Intergovernmental Reforms in the Russian Federation: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back?

8/14/2019 Intergovernmental Reforms in the Russian Federation: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back?

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Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras kitcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

Gid Ztdp Lgrwbre, Uwg Ztdps Mbjh7

Aknbrb G. Ed Zk`vb, Nb`kib Hur`ybieshbyb, D`dib Bierddvb,bie Ibtb`kb Ng`gvbigvb

E K ] D J U K G I Z K I E D \ D @ G _ A D I U

_um`kj Zdjtgr Ngvdribijd


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Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi


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Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd]usskbi LdedrbtkgiGid Ztdp Lgrwbre, Uwg Ztdps Mbjh7

Aknbrb G. Ed Zk`vb,Nb`kib Hur`ybieshbyb,D`dib Bierddvb, bieIbtb`kb Ng`gvbigvb


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=??; Ucd Kitdribtkgib` Mbih lgr ]djgistrujtkgi bie Edvd`gpadit / Ucd ^grè Mbih

2323 C Ztrddt I^ bsckintgi EJ =?5::Ud`dpcgid6 =?=-5>:-2???Kitdridt6 www.wgrèmbih.grnD-abk`6 lddembjhOwgrèmbih.grn

B`` rkncts rdsdrvde

2 = : 5 22 2? ?;

Ucks vgùad ks b prgeujt gl tcd stbll gl tcd Kitdribtkgib` Mbih lgr ]djgistrujtkgi bieEdvd`gpadit / Ucd ^grè Mbih. Ucd lkiekins, kitdrprdtbtkgis, bie jgijùskgis dxprdssde ki tcksvgùad eg igt idjdssbrk`y rdl`djt tcd vkdws gl tcd Dxdjutkvd Ekrdjtgrs gl Ucd ^grè Mbih gr tcd

ngvdriadits tcdy rdprdsdit.Ucd ^grè Mbih egds igt nubrbitdd tcd bjjurbjy gl tcd ebtb kijùede ki tcks wgrh. Ucd mguie-brkds, jg`grs, edigakibtkgis, bie gtcdr kilgrabtkgi scgwi gi biy abp ki tcks wgrh eg igt kap`ybiy fuendadit gi tcd pbrt gl Ucd ^grè Mbih jgijdrikin tcd `dnb` stbtus gl biy tdrrktgry gr tcddiegrsdadit gr bjjdptbijd gl sujc mguiebrkds.

]kncts bie _draksskgis

Ucd abtdrkb` ki tcks pum`kjbtkgi ks jgpyrknctde. Jgpykin bie/gr trbisakttkin pgrtkgis gr b`` gl tckswgrh wktcgut pdraksskgi aby md b vkg`btkgi gl bpp`kjbm`d `bw. Ucd Kitdribtkgib` Mbih lgr]djgistrujtkgi bie Edvd`gpadit / Ucd grè Mbih dijgurbnds ekssdakibtkgi gl kts wgrh bie wk`ìgrab``y nrbit pdraksskgi tg rdprgeujd pgrtkgis gl tcd wgrh prgapt`y.

Lgr pdraksskgi tg pcgtgjgpy gr rdprkit biy pbrt gl tcks wgrh, p`dbsd sdie b rdqudst wktc jgap`dtdkilgrabtkgi tg tcd Jgpyrknct J`dbrbijd Jditdr Kij., === ]gsdwgge Erkvd, Ebivdrs, AB ?2;=:,TZB8 td`dpcgid6 ;>3->4?-35??8 lbx6 ;>3->4?-55>?8 Kitdridt6 www.jgpyrknct.jga.

B`` gtcdr qudrkds gi rkncts bie `kjdisds, kijùekin sumskekbry rkncts, scguè md beerdssde tg tcdGllkjd gl tcd _um`kscdr, Ucd grè Mbih, 2323 C Ztrddt I , bsckintgi, EJ =?5::, TZB8 lbx6=?=-4==-=5==8 d-abk`6 pumrknctsOwgrèmbih.grn.

KZMI-2:6 ;>3-?-3=2:->;->dKZMI6 ;>3-?-3=2:->;;->

@kmrbry gl Jginrdss Jbtb`gnkin-ki-_um`kjbtkgi EbtbKitdrngvdriaditb` rdlgras ki tcd ]usskbi ldedrbtkgi 6 gid stdp lgrwbre, twg stdps mbjh7 / AknbrbG. Ed Zk`vb ... Xdt b`.Q.

p. ja.Kijùeds mkm`kgnrbpckjb` rdldrdijds.KZMI ;>3-?-3=2:->;-> KZMI ;>3-?-3=2:->;


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Lgrdwgre kx Bjhigw`denadits xk Bmgut tcd Butcgrs xkkk Bjrgiyas xv

Jcbptdr 2 Ks Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi Idjdssbry7 2Kitrgeujtkgi 2

Ks Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi Idjdssbry7 :

Jcbptdr = Beakikstrbtkvd bie Udrrktgrkb` Ekvkskgis 2>

Jcbptdr : Ckstgry gl Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]d`btkgis =4Zpgitbidgus Edjditrb`kzbtkgi, 2;;2;: :?Lgrab`kzbtkgi gl tcd ]u`ds, 2;;5;3 :5Lurtcdr Ztdps ki Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi bie

_g`ktkjb` ]djditrb`kzbtkgi, 2;;;=??2 :>Bsskniadit gl _gwdr bie @gjb` Ngvdriadit

]dlgra, =??=?5 :;Lksjb` ]djditrb`kzbtkgi, =??4?3 5:5.5 \drtkjb` Lksjb` Mb`bijd >45.4 Ldedrb` Urbisldrs tg Zumibtkgib` Ngvdriadits bs

b _drjditbnd gl NE_, 2;; >>5.< Dqub`kzbtkgi Nrbits B` gjbtkgi Lgrau`b, =??4 3=5.> Bstrbhcbi Gm`bst, ]bkgis bie Jktkds, =??< ;=5.3 Baur Gm`bst, ]bkgis bie Jktkds, =??< ;:5.; Ztbvrgpg` Hrbk, ]bkgis bie Jktkds, =??< ;:5.2? Ztbvrgpg` Hrbk, Zdtt dadits bie Jktkds, =??< ;55.22 Zumibtkgib` Ngvdriadit Mgies Abrhdt, =??=?> ;44.2 Bjjuau`btde Edmt gl Ldedrb` bie ]dnkgib`

(Zumibtkgib`) Ngvdriadits 2?5

Ubm`ds

2.2 Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi6 Urkbinu`br Ek`daab 25=.2 Adrndrs gl Zumfdjts gl tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi =::.2 Abki Ztbnds ki tcd Edvd`gpadit gl Kitdrngvdriaditb`

]d`btkgis =3:.= Zbijtkgis lgr _ggr Lkibijkb` _drlgrabijd my ]dnkgib`

Ngvdriadits 5>:.: Zbijtkgis lgr _ggr Lkibijkb` _drlgrabijd my @gjb`

Ngvdriadits 53

5.2 Dxpdiekturds gi _um`kj Luijtkgis my Ukdr glNgvdriadit bs b _drjditbnd glUgtb` Dxpdiekturd, =??< 44

5.= Eklldrdijds ki ]dnkgib` Dxpdiekturds lgr Abfgr_um`kj Luijtkgis Ztrujturd, =??< 43

5.: Ubx Bsskniadit lgr \brkgus @dvd`s gl Ngvdriadit, =??< 3:5.> B``gjbtkgi gl Urbisldrs lgr ]dnkgib` Edvd`gpadit, =??4 355.3 Zgurjds gl Zumibtkgib` Ngvdriadits ]dvdiuds

ki Baur bie Bstrbhcbi Gm`bsts bieZtbvrgpg` Hrbk, =??< ;=

Jgitdits vkk


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kx

Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi6 Gid Ztdp Lgrwbre,Uwg Ztdps Mbjh7ks b jrktkjb` bib`ysks gl ]usskbs kitdrngvdriaditb` rdlgraprgnrba wckjc mdnbi ki tcd dbr`y 2;;?s. Kt bssdssds tcd dlldjts gl b mrgberbind gl rdlgras begptde gvdr twg tuau`tugus edjbeds eurkin wckjc tcd]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi dxpdrkdijde skniklkjbit, bie bt tkads erbstkj, pg`ktkjb`rdnkad jcbinds, jgup`de wktc b skak`br`y turmu`dit djgigakj nrgwtc trb-

fdjtgry. Ucks divkrgiadit rdscbpde kitdrngvdriaditb` rd`btkgis, rdqukrkin

jdrtbki lksjb` rdspgiskmk`ktkds tg md ed`dnbtde tg tcd sumibtkgib` `dvd`s.Ucdsd rdlgras, cgwdvdr, wdrd igt b`wbys bjjgapbikde my tcd hkies gl beakikstrbtkvd bie pg`ktkjb` strujturds rdqukrde tg suppgrt b tru`y edvg`vdesystda gl kitdrngvdriaditb` lksjb` rd`btkgis. Bs tcks stuey kiekjbtds, kirdjdit ydbrs tcdrd cbs mddi b tdiedijy tg rdjditrb`kzd sgad pgwdrs tcbt cbe mddi nrbitde tg sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits uiedr dbr`kdr rdlgrasbtrdie tcbt aby jb`` kitg qudstkgi tcd luturd gl lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi ki tcdldedrbtkgi. Agrdgvdr, tcd jurrdit n`gmb` djgigakj egwituri cbs cbe b

skniklkjbit dlldjt gi ]usskb djgigakj nrgwtc, brnd`y mdjbusd gl tcd jgui-trys gvdredpdiedijd gi gk`, nbs, bie akidrb` dxpgrts. Kt ks `khd`y tcbt ki tcdprdsdit djgigakj j`kabtd tcd pg`ktkjb` rdnkad wk`` md kij`kide tg lurtcdr`kakt sumibtkgib` butgigay.

Lgrdwgre


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Bs pbrt gl tcd ^grè Mbihs Lksjb` Ldedrb`ksa bie ]dnkgib` Lksjb`]dlgra @gbi bie tcd ]dnkgib` Lksjb` Udjcikjb` Bsskstbijd _rgfdjt, tcd

^grè Mbih Kistktutd (^MK) edsknide bie kap`daditde b au`tkydbrjbpbjkty-mukèkin prgnrba gi kitdrngvdriaditb` lksjb` rd`btkgis wckjckijùede trbkikin bie higw`dend-scbrkin wgrhscgps ki b`` sdvdi ldedrb`beakikstrbtkvd ekstrkjts (Ghruns)lrga Zt. _dtdrsmurn tg \`bekvgstgh.Ucd prgnrba ykdède sdvdrb` igtdwgrtcy pum`kjbtkgis bib`yzkin tcd hdytdjcikjb` bspdjts gl kitdrngvdriaditb` rdlgras tg ebtd. Ucks mggh jga-p`dadits tcd dbr`kdr stuekds bie wk`` md gl kitdrdst tg b wkedr buekdijdkijùekin pg`kjy abhdrs ki edvd`gpkin bie trbisktkgi djgigakds, bjbedakjs,rdsdbrjcdrs, bie stuedits gl ]usskbi bllbkrs.

Zbifby _rbecbi\kjd _rdskedit

^grè Mbih Kistktutd

x Lgrdwgre


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tcdkr jgaadits bie vbùbm`d sunndstkgis. K wguè md rdakss kl K lbk`de tgaditkgi tcd gvdrb`` kitd``djtub` nukebijd bie suppgrt tcbt K rdjdkvdetcrguncgut lrga ay jg``dbnud bie lrkdie, Zcbcke [usul (DjgigakjBevksgr), wcgsd edtbk`de jgaadits gi bi dbr`kdr erblt gl tcd abiusjrkpt nrdbt`y dicbijde tcd qub`kty gl tcd lkib` prgeujt.

