International Associationof Geodesy Symposia

Chris Rizos, Series EditorPascal Willis, Series Associate Editor

International Associationof Geodesy Symposia

Chris Rizos, Series EditorPascal Willis, Series Associate Editor

Symposium 105: Earth Rotation and Coordinate Reference FramesSymposium 106: Determination of the Geoid: Present and Future

Symposium 107: Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Surveying, and Remote SensingSymposium 108: Application of Geodesy to Engineering

Symposium 109: Permanent Satellite Tracking Networks for Geodesy and GeodynamicsSymposium 110: From Mars to Greenland: Charting Gravity with Space and Airborne Instruments

Symposium 111: Recent Geodetic and Gravimetric Research in Latin AmericaSymposium 112: Geodesy and Physics of the Earth: Geodetic Contributions to Geodynamics

Symposium 113: Gravity and GeoidSymposium 114: Geodetic Theory Today

Symposium 115: GPS Trends in Precise Terrestrial, Airborne, and Spaceborne ApplicationsSymposium 116: Global Gravity Field and Its Temporal Variations

Symposium 117: Gravity, Geoid and Marine GeodesySymposium 118: Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames

Symposium 119: Geodesy on the MoveSymposium 120: Towards an Integrated Global Geodetic Observation System (IGGOS)

Symposium 121: Geodesy Beyond 2000: The Challenges of the First DecadeSymposium 122: IV Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy

Symposium 123: Gravity, Geoid and Geodynamics 2000Symposium 124: Vertical Reference Systems

Symposium 125: Vistas for Geodesy in the New MillenniumSymposium 126: Satellite Altimetry for Geodesy, Geophysics and Oceanography

Symposium 127: V Hotine Marussi Symposium on Mathematical GeodesySymposium 128: A Window on the Future of GeodesySymposium 129: Gravity, Geoid and Space Missions

Symposium 130: Dynamic Planet - Monitoring and Understanding . . .Symposium 131: Geodetic Deformation Monitoring: From Geophysical to Engineering RolesSymposium 132: VI Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Theoretical and Computational Geodesy

Symposium 133: Observing our Changing EarthSymposium 134: Geodetic Reference Frames

Symposium 135: Gravity, Geoid and Earth ObservationSymposium 136: Geodesy for Planet Earth

Symposium 137: VII Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical GeodesySymposium 138: Reference Frames for Applications in GeosciencesSymposium 139: Earth on the Edge: Science for a Sustainable Planet

Symposium 140: The 1st International Workshop on the Quality of GeodeticObservation and Monitoring Systems (QuGOMS’11)

Symposium 141: Gravity, Geoid and Height systems (GGHS2012)Symposium 142: VIII Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy

Symposium 143: Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Geodesy, 150 YearsSymposium 144: 3rd International Gravity Field Service (IGFS)

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1345

International Symposium onGeodesy for Earthquake andNatural Hazards (GENAH)

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geodesy forEarthquake and Natural Hazards (GENAH), Matsushima,

Japan, 22–26 July, 2014

Edited by

Manabu Hashimoto

123

Volume Editor Series Editor

Manabu HashimotoDisaster Prevention Research InstituteKyoto UniversityUji, KyotoJapan

Chris RizosSchool of Civil & Environmental EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia

Associate Editor

Pascal WillisInstitut national de l’Information

géographique et forestièreDirection de la Recherche

et de l’EnseignementMarne-la-ValléeFrance

ISSN 0939-9585 ISSN 2197-9359 (electronic)International Association of Geodesy SymposiaISBN 978-3-319-39767-2 ISBN 978-3-319-39768-9 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39768-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952234

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does notimply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws andregulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believedto be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have beenmade.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

Preface

The world experienced an amazing development of science and technology related to naturaldisasters and their mitigation during the twentieth century, and people might expect that theywere safer about natural disasters. However, the first two decades of the twenty-first centurywill be remarked as the decades of natural disasters. More than a million people were killedby natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storms, landslides, floods, etc.Among them, earthquakes caused the most serious impacts on the human society. There wereseveral earthquakes of Mw 8 or larger in regions where such big ones were unexpected.Furthermore, recent researches on climate changes imply the increase of extreme weather.Hurricanes Katrina of 2005 and Sandy of 2012 and typhoons Talas of 2011 and Haiyan of2014 may be its manifestation.

