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Interim Dissertation Report

On

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COAL

MINES OF INDIA

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

B

VIVE! !UMAR

Admission No: "#MT$$$"$"

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr% BIS&A'IT PAUL

( Associate Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ( ENGINEERING

INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES) DHANBAD*+,-$$#

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AC!NO&ELDGEMENTS

The research effort presented in this dissertation was made possile through the contriution

of man! persons"

I e#press m! gratitude to Pro. A%!% SINGH) $ead of Department% Dr S% R% SAMADDER %

Assistant Professor & 'ourse 'oordinator% Department of nironment *ciences &

ngineering% Indian *chool of +ines% Dhanad% for proiding me necessar! facilities and

cordial support with encouragement during the pro,ect period"

I e#press m! deep sense of gratitude to m! guide Dr BIS&A'IT PAUL% Associate Professor%

Department of nironment *ciences & ngineering% Indian *chool of +ines% Dhanad for

suggesting the topic for research wor-% close guidance and ta-ing interest in all actiities in

this regard" $is aluale suggestion and inspiration hae encouraged me through the course

of inestigation"

I would li-e to e#press m! sincere than-s to other Professors% .irarian and .a Attendants

of the Department of nironment *ciences & ngineering for helping in improement of

m! stud!"

Finall!% I am e#tremel! grateful to m! parents% silings% classmates and research scholars for

their help and support for carr!ing out the stud!"

Date/

VIVE! !UMAR

P0a1e/

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Department o. En2ironmenta0 S1ien1e ( En3ineerin3

In4ian S15oo0 o. Mines) D5an6a4

7De10are4 as Deeme4 8 to 8 6e Uni2ersit U9S : o. t5e UGC A1t) ";

Dated: 09.11.2015

C E R T I F I C A T E

This is to certif! that the interim dissertation entitled “ *ustainale Deelopment of 'oal

+ines of India/ is eing sumitted to Indian *chool of +ines% Dhanad ! Mr% Vi2e?

!@mar (Admission No": 01+T222020) in partial fulfilment of his +aster of Technolog!

degree in En2ironmenta0 S1ien1e an4 En3ineerin3 of the same institution incorporates the

result of his own wor-% carried out under m! superision and guidance" This dissertation has

not een sumitted for an! other degree% elsewhere to the est of m! -nowledge"

Pro.% A%!% SINGH Dr% BIS&A'IT PAUL

Professor & $ead Associate Professor(3uide)

D E C L A R A T I O N

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I 4ie- 5umar student of +"Tech% nironmental *cience and ngineering III *emester

here! declare that the pro,ect entitled S@staina60e De2e0opment o. Coa0 Mines O. In4ia

done under the guidance of Dr" 6iswa,it Paul% Associate Professor% Department of

nironmental *cience and ngineering% Indian *chool of +ines% Dhanad is sumitted in

partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of MASTER OF

TECHNOLOGY in ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Vi2e? !@mar

(01+T222020)

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CONTENT

Pa3e No%

"% C5apter "/ INTRODUCTION

"%" Intro4@1tion o. s@staina60e 4e2e0opment%%=

"%, In4ias 1@rrent 1oa0 s1enario%%+

"%: S@staina60e 4e2e0opment o. 1oa0 minin3%%""

O6e1ti2es o. st@4%%%",

,% C5apter ,/ LITREATURE REVIE&

,%$ Genera0

,%" S@staina60e 4e2e0opment an4 its si3ni.i1an1e%%%%%%"#

,%, Emer3in3 stan4ar4s o. s@staina6i0it reportin3%%,$

:% C5apter:/ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FRAME&OR! AND

GRI

:%" S@staina60e 4e2e0opment .rameor?%%,:

:%, G0o6a0 Reportin3 Initiati2e 7GRI>%%%%%%%%%%%,#

:%: T5e GRI approa15 to assessin3 an4 reportin3 s@staina6i0it%%%,-

#% C5apter #/ FUTURE &OR!:,


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CHAPTER*"

INTRODUCTION

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"%" Intro4@1tion o. s@staina60e 4e2e0opment

The pulication of Our Common Future708 in 09; gae the most commonl! used definition

of sustainale deelopment as that which aneiro in >une 099?" The *ummit% attended ! 0?2 world

leaders and representaties from 0@2 countries% adopted a comprehensie action plan% -nown

as Agenda ?0

7?8

% for the pursuit of sustainale deelopment"

In response to Agenda ?0% man! goernments and organiations started deeloping their own

plans of action and setting out strategies for sustainale deelopment" +an! of these

concentrate on sustainale deelopment of industr!" For instance% in its Declaration on the

