for giving me the floor.

17 August 1971


AFRICA

ALGERIA 1CAMEROON

Buea 1Yaounde 1CONGOBamako 1ETHIOPIAAddis- Ababa 1GHANA

Accra 1IVORY COASTAbidjan 2

KENYA

Nairobi 3MALI 1

MAURITANIA

Nouakchott 1

MOROCCORabat 1Marrakech 1RWANDA 1SENEGAL

Dakar 1

SOUTH AFRICA

Cape Town 1Johannesburg 2

SUDANKarthoum 1

UARCairo 3

TUNISIA

Soussa 2Tunis 2WEST AFRICA 1

AMERICA

ARGENTINA

Buenos Aires 9Jose C Paz 1BRAZIL

Brasilia 1Porto Alegre 1Rio de Janeiro 8Sao Paulo 4

CANADAEdmonto 2

Guelph 1Kitchener-Waterloo 1

Montreal 9Ottawa 5

St Catharines 1

St John's 1Toronto 1

Vancouver 1

CHILE 3

Santiago 4

COLOMBIABogota 6

Medellin 1

ECUADORQuito 1

JAMAICAKingston 1

Ocho Rios 1

MEXICO

Mexico City 13NETHERLANDS ANTIL. 1NICARAGUA

Managua 1PANAMAPanama City 3

PARAGUAYAsuncion 1PERULima 4PUERTO RICOSan Juan 2

SALVADORBahia 1

SANTO DOMINGO 1

USA 1

Anaheim (Cal) 1

Atlanta (Ga) 3Atlantic City (NJ) 2Berkeley (Cal) 1

Boston (Mass) 5

Boulder (Col) 1Cambridge (Mass) 3Chicago (III) 4

Dallas (Tex) 1

Denver (Col) 1

Columbus (Ohio) 1

Davis (Col) 1

Detroit (Mich) 2

Gaithersburg (Ma) 1Harward 1Hollywood Beach 1Honolulu (Hawaii) 2Houston (Texas) 3Las Vegas (Nev) 1Long Beach (Cal) 1Los Angeles (Cal) 1Madison 1Marfa 1Miami Beach (Fla) 3Minneapolis 1New Jersey 2New Orleans (La) 1New York (NY) 34Oxford (Ohio) 1Philadelphia (Pa) 2Princeton (NJ) 1St Louis (Mo) 6Salt Lake City 1San Francisco (Gal) 5

Washington (DC) 24URUGUAY

Piriapolis 1Punta del Este 1Montevideo 4VENEZUELACaracas 10Maracalbo 1


Répartition géographique des congrèsorganisés en 1970, par les organisa-tions internationales.

Geographical List of InternationalMeetings organized in 1970, by Inter-national Organization.

ASIA

AFGHANISTANKabul

1

Colombo 2HONG KONGHong Kong 3INDIACalcutta 1New DelhiINDONESIADjakarta 1IRANTeheran

IRAQ

Bagdad 2ISRAEL 1Jerusalem 8Rehovot 2Tel Aviv 5JAPAN 2Kyoto 23Nagoya 1Osaka 5Sendai 1

Tokyo 29

KUWAIT 1KOREA SOUTH

Séoul 5LEBANONBeirut 2•MALAYSIAKuala Lumpur 2PHILIPPINESManila 9SINGAPORE 3THAILANDBangkok 6

EUROPE

AUSTRIA

Baden 2Graz 2Innsbruck 1Pichl 1Rust 1

Salzburg 3Vienna 32BELGIUMBrussels 40Gembloux 1Ghent 1Knokke 2Liege 11Louvain 2Namur 1Ostend 3BULGARIA

Varna 3CYPRUS 1CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Bratislava 1Brno 1Prague 21DENMARKAalborg 1Copenhagen 24Gammel Praestegaard 1Helsingor 3Odense 1Viborg 1EAST GERMANY

Dresden 5Leipzig 1FINLAND

Helsinki 6Tampere 1Turku 1FRANCE .6Antibes 1Aix-en- Provence 1Besançon 1Bordeaux 3Cannes 3Evian-Bains 1Granville 1Grenoble 4Lille 1Lyon 1Marseilles 3Menton 1Mezières-Charleville 1Montpellier 2Nice 3Paris 65Pont à Mousson 1Rennes 1Sèvres 2Strasbourg 15Toulouse 2

Versailles 5

GERMANY (Fed Rep) 5Aachen 1Augsburg 2Bad Godesberg 1Bad Wimpfen 1Bad Liebenzell 1Berlin (West) 7Bonn 3Calw 1Cologne 3Dusseldorf 5Constance 3

Erlangen 1Essen 1Frankfurt 1Hamburg 4Freiburg 1

Hanover 1Heidelberg 4Koblenz 1Königstein 2Mainz-Rhein 1Munich 18Rinteln 1Saarbrücken 1Stuttgart 2

Trêves 1Waihenstephan 1

GREECEAthens 6HUNGARY

Budapest 11

Eger 1

Kegskomet 1

IGELANDReykjavik 7IRELANDDublin 11ITALYBari 1Capri 1Catania 1Ferrara 1Florence 3

Genoa 1Milan 6

Naples 1Palermo 1

Pavia 1

Pescara 2

PisaPistoiaRiminiRome 3:San RemoSirmioneStresa 2

Turin 2

Venice 8

LUXEMBOURG G.D.

Luxembourg 7Esch Alzette 1MALTAMalta 2MONACOMonte Carlo 10

NETHERLANDS 3Amsterdam 27Bergen / 1The Hague 17Lisse 1Noordwijck 1Rotterdam 6Scheveningen 1Texel 1Utrecht 4NORWAY 3Bergen 1

Oslo 11POLANDCracow 1Warsaw 9Zakopane 1PORTUGAL 3Estoril 1Lisbon 8RUMANIABucharest 3Poiana Brasovului 1SLOVAKIA 1

SPAIN 1Alicante 1Barcelona 17Gandario 1Madrid 14Palma -de Majorque 4Salamanque 1Santa Cruz de Teneriffe 2Seville MTorre Molinos 1SWEDEN 1 Goteborg 3

Lund 1Sigtuna 1Stockholm 18Uppsala 1SWITZERLAND 2Bad Ragaz 1Basle 1Berne 8Caux 3Davos 1Geneva 88Interlaken 1Lausanne 5Locarno 2Lucerne 1Macolin 1Montreux 7

(cont.)


St Gallon 1

St Moritz 1Sion 2Zurich 14TURKEYAnkara 2

BursaIstanbul 13

Izmir 1UNITED KINGDOMBirmingham 2

Brighton 4CambridgeCanterbury 1

Cardiff 1

Ditchley Parks 1Edinburgh 6Huntingdon 1Leicester 1Liverpool 2London 42Macclesfield 2Manchester 2Newcastle-on-Tyne 1Oxford 4Reading 2St Andrews (Scotland) 3Swansea 1Truro 1Windsor 1

USSR

Klew 3Krivoi RogLeningrad 15

MinskMoscow 10RigaYUGOSLAVIABelgrade 5

Dubrovnik 2

Maribor 1OpatijaZagrebPrimosten 1

Split 1

AUSTRALASIA

AUSTRALIA

Canberra 7

MelbourneNewcastle 1

Perth 1Surfers Paradise 1

Sydney 10

NEW ZEALAND

Auckland 1Napier 1Wellington 2


L'Ordre des Architectes de Belgiquevient d'organiser à Bruxelles du 22au 25 septembre 1971 les «journéesinternationales de réflexions etd'échanges ». Il paraît intéressant deprésenter et de commenter dans cescolonnes la façon assez révolution-naire dont les travaux étaient structu-rés — le nombre de thèmes étudiés,les contacts organisés entre les ora-teurs et les participants etc.En effet, rompant avec les traditionsbien connues des organisateurs decongrès, l'Ordre des Architectes, con-çu le plan suivant :1. au cours des 3 journées d'études,

six thèmes seront proposés auxparticipants

2. chaque thème est discuté chaquejour par 5 groupes, chaque groupeinvitant un comférencier et unanimateur.

3. à certaines heures des réunions« inter-groupes » réunissant desgroupes de thèmes différents per-mettent des communications «tnter-thèmes »

4. chaque jour une des séances « in-ter-groupe » sera accessible aupublic.

Un bref calcul indique donc que 5groupes de travail par thème, et cecipour 6 thèmes, produit un nombre de30 groupes de travail nécessitant laprésence de 30 animateurs et de 30orateurs de renom.Un organisateur réalise rapidement àcette simple enumeration les difficul-tés à vaincre afin de réussir à faire«tourner» ce plan de travail. Tourd'abord un pareil nombre de locauxn'existe pas, groupés ainsi qu'il con-vient, la signalisation des locaux poseaussi des problèmes ainsi que l'orga-nisation parfaite de l'information auxparticipants.De plus, les communications soitinter-groupes d'un thème, soit de plu-sieurs thèmes nécessitent une stricteorganisation.