K b`sg wguè `khd tg tcbih Zbifby _rbecbi, ]biek ]ytdrabi, ]guaddiKs`ba, Edmmkd dtzd`, ]gmdrt Dmd`, Lbrruhc Kqmb`, Akjcd`d ed Idvdrs, ]bfIb``brk, Biwbr Zcbc, Akjcd``d Agrrks, Ztdpbi Uktgv, \b`dry _gigabrdv,Ubtybib @dgigvb, Krkib _rusbss, \`beb Idagvb, Zdrebr [kàbz, KngrVdaki, bie Kiekrb Kydr lgr tcdkr suppgrt bt vbrkgus stbnds gl tcks prgfdjt.Ztdpcdi AjNrgbrty, D`kzbmdtc H`kid, bie Ibijy @baadrs ki tcd Mbihspum`kjbtkgi uikt bie @burb N`bssabi, Mbrmbrb Cbrt, bie @kieb Ztrkindr gl _um`kjbtkgis _rgldsskgib`s @@J, abed tcd dektkin bie pum`kjbtkgi gl tcdabiusjrkpt b p`dbsurbm`d dxpdrkdijd. Ay wkld, Jcb`bik, bie ebunctdr,Jcbabrk, prgvkede b pdbjdlu` divkrgiadit bt cgad bie mgrd tcd mruit gl ay kibttditkgi, dspdjkb``y eurkin tcd `bst stbnd gl rdvkskgi bie rdwrkt-kin gl tcd abiusjrkpt.

@bst mut igt `dbst, K wguè `khd tg edekjbtd tcks stuey tg ay Buity,

Ars. Jcbierb Zdibskincd (Zueu Baab), wcg ks b sdjgie agtcdr tg b``gl uscdr idpcdws bie ikdjds.

Aknbrb Ed Zk`vb ^grè Mbih Kistktutd

xkk Bjhigw`denadits


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xkkk

Er. Aknbrb Ed Zk`vb fgkide tcd Mbih ki 2;;4 bie ks jurrdit`y wgrhkin bs bZdikgr Djgigakst bt tcd grè Mbih Kistktutd (^MK). Cd cbs edsknide bieabibnde b iuamdr gl jbpbjkty-mukèkin prgnrbas ki Dbstdri Durgpd bieJditrb` Bskb, Dbst Bskb bie tcd _bjklkj, Zgutc Bskb, bie @btki Badrkjbrdnkgis. Cd cbs b`sg abibnde b au`tkydbr jbpbjkty-mukèkin prgnrba gikitdrngvdriaditb` lksjb` rd`btkgis ki ]usskb, wckjc kijùede b`` sdvdibeakikstrbtkvd rdnkgis ( ghruns) gl tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi lrga

Zt. _dtdrsmurn tg \`bekvgstgh. Cd wbs tcd ^MK tbsh abibndr gl tcd fgkit prgnrba wktc Tiktde Ibtkgis Edvd`gpadit _rgnrbaad (TIE_)(Mrbtks`bvb) bie tcd @gjb` Ngvdriadit Kiktkbtkvd gl tcd Gpdi ZgjkdtyKistktutd ki Muebpdst gi Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi Kiktkbtkvd lgr Jditrb` Bskbbie tcd Jbujusds. _rkgr tg fgkikin ^MK, cd wgrhde ki tcd MbihsEdvd`gpadit Djgigakjs bie Dvbùbtkgi edpbrtadits bie wbs kivg`vde kib wked rbind gl kiktkbtkvds rd`btde tg pum`kj sdjtgr rdlgra. Er. Ed Zk`vb cbspum`kscde pbpdrs gi tcd kapbjt gl rdsgurjd mggas gi nrgwtc, kistktutkgis

bie djgigakj nrgwtc, pum`kj sdjtgr rdlgras, bie lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgiki ]usskb. Cd jg-butcgrde bi dbr`kdr stuey wktc Er. Nb`kib Hur`bieshbyb,Dvg`vkin Lksjb` Ldedrb`ksa6 ]usskbi _rbjtkjd bie Kitdribtkgib` Dxpdrkdijd(\dsAkr _um`kjbtkgi, Agsjgw, =??


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Er. Nb`kib Hur`ybieshbyb ks gid gl tcd agst ekstkinukscde ]usskbidxpdrts ki tcd lkdè gl pum`kj lkibijd bie kitdrngvdriaditb` rd`btkgis.Zcd ks tcd Ekrdjtgr Ndidrb` gl tcd Jditdr lgr Lksjb` _g`kjy (JL_), bwgrè-higwi ]usskbi tckih tbih, wcgsd aksskgi ks tg dstbm`ksc bi dquk-tbm`d bie dllkjkdit systda gl ngvdriadit lkibijd bie kitdrngvdriaditb`rd`btkgis ki trbisktkgib` djgigakds. Zcd ks prgvkekin rdsdbrjc-mbsde pg`-kjy bevkjd bie tdjcikjb` bsskstbijd tg jditrb`, rdnkgib`, bie `gjb` ngvdri-adits ki tcd brdb gl lksjb` pg`kjy, pum`kj lkibijd abibndadit, biekitdrngvdriaditb` rd`btkgis mgtc ki ]usskb bie ki gtcdr edvd`gpkinjguitrkds. Er. Nb`kib Hur`ybieshbyb rdjdkvde cdr _cE ki Djgigakjslrga tcd Kistktutd lgr ^grè Djgigay bie Kitdribtkgib` ]d`btkgis, ]usskbiBjbeday gl Zjkdijds.

D`dib Bierddvb cbs wgrhde gi lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi rdlgras ki ]usskbuiedr abiy tdjcikjb` bsskstbijd prgfdjts gl tcd ^grè Mbih, T.Z. Bndijylgr Kitdribtkgib` Edvd`gpadit, T.H. Edpbrtadit lgr KitdribtkgibÈdvd`gpadit, TIE_ bie gtcdr kitdribtkgib` egigrs skijd ake-2;;?s. Bs]dsdbrjc Ekrdjtgr gl tcd Jditdr lgr Lksjb` _g`kjy, Agsjgw, scd cbs wgrhde

gi abiy JL_ prgfdjts bkade bt prgagtkin pum`kj sdjtgr rdlgras bt tcdldedrb` bie sumibtkgib` `dvd`s ki ]usskb bie gtcdr trbisktkgib` jguitrkds,kijùekin tcd rdlgra gl `gjb` ngvdribijd, lksjb` dqub`kzbtkgi rdlgra, bierdlgras gl jckè wd`lbrd. Zcd wbs gid gl tcd butcgrs gl tcd ]usskbiKitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgra strbtdny. Zcd cgès b nrbeubtd ednrdd lrga tcdDjgigakj Edpbrtadit gl Agsjgw Ztbtd Tikvdrskty.

Ibtb`kb Ng`gvbigvb ks b `dbe jgisu`tbit wktc tcd Jditdr lgr Lksjb` _g`kjy(]usskb). Bs b pum`kj lkibijd dxpdrt, scd bevksds ldedrb`, rdnkgib`, bie `gjb`ngvdriadits. Zcd tggh pbrt ki b iuamdr gl bib`ytkjb` bie jgisu`tkin prgf-djts lkibijde my kitdribtkgib` grnbikzbtkgis, kijùekin jrdbtkgi gl tcd ^MKtrbkikin prgnrba gi kitdrngvdriaditb` lksjb` rd`btkgis lgr rdnkgib` bie`gjb` ngvdriadit gllkjkb`s ki ]usskb. Zcd wbs b adamdr gl tcd bib`ytkjb`tdba tcbt suppgrtde tcd rdlgra gl rdbsskniadit gl pgwdrs bjrgss ngvdri-aditb` `dvd`s ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi. Zcd b`sg ekssdakibtds tcd kedbs gl lksjb` ldedrb`ksa tcrgunc b sdrkds gl `djturds bt Ztbtd TikvdrsktyCkncdrZjcgg` gl Djgigakjs (Agsjgw), lrga wckjc scd cbs nrbeubtde.

xkv Bmgut tcd Butcgrs


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xv

BG Butgigagus GhrunDMLs dxtrbmuendtbry luiesNE_ nrgss egadstkj prgeujtKNL] kitdrngvdriaditb` lksjb` rd`btkgisKAL Kitdribtkgib` Agidtbry LuieGDJE Grnbiksbtkgi lgr Djgigakj Jg-gpdrbtkgi bie Edvd`gpadit

]L ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi\BU vb`ud beede tbx

Bjrgiyas


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2

B fust jbusd ks igt rukide my b ldw akstbhds.

Lygegr Egstgydvshy

Kitrgeujtkgi

Ucd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi ks gid gl tcd prkad jbiekebtds lgr lksjb` edjditrb`-

kzbtkgi. Dvdi lg``gwkin tcd mrdbhegwi gl tcd Zgvkdt Tikgi bie tcd rdsu`t-bit `gss gl sgad tdrrktgrkds, ]usskb ks stk`` tcd wgrès mknndst jguitry,strdtjckin bjrgss twg jgitkidits bie 2? tkad zgids, lrga Hb`kikinrbe gitcd Mb`tkj Zdb ki tcd dbst, tg tcd Mdrkin Ztrbkt ki tcd wdst. _drablrgst jgv-drs idbr`y 5? pdrjdit gl ]usskbs tdrrktgry. Ucd rdabkiedr kijùeds edsdrts,tuierb, lgrdst, bie stdppdswktc tcd `bttdr strdtjckin lgr sdvdrb` tcgu-sbie ak`dsbs wd`` bs cknc aguitbkis ki tcd sgutc. ]usskbs kaadisktybie ndgnrbpckj ekvdrskty b`gid brd digunc tg fustkly tcd abibndadit gl

tcd jguitry tcrgunc sgad typd gl b edjditrb`kzde brrbindadit. Ki beektkgi,

J C B _ U D ] 2

Ks Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgiIdjdssbry7

Ucd lkiekins, kitdrprdtbtkgis, bie jgijùskgis dxprdssde cdrd brd tcgsd gl tcd butcgrs bieeg igt idjdssbrk`y rdl`djt tcd vkdws gl tcd Mgbre gl Dxdjutkvd Ekrdjtgrs gl tcd ^grè Mbih gr tcd ngvdriadits tcdy rdprdsdit. Ucd ^grè Mbih jbiigt nubrbitdd tcd bjjurbjy gl tcdebtb kijùede ki tcks wgrh.


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tcd jg`grlu` tbpdstry gl au`tkdtcikj, au`tk`kinub` nrgups jgistbit`ybttdaptkin tg bssdrt tcdkr ekstkijt keditktkds bees bigtcdr `bydr gl jga-p`dxkty. Igwcdrd d`sd eg tcdsd jcb``dinds jgamkid bs bjutd`y bs tcdy egki ]usskb, abhkin tcd tdrrktgry `brnd`y uiabibndbm`d my adbis gl biytypd gl jditrb` beakikstrbtkvd grnbi b`gid.

Mdidbtc ]usskbs vbst tdrrktgry `kd sgad gl tcd wgrès agst vbùbm`dibturb` rdsgurjds6 bmgut =? pdrjdit gl tcd wgrès gk`, 24 pdrjdit gl tcdwgrès jgb`, :? pdrjdit gl tcd wgrès ibturb` nbs rdsdrvds, =? pdrjdit gl tcd wgrès ikjhd`, bie =4 pdrjdit gl tcd wgrès ekbagies jgad lrga]usskb. Fust bs tcd dxtdit gl ibturb` rdsgurjds vbrkds lrga p`bjd tg p`bjd,tcd rbtd gl nrgwtc gl tcd jguitrys kieustrkds vbrkds bjrgss rdnkgis. Agst kieustrkds brd jgijditrbtde ki tcd Durgpdbi pbrt gl ]usskb bie ki tcd Trb`s.Ucks uidvdi ekstrkmutkgi gl kieustrkb` jbpbjkty, wckjc wbs spbwide my cks-tgrkjb` pbtc-edpdiedijkds, bees bigtcdr `bydr gl jgap`dxkty tg tcdrdnkgib` kidqub`kty rdsu`tkin lrga ibturb` lgrjds. Kt b`sg pgsds b abfgr jcb`-`dind tg pg`kjy abhdrs wcg wksc tg edskni b vkbm`d kitdrngvdriaditb` sys-tda wktcgut jgaprgakskin tcd abki gmfdjtkvds gl sujc b systda, wck`dskau`tbidgus`y rdtbkikin tcd jguitrys pg`ktkjb` bie abjrgdjgigakj stbmk`-

kty. B`tcgunc bi kitdrngvdriaditb` systda edsknide uiedr pg`ktkjb` dxpd-ekdijy ks jdrtbki tg lb`` scgrt gl bjckdvkin djgigakj dllkjkdijy, b edskni tcbt knigrds pg`ktkjb` rdb`ktkds ks b`sg ui`khd`y tg `bst `gin. Ucd jditrb` ekllkju`tyks lkiekin b tbjkt mb`bijd tcrgunc mbrnbkikin bie jgaprgaksdb tbsh tcbt ks aujc agrd ekllkju`t ki ]usskb tcbi ki agst gtcdr jguitrkds, nkvdi tcdjgap`dxkty gl ndgnrbpckj, dtcikj, pg`ktkjb`, bie gtcdr lbjtgrs.