BRole of Technolog! in nironmentall! *ustainale DeelopmentC signed ! fourteen

countries worldwide% the 'ouncil of Academies of ngineering and Technological *ciences

points out that achieing sustainale economic deelopment will require changes in industrial

processes% in the t!pe and amount of resources used and in the products which are

manufactured7E8" In particular% it recommends that industr! should see- to alance the

efficienc! of its operations with its responsiilities for sociall! compatile enironmental

actions" The latter also underpins the 5 *trateg! for *ustainale Deelopment7 18 which

encourages industr! to ta-e a proactie approach to enironmental issues and to identif!

more sustainale practices for the future"

Although there is still much confusion and conflict aout the e#act meaning of sustainale

deelopment% man! agree that sustainale deelopment is aout satisf!ing social%

enironmental and economic goals" This model implies oth spatial and temporal dimensions

as these three goals must e met locall! and gloall! for oth present and future generations"

Ghile this concept is generall! accepted and relatiel! eas! to comprehend% the difficulties

arise in tr!ing to appl! the principles of sustainale deelopment in practice" =ne of the

difficulties is the need to measure the Bleel of sustainailit!C of different sections of societ!%

i"e" local and national goernments% industr!% local communities and indiiduals% to determine

which directions of change are towards sustainailit!" $ence% as endorsed in 'hapter 12 of

Agenda ?0?% it is necessar! to deelop appropriate indicators of sustainale deelopment

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that will enale this assessment" Thus far% a numer of different approaches hae een

proposed to define the indicators for different parts of the communit!% including industr! 7@;8"

$oweer% there is still no standardied methodolog! with a generic set of indicators to enale

a consistent comparison and identification of more sustainale options"

"%, In4ias 1@rrent 1oa0 s1enario

3loall!% coal resources hae een estimated at oer H0 illion tonnes" Ghile India accounts

for ?H illion tonne of coal resources (as on E0 +arch ?200)% other countries with ma,or

chun- of resources are *A% 'hina% Australia% Indonesia% *outh Africa and +oamique"

'oal meets around E2"E of the gloal primar! energ! needs and generates 1? of the

worldCs electricit!" In ?200% coal was one of the fastest growing forms of energ! after renewale sources and its share in the gloal primar! energ! consumption increased to

E2"Ehighest since 09H9"

'oal production in the Asia Pacific region has grown tremendousl! and accounts for oer

H; of the total production gloall! (?200) as compared to aout ?; in 090 (in terms of

energ! equialent)"

(Figure 0)

.ast !ear% around H"0 illion tonne of hard coal and 0 illion tonne of rown coal were used

worldwide" *ince ?222% the gloal consumption of coal has grown faster than an! other fuel"

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'urrentl!% the fie largest coal users are 'hina% *A% India% Russia and 3erman!" The!

account for ;; of the total gloal use"

India has the fifth largest coal reseres in the world" =f the total reseres% nearl! are

nonco-ing coal reseres% while tertiar! coals reseres account for a meagre 2"@ and the

alance is co-ing coal" The Indian coal is characterised ! its high ash content (1@) and low

sulphur content" The power sector is the largest consumer of coal followed ! the iron and

steel and cement segments"

(Figure ?)

'oal deposits are mainl! confined to eastern and south central parts of the countr!" The states

of >har-hand% =disha% 'hhattisgarh% Gest 6engal% +adh!a Pradesh% Andhra Pradesh and

+aharashtra account for more than 99 of the total coal reseres in the countr!" The *tate of

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>har-hand had the ma#imum share (?H"0) in the oerall reseres of coal in the countr! as

on E0st +arch ?201 followed ! the *tate of =disha (?1"91)"

42%

47%

11%

Estimated Reserves of Coal as on 31.03.2014

Proved

Indicated

Inferred

(FigureEJ *ource: nerg! *tatistics Report% ?20@ ! +inistr! of *tatistics and Programme

Implementation)

The countr!Cs coal production has increased fromK1E0 +T in ?22H2; to K@@1 +T in ?200

0? (an increase of ?"@)" =n the other hand% the demand for coal has grown at a 'A3R of

more than ; in the last decade and has reached around H22 +T" The India nerg! 6oo-%

?20? pegs the countr!Cs total demandsuppl! gap (including co-ing coal) at aout 9+T" =ut

of this% India imports aout @ million tonne of coal"

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(Figure 1)

"%: S@staina60e 4e2e0opment in 1oa0 minin3

The mining industr! is a ma,or force in the world econom!% occup!ing a primar! position at

the start of the resource suppl! chain" $oweer% its role in contriuting to the national

economies of different countries aries greatl! and is neither well documented nor well

understood"

The main areas of miningCs large% direct economic enefits in lowest and middle income

countries are shown in figure elow

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(Figure @)