Passons sur la difficulté qui consisteà réunir 30 animateurs bien au faitainsi que trente orateurs capables dedonner une implusion et un style propreà chaque groupe de travail.Ajoutons que le désir des organisa-teurs était de conserver à ces réunionsun caractère de spontanéité — atta-chant une importance extrême auxpossibilités de « communicabilité ».Ce qui revient à dire qu'une organi-sation classique devait exister, mais sedevait d'être peu apparente afin depermettre aux atmosphère détendue _certaines réunions bien que prévuesdevaient se faire « spontanément »,etc., etc.

C'est dire combien l'organisateur pro-fessionnel qui s'était vu confier cesjournées se trouvait devant des pro-blèmes nouveaux et combien les solu-tions qui ont dû être trouvées ont étésouvent peu orthodoxes.Désorganiser, apparemment seule-ment, l'ordre conçu — atteler ensem-ble le conçu et le spontané, voilà quelétait le paradoxe permament.

ConclusionOn peut estimer que de plus en plusla forme classique de travail en con-grès, soit la séance magistrale, a vécu.Peu à peu le travail en commissionsprévaut. De là à adopter une structurede travail telle que celle décrite plushaut, il y a du chemin à faire.Néanmoins, nous pensons que biendes réunions gagneraient en valeurproductive, si elles permettaient plusde contacts.Les formes classiques d'organisationadministrative devront s'adapter et te-nir compte de tous les nouveaux impé-ratifs imposés par ces réunions plus« sauvages ».

Jean DESIREESecrétaire Général de l'IAPCO


Books,

reports

and proceedings received

Ouvrages,

rapports

et comptes rendus reçus

CENTRE INTERNATIONAL D'ETUDE DES TEXTILES AN-

CIENS. Assemblée Générale 1963. Lyon, le Centre.1969. 21 x 27 cm., bulletin de liaison n° 30, 107 p ..bilbl., illustr.

CENTRE INTERNATIONAL DE DOCUMENTATION ECO-NOMIQUE ET SOCIALE AFRICAINE / INTERNATIO-NAL CENTRE FOR AFRICAN ECONOMIC AND SO-CIAL DOCUMENTATION. Bulletin of Information onCurrent Research on Human Sciences ConcerningAfrica, Brussels, CIDESA. 1969, 14.5 X 20 cm.. n° 2/1968 & 1/1969. 154 p., bibl.

CENTRE INTERNATIONAL DE DOCUMENTATION ECO-NOMIQUE ET SOCIALE AFRICAINE / INTERNATIO-NAL CENTRE FOR AFRICAN ECONOMIC AND SO-CIAL DOCUMENTATION. Bulletin of Information onCurrent Research on Human Sciences ConcerningAfrica. Brussels, CIDESA, 1969, 14,5 X 20 cm., n° 2,106 p., bibl.

CENTRE INTERNATIONAL POUR LE REGLEMENT DESDIFFERENDS RELATIFS AUX INVESTISSEMENTS.Quatrième rapport annuel 1969/1970. Washington, leCIRDI, s.d., 25 X 17,5 cm., 20 p.Existe également en éditions anglaise et espagnole.

CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE INTERNATIONALE. RapportBiennal 7967-69. Paris, CCI, 1969, 21 X 27 cm., 47 p.,tabl.

COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE. Rapportd'Activité 1969. Genève, the Committee, 1970. 15 X 23cm.. 128 p., tabl.

COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE MEDECINE ET DE PHAR-MACIE MILITAIRES / INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEEOF MILITARY MEDICINE AND PHARMACY. Revueinternationale des services de santé des armées deterre, de mer et de l'air. Essonne, l'Office Internationalde Documentation de Médecine militaire, 1970. 21 x27 cm., n° 7-8, 86 p., bibl., index, illustr., tabl . Prix :F Fr 70 par an.

COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA RAYONNE ET DES FI-BRES SYNTHETIQUES. 3e Congrès Mondial des Fi-bres Chimiques : Séance de travail « Technologie ».Brussels, «Textiles Chimiques», 1971, 21,5 x 27,5 cm.,n° 7-8 of revue, 68 p., bibl., tabl. graph., illustr. Prix :FB 50.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. Expression of the properties of cathode-rayoscilloscopes. Genève, Central Bureau, lEC, 1971.21 x 29,5 cm., n° 351, 102 p., graph., S.Fr. 79.50.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. Second supplement to Publication 191-1 (1966).Mechanical standardization of semiconductor devices.Geneva, Bureau Central de la Commission Electro-technique Internationale, 1970, 21 x 29,5 cm., n° 1 91-1B, 6 p., tabl. illustr. Prix : S.Fr. 4.50.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE.Complément au Catalogue des Publications. Geneva.Central Bureau, 1971. 15 x 21 cm., 8 p., index. Price :S.Fr. 6.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Ge-neral Index. Geneva. Central Office of the IEC. 1970,29,5 x 20,5 cm., no. 50, 2nd edition, 141 p., indexPrix : S. Fr 45.—.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. Amendment No. 1 to Publication 217 (FirstEdition - 1967), Geneva, Bureau Central de la Com-mission Electrotechnique Internationale. 1970, 21 x29,5 cm., 13 p., tabl. Prix : S. Fr 9.— .

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. Primary cells and batteries. Part 1 : General.Geneva, Central Bureau, IEC, 1971, 21 x 29,5 cm.,n° 86-1. 17 p., S.Fr. 15.—.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. Rapport d'activité, 1970. Genève, le Bureau Cen-tral, 1970, 21 x 29.5 cm.. 128 p., bibl. ,index, illustr.,prix : Fr.S. 36.—.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. Safety requirements for electronic measuringapparatus. Geneva, Central Bureau of the Commission,1971, 21 x 29,5 cm., n° 348, 100 p., tabl., illustr . Prix:S.Fr. 75.—..

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. Amendment no. 1 to Publication 92-4. Geneva,Central Bureau of the IEC, 1971, 21 x 29,5 cm., 21 p.,prix : SFr. 18.—.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. Amendment no. 1 to publication 189-1. Geneva,Central Bureau of the IEC, 1971, 21 x 29,5 cm., 9 p.,illustr., prix : SFr. 9.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE /INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMIS-SION. International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Ge-neva, IEC, 1970, 21 x 29.5 cm., n° 50 (55), 256 p., index,Price : S.Fr. 120.

LA CONFEDERATION MONDIALE DU TRAVAIL La Con-fèdération Mondiale du Travail : Unité dans la Diver-sité. Brussels, The Confederation, 1971, 13,5 x 20 cm.,125 p., tabl., illustr.

CONSEIL MONDIAL DE LA PAIX. Facisme, Néo-fascisme,néo-nazisme : séminaire international. Francfort-sur-le-Main, Conseil, 1970, 14 x 20 cm., 53 p.

COUNCIL ON RELIGION AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS.Annual Report, 1970. New York, the Council. 1971,10 x 23 cm., 23 p.

ALAN JOHN DAY (ed.) The Socialist International : A ShortHistory. London, the Socialist International, 1969,20.5 x 27 cm., 24 p., illustr.


EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF MANAGEMENT TRAININGCENTRES / ASSOCIATION EUROPEENNE DES CEN-TRES DE PERFECTIONNEMENT DANS LA DIREC-TION DES ENTREPRISES. Recherches et Etudes encours dans tes centres membres. 1969. Bruxelles, theAssociation, 1969, 21 X 27 cm., 40 p.

EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF CORROSION. 1968 AnnualReport. Frankfurt, the Federation, 1970. 21 x 29,5 cm.,225 p., bibl.

EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF FINANCE HOUSE ASSO-CIATIONS / FEDERATION EUROPEENNE DES ASSO-CIATIONS DES INSTITUTS DE CREDIT. Annual Re-port, 1969. Brussels, Eurofinas, 1970, 21 x 27,5 cm.,n° 12, 21 p.

EUROPEAN FEDERATION 0F FINANCE HOUSE ASSO-CIATIONS / FEDERATION EUROPEENNE DES ASSO-CIATIONS DES INSTITUTS DE CREDIT. Annual Re-port, 1970. Brussels, Eurofinas, 1971, 21 x 27,5 cm.,N° 13, 56 p.

EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR OPINION AND MARKETINGRESEARCH. Handbook of Marketing Research inEurope, 1970. Amsterdam, the Society, 1970, 15 x22 cm., 367 p.

FEDERATION DENTAIRE INTERNATIONALE. Collectiondes documents de la SSème Session annuelle. 21,5 x28 cm., Bucarest, the Federation, 1970, paginationvaried within each document, tabl.