Zgad butcgrs, sujc bs _ruecgaad (2;;4), cbvd spdjklkde jgiektkgisuiedr wckjc edjditrb`kzbtkgi aby eg agrd cbra tcbi ngge. Ucgsd jgi-

ektkgis kijùed jguitrkds wcdrd tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit ks rd`btkvd`ykidllkjkdit, kijgad eklldrditkb`s mdtwddi cgusdcgès bie rdnkgis brd`brnd, nrgss egadstkj prgeujt (NE_) pdr jbpktb ks `gw, wcdrd b `bjh gl urmbikzbtkgi kap`kds tcbt rbkskin `gjb` tbxds ki rurb` brdbs ks `khd`y tg mdekllkju`t, bie `gjb` beakikstrbtkgis brd susjdptkm`d tg pg`ktkjb` jbpturd my`gjb` d`ktds. B ktdrb` kitdrprdtbtkgi gl tcks kst kap`kds tcbt ]usskb ks b pggrjbiekebtd lgr edjditrb`kzbtkgi. Lgrtuibtd`y, tcd kitdrbjtkgi gl b agrdjgap`dx sdt gl lbjtgrs tcbi tcd gids aditkgide cdrd edtdrakids tcd rd`-dvbijd bie dllkjbjy gl edjditrb`kzbtkgi. Nkvdi ]usskbs vbst skzd, ekvdrsdndgnrbpcy, bie au`tkdtcikjkty, ig jditrb` ngvdriadit jguè dlldjtkvd`yngvdri tcd jguitry wktcgut ed`dnbtkin abfgr rdspgiskmk`ktkds tg sumib-tkgib` ngvdriadits. 2 Gid jguè b`sg brnud tcbt sgad gl _ruecgaads

= Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

2 Bi d`gqudit dxprdsskgi gl tcks ek`daab ks lguie ki bi gè Jckidsd sbykin6 ^cdi tcdDapdrgr ks lbr bwby, b Ndidrb` egds igt gmdy b`` cks gredrs.


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jgiektkgis, sujc bs `gw NE_ pdr jbpktb, rd`btkvd `bjh gl urmbikzbtkgi,bie `brnd kijgad eklldrditkb`s mdtwddi cgusdcgès bie rdnkgis, brdsyaptgas gl b ibsjdit edjditrb`kzde systda rbtcdr tcbi rdbsgis tg stb``rdlgras tcbt wguè `dbe tg lurtcdr edjditrb`kzbtkgi.

Ks Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi Idjdssbry7

Ucd twg abki gmfdjtkvds gl lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi brd tg kaprgvd b``gjb-tkvd dllkjkdijy bie tg dicbijd prgeujtkvd dllkjkdijy (^grè Mbih =??2).Edjditrb`kzbtkgi b``gws pum`kj sdrvkjds tg md grnbikzde bie ed`kvdrde ki bwby tcbt wk`` mdst abtjc `gjb` prdldrdijdstcbt ks, kt jbi kaprgvd b``gjb-tkvd dllkjkdijy. Bt tcd sbad tkad, edjditrb`kzbtkgi jbi kaprgvd prgeujtkvddllkjkdijy my abhkin sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits agrd bjjguitbm`d tg tcdkrjgistktudits, my rdeujkin `bydrs gl murdbujrbjy, bie my nrbitkin sumib-tkgib` ngvdriadits agrd butcgrkty tg edskni bie kap`dadit strbtdnkdstcbt brd mbsde gi tcdkr supdrkgr higw`dend gl `gjb` jgiektkgis, sujc bs`gjb` jgsts, shk`` bvbk`bmk`kty, bie prdldrdijds.

Ucus edjditrb`kzbtkgi, mrgbe`y edlkide, nkvds sumibtkgib` ngvdri-

adits agrd butgigay tg abhd tcdkr gwi rdvdiud, dxpdiekturd, bie rdn-u`btgry edjkskgis. = Zumibtkgib` uikts brd mdttdr bm`d tg abhd sujcedjkskgis `brnd`y mdjbusd gl tcdkr prgxkakty tg `gjb` pgpu`btkgis, mdttdrbjjdss tg kilgrabtkgi bmgut `gjb` prdldrdijds, bie nrdbtdr dlldjtkvdidssbt ed`kvdrkin sdrvkjds `gjb``y jgapbrde wktc tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit. :

Ks Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi Idjdssbry7 :

= B iuamdr gl kiekjbtgrs jbi md usde tg adbsurd tcd ednrdd gl edjditrb`kzbtkgi. Ucdsd

kiekjbtgrs kijùed bnnrdnbtd dxpdiekturd bie rdvdiud adbsurds, sujc bs tcd sumib-tkgib` ngvdriadits scbrd gl dxpdiekturd bs b pdrjditbnd gl tgtb` dxpdiekturd, tcd sum-ibtkgib` dxpdiekturd bs b pdrjditbnd gl NE_, bie tcd sumibtkgib` gwi-sgurjd rdvdiudbs b pdrjditbnd gl NE_. Lgr dxbap`d, tcd Kitdribtkgib` Agidtbry Luies Ngvdriadit Lkibijd Ztbtkstkjs Abiub` (KAL =??2) prgvkeds 23 jguitry-`dvd` kiekjbtgrs gl lksjbèdjditrb`kzbtkgi. Edjgijditrbtkgi , ki wckjc uikts gl tcd jditrb` beakikstrbtkgi brd pcys-kjb``y `gjbtde ki rdnkgis, ks igt edjditrb`kzbtkgi. Ug tcd jgitrbry, tcd purpgsd gl edjgi-jditrbtkgi ks tg strdintcdi tcd jditrb` ngvdriadits jgitrg` gvdr `gjb` ngvdriadit prgvkskgi gl pum`kj ngges bie sdrvkjds. B`tcgunc edjgijditrbtkgi jguè pgtditkb``ykijrdbsd tcd butgigay gl stblls ki rdnkgib` gllkjds, tcd ckdrbrjckjb` rd`btkgisckp mdtwdditcd jditrb` ngvdriadit bie tcd rdnkgis rdabkis ki p`bjd. Bs Hcb`dnckbi (=??:), pgkits

gut edjgijditrbtkgi ks jditrb`kzbtkgi ki eksnuksd. Ucd u`tkabtd ngb` gl edjditrb`kzbtkgiks tg edvg`vd pgwdrs tg sumibtkgib` butcgrktkds tg jbrry gut tcdkr rdspgiskmk`ktkds wktc-gut jditrb` jgitrg`. Zgad butcgrs cbvd ngid dvdi lurtcdr, brnukin tcbt edjditrb`kzbtkgistrbtdny scguè kijùed prkvbtkzbtkgi, wckjc rdagvds tcdsd rdspgiskmk`ktkds lrga tcdpum`kj sdjtgr b`tgndtcdr (^grè Mbih =???).

: Edjditrb`kzbtkgi b`sg cbs gtcdr mdidlkts. Ucd agst kapgrtbit gid ks tcbt butgigagus sum-ibtkgib` uikts jbi hddp tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit bt mby my `kaktkin kts pgwdr tg usurp `gjb`rdvdiuds bie tdrrktgrkds bt wk``. Cbrmdr, Igrtc, bie ^dkinbst (=??:) brnud tcbt tcd `bjh gl


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Zdrvkjd prgvkskgi my sumibtkgib` uikts b`sg dicbijds pbrtkjkpbtkgi,trbispbrdijy, bie bjjguitbmk`kty (Zcbc =??5).

Gbtds (2;>=), ki cks j`bsskj stuey Lksjb` Ldedrb`ksa, prdsdits b abfgrbrnuadit ki lbvgr gl edjditrb`kzbtkgi gi tcd nrguies tcbt igt b`` pum-`kj ngges dxckmkt tcd sbad spbtkb` jcbrbjtdrkstkjs tg md bm`d tg bjjguit lgr tcd ekvdrskty gl prdldrdijds. Lgr kistbijd, wcdrdbs ibtkgib` edldisdmdidlkts b`` jktkzdis, gtcdr pum`kj ngges bie sdrvkjds, sujc bs rdnkgib`wbtdrwbys bie abibndadit gl lgrdstry sdrvkjds, wk`` `khd`y mdidlkt gi`yjdrtbki rdnkgis. Zgad gtcdr pum`kj ngges bie sdrvkjds, sujc bs nbrmbndjg``djtkgi bie strddt`kncts, wk`` md kapgrtbit bt tcd auikjkpb` `dvd`, bietcd spdjklkj iddes lgr tcgsd ngges bie sdrvkjds aby vbry lrga gidauikjkpb`kty tg bigtcdr. Lgr tcdsd rdbsgis, tcd supp`y gl spdjklkj pum`kjngges scguè md ditrustde tg eklldrdit `dvd`s gl ngvdriadit, mdjbusdtcd jditrb` ngvdriadit egds igt cbvd bjjdss tg kilgrabtkgi gi tcdekvdrskty gl prdldrdijds ki dbjc rdnkgi gr `gjb`kty. Bjjgrekin tg tcd sum-skekbrkty prkijkp`d, b rbind gl rdspgiskmk`ktkds, igt fust sdrvkjd ed`kvdry,jguè md ed`dnbtde tg sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits, mdjbusd tbxkin (rdv-diud), dxpdiekturd, bie rdnu`btgry rdspgiskmk`ktkds scguè md vdstde ki

tcd `gwdst `dvd`s gl ngvdriadit dxjdpt wcdi b jgivkijkin jbsd jbi mdabed gtcdrwksd. 5 Ki dlldjt, tcdrdlgrd, tcd prgvkskgi gl pum`kj nggessg`d`y my tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit wk`` md jgst`y, mdjbusd kts gid-skzd-lkts-b`` bpprgbjc wk`` gltdi `dbe tg sgad rdnkgis jgisuakin dktcdr agrd gr`dss tcbi tcdy wguè gtcdrwksd cbvd prdldrrde (Ubizk 2;;4). 4

Bigtcdr jgapd``kin brnuadit lgr edjditrb`kzbtkgi ks tcbt prgxkakty tg`gjb` rdskedits bie lrdqudit kitdrbjtkgis mdtwddi `gjb` ngvdriadit gllk-jkb`s bie tcd `gjb` pgpu`btkgi cd`p tg lgrnd jcbiid`s gl jgaauikjbtkgi

tcbt b``gw jgaauikty adamdrs tg rdnu`br`y dxprdss tcdkr gpkikgis. Ki turi,

5 Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

wd``-dstbm`kscde edjditrb`kzde pg`ktkjb` systdas ki Zum-Zbcbrbi Blrkjb cbs mddi b abfgrjbusd gl tcd jgitkidits pggr djgigakj pdrlgrabijd. Ucdkr jgijùskgis brd ki `kid wktcMujcbibis `dvkbtcbi cypgtcdsks, wckjc brnuds tcbt lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi pgsds bi dlldj-tkvd jgistrbkit gi tcd mdcbvkgr gl rdvdiud-abxkakzkin ngvdriadits. Ucd agst gmvkguskiekjbtgr gl tcks sktubtkgi ks b jcbind ki tcd gvdrb`` skzd gl tcd pum`kj sdjtgr, wckjc, bjjgre-kin tg Mrdiibi bie Mujcbibi (2;3?), scguè edjrdbsd wktc lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi, mdjbusdlksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi kijrdbsds jgapdtktkgi bagin `gjb` ngvdriadits.

5 Gbtds (2;>=) skak`br`y brnuds tcbt dbjc pum`kj sdrvkjd scguè md prgvkede my tcd furks-

ekjtkgi cbvkin jgitrg` gvdr tcd akikaua ndgnrbpckj brdb tcbt wguè kitdrib`kzd tcdmdidlkts bie jgsts gl sujc prgvkskgi. Lgr b agrd jgaprdcdiskvd trdbtadit gl tcks tgpkj,sdd Zcbc (=??5).

4 Gbtds (2;>=) prgvkeds lgur jrktdrkb tg jgiskedr wcdi bssknikin spdjklkj rdspgiskmk`ktkds tgvbrkgus `dvd`s gl ngvdriadit6 djgigakds gl sjb`d, cdtdrgndidkty gl prdldrdijds, dxtdrib`k-tkds (spk``gvdr), bie jgapdtktkgi (dau`btkgi), wcdrdmy mdst prbjtkjds aby dadrnd bs brdsu`t gl sdvdrb` uikts mdkin kivg`vde ki tcd sbad bjtkvkty bie jgapdtkin wktc dbjc gtcdr.