'oal mining is a critical contriutor to man! economies" 'oal directl! proides more thanseen million ,os worldwide and supports man! more millions" 'oal production is the -e!

economic actiit! in man! communities" In ?202 the coal industr! inested more than *L;

illion in capital e#penditures in deeloping countries 78"

In India% coal mining pla!s a significant role in social and economic deelopment of the

count!" India has one of the largest coal reseres in the world" As on April 0% ?20?% it was

found that India had ?9E"@ illion metric tons (E?E"@ illion short tons) of the resource 798"

'oal production was @E?"H9 million metric tons (@;"09 million short tons) in ?20200" The

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production of lignite was E;";E million metric tons (10"@9 million short tons) in ?20200" In

?200% India was ran-ed Erd in world coal production 798" The energ! deried from coal in India

is aout twice that of energ! deried from oil% whereas worldwide% energ! deried from coal

is aout E2 less than energ! deried from oil"

IndiaCs coal demand is e#pected to increase multifold within the ne#t fie to 02 !ears% due to

the completion of ongoing power pro,ects% and demand from metallurgical and other

industries" This increase in demand is increasing the production of coal% degrading the coal

grade% affecting the social and enironmental parameters adersel! and there is significant

increase in open cast mining which in turn add on the amount of oer urden produced"

Although the Indian goernment has imposed man! rules and norms to e followed ! the

mining companies to ensure the sustainale deelopment" 6ut it can e attained trul! !changing the iews and perspectie of societ! and industrialist"

"%# O6e1ti2es o. st@4

0" *tud!ing all the parameters which are affecting the enironmental and socioeconomic

issues related to the coal mines"?" Identif!ing the -e! parameters (sustainale indicators) and their importance in

affecting the issues related to coal mines"

E" *tud!ing the effect of enironmental parameter and its reporting"1" Preparing significant plans ased on the interpretation of the result for the sustainale

deelopment of coal mining industries"

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CHAPTER*,

LITREATURE REVIE&

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,%$ Genera0

This chapter presents the important findings regarding the o,ecties of the stud!" To present

these findings in a clear and understandale manner this chapter will focus on *ustainailit!

Reporting% sustainale deelopment% its importance in mining areas and scenario of

sustainailit! as per 3RI 3uidelines"

,%" S@staina60e De2e0opment an4 its si3ni.i1an1e

Although the origins of *ustainale Deelopment (*D) can e traced to the seenties% is in

the Gorld 'ommission on nironment and Deelopment in 09; (G'D or


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war and financial crisis% ut also poert! (NRI*D ?202:E70?8J .e 6lanc% D"% et al"

?20?:0H7028)"

A difference etween the +D3s and the *D3s is the degree of agreement that e#ists among

countries on the road underl!ing o,ecties% as well etween the conte#ts of the +D3s and

the *D3s is the prealence of collectie action prolems at the heart of sustainale

deelopment% and the frequent failure of countries at soling those prolems (.e 6lanc% D"% et

al" ?20?:0;?2) 7028"

$ighleel Panel on 3loal *ustainailit! of N in ?20?% estalish the most uniform and

consistent reiew of principles related with an! framewor- related with *D:

It should e uniersal in character% coering challenges to all countries rather than ,ust

deeloping nations"

It should e#press a roadl! agreed gloal strateg! for sustainale deelopment"

It should incorporate a range of -e! areas that were not full! coered in the +D3s

It should e comprehensie% reflecting three dimensions of *D

It should incorporate nearterm enchmar-s while eing longterm in scope% loo-ing

ahead to a deadline of perhaps ?2E2"

It should engage all sta-eholders in the implementation and moiliation of resources

It should proide scope for the reiew of these goals in iew of eoling scientific

eidence"

In the other hand% during the present research the tas- to identif! a set of measurale

indicators was difficult" 6ecause indicators are elaorated starting from the dimensions of

sustainale deelopment I found out that there is no uniform criterion among organiations of

the numer and t!pes of dimensions"

In Agenda ?0% article "H states that countries could deelop s!stems for monitoring and

ealuation of progress towards achieing sustainale deelopment ! adopting indicators that

measure changes across economic% social and enironmental dimensions (nited Nations

099?:Art" "H)70E8% ironicall! in further documents N considers institucionalit! li-e a fourth

dimension (nited Nations ?22;:E912)7018"

N*'= considers three dimensions of sustainale deelopment named efore and also

political dimension (democrac!% politics% decision ma-ing)"

>on $aw-es in his oo-


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disintegrates% so will eer!thing else" 'ultural action is required in order to la! the

groundwor- for a sustainale future"