FEDERATION EUROPEENNE DE LA CORROSION / EURO-PEAN FEDERATION 0F CORROSION. 7969 AnnualReport. Frankfurt (Main), FEC, 1971, 21 x 29 cm.,XI + 226 p., bibl.

FEDERATION EUROPEENNE POUR L'EDUCATION DESADULTES. Supplément : Commissions of the FEECA.Bonn, FEECA, 1968, 14,5 x 21 cm.

FEDERATION GRAPHIQUE INTERNATIONALE. Rapportd'Activité, 1er janvier 1967 - 31 décembre 1969. Berne,the Federation, 1969. 17 x 21 cm., 136 p., tabl.

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE DOCUMENTATION.Conferencia Regional da FID, Buenos Aires, 21-22 desetembre de 1970. Rio de Janeiro, the Federation,1971, 21,5 x 28 cm., publiçao especial n° 4. 116 p. ,tabl.

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE LAITERIE / INTER-NATIONAL DAIRY FEDERATION. Catalogue of IDFPublications. Brussels, 1971, 16 x 24 cm., 49 p., bibl..

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES INGENIEURS-CON-SEILS. Annual Report 1970 : Reports from memberassociations. The Hague, The Federation, 1970,14,5 x 20 cm., 76 p.

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DU THERMALISME ETDU CLIMATISME / INTERNATIONALE VEREINIGUNGFUR BALNEOLOGIE UND KLIMATOLOGIE. Rapportd'Activité, 25 Sept. 1967 to 22 September 1963. Bad/St. Gallen, the Federation, 1968, 21 x 29,5 cm., 11 p.

FEDERATION MONDIALE DE LA JEUNESSE DEMOCRA-TIQUE. Ville Assemblée de la FMJD, Budapest 26 oc-tobre-4 novembre 1970. Budapest, la Fédération, 1971,14,5 x 20,5 cm., 263 p., illustr.

FEDERATION MONDIALE DE LA JEUNESSE DEMOCRA-TIQUE. Déclaration de Principes, adoptée par la VilleAssemblée de ta FMJD. Budapest, FMJD, 1970 9 x14 cm., 31 p.

FEDERATION MONDIALE DES VILLES JUMELEES CITESUNIES. L'éducation bilingue et comment la réaliser.Paris, the Federation, 1971, 21 x 29 cm., supplémentto n° 67, 33 p, r tabl.

GROUPE INTERNATIONAL DE COOPERATION ET DERECHERCHE EN DOCUMENTATION / INTERNATIO-NAL GROUP FOR COOPERATION AND RESEARCHON DOCUMENTATION. Territorial Pianning-Housing-Information. Report of the Permanent Secretariat onActivities from November 1967 till March 1970. Paris,the Secretariat, 1970, 20,5 x 29,5 cm., 10 p.

INTERNACIA FERVOJISTA ESPERANTO-FEDERACIO. His-iorio de la fervojista espéranto-Movado, 1908-1968.Amsterdam, La IFEF, 1968, 14,5 x 20,5 cm., 40 p., tabl.,illustr.

INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF ASTRONAUTICS OF THEINTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTICAL FEDERATION.Report of the President for the Year 1967-1968. Paris,the Academy, 1968, 21 x 27 cm., n° IAA/ANNUAL RE-PORT/B, 15 p.

THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF ASTRONAUTICS.The First Decade. Paris, the International Academy ofAstronautics, 1970, 16 x 24 cm., 95 p., illustr.

THE INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE OF WOMEN. 22émeCongrès AIF - les Résolutions. London, lAW, 1970,18 x 25 cm., vol. 65 n° 12 of « Intenrational Women 'sNews», 12 p.

INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE / CHAMBREDE COMMERCE INTERNATIONALE. Supplier's Cre-dit's in Development Financing. Paris, the Chamber.1971, 13 x 21 cm., n° 265, 24 p.Existe également en français.

XXIIIrd CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBEROF COMMERCE. Programm for the Liberalization ofInternational Trade. Statement and Report. Paris, theChamber, 1971, 14,5 x 21 cm., n° eh, 32 p.Existe également en français.

INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, INFORMA-TION DEPARTMENT. Technology and society : a chal-lenge to private enterprise. Vienna, XXIIIrd Congressof the International Chamber of Commerce, 1971,21 x 30 cm., n° VICO 8, 123 p.

INTERNATIONAL TIN RESEARCH COUNCIL. Annual Re-port, 1970. London, Tin Research Institute. 1971, 20 x25 cm., 36 p., bibl., illustr.

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NA-TURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES. Annual Report,1968. Merges, the Union, 1963, 15 p., tabl., illustr.Price: US $ 3.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF FOOD AND ALLIED WOR-KERS ASSOCIATIONS. 50 ans; 16e congrès, Docu-mentation du Secrétariat et Rapports des Organisa-tions Affiliées. Genève, UITA, 1970, 20,5 x 29 cm.,120 + V p., tabl.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES. LocalGovernment as Promoter of Economie and SocialDevelopment. The Hague, IULA, 1971, 16 x 22 cm.,n° 98. 100 p., tabl., graph., cartes.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF STUDENTS. Student NATOAction. Prague, IUS, 15 x 21 cm., 14 p.

INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP ON SOILLESS CUL-TURE. Proceedings of the World Congress 1969 (LasPalmas de Gran Canaria, 11-14 November 1969).Wageningen, the IWOSC, s.d., 29 x 21 cm.. 185 p.,tabl., graph.

MEDITERRANEAN ASSOCIATION MARINE BIOLOGY /L'ASSOCIATION MEDITERRANEENNE DE BIOLOGIEMARINE ET D'OCEANOLOGIE. Rapport d'Activité.Naples, the Association, 1966. 17 x 24 cm.. 43 p.,tabl.


41st MINERS' INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS. Energy Po-licy. London, the Congress, 1971, 20 x 33 cm., n°D/CON 71/EP/2, 37 p., tabl, graph.

Jacques MOREAU. La Lutte contre la Grêle. Paris, 11thCongress. L'Association Internationale des Assureurscontre la Gréle, 1971. 20,5 x 29 cm., 40 p., tabl.

ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE LUTTE BIOLO-GIQUE CONTRE LES ANIMAUX ET LES PLANTES

NUISIBLES. Rapport d'Activité 1969. Paris, OILB,1970, 21 X 29,5 cm., 25 p.

ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE LUTTE BIOLO-GIQUE CONTRE LES ANIMAUX ET LES PLANTESNUISIBLES. Rapport d'Activité 1968. Paris, OILB,1969,21 x 29 cm.. 34 p., tabl.

ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DES EMPLOYEURS.Rapport Annuel du Comité Exécutif. Genève, OIE,1971, 20,5 X 29,5 cm., n° 1971/G-25, 24 p., illustr .

UNION INTERNATIONALE DES PRODUCTEURS ET DIS-TRIBUTEURS D'ENERGIE ELECTRIQUE. Les Problè-mes de Croissance de l'Industrie Electrique dans laPerspective d'un Triplement des Consommations.Paris, Comité-dé Direction, 1970, 21 x 29,5 cm., 38 p.

UNION INTERNATIONALE DES TELECOMMUNICATIONS.Répertoire des Satellites Artificiels lancés de 1957 à1970. Geneva, UIT, 1971, 21,5 x 31 cm., «Journal desTélécommunications» vol. 38 V/71, 145 p., index.

UNION INTERNATIONALE DES TELECOMMUNICATIONS.Neuvième rapport de l'Union internationale des télé-communications sur les télécommunications et les uti-lisations pacifiques de l'espace extra-atmosphérique.Geneva, the Union, 1970, 14,5 x 21 cm., fascicule n° 6,110 p., tabl., illustr. Price : S.Fr. 2.

L'UNION INTERNATIONALE DES TELECOMMUNICA-TIONS. Les télécommunications et les utilisations pa-cifiques de l'espace extra-atmosphérique. Genève,l'Union, 1971, 15 x 21 cm., fascicule n° 8, 127 p., tabl.,graph., cartes, Illustr. Prix : S.Fr. 2.

WORLD FEDERATION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKERS. Inter-national Symposium on the Relations between Scienceand Technology. Bratislava, the Federation, 1969,14 x 20 cm., 629 p., tabl., graph.

WORLD PEACE THROUGH LAW CENTER / CENTRE DELA PAIX MONDIALE PAR LE DROIT. Développementéconomique. (Journée mondiale du Droit, 8 septem-bre 1969). Genève,, le Centre, 1969, 23 x 15 cm.,39 p., photos.

WORLD PEACE THROUGH LAW CENTER. The Interna-tional Observance. (World Law Day. Human Rights.1968). Geneva, the World Peace throught Law Cen-.ter, s.d., 22,5 x 15 cm., Pamphlet Series Number 12,52 p.