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sujc rdnu`br kitdrbjtkgis bie gpdi dxjcbinds abhd sumibtkgib` uikts agrdbjjguitbm`d tg tcdkr jgistktudits. Bt tcd sbad tkad, cgwdvdr, gllkjkb`s kisumibtkgib` uikts brd susjdptkm`d tg pg`ktkjb` jbpturd ui`dss bpprgprkbtdkistktutkgib` adjcbiksas, sujc bs kiedpdiedit buekts, pum`kj eksj`gsurd, biepbrtkjkpbtgry edjkskgi-abhkin brrbindadits (lgr dxbap`d, pbrtkjkpbtgrymuendtkin), brd put ki p`bjd. Ucd abki brnuadit lgr edvg`vkin pgwdr tg`gwdr `dvd`s gl ngvdriadit ks tcbt sujc beakikstrbtkvd butgigay jrdbtds bidivkrgiadit wcdrd `dbrikin, kiigvbtkgi, jgaauikty pbrtkjkpbtkgi, bie tcdrdquksktd jcbinds ki `gjb` beakikstrbtkgis jbi gjjur sg tcbt `gwdr `dvd`s gl ngvdriadit jbi rdspgie dlldjtkvd`y tg `gjb` iddes (Hcb`dnckbi =??:). Ucdbitkjkpbtde gutjgad gl edjditrb`kzbtkgi wguè tcus md bi gvdrb`` kaprgvd-adit ki ngvdribijd. Bs sgad gtcdrs cbvd brnude, edjditrb`kzbtkgi jguè mdb jbtb`yst lgr edagjrbtkzbtkgi mdjbusd kt lbjk`ktbtds bie dicbijds `gjb`pbrtkjkpbtkgi ki pg`ktkjb` edjkskgi abhkin (Lkszmdki 2;;>8 ]gssk 2;;3).

Ki edvd`gpkin bie trbisktkgi djgigakds, b rbtkgib`d lgr jditrb` ngvdri-adit tg cgè pgwdr gvdr hdy lksjb` kistruadits sujc bs tbxds, dxpdiek-turd, bie mgrrgwkin ks tg b``gw tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit b nrdbtdr ednrddgl l`dxkmk`kty ki rdspgiekin tg abjrgdjgigakj jrksds. Bs sgad cbvd

brnude, cgwdvdr, wktc cbre muendt jgistrbkits bie d`djtde `gjb` ngvdri-adits, muendt edlkjkts aby bjtub``y mdjgad sab``dr ki b edjditrb`kzde sdt-tkin (Mbc` 2;;;). Dvdi ki sdttkins wcdrd kitdrvditkgis my tcd jditrb`ngvdriadit jbi md fustklkde, b``gwkin sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits tg p`by b`brndr rg`d jguè akikakzd trbisbjtkgi jgsts bie nrdbt`y kaprgvd jktkzdisbjjdss tg kilgrabtkgi (Mbrecbi =??=). Gtcdrs cbvd brnude tcbt edjdi-trb`kzbtkgi jguè mgtc prdsdrvd bie prgagtd tcd edvd`gpadit gl abrhdts(AjHkiigi 2;;>8 ^dkinbst 2;;4).

]djdit ktdrbturd cbs cknc`knctde b iuamdr gl gtcdr vkrtuds gl edjdi-trb`kzbtkgi. Lgr kistbijd, Igrtc (2;;?) pgkits gut tcbt bi kistktutkgib`strujturd sujc bs edjditrb`kzde edjkskgi abhkin ks mdttdr pgsktkgidetcbi b jditrb` butcgrkty tg dxp`grd b`tdribtkvds tg sg`vkin prgm`das mydijgurbnkin trkb`s bie d`kakibtkin drrgrs. ^cdi `gjb` butcgrktkds prg-vked pum`kj ngges, sgad `gjb` furksekjtkgis aby eksjgvdr mdttdr wbys tgprgvked jdrtbki sdrvkjds bie gtcdrs wk`` dau`btd tcda. Bt tcd sbad tkad,trbisldrrkin rdspgiskmk`ktkds tg tcgsd `gjb` uikts tcbt brd mdst pgsktkgidetg abhd tcd edskrde jcbinds ks kapgrtbit. Lgr kistbijd, ki sgad Jditrb`Badrkjbi jguitrkds, tcd edjditrb`kzbtkgi gl abibndadit rdspgiskmk`k-tkds lrga jditrb` tg prgvkijkb` bie gjb` ngvdriadits cbe ktt`d dlldjt giprkabry deujbtkgi, mut wcdi tcdsd rdspgiskmk`ktkds wdrd trbisldrrdeekrdjt`y tg tcd sjcgg`s, deujbtkgi pdrlgrabijd kaprgvde skniklkjbit`y(^grè Mbih =???).

Ks Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi Idjdssbry7 4


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Edjditrb`kzbtkgi ks bi kapgrtbit surrgnbtd lgr jgapdtktkgi, dspdjkb``yki prgvkekin pum`kj sdrvkjds. Ucd `gjb` tbxds jgistktudits pby scguèrdl`djt tcd qub`kty gl `gjb` sdrvkjds tcdy rdjdkvd. Ki gtcdr wgres, idt lksjb`mdidlkts, gr tcd eklldrdijd mdtwddi tbxds pbke bie tcd qub`kty gl pum`kjsdrvkjds rdjdkvde, scguè md tcd jrktdrkgi usde tg dvbùbtd cgrkzgitb`dquktybie igt fust tcd tbx rbtds. Idt lksjb` mdidlkts bjjguit lgr tcd ekl-ldrdijd ki tbx rbtds bie jgaadisurbtd mdidlkts ki tdras gl pum`kj sdrv-kjds bjrgss sumibtkgib` uikts, wcdrd vgtdr prdldrdijds lgr eklldrdit sdrvkjdsb`sg vbry.

B ekspbrkty mdtwddi tbxds pbke bie mdidlkts rdjdkvde ks b j`dbr kiekjbtkgitcbt tcd jgiektkgi gl b``gjbtkvd dllkjkdijy cbs igt mddi lu``y adt. Kedb``y, tcdgutjgad gl b``gjbtkvd kidllkjkdijkds scguè md tcbt kiekvkeub`s wk`` agvd tgbigtcdr furksekjtkgi (tcdy wk`` vgtd wktc tcdkr lddt) tcbt prgvkeds sdrvkjdstcbt mdttdr abtjc tcdkr prdldrdijds (Ubizk 2;;48 Ukdmgut 2;4) jrktkjb``y dxbakids tcks brnuadit lgr nrdbtdrpg`ktkjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi bs pbrt gl edjditrb`kzbtkgi rdlgras bie lkies `ktt`d dvkedijd tgsuppgrt kt ki tcd jgitdxt gl rdjdit dxpdrkdijds gl edvd`gpkin bie trbisktkgi djgigakds.B`tcgunc tcd kapgrtbijd gl edvg`vkin nrdbtdr pg`ktkjb`, beakikstrbtkvd, bie lksjb` pgwdrs


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Ks Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi Idjdssbry7 >

Mgx 2.2

Bppgkitkin vdrsus D`djtkin @gjb` Gllkjkb`s

Ki bi kilùditkb` pbpdr, M`bijcbre bie Zc`dkldr (=???) jgapbrd tcd edjditrb`kzb-tkgi gutjgads gl twg jguitrkds ki trbisktkgi, Jckib bie ]usskb. Ucdy brnud tcbtJckibs cknc ednrdd gl pg`ktkjb` jditrb`kzbtkgi hddps `gjb` ngvdriadits ki kid biejgistktutds bi kapgrtbit kinrdekdit tcbt ]usskb `bjhs bie tcbt cbs jgitrkmutde tgJckibs rdjdit edvd`gpadit. M`bijcbre bie Zc`dkldr brnud tcbt pg`ktkjb` jditrb`-kzbtkgi jbi tbhd eklldrdit lgras, sujc bs tcd jrdbtkgi gl ibtkgib` pbrtkds tcbt jbi

`kih jbiekebtds tg b ibtkgib` bndieb tcbt b`` pbrty adamdrs sumsjrkmd tg. Ucdy ngdvdi lurtcdr tg sby tcbt tcd jditrb` ngvdriadits bmk`kty tg bppgkit `gjb` gllkjkb`ski Jckib, bs gppgsde tg ]usskbs systda gl d`djtkin tcda, cbs nkvdi tcd Jckidsdngvdriadit tcd pgwdr tg rdwbre gr puiksc `gjb` gllkjkb`s wcg eg igt sumsjrkmdtg tcd jditrb` ngvdriadits prg-nrgwtc strbtdnkds. Ki ]usskb, tcd rd`btkvd kied-pdiedijd gl ngvdriadit gllkjkb`s lrga sujc ekrdjt jgitrg` b``gwde tcda tg pur-sud ngb`s tcbt kijrdbsde prkvbtd mdidlkts bt tcd jgst gl prg-nrgwtc pg`kjkds.

Ucd Jckidsd `gjb` ngvdriadits cbvd p`byde bi bjtkvd rg`d ki prgagtkin tcd

nrgwtc gl idw lkras, wckjc, ki turi, cbvd jgitrkmutde skniklkjbit`y tg tcd jgui-trys nrgwtc. Ki jgitrbst, ]usskbi `gjb` ngvdriadits cbvd egid prdjksd`y tcd gp-pgsktd my drdjtkin vbrkgus gmstbj`ds tg idw lkras tcrgunc tbxbtkgi, rdnu`btkgi,bie jgrruptkgi, tcdrdmy p`bykin tcd rg`d gl nrbmmkin cbies bie rdstrkjtkinnrgwtc gppgrtuiktkds lgr prkvbtd muskidssds (Lryd bie Zc`dkldr 2;;>). _brty-lrddnumdribtgrkb` d`djtkgis ki ]usskb prgvked bigtcdr dxbap`d gl tcd rd`btkvd kied-pdiedijd gl `gjb` gllkjkb`s lrga strkjt`y b`knikin wktc b ibtkgib` strbtdny pursudemy tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit.

(jgitkiude)

tg sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits rdabkis b sbjrgsbijt ngb` gl edjditrb`kzbtkgi, bi kitdrp`by gl b au`tktued gl gtcdr lbjtgrstcd tkakin gl rdlgras bie kap`daditbtkgi strbtdny ki dbjcjguitry8 tcd pbtcs tcbt dbjc prgjdss wk`` tbhd gijd kt ks sdt ki agtkgi8 bie tcd s`gwdadrndijd gl b jrdekm`d bie dicbijkin kistktutkgib` sdtup, pg`ktkjb` suppgrt, biebeakikstrbtkvd jbpbjkty, tg ibad ldwabhds tcdsd rdlgras lbr agrd jgap`dx biejcb``dinkin tcbi ks kiktkb``y bssuade. Ucdsd jgap`dxktkds bie jcb``dinds jguè, ki sgadjbsds, `dbe tg gutjgads tcbt brd idnbtkvd`y jgrrd`btde wktc ngb`s bie gmfdjtkvds gl rdlgras. Kt ks, tcdrdlgrd, mgtc lbr tgg dbr`y bie dvdi kapgsskm`d tg egwip`by tcd rd`d-

vbijd gl pg`ktkjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi wktcgut b`tdrkin tcd luiebaditb` bssuaptkgis giwckjc tcd brnuadit lgr nrdbtdr edvgùtkgi gl pgwdrs bjrgss ngvdriadits rdsts.Agrdgvdr, bs Mbrecbi bie Agghcdrfdd (=??


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Mgx 2.2 (Jgitkiude)

B`tcgunc _ruecgaad (2;;4) egds igt ekrdjt`y abhd tcd sbad brnuadit, cdprdsdits tcd jbsd gl tcd ]dpum`kj gl Hgrdb bs bi dxbap`d, wcdrd tcd lkrst `gjb`d`djtkgis wdrd grnbikzde gi`y ki 2;;4. Mdlgrd tcbt, tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit bp-pgkitde b`` abygrs, bie gjb` butgigay mbrd`y dxkstde ki Hgrdb, wckjc ks rdnbredebs gid gl Dbst Bskbs akrbj`d djgigakds.

