Chemistry of Matter Matter is made up of particles whose properties determine the observable characteristics of matter and its

reactivity. M

atter is anything that has mass and occupies space.A. Matter is made of elements

Elements cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances. There are more than 100 known elements. Most elements are solids at room temperature. Elements are combined together to create compounds that make up non-living and living substances. Few elements are found in their pure form.

1. Elements _______ cannot __________be broken down by chemical or physical means.2. Few _________Elements_________ are found in their pure form.3. Most elements are ________solids_________ at room temperature.4. Matter has ____mass________ and occupies _____space_________.

B. Matter is made of atoms Atoms are far too small to see with a light microscope. In chemistry an atom is the smallest indivisible unit of matter. Atoms and molecules are perpetually in motion. The greater the temperature the greater the motion. Atoms may join together in well-defined molecules or may be arranged in regular geometric patterns. The atom of any one element is different from atoms of other elements. Chemical reactions result due to the interactions of atoms and/or molecules.1. The atom is the smallest indivisible unit of ____matter__________.2. The atom of any one element is ______different__________ from atoms of other elements.3. _________Chemical Reactions____________ result due to interactions of atoms and/or molecules.

C. Structure of an Atom The atom consists of a nucleus at the center of the atom and subatomic particles.

Subatomic particle Location in the Atom Charge RepresentsProton Inside the nucleus Positive Represents the atomic number, part

of the atom’s atomic massElectron Outside the nucleus Negative Number of electrons = the number of

protonsNeutron Inside the nucleus Neutral Part of the atom’s atomic mass

There must be an equal number of protons and electrons to keep the charge of the whole atom at zero. Atom of Helium Molecule of Water

Name_________________________________________________________ Period___________

1

REVIEW QUESTIONS1. Complete the following chart.

Subatomic particle

Location in the Atom Charge Represents

Proton Inside the nucleus Positive Represents the atomic number, part of the atom’s atomic mass

electron Outside the nucleus negative Number of electrons = the number of protons

Neutron Inside the nucleus Neutral Part of the atom’s atomic mass

D. Periodic Table

The periodic table is one useful model for classifying elements. The period table is the arrangement, by atomic number, of elements into groups with similar chemical properties.

The first letter of the symbol of an element is a capital letter.

Periods of Elements represent horizontal rows. Increase in Atomic number from left to right. Groups or Families of Elements represents vertical columns. Elements in the same group contain

common characteristics and properties. Such as Lithium (Li) and Sodium (Na) are solids.

Electron

Neutron

Proton

Nucleus

2

The Periodic Table can be useful to predict properties of elements (metals, nonmetals, noble gases).

Noble Gases are represented in the last column of the Periodic Table and they usually do not react with any other elements.

Zigzag on Periodic Table represents the separations between Metals and Non-metals. Metals – are represented to the left of the zigzag and exhibit a shiny luster, malleable, solid, good

conductors of electricity. Non-Metals – are represented to the right of the zigzag and exhibit a dull luster, brittle, and poor

conductors of electricity. 1. Noble gases are represented in the _________last ____18____column of the Periodic Table.2. Elements in the same family have common __________characteristics_______________ and properties.3. The symbol representing each element starts with a ________capital_____________ letter.4. The Periodic Table is the arrangement, by _____atomic number (proton #)____________, of elements into

groups with similar ______chemical__________ properties.5. The zigzag line on the Periodic Table represents the separation between ______metals_______ and

______nonmetals__________.6. The elements that do not react with other elements are the _____noble gases_______________.

Properties of MatterMatter is identified by its properties or characteristics Physical Properties – include color, size, shape, melting point, boiling point density, magnetism, luster,

hardness, texture, ductility, malleability, and conductivity. Chemical Properties – how matter reacts with other matter, flammability, reactivity (ability to form

compounds), oxidation (rusting)Fill out the chart and write C for Chemical Property and P for Physical Property.

a. Shiny P b. Freezes at 0 oC Pc. Conducts electricity P d. Burns readily Ce. Will bend P f. Density is 1.3g/cm3 Pg. Boils at 100 degrees C P h. 23.9 grams Pi. Will not rust C j. Irregular shape Pk. Red in color P l. A piece of paper burns Cm. Melts at 661 oC p n. Combines/ reacts with oxygen C

Phases (states) of Matter

3

The motion of particles helps to explain the phases (states) of matter as well as changes from one phase to another.