New from International Associations

A L´ÉCOUTE DES ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

Israël. Un séminaire sera organisé en1972 à l'intention de responsables debibliothèques scolaires dans les paysen voie de développement.Tanzanie. En tête de la liste des acti-vités suggérées pour l'AIL par te Ser-vice des bibliothèques figure un coursnational de formation destiné aux as-sistants-bibliothécaires et sanctionnépar un diplôme. Les besoins de laTanzanie en bibliothécaires croissenten effet si rapidement que l'Ecole debibliothéconomie de l'Afrique orien-tale ne permet plus d'y répondre demanière adéquate. On espère que lecours, dont le programme sera conçuen fonction des conditions locales,pourra être assuré par des bibliothé-caires professionnels et un poste decoordinateur du projet a déjà étécréé à cette fin. Il est d'autre partsuggéré de présenter une bibliothèquemodèle lors de la foire commercialeannuelle «'afin que les Tanzaniensaient l'occasion de voir comment de-vrait être conçue une bibliothèqueidéale´».U.S.A. Une initiative prise à l'occasionde l'AIL mais qui pourrait très bien de-venir une institution permanente, con-cerne le jumelage de bibliothèquesaméricaines et étrangères en vue del'échange de bibliographies, de ma-tériel et, éventuellement, de personnel.II est prévu de confier l'exécution dece projet à l'ASSOCIATION des BI-BLIOTHECAIRES AMERICAINS et àl'INTAMEL, organisation internatio-nale des bibliothèques publiques mé-tropolitaines.A BRUXELLES, une CHARTE DU LIVREapprouvée lors d'une réunion surl'Année internationale du livre, le 22octobre 1971.Cette CHARTE, qui est la premièredéclaration sur les livres approuvéeau niveau international, souligne l'im-portance de la libre circulation des li-vres à travers les frontières. Notantle rôle capital du texte imprimé dansle domaine de l'éducation, le docu-ment indique comment les. livres peu-vent promouvoir la compréhensionpacifique et favoriser l'épanouisse-ment de l'individu.Le comité était présidé par M. HermanLiebaers, directeur de la BibliothèqueRoyale de Belgique, président de laFEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DESASSOCIATIONS DE BIBLIOTHECAI-RES, Ce comité rassemblait les repré-,sentants de la Communauté internatio-nale des Associations de Libraires, de(a Confédération internationale desSociétés d'Auteurs et de Composi-teurs, de la Fédération internationalede documentation, de la Fédération int

des PEN Clubs, de l'Union int des édi-leurs, ainsi que de la Fédération intdes Associations de bibliothécaireset des pays grands producteurs delivres.

1972ANNEE INTERNATIONALE

DU LIVRE

Echos et projets.Quelle est la place du livre dans unmonde où les nouveaux moyens d'in-formation jouent souvent un rôle plusspectaculaire que lui ? Dans un mondeoù les progrès de l'alphabétisationsont sans cesse remis en questionpar la croissance démographique ?Dans un monde où les connaissan-ces humaines peuvent se trouver péri-mées du jour au lendemain et où desmontagnes d'éphémères matière im-primée disparaissent avant mêmed'aboîr été lues ? La situation du livredemeure-t-elle inébranlable ? cettepréoccupation se reflète dans plu-sieurs porjets relatifs à l'AIL.

En HONGRIE': outre la productiond'une publication sur le « livre dansun monde en évolution » le Ministèrede la culture a annoncé que le Con-seil des Editeurs se propose d'orga-niser en 1973, une conférence inter-nationale sur les «'problèmes du livredans le monde'». 1973 marquera, enoutre, le 500e anniversaire de la par-tion du premier livre hongrois.

A CUBA': les activités prévues par legouvernement cubain pour l'AIL fontnotamment ressortir le rôle des livrescomme facteur de transformation so-ciale et de développement culturel etleur importance en tant que dépositai-res de l'histoire et de la culture despeuples. Outre des manifestationsdestinées à marquer l'Année en tantque telle, le programme comporte denombreuses activités visant à fairemieux prendre conscience à l'opinionpublique de la nature et de la valeurparticulières du livre. Il prévoit égale-ment des mesures propres à encoura-ger la production du livre, tant dupoint de vue de la création intellec-tuelles que des techniques de fabri-cation. Il sera centré autour d'uneexposition nationale du livre, quimontrera le développement de l'édi-tion cubaine et en fera ressortir lesaspects culturels.

Ce symbole a été choisi par I'U.N.E.S.C.O. Il est l'œuvre de

Michel Olyff,

collaborateur d'une importantemaison d'édition belge

Union internationale pour les livres dejeunesse (IBBY). La section brési-lienne de l'IBBY a élaboré un pland'activîtés au nombre desquelles onrelève notamment': l'organisation d'uncours-laboratoire de littérature enfan-tine et de brefs séjours d'auteurs etd'illustrateurs dans des imprimerieset des maisons d'édition ; l'installationet la modernisation, avec le concoursd'entreprises privées, de salles de lec-ture dans des écoles et d'autres insti-tutions culturelles ; des expositionsitinérantes de livres pour enfants ; unecampagne de. promotion de la lecturechez les jeunes.

Union des républiques socialistes so-viétiques. Un stage d'études destiné àdes bibliothécaires de pays en voiede développement d'Asie et d'Afriqueest annoncé dans le cadre de l'AIL.Il aura pour thème': «'Les bibliothè-ques publiques - leur rôle dans ledéveloppement socio-économiqueset culturel ».

L'UNISISTL'UNISIST est le résultat des travauxmenés en commun par le CONSEILINT DES UNIONS SCIENTIFIQUES(ClUS) et l'UNESCO, qui représen-


tent l'une la communauté scientifiquemondiale, l'autre les gouvernements.Lors de la conférence internationaled'octobre à Paris se trouvaient réunis240 délégués venus de 83 pays ainsique des observateurs de 39 organisa-tions internationales.Le but de cette conférence : déter-miner les bases d'un système mondiald'information scientifique et techniquedestiné à permettre aux hommes descience et aux ingénieurs d'accéderplus facilement aux quelques deuxmillions d'articles paraissant chaqueannée dans 70.000 revues spécialisées.M. Harrison Brown, de la National Aca-demy of Sciences (USA), souligna lanécessité d'une étroite collaborationentre l'Est et l'Ouest, laquelle étaitclairement apparue tout au long de lapréparation de l'UNISIST.Par ailleurs, a-t-il fait remarquer, laquestion se pose de façon différenteselon qu'il s'agît de pays en voie dedéveloppement ou de pays dévelop-pés, puisque 5% seulement des écritsscientifiques ont les premiers pourorigine à l'instant présent. L'un desobjectifs de l'UNISIST est précisé-ment de permettre aux hommes descience du Tiers-Monde de puiserdans le stock mondial d'information.La Conférence a également défini lastructure de l'UNISIST en recomman-dant qu'il soit géré par un comité di-recteur de 13 à 23 members, et quesoit créée au sein du Secrétariat del'UNESCO une unité qui servirait desecrétariat permanent du nouvel or-gane. Elle a demandé que le nouveausystème couvre, pour le moment, lascience et la technologie, en atten-dant de s'étendre aux sciences socia-les et humaines.

The centres of decision in matters con-cerning international trade are nowchanging with inexorable rapidity.To an ever increasing extent, respon-sibility for even the most detailed regu-lations is passing into the hands ofinter-gouvernmental organizations, bothat world and regional levels.The establishment of the system ofgeneral preferences in favour of de-veloping countries and the regula-tions for the transport of goods bycontainers, to take two random exam-ples, are instances where the condi-tions of international trade are beingchanged day by day. Private enterprisemust accordingly take account of thedecisions taken at international levelboth for its immediate reactions andfor its long term strategy, as thesedecisions will sooner or later be rati-fied by national governments. TheINTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COM-MERCE has fully realised this evolu-tion and has become the privilegedintermediary with the main organiza-tions, which not only consult it beforethe decisions are taken but also allowit to participate right from the begin-ning in the preparation for their con-

ventions and agreements, as is wellshown by several items in this issue.This policy, which the ICC is pursuingwith the help of its National Commit-tees, is however always in need ofgreater resources and of more expertsand leaders from the private sectorready to take an active part in the mee-tings of the organizations which asso-ciate the ICCwith their work.It remains to convince a larger numberof business leaders that amidst themanifold pre-occupations that domi-nate world affairs, only concerted ac-tion can make their voices heard, tothe greater benefit of all. Surely it ison them that responsibility rests in themain for the development of a worldtrade to an ever greater extent con-trolled and regulated by the inter-governmental organizations withwhich the ICC is conducting a perma-nent dialogue.