Ucd sktubtkgi tggh b erbstkj turi wcdi \`bekakr _utki jbad kitg pgwdr. _rdsk-edit _utki sggi dambrhde gi b p`bi tcbt wk`` tbhd ]usskb mbjh tg kts prdrdlgra drb.Bt b spdjkb` addtkin gl rdnkgib` bie ldedrb` gllkjkb`s cdè gi Zdptdamdr 2:, =??5,

ki b swklt agvd tg jgisg`kebtd tcd jditrb` ngvdriadits pgwdr, _utki biiguijdetcbt ki p`bjd gl ekrdjt d`djtkgis, rdnkgib` pbr`kbadits wguè cdijdlgrtc rbtkly]usskbs ngvdrigrs gi tcd rdjgaadiebtkgi gl tcd prdskedit gl tcd ]usskbi Ldedrb-tkgi. Ucks agvd ks wked`y sddi bs gid tcbt wk`` uiedrakid tcd au`tkpbrty systdabie dbr`kdr kitdrngvdriaditb` rdlgras tcbt nrbitde nrdbtdr butgigay tg sum-ibtkgib` uikts. Brnubm`y, tcks jcbind wbs wbrrbitde my agrd tcbi b edskrd tgbeerdss tcd kssud gl b wdbh jditdr. ^ck`d strdintcdikin tcd wdbh jditdr, ]usskblbk`de tg kijùed bpprgprkbtd`y edlkide `kakts gi tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit (Ed

Lknudkrdeg bie ^dkinbst =??2), tcdrdmy abhkin tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit tggstrgin bie `ktdrb``y nkvkin tcd jditdr jbrtd m`bijcd tg jcbind ru`ds bie dxtrbjtkin rdits lrga kts rdnkgis. > Ti`khd eurkin tcd pbrbed gl sgvdrdknity ki tcd dbr`y2;;?s, wcdi mrkinkin ]usskbs rdnkgis ki `kid tg mdttdr jggpdrbtd wktc tcd jditdrrdqukrde igt gi`y b strgin jditdr mut, krgikjb``y, tcd skau`tbidgus kapgsktkgi gl jrdekm`d `kakts gi tcd jditdr tg prgvked kijditkvds lgr rdnkgis tg jggpdrbtd(Abrtkidz-\bzqudz =??=), tcd rdjdit agvd tgwbre rdjditrb`kzbtkgi wbs jbrrkdegut `brnd`y wktcgut skak`br sbldnubres ki p`bjd.

> Kitdrdstkin ckstgrkjb` pbrb``d`s jbi md lguie ki dbr`y bttdapts tg `kakt tcd pgwdrs gl bjditrb` ngvdriadit (kijùekin agibrjcy). Zujc dllgrts wdrd bap`y rdwbrede b ldwedjbeds `btdr ki wcbt jguè md jb``de tcd jrktkjb` turikin pgkits gl tcd jguitrys edstkiy.Gid j`bsskj dxbap`d ks tcd bltdrabtc gl tcd N`grkgus ]dvgùtkgi gl Mrktbki ki 2


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Ks Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi Idjdssbry7 ;

Edspktd tcd iuadrgus vkrtuds gl lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi, kts gutjgadscbvd igt idjdssbrk`y mddi uidqukvgjb``y pgsktkvd. My ktsd`l, lksjb` edjdi-trb`kzbtkgi ks idktcdr mdidlkjkb` igr cbralu`. ^cdi edsknide bie kap`d-aditde mbe`y, lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi wk`` rdeujd wd`lbrd bie pgsd sdrkgusjcb``dinds tg abjrgdjgigakj stbmk`kty, bs ki tcd jbsd gl tcd _ck`kppkids,wcdrd tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit ks rdqukrde tg scbrd idbr`y 4? pdrjdit gl ktstbx rdvdiuds wktc sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits. Ucks hkie gl jgaaktadit `kakts tcd jditrb` ngvdriadits bmk`kty tg befust lksjb` pg`kjy tg rdspgie tgabjrgdjgigakj scgjhs (^grè Mbih =???). ^cdi egid wd``, lksjbèdjditrb`kzbtkgi jbi kaprgvd wd`lbrd my kijrdbskin jktkzdis pbrtkjkpbtkgiki tcd edjkskgis tcbt blldjt tcda bie pg`kjy abhdrs rdb` jcb``dind kstcdrdlgrd tg lknurd gut cgw tg edskni bie kap`dadit lksjb` edjditrb`kzb-tkgi rdlgras wd`` (Aj@urd 2;;4).

Aujc gl tcd eksjusskgi gi wcdtcdr lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi ks mdidlkjkb`rdsdam`ds tcd edmbtd bmgut wcdtcdr jbpktb`ksa ks prdldrbm`d tg sgjkb`ksa.Bs gid bstutd jgaaditbtgr pgkits gut, Abrxkst djgigaksts cbe bi dbsywby gut ki prgvkin tcd supdrkgrkty gl sgjkb`ksa6 tcdy jgapbrde bjtub`jbpktb`ksa wktc kedb` sgjkb`ksa. Zkak`br`y, rdjdit eksjusskgis bmgut tcd

dllkjbjy gl edjditrb`kzbtkgi jgapbrd tcd gutjgads gl bjtub` jditrb`kzb-tkgi wktc tcgsd gl bi kedb` edjditrb`kzde systda (_ruecgaad 2;;4).

Ucd dllkjbjy gl kitdrngvdriaditb` rdlgras edpdies ki pbrt gi tcd gmfdj-tkvds pursude my eklldrdit `dvd`s gl ngvdriadittcbt ks, wcdtcdr tcdy brdsgjkb` wd`lbrd abxkakzdrs, `dvkbtcbi sd`l-sddhkin mgekds, gr Ikshbidi-typdmurdbujrbts. Kl sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits brd gl tcd `bttdr twg typds, edjdi-trb`kzbtkgi wk`` prgmbm`y igt `dbe tg djgigakj nrgwtc (Abrtkidz-\bzqudzbie AjIbm =??:). Zgad cbvd b`sg brnude tcbt kijgad rdekstrkmutkgi ks

`dss dbsk`y bjckdvde ki cknc`y edjditrb`kzde stbtds (Udr-Akibsskbi 2;;>).B`tcgunc tcgsd jgijdris cbvd sgad adrkt, tcd ebindr dxksts tcbt tcdy jbimd gvdrdapcbskzde bs b prdtdxt lgr wktccgèkin lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgirdlgras. Bs sgad rdjdit stuekds cbvd kiekjbtde (Zcbc 2;;3, =??58 Zcbc,Ucgapsgi, bie Vgu =??5), jgitrbry tg jgaagi aksjgijdptkgis, edjdi-trb`kzde lksjb` systdas glldr b nrdbtdr pgtditkb` lgr kaprgvde abjrgdjg-igakj ngvdribijd tcbi jditrb`kzde lksjb` systdas.

Durgpd. Zkijd Lrdijc agibrjcs wdrd aujc `dss jgistrbkide, tcd beakikstrbtkvd systdatcbt tcdy begptde lgr rdvdiud jg``djtkgi bie gtcdr purpgsds `bjhde tcd bjjguitbmk`ktygl kts Mrktksc jguitdrpbrt. Ucd Mrktksc Urdbsury wbs bjjguitbm`d tg tcd pbr`kbadit bieigt tg tcd Jrgwi. Lurtcdragrd, tcd Mrktksc pbr`kbadit sdvdrd`y `kaktde tcd Jrgwisbmk`kty tg b`tdr ru`ds wktcgut pbr`kbaditbry jgisdit. Zujc sbldnubres dicbijde tcdjrdekmk`kty gl tcd ngvdriadit ki tcd dyds gl kts jktkzdis bie pbrtkju`br`y kts wdb`tc gwi-drs. Ki Lrbijd, cgwdvdr, sujc sbldnubres dktcdr wdrd ditkrd`y `bjhkin gr lbk`de tg cbvd bskniklkjbit kilùdijd.


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2? Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

Dvdi ki b jguitry sujc bs ]usskb, wcdrd tcd jbsd lgr kitrgeujkin lksjbèdjditrb`kzbtkgi ks jgapd``kin, tcd uiedr`ykin prkijkp`d lgr kitrgeujkinkitdrngvdriaditb` rdlgras scguè rdst gi tcdkr bmk`kty tg kaprgvd gvdrb``lksjb` abibndadit. Ucks gmfdjtkvd jbi md bjckdvde gi`y wcdi tcd rdquk-sktd kistktutkgib` adjcbiksas bie hdy pg`ktkjb` bie beakikstrbtkvd rdlgrasbrd kitrgeujde bs pbrt gl tcd rdlgra pbjhbnd. 3 Ucdsd kistktutkgib` adjc-biksas scguè prgagtd nrdbtdr trbispbrdijy bie bjjguitbmk`kty ki rd`b-tkgi tg lksjb` abibndadit bt b`` `dvd`s gl ngvdriadit bie scguè kapgsdcbre muendt jgistrbkits. Ucdy scguè b`sg kijùed j`dbr bie ekstkijt ru`dsbie prgjdeurds tg `kakt agrb` cbzbre bie lrdd-rkedr prgm`das.

B`tcgunc kt ks dbskdr tg prgvked b `kst gl hdy kistktutkgib` adbsurds, dstbm-`ksckin b idtwgrh gl wgrhbm`d kistktutkgis tg rdkilgrjd kitdrngvdriaditb`rdlgras ks aujc cbredr ki prbjtkjd, `brnd`y mdjbusd sgad kistktutkgis brddbskdr tg dstbm`ksc, wck`d gtcdrs tbhd b `gin tkad tg ldradit bie lu``ydamde. ; Ucd rd`btkvd`y `gin tkad cgrkzgi kt tbhds lgr ru`ds, prgjdeurds, biegtcdr kistktutkgib` adbsurds tg mdjgad kitdnrb` bie autub``y rdkilgrjkinpbrts gl b systda gl kitdrngvdriaditb` rd`btkgis jguè pgsd b nrdbt jcb``dind, kijùekin tcd pgtditkb` edrbkàdit gl sgad gl tcd hdy rdlgras

Krgikjb``y, Lrbijds kibmk`kty tg jrdbtd bi dlldjtkvd jditrb`kzde beakikstrbtkvd systdawbs tcd hdy tg kts cuak`kbtkin edldbt ki tcd Zdvdi [dbrs ^br wktc Mrktbki bie `de tg tcdlkibijkb` pdrk` kt dxpdrkdijde uitk` bltdr tcd Lrdijc ]dvgùtkgi (Igrtc bie ^dkinbst 2;3;). Ucd Mrktksc Jrgwi wbs bm`d tg mgrrgw `brnd suas gl agidy lrga wdb`tc gwidrsmdjbusd gl tcd jrdekmk`kty kt cbe dstbm`kscde tcrgunc sbldnubres8 cgwdvdr, tcd Lrdijcagibrjcs `bjhde sujc dbsy bjjdss tg luies. Ucd jrdekm`d jditrb`kzde beakikstrbtkvd sys-tda gl Mrktbki b``gwde tcd Jrgwi tg rbksd `brnd suas gl agidy lgr tcd wbr tcrgunc mgr-rgwkin, wckjc kt wguè igt cbvd gtcdrwksd mddi bm`d tg eg my skap`y rbkskin tbxds.Lkibijkin wbrs tcrgunc ibtkgib` edmt mdjbad b idw bie dlldjtkvd wby gl rbkskin jbpktb`.Zkijd pbr`kbadit jgistrbkide tcd bjtkgis gl mgtc tcd Jrgwi bie tcd jckdl akikstdrs, edmt lkibijkin wbs mgtc dbskdr bie qukjhdr. Tilgrtuibtd`y, tcd Lrdijc agibrjcs `bjhde sujcbmk`ktkds tg rbksd `brnd suas gl agidy bt scgrt igtkjd bie pbke tcd u`tkabtd prkjd gl rdeuj-kin tcd jguitry tg b sdjgie-rbtd ak`ktbry pgwdr, b`mdkt tdapgrbrk`y, ki tcd rdnkgi.

3 Ucd tdra kistktutkgi ks usde tg edsjrkmd mgtc lgrab` bie kilgrab` ru`ds gl tcd nbad(Igrtc 2;;?) bie kijùeds prgjdeurds, jgivditkgis, dekjts, `bws, bie sdts gl md`kdls.Kistktutkgis brd ekstkijt`y eklldrdit lrga grnbikzbtkgis, dvdi tcgunc sgad butcgrs usd tcdtdra kistktutkgis tg edsjrkmd grnbikzbtkgis. Grnbikzbtkgis (p`bydrs) gpdrbtd wktcki bspdjklkj kistktutkgib` strujturd gr ru`ds gl tcd nbad.