It is also true that geodesy is remarkably developing during a couple of decades. We candetect coseismic deformation in nearly real time with GNSS. We can also reveal changes inglobal mass distribution with gravimetric satellite missions. However, most knowledge wasa posteriori obtained only after the disasters. We should step forward to contribute to themitigation of natural disasters by utilizing products of geodetic researches. Fortunately, newobservation systems are being deployed in space, on land, and on the seafloor. It is the time toshare the knowledge and discuss how to apply geodesy to mitigate natural disasters.

For the above purpose, the International Symposium on Geodesy for Earthquake andNatural Hazards (GENAH2014) was organized by the Commission 3 of the InternationalAssociation of Geodesy (IAG). The symposium was held in Matsushima, a small town on thePacific coast of Japan, which suffered from a huge tsunami during the Tohoku-oki earthquakeof March 11, 2011.

This volume contains 18 peer-reviewed papers presented at GENAH2014, which washeld on July 22–26, 2014. 130 geodesists from 16 countries participated, to discuss the role ofgeodesy in earthquake and volcanic studies, natural hazard assessment, and disaster mitigation.In total, 83 oral and 50 poster presentations were made in seven sessions:

Session 1 Subduction Zone EarthquakeConveners: Jeff Freymueller and Kelin Wang

Session 2 Geodetic Observations of the Earthquake Deformation Cycle:Implication for Fault Mechanics, Crust/Mantle Rheology, and seismic hazardsConveners: Simon McClusky and Cècile Lasserre

Session 3 Near Real-Time WarningConveners: Shuanggen Jin and Teruyuki Kato

Session 4 Interaction of Earthquake and VolcanoesConveners: Eric Fielding and Yusaku Ohta

Session 5 Impact of Great Earthquakes on Reference FrameConveners: Richard Gross and Kosuke Heki

Session 6 Geodetic Techniques in Volcanological ResearchConveners: Tim Wright and Takeshi Matsushima

Session 7 Natural HazardsConveners: Manabu Hashimoto and Urs Marti

v

vi Preface

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who have contributed to the success ofGENAH2014, particularly the conveners who devoted a lot of time in organizing attractivesessions, the local organizing committee (LOC) members for their effort to prepare andorganize the symposium, and all the participants. I must thank the Tokyo Marine KagamiMemorial Foundation, Association for Disaster Prevention Research, National Institute ofInformation and Communication Technology, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, KyotoUniversity, Science Council of Japan, Geodetic Society of Japan, Seismological Society ofJapan, Volcanological Society of Japan, Japan Geoscience Union, and other related societies,agencies, and universities for their supports.

I also thank the associate editors of these proceedings who played a leading role in thepeer review process. My sincere thanks should be given to the IAG proceedings editor Dr.Pascal Willis who kept on track the publication of these proceedings. I would like to thank allreviewers, who were devoted to the review of papers, as well. Finally, I would like to thank theSpringer Publisher for their processes and cordial cooperation to publish this proceeding.

Kyoto, Japan Manabu HashimotoJune 2015

Contents

Part I Subduction Zone Earthquake

Progress in the Project for Development of GPS/Acoustic Technique Over the Last4Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Motoyuki Kido, Hiromi Fujimoto, Ryota Hino, Yusaku Ohta, Yukihito Osada, TakeshiIinuma, Ryosuke Azuma, Ikuko Wada, Satoshi Miura, Syuichi Suzuki, Fumiaki Tomita,and Misae Imano

Interplate Coupling in and Around the Rupture Area of the 2011 TohokuEarthquake (M9.0) Before Its Occurrence Based on Terrestrial and SeafloorGeodetic Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Takeshi Iinuma, Ryota Hino, Motoyuki Kido, Yusaku Ohta, and Satoshi Miura

Part II Geodetic Observations of the Earthquake Deformation Cycle

Geodetic and Geomorphic Evaluations of Earthquake Generation Potentialof the Northern Sumatran Fault, Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Takao Tabei, Fumiaki Kimata, Takeo Ito, Endra Gunawan, Hiroyuki Tsutsumi,Yusaku Ohta, Tadashi Yamashina, Yoshio Soeda, Nazli Ismail, Irwandi Nurdin,Didik Sugiyanto, and Irwan Meilano