Inter-Contact is the name given toUAI's (Union of International Associa-tions) computer-based informationsystem on internationally significantorganizations, programmes and per-sons. It is based on the data suppliedfor the «'Yearbook of International Or-ganizations'» and other publicationson international organization activities.The system is organised to show linksbetween bodies across geographical,disciplinary and jurisdictional boun-daries, as well as the characteristicsof the bodies themselves, Inter-Con-tact is used as follows':— Preparation of directories. Diffe-

rent types of directories may beproduced directly from the databank. The Yearbook is producedby selecting certain itmes of infor-mation which are arranged intolines of text and converted to offsetfilm plates by computer,different language versions of thesame information are also availa-ble.

— Mailing. The UIA journal and re-search questionnaires are distri-buted in this way.

— Research, The information collec-ted constitutes a research aid forinternational studies of all types.Work is scheduled on methods ofdetecting key points in the organi-zational network, areas of inbalan-ce, , communication and coordina-tion gaps, etc. It is hoped that thesystem will be used as a transferdevice between research models,policy implications, and the needsof decision makers.

(FID News Bulletin, 1971, no. 6)

Le CIR (Centre international de Re-cherche sur le Cancer), lors de saneuvième session du Conseil de Direc-tion, à Lyon ce 20 octobre, approuveune résolution sur les cancérogènesdu milieu.

Compte tenu de l'opinion expriméepar son conseil scientifique selon la-quelle «'les gouvernements prennentde plus en plus conscience de l'impor-tance de la pollution du milieu et sontamenés à adopter des mesures de con-trôle ou d'interdiction plus strictes,fondées sur des considérations biolo-giques'», le conseil a estimé que leCIR devait jouer un rôle consultatifdans le domaine des cancérogènes dumilieu, car il est souhaitable que lesautorités responsables appelées àprendre des décisions en la matièrepuissent disposer d'un avis scientifi-que compétent et indépendant.Le CIR a décidé de poursuivre l'élabo-ration de monographies sur l'éva-luation de la cancérogénicité pourl'homme des substances chimiques.Il a été également convenu que le CIRmettrait à la disposition des gouverne-ments toute la documentation réuniesur les substances faisant l'objet dedemandes d'avis ainsi que les conclu-sions tirées de cette documentation.Le cas échéant le CIR donnera desavis concernant la méthodologie desétudes expérimentales et épidémiolo-giques.Les neuf états membres du CIR (Aus-tralie, Belgique, Etats-Unis, France,Italie, Pays-Bas République fédéraled'Allemagne, Royaume-Uni et UnionSoviétique) ont élu Président du Con-seil de Direction le Dr John Gray,Secrétaire du Conseil britannique dela Recherche. C'est sous les auspicesde l'OMS que fut crée le CIR en 1965,dont le Directeur est le Dr John Hig-ginson.

Europa Nostra which was foundedin 1963 on the initiative of the Councilof Europa, is an international federa-tion of non-governmental organiza-tions for the protection of Europe'snatural and cultural heritage.Its main goals are':1. to awaken the pride of Europeans

in their common artistic, architec-tural and natural heritage ;

2. to draw attention to the dangerswhich imperil this heritage andpress for action to protect it ;

3. to encourage quality architectureand planning and the application ofmeasures to improve the urban andrural environment ;

4. to arouse the public by publications,films and information through allappropriate media ;

5. to initiate study projects, organizeconferences and offer a forum fordiscussion ;

6. to assure that these matters receivedue attention in schools and uni-versities ;

7. to make recommendations to theCouncil of Europe, governments,regional and local authorities, andother official groups ;


8. to support the action of member as-sociations and promote by all othermeans the attainment of its owngoals.

Europa Nostra members include manyand varied national organizationswhich pursue the same goals In the fol-lowing countries :

Austria, Belgium, Britain, Denmark,Finland, France, Federal Germany,Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, the Ne-therlands, Portugal, Spain and Swit-zerland.

Europa Nostra organized a conferencein Brussels from June 24 to 27, underthe following three general headings':— Co-operation between Europa Nos-

tra and youth organizations.— Excessive, inadequately controlled

outdoor advertising in the urbanand rural scene.

— Participation of elected represen-tatives in the protection of sitesand monuments, in conjunctionwith Europa Nostra associations.

All these themes gave rise to resolu-tions whose contents are summarizedbelow.

This congress — enjoyed very concrete,immediate success. During a study tripthe delegates made to his city, theburgomaster of Ghent offered an im-pressive reception in the city hall andplegdged to ward off the very realdanger of seeing covered the canalswhich pass along 18th-century man-sions and owing to which Ghent isknown as the Northern Venice.The Human Rights of Peasants mustprevail in Latin America': it is one ofthe objectives of the VI Latin AmericanMeeting of Rural Managers. Under theauspices of UNIAPAC (Int ChristianAssociation of Business Executives)and organized by the Christian Asso-ciation of Entrepreneurs of Uruguay,this event took place in Colonia Suiza.Farmers from Argentina, Bolivia, Bra-zil, Chile, and Paraguay took part inan international meeting. The centraltheme': PARTICIPATION IN THE RU-RAL ENTREPRISE was broken intothree parts': analysis of the true situa-tion of the peasantry, exchange of ex-perience inside and outside the far-ming enterprise and future perspec-tives that participation is likely tooffer. The meeting was helped by theactive collaboration of the UruguayanRural Association, the Rural Federa-tion and Uruguayan Federation ofCREA Groups (Regional Consortiumsfor Agricultural Experimentation).IPS, INTERNATIONAL PEACE BUREAU,organise a conference on the 26-27August 71, near Stockholm. Besidesthe organisers and specially invitedspeakers and experts, other NGOssuch as ISMUN, WFUNA, World Fede-ration of Trade Unions, InternationalCouncil of Womens, InternationalCommission of Jurists, Amnesty Inter-national, World Peace Council andFriends World Committee for Consul-tation, Present also representatives

and experts from the Stockholm Inter-national Peace Research Institute, theInternational Committee of the RedCross and the Polemologlcal InstituteIn the Netherlands.Chairman of the Conference': Mr SeanMacBride, former Foreign Minister ofIreland and President of both AmnestyInt and IPB. In his speech Mr MacBrideinclude proposals for further action forIPS and other NGOs. He proposed thesetting up of an independent body inthe frame of the UN to investigate theviolations of the Geneva Protocol of1925, Hague Conventions and Geno-cide Convention. It would consist ofpersons of high moral authority, inde-pendent of their governments, whowould investigate all complaints oforganisations and individuals on vio-lation of above agreements.Bemelen, Netherlands': 16th Meetingof the Catholic Committee for INTRAEUROPEAN MIGRATION, June 1971.Catholics Organisations and repre-sentatives from Int. Organizations stu-died an inquiry carried out among thesame migrant workers. This inquiryrevealed the lack of social servicesadapted to the special needs ofyoung people who emigrate alone.It was decided to send a report to thePresident of the EEC and to the Secre-tary General of the COUNCIL OF EU-

ROPE, asking to devote special atten-tion to the problems of people between18 and 25 years old, with regard tothe Housing, Social Services, Recrea-tion and Vocational Training, Theyoung Migrant Worker represent appro-ximately one third of the EuropeanMigrants.

United Nations conference on humanenvironment. Scheduled to be held InStockholm, Sweden on 5-16 June 1972,the Conference, whose official sloganis «'Only One Earth'», will be the firstworld meeting of Governments con-vened to take action on the complexenvironmental problems faced by man-kind.The main agenda subjects will be':1. Planning and Management of Hu-

man Settlements for EnvironmentalQuality ;

2. Environmental aspects of NaturalResources Management ;

3. Identification and control of Pol-luants and Nuisances of BroadInternational Significance ;

4. Development and Environment ;5. International Organisational Impli-cations of Action Proposals.Some 1,200 senior government officialsand their advisers are expected toattend the Conference.


New International Meetings Announced

Information listed in this sectionsupplements details in the AnnualInternational Congress Calendarpublished in December 1971.

Les informations faisant l'objet decette rubrique constituent les sup-pléments au Calendrier Annuel desCongrès Internationaux publié endécembre 1971.

1972 Jan 10-12 . Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Economie Commission for Europe. Committeeon housing, building and planning; group of experts on methodo-logy for int comparisons in the construction field. (YB 3377)Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.

1972 Jan 10-14 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, TimberCommittee. Symposium on wood as a competitive and versatilematerial. (YB 3377)Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland.

1972 Jan 11-16 Pont-á-Mousson (France)Council of Europe. Symposium sur les facteurs qui dans lesscolarités élémentaire et secondaire conditionnent les perfec-tionnements ultérieurs. (YB 435)Avenue de l'Europe, 67 Strasbourg, France.

1972 Jan 11-21 Bangkok (Thailand)United Nations, Economie Commission for Asia and the Far East.Population Division/Social Development Division. Régionalseminar on population aspects of social development. (YB 3377)

Economie Commission for Asia and the Far East, SalaSantitham, Bangkok, Thailand.

1972 Jan 13-14 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Economie Commission for Europe. Committeeon Housing, Building and Planning. Preparatory meeting for the4th seminar on the building industry. (YB 3377)Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland.