A reiew of literature on sustainailit! suggests that sustainailit! can e descried in terms

of social% economic and enironmental states that are required in order for oerall

sustainailit! to e achieed" The Gorld *ummit on *ustainale Deelopment Plan of

Implementation proides range of sustainale deelopment o,ecties that should e aimed in

order to achiee sustainailit!"

nironmental *ustainale Deelopment =,ecties:

Gater: nsure that deelopment manages e#traction% consumption and disposal of

water in order not to adersel! affect the ioph!sical enironment"

Resource e#traction and processing: nsure that deelopment minimies the use of

support of enironmentall! damaging resource e#traction and processing practices"

nerg!: nsure that deelopment manages the e#traction and consumption of

resources in order not to adersel! affect natural s!stems (3iert% ?22@) 70@8"

Gaste and pollution: nsure that deelopment manages the production of waste to

ensure that this does not cause enironmental damage

Resource management: nsure that deelopment supports the management of the

ioph!sical enironment"

*ie% productiit! and iodiersit!: nsure that deelopment conseres or increased

the sie% iodiersit! and productiit! of the ioph!sical enironment"

conomic *ustainale Deelopment =,ecties:

An enaling enironment: Deelop an enaling enironment for sustainale

deelopment including the deelopment of transparent% equitale% supportie policies%

processes and forward planning"

*mallscale% local and dierse economies: nsure that deelopment supportsdeelopment of smallscale% local and dierse economies% (3iert% ?22@)70@8"

mplo!ment and selfemplo!ment: nsure that deelopment supports increased

access to emplo!ment and supports selfemplo!ment and the deelopment of small

enterprises"

fficienc! and effectieness: nsure that deelopment (including technolog!

specified) is designed and managed to e highl! efficient and effectie% achieing

high productiit! leel with few resources and limited waste and pollution"

Indigenous -nowledge and technolog!: nsure that deelopment ta-es into accountand draws on% where appropriate% indigenous -nowledge and technolog!"

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*ustainale accounting: nsure that deelopment is ased on a scientific approach

that ta-es in to account% and is formed !% social% enironmental and economic

impacts"

*ocial *ustainale Deelopment =,ecties:

Access: nsures that deelopment supports increased access to land% adequate shelter%

finance% information% pulic serice% technolog! and communications where this is

needed"

ducation: nsure that deelopment improes leels of education and awareness%

including awareness of sustainale deelopment"

Inclusie: nsure that deelopment processes% and enefits% are inclusie"

$ealth% *afet! and *ecurit!: nsure that deelopment considers human rights and

supports improed health% safet! and securit!"

Participation: nsure that deelopment supports interaction% partnerships and inoles

and is influenced ! the people that it affects"

Toda!% a lot of industries% in order to support sustainale deelopment need some e#tensie

reforms% especiall! with aim to sta!Qecome competitie" +ining industr! for itself is facing

a lot of challenges on the road towards sustainailit!% which can e diided% as follows:

nironmental challenges:

• rosion% landslides% soil instailit!%

• Remediation of old sites%

• *torage of different waste t!pes%

• +ine waste waters%

• 'hemical safet! at operations%

• se of oone depleting sustances%

• nerg! (in)efficienc!%

• Protection of io and geodiersit! (Portfolio committee meeting presentation%

*chool of +ining ngineering% niersit! of the Gitwatersrand% ?222)70H8

*ocial and economic challenges:

• *mall scale mining

• Poert! and ,os

• Training and education

• Technological achieements and innoations

• 3ender issues in mining

• 'ommunit! participation in decision ma-ing• +ineral ownership and ealuation

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• Post mine closure

• mplo!ment

• Resettlement

• 'orporate responsiilit!" (Portfolio committee meeting presentation% *chool of

+ining ngineering% niersit! of the Gitwatersrand% ?222) 70H8"

All these challenges need to e mitigated and facilitated effectiel!% where one wa! is

through deelopment% translation and application of the principles of *ustainale

Deelopment (*D) into principles of *ustainale Technolog! +anagement & Deelopment

(*T+D)" 6ut first% we can ta-e a loo- on similar wor- with regard to the use of sustainale

deelopment principles in the conte#t of mining and we can see that there are still some

initiaties in progress" =f particular note are the 3loal Reporting Initiatie (3RI) standards"

Recentl! there hae een deeloped *ustainailit! Reporting 3uidelines & +ining and

+etals *ector *upplement (?229)" The guidelines propose the identification of different:

0) conomic Performance Indicators

?) nironmental Performance Indicators

E) *ocial Performance Indicators:

.aor Practices and Decent Gor-J

$uman RightsJ

*ociet!J

Product Responsiilit!J

which can sere as an orienteer for decision ma-ers in organiation and lead to an improed

refocusing of organiation towards sustainailit! and higher enironmental performance" A

special attention is gien to report process since some researches show that while there is

eidence of increasing sophistication in the deelopment of social and enironmental

disclosure in the iggest world mining companies% there is considerale ariation in the

maturit! of reporting content and st!les of these companies (>en-ins and a-olea% ?22H)

70;8"

Another tool that should e also emphasied is the application of I*= 012E0 standards" It

rings into focus central aspects related to the construction and use of enironmental

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performance indicators (PIs) and their application in industrial companies" PIs ma! e

used on a macro leel ! e#ternal sta-eholders for regulator!% control% influence and ris-

minimiation purposes" The! ma! also e used on a micro leel inside the compan! for goal

setting% control and sureillance of product performance and performance of manufacturing

and administratie processes% as well as for enchmar-ing purposes ! comparing own

performance s" competitorsO performance or s" ranch aerage process and product

performance (Thoresen% 0999) 708"

Transitional process rings to industries a lot of challenges% in eer! sector% and as alread!

emphasied the! hae enironmental% social and economic aspects" In order to mitigate

efficientl! recognied challenges we need to formulate o,ecties of reform process% since

the! specif! the directions for improement" It is essential% in the process of determiningwhich operatie measures we must appl! to accomplish reform goals"

nironment: 'hallenges S Reform =,ecties S Performance Indicators

*ociet!: 'hallenges S Reform =,ecties S Performance Indicators

conom!: 'hallenges S Reform =,ecties S Performance Indicators

These approaches can e integrated and sere for deelopment of methodolog!% where is

implied identification of suitale indicators (on the merit of defined o,ecties) that

quantitatiel! and qualitatiel! can help in estimation of our progress towards sustainailit!"

,%, Emer3in3 Stan4ar4s .or S@staina6i0it Reportin3

Recent heightened awareness of enironmental% social and goernance or sustainailit! issues

among corporate e#ecuties% inestors% consumers and the general pulic has spawned

widespread corporate sustainailit! initiaties and pulic communication of *3 information

in the mar-etplace" *3 information t!picall! includes annual sustainailit! reports as well

as other corporate communications such as press releases% conference presentations%

legislatie testimon!% social media postings and much more (hereinafter collectiel! referred

to as


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action on the asis of *3 statements% companies increasingl! face critical questions and

legal ris-s regarding the scope and content of their sustainailit! reporting% as well as a need

to ensure compan!wide consistenc! and accurac! of their *3 statements"

A range of oluntar! and mandator! reporting standards hae emerged oer the past 0@ plus

!ears to help guide companiesC *3 reporting to meet different sta-eholder needs"

The 3loal Reporting Initiatie (3RI)% formed in 099;% has deeloped a oluntar! reporting

standard that promotes road *3 disclosure" For e#ample% disclosure of oer 022 *3

indicators is required to meet the highest leel of 3RICs standard" 3RICs readth of disclosure

therefore accommodates the dierse *3 interests of a wide range of sta-eholders" 3RI has

ecome the leading standard gloall! for companies issuing standalone sustainailit! reports%

li-el! as a result of the maturit! of the framewor- (oer 0@ !ears old) and the fle#iilit! it

proides companies to communicate to a road ase of sta-eholders with one reporting

platform" 3RI has released its fourth generation of standards% 31% which is required for all

reports issued after >an" 0% ?20@" 7098

The *ustainailit! Accounting *tandards 6oard (*A*6)% formed in ?200% has deeloped an

alternatie oluntar! reporting approach for "*" pulicl! listed companies modelled after theFinancial Accounting *tandards 6oard% which estalishes financial reporting standards and

disclosure requirements" The *A*6 approach encourages companies to identif! *3 issues

that are financiall! material to their usiness and include discussion of their performance and

management of these issues in their financial reporting to the "*" *ecurities and #change

'ommission" Gith its focus on lin-ing *3 issues and usiness performance% the *A*6

model ma! e more aligned with the needs of those inestors see-ing to factor sustainailit!

performance into their inestment decisions" The *A*6 is in the process of deeloping

guidance for disclosing material sustainailit! issues and sustainailit! metrics at an industr!

leel% with all industr! sector guidance documents e#pected to e completed in ?20@" 7?28

A third oluntar! reporting moement gaining momentum is integrated reporting" The

International Integrated Reporting 'ouncil (IIR') defines integrated reporting as


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Decemer ?20E and oer 022 organiations from multinational companies to pulic sector

odies participated in a recentl! concluded pilot program to further deelop the framewor-"

In addition to these oluntar! reporting schemes% there are a growing numer of mandator!

sustainailit! reporting requirements for pulicl! traded companies" The % for e#ample%

adopted a directie in *eptemer ?201 that will require disclosure of *3 information !

certain large companies"7??8 This new legislation% once incorporated into national law (memer

states will hae two !ears to compl!)% will require large listed companies in the to report

on their enironmental and social impacts% including human rights% anticorruption and

rier! issues% and diersit! of oard of directors" *toc- e#changes% particularl! in emerging

mar-ets% hae also implemented initiaties requiring increased disclosure of *3related

performance" For e#ample% the *henhen and *hanghai *toc- #changes and the>ohannesurg *toc- #change hae issued guidelines and listing requirements to enhance

disclosure of *3 information"

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CHAPTER*:

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

FRAME&OR! AND GRI

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:%" S@staina60e 4e2e0opment .rameor?