; Bs [usul (=??;6


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eurkin tcks ndstbtkgi pdrkge. Ucdrdlgrd, edsknikin bie kap`daditkinkitdrngvdriaditb` rdlgras rdqukrds tcd prdsjkdijd gl bi kidvktbmk`kty gl sujc gutjgads. Kt b`sg rdqukrds rd`dit`dss pg`ktkjb` suppgrt bie beakiks-trbtkvd jbpbjkty tcrguncgut tcd prgjdss tg b``gw prgpdr sdqudijkin gl rdlgras bie b jgijgaktbit b`kniadit gl vbrkgus kistktutkgib` adbsurdstg rdkilgrjd tcdsd rdlgras.

Zgad gl tcdsd lbjtgrs brd cknc`knctde ki Mbrecbi bie Agghcdrfdd(2;;3), wcdrd tcdy keditkly b sdt gl idjdssbry bie sullkjkdit jgiektkgislgr edjditrb`kzbtkgi tcbt wk`` `dbe tg supdrkgr (wd`lbrd-gptkakzkin) gut-jgads. Ucdsd gutjgads kij`ued b luijtkgikin `gjb` edagjrbjy, bedqubtdlksjb` butgigay lgr `gjb` ngvdriadits, bi bmsdijd gl kitdrjgaauiktydxtdrib`ktkds ki sdrvkjd prgvkskgi, bie beakikstrbtkvd bie tdjcikjb`dxpdrtksd ki `gjb` bie ibtkgib` ngvdriadit gllkjkb`s (ki pbrtkju`br kitdras gl cbvkin dqub` bjjdss tg bie mbrnbkikin pgwdr gvdr sdrvkjdprgvkedrs tcbt tcdy cbvd tg prgjurd). Ucus, tcd gutjgad gl edjditrb`kzb-tkgi rdlgras edpdies mgtc gi tcd jgitdxt wcdrd kt ks kap`daditde biegi tcd wby kt ks edsknide (Mbrecbi bie Agghcdrfdd =??


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2= Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

b``gwde wktcki b nkvdi jguitry ks `brnd`y b pg`ktkjb` edjkskgi. Ubhd tcd jbsdgl kaprgvkin dqukty tcrgunc dqub`kzbtkgi nrbits. Ucdsd trbisldrs, gltdirdldrrde tg bs ]gmki Cgge tbxds, brd kitdiede tg rdeujd cgrkzgitb` kamb`-bijdstcbt ks, tg nkvd b`` sumibtkgib` uikts b `dvd` gl lksjb` jbpbjkty tcbt b``gws tcda tg ed`kvdr b akikaua `dvd` gl sdrvkjds bt b jdrtbki jgst tg b``tcdkr rdskedits. Kl cgrkzgitb` kamb`bijd ks tg md rdsg`vde ki tcd sbad abi-idr tcbt ks usde tg beerdss vdrtkjb` kamb`bijd (tcbt ks, tcrgunc b nbp-lk``kinadjcbiksa), kt wk`` rdqukrd `brnd trbisldrs, wckjc scguè md bedqubtd tgdqub`kzd igt gi`y tcd rdvdiuds mut b`sg tcd bjtub` dxpdiekturds gl dbjcsumibtkgib` ngvdriadit. Zujc lksjb` editkstry egds igt abhd aujc sdisd(]bg bie Jcd``kbc 2;;2), mdjbusd rbkskin tcd pdr jbpktb kijgad gl b`` sum-ibtkgib` ngvdriadits tg tcd `dvd` gl tcd rkjcdst gid (tcbt ks, trykin tgbjckdvd kitdrpdrsgib` dqukty) scguè igt md jgilusde wktc tcd gmfdjtkvd gl rdeujkin kitdrrdnkgib` kidqukty, wckjc ks gid gl tcd abki ngb`s gl lksjbèdjditrb`kzbtkgi rdlgras (Mkre bie Ubrbsgv =??=).

Ucd bitkjkpbtde gutjgad gl dqub`kzbtkgi nrbits ks tg d`kakibtd tcdpgsskmk`kty tcbt kiekvkeub`s lrga pggr rdnkgis wk`` pby b ckncdr pdrjdit-bnd gl tcdkr kijgads tg rdjdkvd tcd sbad `dvd` gl sdrvkjds bs kiekvkeub`s

ki rkjc rdnkgis. Lgr dxbap`d, `gjb`ktkds wktc b ckncdr prgpgrtkgi gl jck`-erdi wk`` rdqukrd prgpgrtkgibtd`y nrdbtdr dxpdiekturd gi deujbtkgi(Mgbewby, ]gmdrts, bie Zcbc 2;;5). Mdjbusd sumibtkgib` ngvdriaditscbvd eklldrdit lksjb` jbpbjktkds, tcdy brd uibm`d tg prgvked tcd sbad `dv-d`s gl pum`kj sdrvkjds bt tcd sbad tbx rbtds6 tcd baguit gl pdr jbpktb rdv-diud rbksde lrga dbjc rdnkgi vbrkds mdjbusd tbx mbsds eklldr skniklkjbit`ylrga rdnkgi tg rdnkgi. Agst edjditrb`kzde lksjb` systdas kijgrpgrbtddqub`kzbtkgi nrbits lrga ckncdr `dvd`s gl ngvdriadit tg `gwdr `dvd`s tg

beerdss sujc kamb`bijds bjrgss rdnkgis gr sumibtkgib` uikts. \kdtibaprgvkeds b j`bsskj dxbap`d. Dvdi tcgunc tcd bvdrbnd pdr jbpktb kijgadgl `gw-kijgad prgvkijds ki \kdtiba ks gi`y ; pdrjdit gl tcbt gl rkjcdrprgvkijds, dxpdiekturds ki `gw-kijgad prgvkijds baguit tg 4; pdrjdit gl tcd dxpdiekturds ki rkjc prgvkijds mdjbusd gl trbisldrs lrga tcd jditrb`ngvdriadit (^grè Mbih =???).

Jditrb` ngvdriadits wk`` lbjd b sdrkgus ek`daab wcdi bttdaptkin tgrdjgijk`d tcd dqukty gmfdjtkvd my rdeujkin cgrkzgitb` kamb`bijd wktc tcdgmfdjtkvd gl bjckdvkin abjrgdjgigakj stbmk`kty tcrgunc tcd rdeujtkgi gl vdrtkjb` kamb`bijd. Ucd gi`y wby tg bjckdvd mgtc tcdsd gmfdjtkvds ks mykijrdbskin tcd jditrb`kzbtkgi gl tcd tbx mbsd8 cgwdvdr, jditrb`kzbtkgi gl tcd tbx mbsd wk`` rdeujd tcd lksjb` butgigay gl sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits,bi gutjgad tcbt jgitrbekjts tcd gmfdjtkvd gl bjckdvkin nrdbtdr dllkjkdijytcrgunc lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi. Zkak`br`y, skau`tbidgus bjckdvdadit gl


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Ks Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi Idjdssbry7 2:

`gjb` butgigay bie abjrgdjgigakj stbmk`kty tcrgunc rdeujtkgi gl tcdjgisg`kebtde lksjb` edlkjkt (vdrtkjb` kamb`bijd gr lksjb` nbp) jguè gjjurgi`y bt tcd dxpdisd gl prgagtkin nrdbtdr dqukty tcrgunc tcd rdeujtkgi gl cgrkzgitb` kamb`bijds.

Mdjbusd tcd tbx mbsd ks uidvdi`y ekstrkmutde, dspdjkb``y ki b jguitrygl ]usskbs skzd, tcd edjditrb`kzbtkgi gl tbxds wk`` nkvd rkjcdr rdnkgis bibevbitbnd gvdr pggr rdnkgis. Gid bevbitbnd gl tbx butgigay ks tcbt kt jguè beerdss ki b pdrabidit wby tcd ekllkju`t prgm`da gl vdrtkjb`kamb`bijd (Abrtkidz-\bzqudz =??>). Cgwdvdr, kt jguè `dbe tg `brndrcgrkzgitb` lksjb` ekspbrktkds, dspdjkb``y ki jbsds wcdrd tcd ndgnrbpckj eks-trkmutkgi gl djgigakj bjtkvktkds ks uidvdi`y sprdbe bjrgss tcd jguitry.

^ck`d bi uidvdi ekstrkmutkgi gl rdsgurjds prgvkeds b strgin jbsd lgrdqub`kzbtkgi, bi bttdapt tg kijrdbsd dqukty tcrgunc edjditrb`kzbtkgi gl tcd tbx mbsd wguè `khd`y jbusd b rdnkgib`kzbtkgi gl lksjb` surpùsds bieb ldedrb`kzbtkgi gl edlkjkts, tcus `dbekin tg b `brnd vdrtkjb` nbp bieabjrgdjgigakj kistbmk`kty (^grè Mbih 2;;


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Ucd ekllkju`ty gl mb`bijkin b`` tcrdd gmfdjtkvds abhds lksjb` edjditrb`-kzbtkgi b cknc`y pg`ktkjb` bjt8 tcdrdlgrd, kts sujjdss edpdies bs aujc gipg`ktkjb` bie kistktutkgib` jcgkjds bs gi tdjcikjb` jcgkjds, sujc bs tbx rbtds

gr lgrau`b-mbsde trbisldrs. Kiedde, _ruecgaad (2;;4) jgitdies tcbt mdjbusd edjditrb`kzbtkgi pg`kjy cbs b ckncdr pg`ktkjb` jgitdit tcbi agst gtcdr pg`kjkds, tcd wby kt ks kap`daditde, tcd eklldrdit lgras kt tbhds, tcdsdqudijkin gl edjditrb`kzbtkgi, bie sg gi edtdrakid kts sujjdss bs aujcbsgr dvdi agrd tcbitcd sumstbijd gl tcd pg`kjy. Kiktkb` jgiektkgisabttdr fust bs aujc, dspdjkb``y ki abiy trbisktkgi djgigakds, kij`uekin]usskb, wcdrd sgad gl tcd dssditkb` kinrdekdits lgr sujjdsskistktutkgib`bie beakikstrbtkvd jbpbjkty, ngge ngvdribijd, bjjguitbmk`kty, bie sgad gl

tcd mbskj edagjrbtkj prgjdssds sujc bs lrdd bie rdnu`br d`djtkgis, tg ibadb ldwwdrd kiktkb``y `bjhkin. Ki `knct gl b`` tcdsd jgap`dxktkds, tcd dxtdit gl edjditrb`kzbtkgi ldbskm`d ki b nkvdi ibtkgib` jgitdxt vbrkds. Ki sgadjbsds, pg`ktkjb` jgaprgaksds jbi md abed tg begpt agrd jgaprdcdiskvdrdlgras wktcki b scgrt spbi gl tkad, wcdrdbs ki gtcdr jbsds, sujc jgaprg-aksds aby cbvd tg md agrd nrbeub` gr aby igt md ldbskm`d bt b`` ki tcdlgrdsddbm`d luturd.

B sdjgie-mdst gptkgi gl edtdrakikin tcd dxtdit gl edjditrb`kzbtkgitcbt ks ldbskm`d wktcki b pbrtkju`br jguitry ditbk`s uidvdi trbed-glls kilbvgr gl gid pg`kjy ngb` gvdr bigtcdr. Ucdsd trbed-glls edpdie `brnd`y gitcd kiktkb` jgiektkgis uiedr wckjc rdlgras brd kitrgeujde, bie bs tcdsdjgiektkgis jcbind, tcd pbttdri gl trbed-glls wk`` b`sg tbhd idw lgras. Ucd`ktdrbturd gi eyibakj jcbinds ki kiktkb` jgiektkgis bie tcd jgijgaktbit trbislgrabtkgi gl tcd pbttdri gl trbed-glls ks spbrsd. B`tcgunc tcdgrkzkin

Ubm`d 2.2 Lksjb` Edjditrb`kzbtkgi6 Urkbinu`br Ek`daab

Gmfdjtkvds Gutjgad

Abjrgstbmk`kty (tcrgunc tcdrdeujtkgi gl vdrtkjb` kamb`bijd)

Nrdbtdr dqukty (tcrgunc tcdrdeujtkgi gl cgrkzgitb` kamb`bijd)

Nrdbtdr `gjb` lksjb` butgigay (`dbekin tgckncdr b``gjbtkvd dllkjkdijy)

Abjrgdjgigakj stbmk`kty Nrdbtdr `gjb` lksjb` butgigay Nrdbtdr dqukty bjrgss rdnkgis (rdeujtkgi

gl cgrkzgitb` kamb`bijd)

Mgtc gmfdjtkvds jgu`e md bjckdvde myrdjditrb`kzkin tcd tbx mbsd. Cgwdvdr,rdjditrb`kzbtkgi gl tcd tbx mbsd wk`` rdeujdlksjb` butgigay gl sumibtkgib` uikts biewk`` cbapdr b``gjbtkvd dllkjkdijy

^kedikin cgrkzgitb` kamb`bijdtcbt ks,kijrdbskin kidqukty bjrgss rdnkgis

^grsdikin abjrgdjgigakj stbmk`kty

Zgurjd6 Butcgrs.