1972 Jan 13-15 Strasbourg (France)Société Universitaire Européenne de Recherche Financière.Colloque.

c /o avenue de l'Europe, 67 Strasbourg, France.

1972 Jan 17-21 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Economie Commission for Europe. 2nd meeting

of government officials responsible, for standardization policies.Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland. (YB 3377)

1972 Jan 17-21 Lyon (France)Centre Européen de Dermopharmacologie. 6e semaine int : lapeau qui vieillit, dermopharmacie et cosmétique.

Me//e Meunier, 33 cours Eugénie, 96 Lyon 3, France.

1972 Jan 18 Geneva (Switzerland)World Health Organization. 49th Executive Board.

Via Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. (YB 3548)

1972 Jan 18-24 Bangkok (Thailand)United Nations, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East.Specail meeting on Land-Locked countries. (YB 3377)Sala Santitham, Bangkok 2, Thailand.

1972 Jan 19-21 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, Committeeon the Development on Trade. Group of experts on the simplifi-cation and standardization of external trade documents.

Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland. (YB 3377)

1972 Jan 19-21 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, Inland Trans-port Committee. Group of experts on transport statistics.


1972 Jan 23-27 New Delhi (India)Indian Medical Association /Government of India. Int conferenceon family planning.

India Medical Association, Indraprastha Marg., New Delhi 1,India.

1972 Jan 24-27 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, Committeeon Housing, Building and Planning. Group of experts on thefinancing of housing. (YB 3377)Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland.

1972 Jan 24-28 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, Inland Trans-port Committee. Group of rapporteurs on braking problems.


1972 Jan 31-Feb 2 Geneva (Switzerland)United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. Inland Trans-port Committee meeting. (YB 3377)•Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland.

1972 Jan Auckland (New Zealand)Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association. Conferen-ce : the family in modern society. (YB 3081)54 Hillside Road, Auckland 6, New Zealand.

1972 first quarter Nicosia (Cyprus)Civil Engineers and Architects Association. Int seminar: Foun-dationing on clay soiIs.

Mr J HjAntonas, Secretary of the Association of Civil En-gineers and Architects, Municipality, Nicosia, Cyprus.

1972 Feb 1-3 Nicosia (Cyprus)European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

Executive Committee meeting : Foot-and-Mouth Disease. P: 15-20. (YB 626)Director General, Ministry of Agriculture and National Re-

sources, Nicosia, Cyprus.

1972 Feb 1-7 Bangkok (Thailand)United Nations, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East.Asian industrial development council, 7th session. (YB 3377)Sala Santitham, Bangkok 2, Thailand.

1972 Feb 5-10 Cairo (UAR)World Intellectual Property Organization. Séminaire Arabe surles traités en matière de propriété industrielle. (YB 2670)

32 Chemin des Colombettes, Place des Nations, CasePostale 18,1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.

1972 Feb 6 Geneva (Switzerland)Int Savings Banks Institute. Réunion du Comité de propagande,18 rue du Marché, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland. (YB 2428)


1972 Feb 8-14 Bangkok (Thailand)United Natrons, Economic Commission lor Asia and the Far East.Committee on Industry and Natural Resources, 24th session.

Sala Santitham, Bangkok 2, Thailand. (YB 3377)

1972 Feb 14-28 Montreal (Canada)Int Civil Aviation Organization. Sous-comité juridique chargé duprojet de convention relative au transport int combiné des mar-chandises. (Projet de convention TCM). (YB 1505)

Int Aviation Building, 1080 University Street, Montréal (LOI).Que. Canada.

1972 Feb 15-21 Bangkok (Thailand)United Nations, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East.Committee on Trade, 15th session. (YB 3377)Sa/a Santitham, Bangkok 2, Thailand.

1972 Feb 17-18 Bangkok (Thailand)United Nations, Economie Commission for Asia and the Far East.Asian Institute for Economie Development and Planning, Gover-ning council. (YB 3377)Sa/a Santitham, Bangkok 2, Thailand.

1972 Feb 18-21 Yaounde (Cameroon)Int Federation of Association Football. Conférence médicale pourles médecins d'équipe Africaine ou les médecins dirigeant lesservices médicaux des associations nationales. (YB 1856)11 Hitzigweg, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.

1972 Feb 21-25 Melbourne (Australia)Int nephrology symposium. P : 200.

Or P Kincaid-Smith, Dept of Medicine, University ofMelbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Post Office, Melbour-ne 3050, Australia.

1972 Feb 22-27 Cologne (Germany, Fed Rep)Europàischer Kongreb für Sprotpsychologie. P : 300.

Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaften, Herstrabe, 5023Lövenich, Germany, Fed Rep.

1972 Feb 26-Mar 5 Berlin (Germany, Fed Rep)World-wide tourism meeting.

AMK Berlin, Company for Exhibitions, Fairs and Congresses,Messedamm 22, 1000 Berlin 19, Germany, Fed Rep.

1972 Feb 28-Mar 2 Melbourne (Australia)Life Offices' Association of Australasia/U.S. Life AssuranceAgency Management Association. Joint seminar. P : 35.

Mr G D Browne, Secretary, Life Offices' Association forAustralasia, 330 Collins Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.

1972 Feb 28-Mar 2 New Delhi (India)World University Service. Int seminar : population overgrowth,a challenge to young doctors.

Mr V N Thiagarajan, Executive Secretary, World UniversityService, P 19 Green Park Extension, New Delhi 16, India.

1972 Feb 28-Mar 4 Udine (Italy)Ligue Int pour la Sauvegarde de la Main. 9e cours int de chirur-gie de la main.

Me//e M Adjouri, Hôpital de Nanterre, 403 avenue de ta Ré-publique, 92 Nanterre, France.

1972 Mar 1-8 Roma (Italy)Italian-Latin American Institute/Organization of American States/Inter-American Development Bank. Meeting : Promocion de lasexportaciones y el turismo Latinoamericanos. P : 100.

(YB 2837/3030/1069)Vicesecretaria Economico-Social, Institute Halo Latinoameri-cano, Piazza Guglielmo Marconi, 00144 Roma, Italy.

1972 Mar 2-4 Lisbon (Portugal)Int Marketing Federation /Sociedade Portuguesa de Comercia-

lizacao. 1st world-wide seminar : the marketing and the longterme development stratagy. (YB 2244)

Sociedade Portuguesa de Comercializaçao (Marketing),Avenida Elias Garcia, 172-20 Esq, Lisboa 1, Portugal.

INNSBRUCKYour next congress invacation land Tyrol!Towards the end of October 1973 the new

CONGRESS CENTREwill be inaugurated, providing you with all the facilitiesrequired to ensure the smooth functioning of yourCongress.

MAIN HALL (multipurpose)Congress seating capacity : 1280 (250 to 600 at tables)Concert seating capacity : 1500 ; excellent acousticsair conditioning.

DOGANA HALL : exhibition hall 30 by 90 m equippedwith all technical facilities, or congress hall, 1800 sq mwith a'seating capacity of 1200 (800 at tables)

Located next to the Imperial Palace (Hofburg), DoganaHall has a 400-year tradition.

SMALL CONFERENCE ROOM : seating capacity of 240adjustable into three sections.

POUR MEETING ROOMS of 50 sq m each.

Glassed-in foyer with an excellent view of the northernmountain range ; restaurant.

Six congress offices Facilities for radio andPress room television transmissionProduction roomArtists' room Simultaneous translationProperties room facilities (five languages)

Interpreters' room Projectors for filmsFirst aid room and slides

Post office Calling systemUnderground parkingfacilities Excellent traffic connec-Congress bus tions

We shall be happy to assist you in organizing and carryinthrough your congress. Please contact us, or, better stillvisit us here in Inssbruck, the university city withcenturies-old tradition, site of the 1964 Olympic WinterGames, and favourably located for pre- and post-congresstrips to places of historic and cultural interest.

Once in Innsbruck, haste is forgotten. Come see for yourself. Select Innsbruck, seat of the regional governmenof west Austria, as the site of your next congress or exhibition. Here you can combineCONGRESS WORK WITH HOLIDAY PLEASURES

CONGRESS CENTREINSBRUCK-TYROLKongresshaus-Betriebsgesellschaft m. b. H.A-6020 Innsbruck, Salurner Strasse 11 /Vl,Telephon (0 52 22)29 4 25. Telex : 05-3423.

For many years now Kurhaus Igls near Innsbruck, withits excellent health resort facilities, has been a favouritecongress site, accommodating meetings of up to 350persons.


1972 Mar 4-6 Nairobi (Kenya)East African Dental Association. 2nd int dental seminar,

POBox 1871, Nairobi, Kenya. (YB 473)

1972 Mar 6-11 (Norway)European Baptist Federation. North European conference onevangelism. (YB 591)

Baptist Church House, 4 Southampton Row, London WCI,UK.