The International 'ouncil on +ining and +etals (I'++)% the gloal leadership od! for the

mining industr!% deeloped its *ustainale Deelopment Framewor- Principles in ?22E ased

on the issues identified in the +inerals% +ining and *ustainale Deelopment (++*D)

pro,ect outcome document%


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industr!Cs action and ehaiour to intense societal scrutin! through media e#posure%

communit! agitation% resistance and litigation" The goernment should encourage this process

and also% through continuous dialogue and pressure% persuade the industr! to improe its

ethical performance and ensure its compliance to the proisions of the releant laws"

It has earlier een mentioned that there are two main preconditions for achieing

sustainailit! in mining U good goernance in the mineral sector and prealence of attitudes

and alues that ma-e for ethical usiness practices and selfregulation and ring in

sustainailit! considerations to all operational decisions concerning mining" nfortunatel! on

oth fronts% the trac- record (in India) has een disappointing and needs considerale

improement" In the asence of such improement% it would e impossile to attain

sustainale mineral deelopment een if a wellstructured sustainale deelopmentframewor- is there on paper" Assuming% howeer% that the intended improement will come

aout sooner than later% it is possile to outline the ma,or elements of a sustainale

deelopment framewor- appropriate for the Indian conditions"

=n the asis of initial formulation of the concept of sustainailit! in mining and the

discussion on the challenges faced ! the mining industr! in India% it would appear that the

following ma,or elements est captureQma! define the essence of a suitale sustainale

deelopment framewor- (*DF) for the countr!Cs mineral sector:

(i) *cientific miningJ(ii) nironment protection and mitigation including minimiation of the impacts of

mining practices on iodiersit!J(iii) 'ommunit! sta-eholder engagementJ

(i) .ocal socioeconomic deelopment in mining pro,ect areasJ and

() Transparenc! and accountailit!

:%, G0o6a0 Reportin3 Initiati2e 7GRI>

The enironmental crisis is giing rise to growing pulic demand for sociall! responsile and

ecologicall! iale mining practices" .arge mining corporations are responding ! adancing

the idea of a sustainale mining industr!" These responses are accompanied ! concerted

efforts to adertise a compan!Cs relatie progress in this direction through the pulication of

sustainailit! reports ased on the 3loal Reporting Initiatie (3RI) Framewor-" +an!

scholars contest the effectieness of that framewor-% arguing that 3RI ased reports can

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mislead decisionma-ers who are concerned with sustainailit!% or een camouflage

unsustainale practices% particularl! at the site leel" Few scholars% howeer% hae scratched

elow the surface of criticism in order to consider how to improe the effectieness of that

framewor-"

International 'ouncil of +ining and +etals (I'++)Cs programs are implemented ! ?E of

the worldCs largest mining companies and promoted ! E@ mining and commodit!

associations 7?E8" The *ustainale Deelopment Framewor- (*DF) is one of the 'ouncilCs

most releant programsJ it consists of a set of ten principles% sustainailit! reporting% and

e#ternal thirdpart! assurance" All memer companies are e#pected to implement the *DF

and thus pulish independentl! erified reports on their sustainailit! performance" At thecore of the framewor- is a requirement to use the 3loal Reporting Initiatie (3RI)

framewor- 7?18 and its +ining and +etals *ector *upplement (++**) 7?@8" 3RI is a multi

sta-eholder nonprofit Amsterdamased organiation proiding gloal standards in

sustainailit! reporting" Its reporting framewor-% first piloted in the late 0992s and now in its

third ersion% -nown as 3RI 3E% has ecome the de facto standard across man! industrial

sectors% including mining 7?H8"

Drien ! I'++ and a gloal corporate trend% mining corporations increasingl! pulish

3RIased sustainailit! reports" According to the 3loal +ining Reporting *ure! 7?;8% 12

out of the worldCs 11 ma,or gloal mining companies produce annual sustainailit! reports"

According to the 3RI dataase% in ?200% 02? mining companies pulished reports% 9@ of

which ased on the 3RI framewor- 7?8" The output of annual 3RI reports% howeer% is li-el!