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bmgut tcks rd`btkgisckp ks ekllkju`t, uiedrstbiekin sgad gl tcd hdy kap`d-aditbtkgi jcb``dinds, sujc bs tcd sdqudijkin gl rdlgras, tcd lgrau`btkgigl trbisldrs, tcd bsskniadit gl rdvdiud bie dxpdiekturd rdspgiskmk`ktkds tgvbrkgus `dvd`s gl ngvdriadit, bie tcd kitrgeujtkgi gl sgad ednrdd gl pg`ktkjb` bie beakikstrbtkvd butgigay lgr sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits, kskapgrtbit. B agrd prbnabtkj bpprgbjc tg lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi rdlgrasks, tcdrdlgrd, tg stbrt wktc rdb`kstkj ngb`s bie strbtdnkds bie b sdt gl kijdi-tkvds tcbt jguè b`kni hdy stbhdcgèdrs ki suppgrt gl tcgsd ngb`s8 gi`y tcdiwk`` edjditrb`kzbtkgi rdlgras nbki trbjtkgi dvdi wcdi tcd fustklkjbtkgislgr edjditrb`kzbtkgi brd wdbh. 2=

Bs aditkgide dbr`kdr, ]usskb cbs ekvdrsd j`kabtkj, ndgnrbpckj, djgigakj,ju`turb`, bie ckstgrkjb` jgiektkgis. Bs b rdsu`t, pdgp`d ki eklldrdit rdnkgiscbvd eklldrdit prdldrdijds lgr pum`kj ngges, bie tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit jbiigt dlldjtkvd`y keditkly prkgrktkds lgr tcd pgpu`btkgi gl dbjc rdnkgi.Ucdsd brnuadits lbvgr tcd cknc`y edjditrb`kzde ngvdribijd gl tcd jguitryspum`kj sdjtgr. Bt tcd sbad tkad, ]usskbs rdnkgis vbry jgiskedrbm`y ki tdrasgl tcdkr tbx mbsds bie lksjb` jbpbjkty, bie tcd `brnd ekspbrkty ki tcd rdnkgisdjgigakj sktubtkgis sunndsts tcbt tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit scguè rdb``gjbtd

lkibijkb` rdsgurjds. Ucd rdb``gjbtkgi luijtkgi gl tcd ldedrb` ngvdriaditsmuendtbry systda mdjgads dvdi agrd kapgrtbit mdjbusd gl tcd uidvdidjgigakj nrgwtc gl tcd rdnkgis bie tcd `khd`y jcbinds ki tcdkr pgpu`btkgiski tcd adekua tdra. 2:

Ucd brnuadits lgr bie bnbkist edjditrb`kzbtkgi rdqukrd kitdrngvdriadi-tb` lksjb` pg`kjy tg md l`dxkm`d digunc tg prgvked lgr b akikaua `dvd` gl pum`kj sdrvkjd lkibijkin ki pggrdr rdnkgis, wck`d skau`tbidgus`y stkau`btkindjgigakj nrgwtc ki rdnkgis bie auikjkpb`ktkds wktc tcd pgtditkb` lgr edvd`-

gpadit. Ug bjckdvd tcd gptkab` mb`bijd mdtwddi tcdsd twg ngb`s ki ]usskb,tcd jguitry iddes b mdttdr bsskniadit gl dxpdiekturd rdspgiskmk`ktkds bjrgsstcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit, rdnkgis, bie auikjkpb`ktkds bie bi kaprgvde b``g-jbtkgi gl rdvdiud sgurjds bjrgss eklldrdit tkdrs gl ngvdriadit. Bt tcdsbad tkad, tcd strujturd gl tcd dqub`kzbtkgi systda gl kitdrngvdriaditb`lksjb` rdlgras scguè igt jrdbtd sglt muendtbry jgistrbkits. Kt scguè b`sgakikakzd idnbtkvd lksjb` kijditkvds nrbitde tg sumibtkgib` butcgrktkds.

2= Ucks rdjgaadiebtkgi ks sgadwcbt gppgsde tg _ruecgaads (2;;4) brnuadit tcbt kl tcd bssuaptkgis gi wckjc tcd fustklkjbtkgi lgr edjditrb`kzbtkgi rdsts brd dktcdr wdbh-dide gr edstrgyde, sg tgg ks tcd jbsd lgr edjditrb`kzbtkgi.

2: Ki ]usskbs jbsd, pg`ktkjb` jgiskedrbtkgisbs gppgsde tg dllkjkdijy jrktdrkb gr ekvdrsdbeakikstrbtkvd jbpbmk`ktkds bjrgss rdnkgisbppdbr tg cbvd `de tg tcd kap`daditbtkgi gl bsyaadtrkj lksjb` brrbindadits (Abrtkidz\bzqudz =??=).


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2>

]usskbs ldedrb` strujturd ks ki abiy wbys skak`br tg tcbt gl tcd ]usskbiabtrygschb , wcdrd iuadrgus sab``dr eg``s brd jgap`dtd`y dijbsde ki b`brndr gid (lknurd =.2). B`tcgunc tcks jgapbrksgi dxbnndrbtds ]usskbsldedrb` strujturd, tcd ckdrbrjckjb` pbttdri ks vkrtub``y tcd sbad, ki tcbt sab``dr uikts brd dijbsde ki `brndr rdnkgib` bie ldedrb` strujturds. Bs gidstuey jgrrdjt`y pgkits gut (^gr`e Mbih 2;;


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rdjdit ydbrs. Bagin gtcdr tckins, tcd `bw dstbm`kscds b `kst gl rdspgiskmk`k-tkds lgr mgekds gl stbtd pgwdr gl ]usskbi rdnkgis bie b prgjdeurd lgr jgi-ldrrkin pgwdr gi tcd jckdl dxdjutkvd gl b sumfdjt gl tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi,wcg ks igakibtde my tcd prdskedit wktc ig b`tdribtkvd jbiekebtds kivg`vde.

Ucd ldedrb` @bw gi @gjb` Zd`l-Ngvdriadit (Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 2:2-LVgi Ndidrb` _rkijkp`ds gl tcd Grnbikzbtkgi gl @gjb` Zd`l-Ngvdriadit), bidw vdrskgi gl wckjc mdjbad dlldjtkvd ki =?? beakikstrbtkvd ghruns

=2 rdpum`kjs,5< gm`bsts, ; hrbks,

2 butgigagus gm`bst,5 butgigagus ghruns

= ldedrb` jktkds(Agsjgw, Zt._dtdrsmurn)

4=?jktkds

jkty ekstrkjts wktckildedrb` jktkds

=2,:= urmbi)

2,>;:rbkgis

Lknurd =.2 ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgis Ldedrb` Ztrujturd

Zgurjd6 Butcgrs.


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Beakikstrbtkvd bie Udrrktgrkb` Ekvkskgis 2;

Mgx =.2

Ztrujturd gl tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

]usskb ks b ldedrbtkvd stbtd wktc b rdpum`kjbi lgra gl ngvdribijd. Ucd jckdl dxdj-utkvd ks tcd prdskedit, wcg ks d`djtde tcrgunc uikvdrsb`, dqub`, ekrdjt, bie sdjrdtsullrbnd lgr b tdra gl lgur ydbrs. Bjjgrekin tg tcd jgistktutkgi, tcd sbad pdrsgijbiigt cgè tcd gllkjd gl prdskedit lgr agrd tcbi twg sujjdsskvd tdras. Ucd pbr-`kbadit ks tcd rdprdsditbtkvd bie `dnks`btkvd mrbijc gl tcd ngvdriadit bie jgi-sksts gl twg jcbamdrs gr cgusds6 tcd Ztbtd Euab bie tcd Ldedrbtkgi Jguijk`. Ucd

Ztbtd Euab, tcd `gwdr cgusd, cbs 54? edputkds, wcg brd adamdrs gl tcgsd pg`kt-kjb` pbrtkds tcbt sujjdsslu``y pbssde tcd > pdrjdit mbrrkdr (> pdrjdit gl tgtb` vgtds)bt d`djtkgis. D`djtkgis tg tcd euab brd cdè gi tcd mbsks gl uikvdrsb`, dqub`, ekrdjt,bie sdjrdt sullrbnd lgr b tdra gl lgur ydbrs. Ucd Ldedrbtkgi Jguijk`, tcd uppdrcgusd, b stbiekin mgey, jgisksts gl twg rdprdsditbtkvds lrga dbjc rdnkgi6 gidlrga tcd rdprdsditbtkvd mrbijc gl rdnkgib` ngvdriadit bie gid lrga tcd dxdju-tkvd mrbijc gl rdnkgib` ngvdriadit.

Mgx =.=

Ucd Ldedrbtkgi Jguijk`6 B ]ummdr Ztbap gl tcd _rdskedit7

Ucd kilùdijd tcbt tcd `dvd`s gl ngvdriadit dxdrt gi dbjc gtcdr ks ki prbjtkjd bgid-wby strddt6 tcd ldedrbtkgi ngvdriadit brnd`y edtdrakids rdnkgib` pg`kjkdsbie igt tcd gtcdr wby rguie. Ucd Ldedrbtkgi Jguijk`, wckjc ks suppgsde tgprgtdjt rdnkgib` kitdrdsts, ks ki dlldjt edldiekin ldedrb` kitdrdsts. Lgr kistbijd,tcd Ldedrbtkgi Jguijk` bpprgvde tcd prdskedits kiktkbtkvd tg jcbind tcd prgjdeurd lgr dstbm`ksckin tcd Ldedrbtkgi Jguijk`6 ngvdrigrs bie spdbhdrs gl rdnkgib` pbr`kbadits wdrd dxjùede lrga adamdrsckp, tcdrdmy sumstbitkb``ywdbhdikin tcd jguijk`s pg`ktkjb` j`gut. Ucd Ldedrbtkgi Jguijk` b`sg bpprgvdetcd prdskedits kiktkbtkvds tg jcbind tbx bie muendt `dnks`btkgi, wckjc bmg`-kscde b iuamdr gl rdnkgib` bie `gjb` tbxds bie `gwdrde tcd scbrd gl ldedrb` tbxds ngkin tg rdnkgib` muendts. Ucd adamdrs gl tcd Ldedrbtkgi Jguijk` wdrd

bàgst uibikagus ki tcdkr suppgrt gl tcd prdskedits kiktkbtkvd tg jcbind tcdprgjdeurd lgr d`djtkgi gl ngvdrigrs, wcg wk`` md d`djtde igt my tcd jktkzdis, mutmy dbjc rdnkgib` pbr`kbadit, wckjc wk`` vgtd lgr b skin`d jbiekebtd igakibtdemy tcd prdskedit.


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]usskbs sumibtkgib` strujturd jgisksts gl lgur `bydrs. = Bs gl Abrjc 2,=??3, tcd lkrst `bydr kijùeds 3: rdnkgis, wckjc brd rdldrrde tg bs sumfdjtsgl tcd ldedrbtkgi. Ucdsd sumfdjts jgiskst gl =2 rdpum`kjs (ibtkvd tdrrktgrkds),5< gm`bsts, ; hrbks, 5 butgigagus ghruns, 2 butgigagus gm`bst, bie tcd= ldedrb` jktkds gl Agsjgw bie Zt. _dtdrsmurn. Bjjgrekin tg tcd jgistktu-tkgi, b`` sumfdjts gl tcd ldedrbtkgi cbvd dqub` rkncts, mut tcd pgwdrs gl butgigagus ghruns brd kaktde my ldedrb` bws. Zpdjklkjb``y, tcd pgwdrs gl sumfdjts gl tcd ldedrbtkgi wktc rdspdjt tg tcd grnbikzbtkgi gl `gjb` sd`l-ngvdriadit brd `kaktde tg prgjdeurb` abttdrs, sujc bs dstbm`ksckin tcdmguiebrkds bie stbtus gl auikjkpb`ktkds bie lkxkin b ebtd lgr tcd lkrst auikjkpb` d`djtkgis.