1972 Mar 8-9 Brussels (Belgium)European Society of Corporate and Strategic Planners. Seminar :Strategic planning in Europe's future consumer good market,rue de Is Lot 71, 1040 Brussels, Belgium,

1972 Mar 9-30 Cotonou (Dahomey)Boy Scouts World Bureau. 1st Africa community developmentservice seminar : Scouting and community development.

(YB 194)The Regional Executive Commissioner, Boy Scouts WorldBureau, Africa Region, P O Box 3510, Lagos, Nigeria.

1972 Mar 13-17 Geneva (Switzerland)World Intellectual Property Organization. Comité d'experts pourla protection des caractères typographiques. (YB 2670)

32 Chemin des Colombettes, Place des Nations, CasePostale 18, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.

1972 Mar 12-15 Barcelona (Spain)Int Paediatric Association. 8th Middle-East Mediterranean

paëdiatric congress. (YB 2336)Dr Sophocle Hadjidakis, 18 rue Kardeadou, Athens, Greece.

1972 Mar 15-27 Bangkok (Thailand) ,United Nations, Economic Commission for Asia and The FarEast. Commission, 28th session. (YB 3377)Sala Santitham, Bangkok 2, Thailand.

1972 Mar 20-22 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)United Nations/lnt Union of Local Authorities, Instituto Brasileirode Administraçao Municipal. Workshop on municipal develop-ment in Latin America. (YB 3375/2736)Wassenaarseweg 45, The Hague, Netherlands.

1972 Mar-Apr Watford (UK)Int Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation.Working Commission W45. Symposium on thermal comfort :human requirements. (YB 1723)

Dr Langdon, Building Research Station, Bucknall's Lane,Garston, Watford WD2 7JR, UK.

1972 Apri 1-9 Chalon-sur-Saône (France)Council of the Professional Photographers of Europe. Sympos-ium EUROPHOT pour professeurs de photographie : regard surle futur de la communication audio-visuelle et rôle joué dansson développement par la photographie professionnelle et lesphotographes professionnels de demain. (YB 456)rue Lincoln 67, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.

1972 Apr 3-9 Bauge (France)Organization of Young French Esperanlists. Youth meeting. P :50.

JEPO, c / o D Despiney, 43 Quai de Champagne, 94 Le Per-reux, France.

1972 Apr 3-9 Yaounde (Cameroun)Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments. Preparatory

Session, P : 52. (YB 160)Overseas Office, House of Commons, London SWI, UK.

1972 Apr 5-7 Sevres (France)Int Bureau of Weight and Measures. Comité Consultatif pour lesEtalons de Mesure des Rayonnements Ionisants, section 3.Réunion « close > : mesures neutrortiques. P : 20-25. (YB 1440)Pavillon de Breteuil, 92 Sèvres, France.

1S72 Apr 10-11 Florence (Italy)Int Association of Congress Centres. General meeting. (YB 1268)

AlPC, Palais de Beaulleu, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1972 5"

1972 Aug 13-17 (Israel)Int Committe (or the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests.

Asian Committee meeting. (YB 1593)c/o Toshihiro Ishiko, School of Health and Physical, Educa-

tion, Juntendo University, Narashino, Chiba, Japan.

1972 Apr 26 Strasbourg (France)Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine. CentralCommission, ordinary session. YB 241)

Palais du Rhin, Place de la République, 67 Strasbourg,France.

1972 Apr 27-29 Washington (D C, USA)American Society of Int Law. Meeting. Ex.

ASIL Exhibit, 705 Prince Street, P O Box 298, AlexandriaVirginia 22314, USA.

1972 Apr London (UK)Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization. 28thCouncil session. (YB 1117)IMCO, 101-104 Piccadilly, London WIV OAE, UK.

1972 May 1-3 Tokyo (Japan)Permanent and Int Committee of Underground Town Planningand Construction. 5 th int symposium : shopping centres,

CPITUS, 94 rue St Lazare, 75 Paris 9e, France. (YB 3089)

1972 May 3 Quito (Ecuador)Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission. ExecutiveCommittee. Meeting. P : 25. (YB 1056)

a/c Camara de Commercio de Quito, Guayaquil 1242, Quito,Ecuador.

1972 May 3-6 Freeport (Bahamas)Junior Chamber Int. Freeport JCI, conference. (YB 2853)c/o Michael Pinder, P O Box, 388, Freeport, Bahamas.

1972 May 1st week Sevres (France)Int Bureau of Weight and Measures. Comité Consultatif pour lesEtalons de Mesure des Mayonnements. Ionisants, section 1.Réunion « close » : rayons X.P. : 20-25. (YB 1440)Pavillon de Breieuil, 92 Sèvres, France.

1972 May 7-11 Johannesburg (S. Africa)World Airlines Clubs Association, Executive Committee, working

session. (YB 3451)Hanns H Proksch, Nordendstr 39, 6070 Langen, Germany.

1972 May 11-14 De Koog (Texel Island, Netherlands)Esperantist Ornithologists' Association. Meeting. P : 30. (YB 534)

A De Smet, Wilgendreef 14, Heide, Kalmthout, Belgium.

1972 May 21-25 San Francisco (USA)European Industrial Space Study Group (EUROSPACE). 5e con-férence U.S.-Europe : L'espace au service du public. (YB 784)10 rue Cognacq-Jay, 75 Paris 7e, France.

1972 May 22-Jun 2 Montreal (Canada)Int Civil Aviation Organization, Comité juridique. 19e session.

(YB 1505)Int Aviation Building, 1080 University Street, Montreal (101),Que, Canada.

1972 May 23-26 London (UK)Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization. Council,28th session. (YB 1117)101-104 Piccadilly, London WIV OAE, UK.

1972 May 23-26 Stuttgart (Germany, Fed. Rep.)European Industrial Research Management Association. Annualconference. P : 150. (YB783)EIRMA, 36 Cours Albert ler, 75 Paris 8e, France.

1972 May or Jun Washington (DC, USA)Int Federation of Forwarding Agents Associations, AirfreightInstitute. Meeting. (YB 1916)29 Brauerstrasse, POB 342, 8026 Zurich, Switzerland.

OU ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1972

1972 Jim 1-3 Mar Del Plata (Argentina)Junior Chanter Int. Mar del Plata JCI conference, (YB 2853)

c/o Raul Andres Bel, Veracruz 476, Lanus, Buonos-Aires,Argentina.

1972 Jun 12-17 Paris (France)Int Federation of Automatic Control, 5th world congress.

(YB 1862)AFCET, Centre Universitaire Dauphine, Place du Maréchalde Lattre de Tassigny, 75 Paris 16e, France.

1972 Jun 19-20 Geneva (Switzerland)Int Wholesale and Foreign Trade Center. General assembly. P :35. (YB 2813)26 avenue Livingstone, 1040 Brussels, Belgium.

1972 Jun (UK)European Committee on Milk-Butterfat Recording. 18th Commit-tee session. (YB 659)Corso Trieste 67, 00198 Rome, Italy.

1972 Jul 9-20 Sofia (Bulgaria)League of Red Cross Societies/Bulgarian Red Cross Society.European red crose youth conference. P : 150. Ex (YB 2907)1 Boulevard S S Biruzov, Sofia, Bulgaria.

1972 Jul (2nd week) Strasbourg/Paris (France)World Organization of Young Esperantists, External RelationsCommittee. Seminar on language and culture. P : 40. (YB 3566)

7EJO, External Relations Committee, Kastelenstraat 231,Amsterdam Z, Netherlands.

1972 Jul 17-19 London (UK)Int Bureau for Epilepsy/Int League against Epilepsy/BritishEpilepsy Association. 5th European symposium on epilepsy. P :400 Ex. (YB 1413/2193)

Kurt Fleischman and Associates, Chesham House, 136Regent Street, London Wl, UK.

1972 Jul 18-22 Guatemala City (Guatemala)Junior Chamber Int. Guatemala JCI conference. (YB 2853)

c/o Mario Rosemberg, Apartado Postal 2479, GuatemalaCity, Guatemala.

1972 Jul 22-Aug 5 Portland (Oreg, USA)World Organization of Young Esperantists. Int conference. P :

70. (YB 3566)TEJO, Nieuwe Binnenweg 176, Rotterdam 3002, Netherlands.

1972 Jul 24-27 Buenos-Aires (Argentina)World Federation of Hemophilia. 8th congress. (YB 3523)

Dr Miguel de Tezanos Pinto, Academia Nacional de Midici-na. Institute de Investigaciones Hematologicas, J P de Melo,

3081, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

1972 Jul 25-28 London (UK)Int Federation of Teachers' Associations. Congress P : 90.

F I A I , 94 rue de l'Université, 75 Paris 7e, France. (YB 2021)

1972 Jul (3rd week) Torun (Poland)World Organization of Young Esperantists. 28th int youth con-

gress. P : 500. (YB3566)TEJO, Nieuwe Binnenweg 176, Rotterdam 3002, Nether-

lands.