to e larger% since man! companies do not list their reports on the 3RI dataase"

The 3loal Reporting Initiatie (-nown as 3RI) is an international independent standards

organiation that helps usinesses% goernments and other organiations understand and

communicate their impacts on issues such as climate change% human rights and corruption"

Founded in 099;% 3RI is a nonprofit organiation with its *ecretariat in Amsterdam% the

Netherlands" 3RI produces one of the worldOs most widel! used standards for sustainailit!

reportingJ also -nown as ecological footprint reporting% enironmental social

goernance (*3) reporting% triple ottom line (T6.) reporting% and corporate social

responsiilit! ('*R) reporting"

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As of ?20@% ;%@22 organiations used 3RI 3uidelines for the sustainailit! reports" 3RI

3uidelines appl! to multinational organiations% pulic agencies% smaller and medium

enterprises% N3=s% industr! groups and others"

The 3RI is an e#ample of an organiation that acts outside of the topdown power command

structures associated with goernment (e"g"% quasiautonomous odies and regulators)"

nironmental goernance is the multifaceted and multila!ered nature of VgoerningV the

orderless and stateindiscriminate natural enironment"7?98 nli-e ma,or protected polic!

areas such as finance or defence% the enironment requires soereign states to sign up to

treaties and multilateral agreements in order to coordinate action" *ustainailit! reporting is a

more recent concept that encourages usinesses and institutions to report on their

enironmental performance" 7E28

:%: T5e GRI approa15 to assessin3 an4 reportin3 s@staina6i0it

nli-e the sustainale deelopment concept% whose genesis can e directl! associated with

the 09; 6rundtland 'ommission report 708% the term


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(Figure HJ *=R': 3RI(?22Ha%))

Reporting guidelines: The guidelines are the cornerstone of the 3RI 3E" The! set qualit! and

content principles% as well as managerial and performance indicators" The principles for

defining content include materialit!% sta-eholder inclusieness% sustainailit! conte#t% and

completeness" The indicators (aout 0E2) coer seeral thematic categories% including

organiational% managerial% economic% enironmental% social% human rights% societ!% and

product responsiilit! issuesJ

*ector supplements: The supplements proide additional guidance and indicators for sector

specific issues" =ne of the supplements is the aforementioned +ining and +etals *ector

*upplementJ and

Indicator protocols: The protocols proide definitions and technical and methodological

guidance on each of the performance indicators of the guidelines

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.I*T =F 3RI E"0 INDI'AT=R* (*ource 3RI%?202):

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CHAPTER*#

FUTURE &OR!

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After through stud! of all aspects and domain of 3RI E"0 3uidelines for preparation of

*ustainailit! Report% the -e! performance indicators of a coal mining industr! were

identified" The! are as follows:

• NE: Direct energ! consumption ! primar! energ! source

• NH: Initiaties to proide energ! efficient or renewale energ! ased products and

serices% and reduction in energ! requirements

• N;: Initiaties to reduce indirect energ! consumption ! primar! source

• N: Total water withdrawal ! source

• N0?: Description of significant impacts of actiities% products and serices on

iodiersit! in protected areas and areas of high iodiersit! alue outside protected

areas• N?2: N=#% *=# and other significant air emissions ! t!pe and weight

• N?0: Total water discharge ! qualit! and destination

The raw data and information regarding the identified performance indicators are required for

the preparation of sustainailit! report for a specific areaQindustr! is under process"

&or? to 6e 4one/

'onsidering all the aoe mentioned enironmental indicator and coal industr! and thesectors which used coal% fl! ash is the er! important potential haardous end product" Now

the wor- will e ased on the role of fl! ash in affecting these indicators and mitigations that

can e ta-en for sustainale deelopment"

&or? S15e4@0e

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De1em6er 'an@ar Fe6r@ar Mar15 Apri0 Ma

Literat@re s@r2e

Co00e1tion o. 4ata

Ana0sis o. 4ata

Preparation o. report

Ana0sis an4 s@6mission

o. report

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CHAPTER*<

CONCLUSION

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Although enironmental sustainailit! is needed ! humans and originated ecause of social

concerns% enironmental sustainailit! itself see-s to improe human welfare ! protecting

national capital" As contrasted with economic capital% national capital consists of water% land%

air% minerals and ecos!stem serices% hence much is conerted to manufactured or economic

capital" nironment includes the sources of raw materials used for human needs% and

ensuring that sin- capacities rec!cling human wastes are not e#ceeded% in order to preent

harm to humans"