Melting - If energy is added to a solid, the particles will move apart and will change to a liquid. Freezing – If heat is removed from a liquid, the particles will move together and form a solid. Condensation – heat is removed from a gas, a liquid will form causing the particles to come closer

together. Evaporation and Boiling – heat is added to a liquid, a gas will form causing the particles to move farther

apart.1. Matter that is constantly in motion is known as a _____gases________. 2. _____solids_______has a definite volume and shape.3. If energy is added to a solid the particles will move ___faster_________, this is called _____melting____________.4. If heat is added to a liquid it can become a _________________, 5. Evaporation is the change from _______liquid__________ to _______gas_____________.Physical and Chemical Changes

Physical change – Matter changes, however the chemical composition and properties remains the same. Example – Ripping paper and water changing states

Chemical change – substances react in characteristic ways to form new substances with different physical and chemical properties. Example - Burning Paper

Law of Conservation of Mass – states that during an ordinary chemical reaction matter cannot be created or destroyed. In chemical reactions, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products.

Place an X to identify the type of change that is occurring.Description Physical Change Chemical ChangeWood burns CCan is crushed PPulp is removed from orange juice PSugar changes into caramel CWater boils away PA new substance is produced CA substances changes form but remains the same P

4

substance.Melting PFreezing water is an example POccurs when energy is added or removed p

Chemistry of Matter

Compound – the chemical combination of two or more elements.

Mixture – the physical combination of two or more substances.

Solution – one substance is evenly mixed with another.

Solute - part of a solution that dissolves. Solvent - part into which the solute dissolves

Example – Separating the parts of a mixture: (A) A mixture of salt and sand. (B) Dissolving the salt in water. (C) Separating the sand with a filter. (D) Evaporating the water.

Solubility- The rate of solute dissolving in a solution can be increased by the smaller the size of the particles, an increase in stirring, and increase in temperature.

1. The two parts that make up a solution are the ____solute_________ and the __solvent______________. 2. The physical combination of two or more substances is called a ___mixture______________.3. In the chemical compound: BaCO3

i. How many elements are there? __3_____ii. How many atoms of Carbon are there? __3_______a

4. An insoluble substance can be separated from a soluble substance through____filtration___________.5. Salt is the __solute______ in a salt water solution and water is a good ____solvent___________.6. If the solvent is cold, the solute will dissolve _____slower____________-

REVIEW SECTION

1. The graph below shows the solubility of two different chemical compounds. Compared to copper sulfate, approximately how many more grams of potassium bromide would dissolve at 90°C?

(1) 20 (2) 40 (3) 60 (4) 80

The table below shows the chemical symbols for some common elements.

5

2. Based on the information in the table, which of the four substances below is a compound?

(1) CO (3) Si (2) He (4) Fe

3. Which term is not a form of matter?(1)atom (2) compound (3) element (4) energy

4. Water vapor changes to liquid water during which process?(1) dissolving (2) melting (3) evaporation (4) condensation

5. Atoms are made of particles. These include:(1) protons only (3) protons and electrons only(2) protons and neutrons only (4) protons, neutrons, and electrons

6. Lithium has three protons, four neutrons, and three electrons. Which describes its nucleus?(1) three protons and four neutrons (3) three protons and three electrons(2) three protons, four neutrons, and three electrons (4) four neutrons and three electrons

7. Which pair correctly matches the atomic particle to its electric charge?(1) proton, neutral (2) electron, negative (3) neutron, negative (4) electron, positive

8. Which of the following describes an atom which is neutral?(1) 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 12 electrons (3) 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons(2) 11 protons, 11 neutrons, and 12 electrons (4) 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 6 electrons

9. Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table according to(1) density (2) phase of matter (3) number of protons (4) abundance on Earth

10. Which set of terms describes a non-metal?(1) shiny, malleable, good conductor (3) dull, brittle, poor conductor(2) dull, malleable, poor conductor (4) shiny, brittle, poor conductor

11. Which term describes a chemical characteristic of matter?(1) temperature (2) density (3) reactivity (4) mass

12. Which activity best demonstrates that air takes up space?(1) blowing out a candle (2) flying a kite (3) seeing your breath on a cold day (4) inflating a balloon

13. The particles that make up a solid(1) can move easily (2) are closely packed together (3) can flow against each other (4) are spread far apart

14. A phase change occurs because(1) heat energy is absorbed or released (3) two different compounds react

(2) elements in the compound are re-arranged (4) elements are physically combined

15. The cooling of air will cause water vapor in the air to change to liquid rain drops. This change is called(1) vaporization (3) evaporation(2) condensation (4) sublimation

6

16. Particles of a gas will do all of the following except(1) become arranged in a regular geometric pattern (2) spread out to fill the entire container (3) take on the shape of the container they are in (4) constantly change position

17. The following equation, H2O (L) + heat → H2O (g), describes a(1) physical change (2) mixture (3) chemical change (4) solution

18. The following equation, N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3 .describes a(1) physical change (2) mixture (3) chemical change (4) element

19. Which describes a physical change followed by a chemical change?(1) cutting wood then painting it green(2) taking ice cream out of the freezer then letting it melt(3) putting gasoline in the car then starting the engine(4) crushing a sugar cube then dissolving it in water

20. A sample of unknown composition was tested in a laboratory. The sample could not be broken down by physical or chemical means into simpler substances. On the basis of this research, the laboratory reported that this sample was most likely a(n):

(1) compound (2) element (3) mixture (4) solution

21. The compound calcium carbonate, commonly known as chalk, has the chemical formula of CaCO3. How many different elements are in chalk?