Virtual Quake: Statistics, Co-seismic Deformations and Gravity Changes forDriven Earthquake Fault Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Kasey W. Schultz, Michael K. Sachs, Eric M. Heien, Mark R. Yoder, John B. Rundle,Don L. Turcotte, and Andrea Donnellan

Dynamic Strain in a South African Gold Mine Produced by the 2011 TohokuEarthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Makoto Okubo, Hiroshi Ogasawara, Shigeru Nakao, Osamu Murakami, Hiroshi Ishii,and Anthony K. Ward

Twenty-Two Years of Combined GPS Products for Geophysical Applicationsand a Decade of Seismogeodesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Yehuda Bock, Sharon Kedar, Angelyn W. Moore, Peng Fang, Jianghui Geng, Zhen Liu,Diego Melgar, Susan E. Owen, Melinda B. Squibb, and Frank Webb

Earthquake Cycles on the San Andreas Fault System in Northern California . . . . . 55M. Burak Yıkılmaz, Don L. Turcotte, Olga Beketova, Louise H. Kellogg,and John B. Rundle

Rheological Structure Beneath NE Japan Inferred from Coseismic StrainAnomalies Associated with the 2011 Tohoku-oki Earthquake (Mw9.0) . . . . . . . . . . . 63Yasuo Yabe, Jun Muto, Mako Ohzono, Yusaku Ohta, and Takeshi Iinuma

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viii Contents

Paradoxical Vertical Crustal Movement Along the Pacific Coastof Northeast Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Takeshi Sagiya

Forecasting Earthquakes with the Virtual Quake Simulator: Regionaland Fault-Partitioned Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Mark R. Yoder, Kasey W. Schultz, Eric M. Heien, John B. Rundle, Donald L. Turcotte,Jay W. Parker, and Andrea Donnellan

Part III Near Real-Time Warning

Development and Assessment of Real-Time FaultModel Estimation Routines in theGEONET Real-Time Processing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Satoshi Kawamoto, Kohei Miyagawa, Toshihiro Yahagi, Masaru Todoriki,Takuya Nishimura, Yusaku Ohta, Ryota Hino, and Satoshi Miura

Buoy Platform Development for Observation of Tsunami and CrustalDeformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Narumi Takahashi, Yasuhisa Ishihara, Tatsuya Fukuda, Hiroshi Ochi,Jun’ichiro Tahara, Takami Mori, Mitsuyasu Deguchi, Motoyuki Kido, Yusaku Ohta,Ryota Hino, Katsuhiko Mutoh, Gosei Hashimoto, Osamu Motohashi,and Yoshiyuki Kaneda

Improvement in the Accuracy of Real-Time GPS/Acoustic Measurements Usinga Multi-Purpose Moored Buoy System by Removal of Acoustic Multipath . . . . . . . . 105Misae Imano, Motoyuki Kido, Yusaku Ohta, Tatsuya Fukuda, Hiroshi Ochi,Narumi Takahashi, and Ryota Hino

Part IV Interaction of Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Pressure Sources of the Miyakejima Volcano Estimated from Crustal DeformationStudies During 2011–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Miyo Fukui, Takeshi Matsushima, Natsumi Yumitori, Jun Oikawa, Atsushi Watanabe,Takashi Okuda, Taku Ozawa, Yuhki Kohno, and Yousuke Miyagi

Part V Natural Hazards

Application of A10 Absolute Gravimeter for Monitoring Land Subsidencein Jakarta, Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Yoichi Fukuda, Jun Nishijima, Yayan Sofyan, Makoto Taniguchi, Mahmud Yusuf,and Hasanuddin Z. Abidin

Introduction to the Gravity Database (GALILEO) Compiled by the GeologicalSurvey of Japan, AIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135A. Miyakawa, K. Nawa, Y. Murata, S. Ito, S. Okuma, and Y. Yamaya

Recent Developments of GPS Tsunami Meter for a Far Offshore Observations . . . . 145Yukihiro Terada, Teruyuki Kato, Toshihiko Nagai, Shunichi Koshimura,Naruyuki Imada, Hiromu Sakaue, and Keiichi Tadokoro

Ground Deformation in the Kyoto and Osaka Area During Recent 19 YearsDetected with InSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Manabu Hashimoto

List of Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Part I

Subduction Zone Earthquake