Technolog! can promote or demote enironmental sustainailit!" Nonrenewales cannot e

made sustainale% ut quasi* can e approached for nonrenewales ! holding their

depletion rates equal to the rate at which renewale sustitutes are created" There are no

sustitutes for most enironmental serices% and there is much irreersiilit! if the! aredamaged"

To help us with these% 3RI presents a complete guidance ! proiding us indicators and

content for the reporting of sustainailit! of an! organiation" It also reflects how the

organiation has contriuted to sustainale deelopment in the region"

Dumping of fl! ash is one of the ma,or concern of the coal using industries and itCs also a

challenge of coal industries to minimie the fl! ash content in the coal the! are proiding to

different sectors ased on coal industr!" New techniques and methods should e deeloped to

proper utiliation of fl! ash and its dumping" The potential threat of the fl! ash should also e

considered while deciding the mitigating measure and enironmental sustainailit! should e

-ept in mind as fl! ash effects man! of the enironmental indicators as mentioned in this

report earlier"

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Re.eren1es/ *

0" The 6rundtland 'ommission% 09;% =ur 'ommon Future% The Report of the Gorld

'ommission on nironment and Deelopment (=#ford niersit! Press% =#ford)"

?" N'D% 099?% Agenda ?0% nited Nations 'onference on nironment andDeelopment% Rio de >aneiro% >une 099?"

E" 'ouncil of Academies of ngineering and Technological *ciences ('AT*)% 099H%

The Role of Technolog! in nironmentall! *ustainale Deelopment% 0H (The Ro!al

Academ! of ngineering% .ondon)"1" Department of the nironment%Transport and the Regions% +a! 0999% A 6etter

Wualit! of .ife: A *trateg! for *ustainale Deelopment in the nited 5ingdom

(T*=% .ondon)"

@" +oldan% 6"% 6illhar% *" and +atraers% R" (eds")% 099;% *ustainailit! Indicators: AReport on the Pro,ect on Indicators of *ustainale Deelopment% 10@ (>ohn Gile! and

*ons% 'hichester)"H" Aut!% R" +" and 6rown% 5" (eds")% 099;% Approaches to *ustainale Deelopment%

E0E (Pinter% .ondon)";" 'la!ton% +" $" and Radcliffe% N" >"% 099H% *ustainailit!XA *!stem Approach% ?@

(arthscan Pulications .td"% .ondon)"" http:QQwww"worldcoal"orgQ9" http:QQwww"coal"nic"inQ ministr! of coal

02" .e 6lanc% D"% et al" ?20?" Deelopment cooperation in the light of sustainaledeelopment and the *D3s: Preliminar! e#ploration of the issues% ND*A: RioM?2

wor-ing papers00" nited Nations ?20?" nited Nations 'onference on *ustainale Deelopment

=utcome Document: The future we want" AQ'=NF"?0HQ."0 of 090?" NRI*D ?202" 'omating poert! and inequalit!: *tructural 'hange% *ocial Polic!

and Politics0E" nited Nations 099?" Agenda ?0% nited Nations 'onference on nironment &

Deelopment Rio de >aneiro% 6rail% E to 01 >une 099?01" nited Nations ?22;" Indicators of *ustainale Deelopment: 3uidelines and

+ethodologies0@" 3ierd >" T"% (?22@)" Deeloping a *ustainale Deelopment Approach for 6uildings

and 'onstruction Processes *mart & *ustainale 6uilt nironments" 6lac-well

Pulishing .td" 'hapter ?;" (pp E22E02)"0H" Portfolio committee meeting presentation% *chool of +ining ngineering% niersit!

of the Gitwatersrand" (?222) nironmental +anagement & *ustainale

Deelopment in the +ining and +inerals *ector" 7=nline8 Aailale:

http:QQwww"naturalresources"orgQmineralsQ

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0;" >en-ins% $"% a-olea% N"" (?22H)" 'orporate social responsiilit! in the mining

industr!: #ploring trends in social and enironmental disclosure" >ournal of 'leaner

Production% 4olume 01% Issues E1"0" Thoresen >" (0999)" nironmental performance ealuation Y a tool for industrial

improement% >ournal of 'leaner Production 4olume ;% Issue @09" 3loal Reporting Initiatie% 31 *ustainailit! Reporting 3uidelines% aailale at

https:QQwww"gloalreporting"orgQreportingQg1QPagesQdefault"asp#?2" Pw'% *ustainailit! Reporting: Is It Time for * 'ompanies to 'onsider this

3rowing Trend >une ?201% aailale

http:QQwww"pwc"comQenZ*QusQcfodirectQassetsQpdfQpointofiew

sustainailit!reporting"pdf"?0" International Integrated Reporting 'ouncil% Ghat Is Integrated Reporting% aailale at

http:QQwww"theiirc"orgQtheiircQaoutQ" An


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