(1)one (2) two (3) three (4) five

22. In the formula for glucose, C6H1206, how many atoms of hydrogen are indicated?(1)one (2) six (3) twelve (4) twenty-four

23. Which of the following will cause a lump of sugar to dissolve faster?(1) chopping it into pieces (2) adding more sugar (3) stop stirring the water (4) adding cold water

24. Which term is not a form of matter? (1) atom 2) compound 3) element 4) energy

25. Which group of elements will not react with other elements?1) metals 2) metalloids 3) non-metals 4) noble gases

26. A phase change occurs because1) heat energy is absorbed2) elements in the compound are re-arranged3) two different compounds react4) elements are physically combined

27. Which model is used by scientists to determine the properties of elements? (1) a Punnett square (2) the Periodic Table (3) a pedigree chart (4) the rock cycle

28. Hydrochloric acid is added to a beaker containing a piece of zinc. As a result, zinc chloride is formed and hydrogen gas is released. This is an example of

(1) a chemical reaction (2) a physical change (3) photosynthesis (4) evaporation

7

29. Which of the following will cause a lump of sugar to dissolve faster? (1) Chopping it into pieces (2)Stop stirring the water (3)Adding more sugar (4)Adding cold water

30. Which term describes a chemical characteristic of matter? (1) Temperature (2) density (3) reactivity (4) mass

Some common substances and their chemical formulas are listed in the chart below.

31. Which of these substances are elements?(1) hydrochloric acid and carbonic acid(2) carbon dioxide and water(3) oxygen and helium(4) water and oxygen

Use your answers to questions 35 and 36 on the diagrams below and your knowledge of science. The diagrams show liquid water changing to water vapor in four different situations.

32. Which observation would be evidence that the water is undergoing a phase change?(1) Waves form on the top of the pond.(2) Water soaks into the wet sand.(3) The water splashes out of the swimming pool.(4) The water level in the glass of water decreases.

33. How is heat energy transferred within the liquid water in the pond?(1) compound formation (2) chemical reactions(3) convection currents (4) nuclear reactions

34. A mixture of salt, sand, and water is thoroughly stirred. It is then filtered through a filter paper as shown in the diagram below. Which substance(s) pass through the filter?(1) only the water (3) only the water and the sand(2) only the water and the salt(4) the sand, the salt, and the water.

38. Which of the following processes can separate dissolved salt from water? (1) filtration (2) evaporation (3) stirring (4) sedimentation

Base your answers to questions 38 through 41 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows a phase change represented by letter A.35. State the term for the phase change that occurs at A. [1]

__________________freezing________________________36. Explain why the phase change at A is a physical change. [1]

_______The change started with water and there is still water______________________________37. Explain why the 100 grams of ice would have a greater volume than 100 grams of water. [1]

Particles expand because a crystal lattice will form38. A student writes the following observations about aluminum in his notebook:

In the chart classify the statements as physical or chemical properties.

8

Physical Properties Chemical Properties

It is shiny and reflects light. It conducts electricity and heat. It will bend. It will melt at 661 degrees C.

It will not rust.

39. A student mistakenly dumped iron filings and sand into a beaker of salt that the teacher needed for a salt water fish tank. Devise a procedure that the student could use to separate the materials.

First add water and dissolve the salt then pour the solution through a filter. The sand will be removed. Next allow water to evaporate and the salt will be left behind.

40. Two friends are melting chocolate to make fudge. They do not have much time and want the chocolate to melt faster. Suggest TWO ways they can get the chocolate to melt faster.

Crush chocolate into smaller pieces. Add heat to make it melt faster or stir it.

The drawings on the top row of the chart below represent water in its three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) in open containers. Complete this chart by filling in the answers that correspond to the drawing at the top of each column and the question in each row. Make sure you fill in an answer in every empty box. [3]

Questions

Does this phase of matter have a definite shape? Write Yes or No in each box. y

n N

Does this phase of matter have a definite volume? Write Yes or No in each box.

y y N

How do these phases rank in order of the relative speed of their particles? 1 having the slowest particles and 3 having the fastest particles.

1 2 3

What is the name of this phase? solid liquid gas

Describe the particles of each phase as either, very close together, close, or far apart.

Very close close Far apart

9