1972 Jul Dar-es-Salam (Tanzania)Boy Scouts World Bureau. 3rd Eastern Africa professional scou-ters conference. (YB 194)

The Executive Secretary, Tanzania Boy Scouts Association,P O Box 945, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania.

1972 Jul (Latin America)World Movement of Christians Workers. Executive Councilmeeting. P : 17. (YB 3559)MMTC, 201 rue Belliard, 1040 Brussels, Belgium.

1972 Jul (Latin America)World Movement of Christian Workers. Int conversations. P : 50.MMTC, 201 rue Belliard, 1040 Brussels, Belgium. (YB 3559)


1972 Aug 14-18 Sydney (Australia)Int Planned Parenthood Federation, South East Asia and OceaniaRegional Office. 1st South East Asia and Oceania medical andscientific congress. (YB 2361)246 Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

1972 Aug 17-20 Cologne (Germany, Fed Rep)Int Committee for the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests.Meeting. (YB 1598)

c/o Toshihiro Ishiko, School of Health Physical Education,Juntendo University. Narashimo, Chiba, Japan.

1972 Aug (end) Belgium (Netherlands)World Organization of Young Esperantists. External RelationsCommittee. 7th int training seminar. P : 30. (YB 3566)

TEJO, External Relations Committee, Kastelenstraat 231,Amsterdam 2, Netherlands.

1972 Aug (Iraq)Boy Scouts World Bureau. 10th Arab Jamborre and conference.

CP 78, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, (YB 194)

1972 Sep 5-7 Stockholm (Sweden)Int Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation.

Symposium « Teaching the teacher » : a confrontation betweenmeteorologists, building researchs and those who teach ar-

chitecture and building, for optimal use of meteorological in-formation in building. (YB 1723)

Mrs H Ftyd, National Swedish Institute for Building Research,Dept of Building Climatology, Valhaltavägen 191, Box 27163,

10252 Stockholm 7, Sweden.

1972 Sep 7-12 Oxford (UK)Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs. 22ndpugwash conference. (YB 3148)

Prof J Rotblat, 9 Great Russell Mansions, 60 Great RussellStreet, London WCI, UK.

1972 Sep 21-24 IGLS (Austria)Int Society of General Practice. 14th congress of general medi-cine : Present situation of teaching and research in generalmedicine. Early diagnosis of chronic disease. Rehabilitation andlong lasting treatment in general practice. (YB 2544)Lange Sir 21a, Oelde /Westphalia, Germany, Fed Rep.

1972 Sep 21-29 Rome (Italy)Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments. Plenary

Session. P : 52. (YB 160)Overseas Office, House of Commons, London SWI, UK.

1972 Sep 25-28 Igls (Austria)Int Society of General Practice/Austrian Society of GeneralPractice. 6th Autumn-Refresher-Course for general practice :Practical course in topical fields of daily general practice.

(YB 2544)Lange Sfr 21a, Oelde / Westphalia, Germany, Fed Rep.

1972 Sep Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)Boy Scouts World Bureau. 1st all Africa professional scouters

course 1972 ; Youth service for development. (YB 194)The Administrative Secretary, The Scouts Association of

Ethiopia, P O Box 650, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

1972 Autumn Paris (France)Int Association of Rolling Stock Builders. General assembly(members only). (YB 1335)12 rue Bixio, 75 Paris 7e, France.

1972 Oct 4-20 London (UK)Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization. Int con-ference on revision of the regulations for preventing collisionsat sea. (YB 1117)101-104 Piccadilly, London WIV OAE, UK.

1972 Oct 8-15 Vienna (Austria)Int Astronautical Federation. 23rd congress : space for world

development. (YB 1381)Mr Michael Sartori, President Osterreichische Gesellschaftfür Weltraumforschung und Flugkörper technik (OGFT),

Theresianumgasse 27,1040 Vienna 1V, Austria.


1972 Oct 1O-11 Sevres (France)Int Bureau of Weight and Measures. Groupe de travail pour lesgrandeurs électriques aux radiofréquences. Réunion - close »,P : 20-25. (YB 1440)Pavilion de Breteuil, 92 Sevrés, France.

1972 Oct 17-20 Sevrés (France)Int Bureau of Weight and Measures, Comité Int des Poids etMesures. Réunion « close ». P : 20-25. (YB 1440)Pavillon de Breteuil, 92 Sèvres, France.

1972 Oct 23-28 Madrid (Spain)Int Veterinary Association for Animal Production. 2nd worldcongress on animal nutrition. P : 1500. Ex. (YB 2801)

Facultad de Veterinarîa, c /o Prof Dr Carlos Luis de Cuenca,Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 3, Spain.

1972 Oct (prob) London (UK)Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization. 29thCouncil session. (YB 1117)

Secretary General IMCO, 101-104 Piccadilly, London WIVOAE, UK.

1972 Nov 12-18 Mexico City (Mexico)Int Union for the Protection of Industrial Property. Congress.32 Chemin des Colombeties, Place des Nations, Case Postale18,1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. (YB 2669)

1972 Nov 20-24 London (UK)Inter-Covernmental Maritime Consultative Organization. Council,29th session. (YB 1117)101-104 Piccadilly, London WIV OAE, UK.

1972 Nov 20-25 Bombay (India)World Airlines Clubs Association. 5th annual general assembly.

Mr Jal Daroowalla, 2B J Tata Road, Churchgate, Bombay20, India. . (YB 3451)

1972 Nov Guatemala City (Guatemala)Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission. 4th con-

ference. P : 200. (YB 1056)a /c Camara de Comercio de Guatemala, Edilicio Cruz Azul,

5th Ave 8-24, 7th Floor, Guatemala, Guatemala.

1972 Brussels (Belgium)Centre de Recherches Métallurgiques/Centre d'Information duCobalt, 2nd int session on the applications of cobalt.

Centre d'Information du Cobalt, 31 avenue des Arts, 1040Bruxelles, Belgium.

1972 Los Angeles (U.S.A.)Int. Society for Clinical Electroretinography. 10th int. symposium.

J.T. Pearlman, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA Center forthe Health Sciences, Los Angeles, 800 Westwood Plaza,

Cal. 90024 U.S.A. (YB 2479)

1973 May 21-25 (UK)Int Federation of Park and Recreation Administration. 4th worldcongress. P : 1200.Ex. (YB 1971)The Grotto, Lower Basildon, Reading, Berkshire, UK.

1973 Jul 1-6 Amsterdam (Netherlands)Int Society of Urology. 16th congress. (YB 2574)63 avenue Niel, 75 Paris 17e, France.

1973 Jul 2-6 . York (UK)Int Colour Association. Congress COLOUR 73. P : 500.

Prof W D Wright, Applied Optics Section, Imperial Collegeof Science and Technology, London SW7 2BZ, UK. (YB 1515)

1974 May * Moscow (USSR)Int Grassland Congress. 12th congress. (YB 2085)

Dr V Iglovitok, Ail-Union Research Forage Institute, MoscowRegion, Ingovaya, USSR.

1974 Sep 29-Oct 5 Buenos-Aires (Argentina)Int Paediatric Association. 14th Int congress. (YB 2336)

Prof Dr Gustave Berri, Sociedad Argentina de Pediatria,Coronel Diaz 1971, Buenos-Aires, Argentina.

1974 (Poland)Int Seed Testing Association. 17th congress. (YB 2452)P O Box 68, 1432 Voilebekk, Norway.

1975 Oct 8-13 Sydney (Australia)World Federation for Mental Health. Conference : Culture in

collision, mental health in a world of change. (YB 3514)Mrs J Anderson, 47 Bridge Street, Sydney 2000, Australia.


Copyright 1972 UAIViews expressed in the articles, whether signed or not. do notnecessarity reflect those of the UAI.

Yearbook of International Congress Proceedings(every 2 years), 2nd edition (1962-9).Contents : bibliography of papers, reports and proceedingsof meetings of organizations listed in the Yearbook ofInternational Organizations. 1st edition covers meetingsin the years 1960-1967, 2nd edition covers meetings in theyears 1962-1969. Bibliographies for the meetings in theyears 1957. 1958 and 1959 are also available.

Directory of Periodicals Published by Internatio-nal Organizations (irregular)Contents : bibliography of periodicals of organizationslisted in the Yearbook of International Organizations.

Yearbook of International Organizations (every2 years), 13th edition (1970-71)Contents : aims, titles, structure, activities, finance, publi-cations, meetings of international organizations. Includesthe Who's Who in International Organizations and theinternational Initialese previously published separately.Information on approximately 4000 organizations. .

International Congress Science Series9 volumes on the technicalities of international meetingorganization.

Documents for the Study of International Non-Governmental Relations15 volumes.

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