]djdit`y, sdvdi ldedrb` ghruns (ldedrb` beakikstrbtkvd ekstrkjts) cbvdmddi dstbm`kscde, wckjc brd supdrkapgsde gi rdnkgis tg ekvked tcdjguitry kitg sdvdi beakikstrbtkvd ekstrkjts. Ucdsd ldedrb` ghruns brdmdst edsjrkmde bs edjgijditrbtde ldedrb` ngvdriadit uikts tcbt brd, bt `dbst ki tcdgry, bm`d tg prgvked sgad gvdrsknct bie jgitrg` gvdr sum-

fdjts gl tcd ldedrbtkgi, b`tcgunc tcd bjtub` `dnb` stbtus gl tcdsd uiktsrdabkis `brnd`y dùskvd. Bs gl Fbiubry =??>, tcd rdnkgis wdrd sumek-

vkede kitg 4=? `brndr jktkds (higwi bs ngrgeshgk ghruns) bie 2,>;: rurb`brdbs (auikjkpb` rbkgis). Ucd rbkgis brd sumekvkede kitg sab``dr sdtt`d-adits (jb``de pgsd`dikd), wckjc kijùed tgwis bie sab``dr rurb` brdbstcbt jgamkid twg gr tcrdd vk``bnds. ]usskb jurrdit`y cbs =2,). B`` `gjb`ngvdriadit uikts brd tcdgrdtkjb``y kiedpdiedit gl rdnkgib` ngvdri-adits ki tdras gl tcdkr muendtbry bie beakikstrbtkvd stbtus. Ki prbj-tkjd, cgwdvdr, tcdy edpdie cdbvk`y gi rdnkgib` trbisldrs bie rdnkgib`

pum`kj kivdstadit pg`kjkds.Ucd jgamkibtkgi gl b jgap`kjbtde sumibtkgib` strujturd bie tcdnrdbt ekvdrskty bjrgss tcd sumibtkgib` uikts ki tdras gl tcdkr dtcikjjgapgsktkgi, rdsgurjd diegwadit, kieustrkds, wdbtcdr, ndgnrbpckj`gjbtkgi bie jgiektkgis, sgjkgdjgigakj edvd`gpadit, bie sg gi pgsdsabfgr jcb``dinds ki edsknikin bi kitdrngvdriaditb` systda tcbt jbibjckdvd mgtc gmfdjtkvds gl dqukty bie dllkjkdijy. Lgr kistbijd, ki skx

=? Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

= Ucd lksjb` systda ks suppgsde tg jgiskst gl tcrdd gr lgur tkdrs, edpdiekin gi tcd typd gl furksekjtkgi6 ldedrb`, stbtd (rdnkgib`), jkty (gr rbkgi `dvd`tcbt ks, jguity `dvd`ki `kdu gl tcd jkty `dvd`), bie sdtt`dadits wktcki b rbkgi `dvd`. Mdjbusd gl tcd ekllkju`ty ki kap`dadit-kin b idw systda gl `gjb` sd`l-ngvdriadit jguitrywked, b trbisktkgi pdrkge ks ki dlldjt uitk`=??;. Jurrdit`y, `gjb` sd`l-ngvdriadit ks vkrtub``y igidxkstdit wktcki tcd ldedrb` jktkds gl Agsjgw bie Zt. _dtdrsmurn bie jgisksts gl gi`y twg tkdrs6 ldedrb` bie rdnkgib`.


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Beakikstrbtkvd bie Udrrktgrkb` Ekvkskgis =2

sumfdjts gl tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi, tcd pgpu`btkgi egds igt dxjdde>4,???, mut tcd ndgnrbpckj skzd gl dbjc ks jgapbrbm`d tg tcbt gl Ndrabiy. Zkak`br`y, tcd pgpu`btkgi gl tcd agst edisd`y pgpu`btderdnkgi, dvdi dxjùekin Agsjgw bie Zt. _dtdrsmurn, ks ?8 cdijd, b``gwkin tcdrdnkgi tg hddp b `brnd scbrd gl tcd rdvdiuds lrga tbxds gi gk` wguè `dbetg `brnd lksjb` ekspbrktkds bjrgss sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits. : Ldw gtcdrrdnkgis cbvd tcd bevbitbnd gl b `gjb` rdvdiud mbsd tcbt jguè jgvdr tcdkrdxpdiekturds abiy tkads gvdr.

Ucd jgijditrbtkgi gl dtcikj akigrktkds ks skak`br`y uimb`bijde. Akigrktkds

sujc bs Mbschkrs bie [bhuts brd jgijditrbtde ki jdrtbki ndgnrbpckj brdbs,bie tcd dtcikj-mbsde beakikstrbtkvd uikts, sujc bs tcd rdpum`kjs biebutgigagus ghruns, jgistktutd rgunc`y cb`l tcd jguitrys tdrrktgry (^b``kjc2;;5). Ki beektkgi, ]usskb cbs b wked ekvdrskty gl mgredrs, rbinkin lrgackstgrkjb` mgredrs tcbt jgkijked wktc tcd mguiebrkds gl lgradr Zgvkdt rdpum`kjs8 tg dtcikj mgredrs tcbt jgkijked wktc tcd mguiebrkds gl tdrrktgrkdspgpu`btde my pbrtkju`br dtcikj nrgups8 tg ibturb` mguiebrkds, sujc bs rkvdrs,aguitbkis, bie uiedvd`gpde tdrrktgrkds8 tg tcd sgjkgdjgigakj mguiebrkds

gl bi djgigakj bjtkvkty zgid. Ucks vbrkdty bees tg tcd jgap`dxkty gl beaki-kstrbtkgi ki tcd wgrès `brndst ldedrbtkgi.Ucd jgap`kjbtde beakikstrbtkvd ekvkskgi ks rggtde ki tcd ckstgry gl

]usskbi tdrrktgrkds bie tcd trbislgrabtkgis gl tcd pg`ktkjb` systda. Nkvditcd upcdbvb`s wcdrdmy gid pg`ktkjb` ekvkskgi prkijkp`d nbvd wby tg bigtcdr,tcd rbtkgib`d mdckie dxkstkin mguiebrkds ks igt b`wbys j`dbr. Ckstgrkjb`mguiebrkds cbvd survkvde gi`y ki tcd Durgpdbi pbrt gl ]usskb. Mdygie tcdTrb`s, wcdrd abiy tdrrktgrkds rdabki uiedvd`gpde, mguiebrkds tdie tg mdmbsde gi ndgnrbpckj ldbturds. Ucd mgredrs gl tcd rdpum`kjs brd ki sgadjbsds gi`y tcdgrdtkjb``y mbsde gi dtcikj jgijditrbtkgis mdjbusd tcd dtcikj

: Lgr dxbap`d, ki 2;;3, tcd eklldrdijd mdtwddi tcd ckncdst (Uyuadi Gm`bst) bie tcd`gwdst (Kinuscdtkb ]dpum`kj) NE_ pdr jbpktb wbs 23-lgè (Abrtkidz-\bzqudz =??=).


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pgpu`btkgi gltdi egds igt jgistktutd tcd abfgrkty gl tcd tgtb` pgpu`btkgi, 5

b`tcgunc ki abiy rdpum`kjs, tcd skzd gl tcd dtcikj akigrkty ks nrgwkin.Ucd vbnudidss gl dtcikj mgredrs ks tcd sgurjd gl tcd Hb`ayhs tdrrktgrkb`j`bkas bnbkist Bstrbhcbi Gm`bst bie tcd Murybts j`bkas bnbkist tcdbutgigagus ghruns gl Bnkishy bie Tst-Grekishy. Ucd mgredr mdtwdditcd Jcdjcdi ]dpum`kj bie Kinusc ]dpum`kj ks igt j`dbr`y ed`kidbtde dvdigi abps. ]dnkgis mbsde gi gtcdr tcbi dtcikj prkijkp`ds b`sg cbvd b `kst gl j`bkas bnbkist gtcdr rdnkgis, sujc bs Hrbsigebr Hrbks rdpgrtde kitditkgitg sdkzd mbjh Beyndyb ]dpum`kj, wckjc cbe sdpbrbtde lrga Hrbsigebrsgad tkad bng.

Ucd pbrbed lgr sgvdrdknity eurkin tcd dbr`y 2;;?s ki tcd wbhd gl tcdmrdbhup gl tcd Zgvkdt Tikgi kieujde tcd dtcikj akigrktkds qudst lgrpg`ktkjb` bie djgigakj kiedpdiedijd bie rdsu`tde ki tcd sp`kt gl tdrrktg-rkb` uikts bs lgrau`btde bt tcbt tkad bie tcd jrdbtkgi gl idw sumfdjts gl tcd ldedrbtkgi. Ucd djgigakj butgigay gl sgad brdbs wktcki rdnkgis gr tcdj`gsd ndgnrbpckj `gjbtkgis gl tcgsd brdbs tg tcdkr idkncmgrs b`sg abed tcdmguiebrkds mdtwddi tcda `brnd`y brmktrbry. Lgr kistbijd, Igrk`sh, wckjc ksigt b sumfdjt gl tcd ldedrbtkgi mut bi djgigakj brdb brguie tcd jkty gl

Igrk`sh, wbs tcd djgigakj jditdr gl Ubkayr Butgigagus Ghrun, wktckiwckjc Igrk`sh dxkstde bs bi dij`bvd. Lgrab``y, Igrk`sh ld`` uiedr tcd furks-ekjtkgi gl Hrbsigybrsh Hrbk, wktc wckjc kt cbe ig jgaagi mgredr mut tgwckjc Igrk`sh pbke agst gl kts tbxds. 4 Gtcdr dxbap`ds brd Hgak-_draybtshy Butgigagus Ghrun, wckjc nrbvktbtde tgwbre djgigakjb``ybie ndgnrbpckjb``y `brndr _dra Gm`bst (tcd twg lgrade _dra Hrbk ki=??4), bie Hbajcbthb Gm`bst, wckjc lgrade b skak`br b``kbijd wktcHgrybh Butgigagus Ghrun.

Ucd ekvdrskty mdtwddi vbrkgus brdbs wktcki ]usskb j`dbr`y ckiedrs tcdedvd`gpadit gl syaadtrkj rd`btkgis mdtwddi tcda bie tcd ldedrb` ngv-driadit, tcus abhkin b jbsd lgr jgisg`kebtkgi tcrgunc adrndrs. < Ucd lkrst prbjtkjb` stdps tgwbre jgisg`kebtkgi wdrd tbhdi ki =??5, lg``gwkin bi

== Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

5 Bjjgrekin tg tcd =??= B``-]usskb _gpu`btkgi Jdisus (Ldedrb` Ztbtd Ztbtkstkjs Zdrvkjd=??5), tcd tkt`d ibtkgi bjjguitde lgr agrd tcbi 4? pdrjdit gl tcd pgpu`btkgi ki gi`y3 gl =2 rdpum`kjs bie ki gi`y = gl 2? butgigagus ghruns. Dvdi ki pg`ktkjb` cdbvy-

wdkncts sujc bs Mbschgrtgstbi, Mbschkrs bjjguit lgr gi`y :? pdrjdit gl tcd pgpu`btkgi.4 Hrbsigybrsh Hrbk, Ubkayr Butgigagus Ghrun, bie Dvdih Butgigagus Ghrun lgradeb idw Hrbsigybrsh Hrbk ki =??>.

< B`tcgunc bsyaadtrkj edjditrb`kzbtkgi cbs sgad bevbitbnds ki au`tkdtcikj bie ndgnrbpc-kjb``y ekvdrsd sdttkins, kt jgu`e `dbe tg b eklldrdit sdt gl jcb``dinds, bs ks j`dbr ki ]usskbs jbsdwcdrd, bsyaadtrkj edjditrb`kzbtkgi `de tg cund jgsts. Lgr kistbijd, sgad gl tcd pg`ktkjb`trkb`s bie trkmu`btkgis tcbt ]usskb wdit tcrgunc bie tcd rdsu`tkin gutjgads, sujc bs lksjb`


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Beakikstrbtkvd bie Udrrktgrkb` Ekvkskgis =:

gllkjkb` edjkskgi tg adrnd _dra Gm`bst bie Hgak-_draybtshy Butgigagus

Ghrun bs gl Edjdamdr 2, =??4. Ucd `kst gl brdbs wckjc cbvd rdjdit`yadrnde brd nkvdi ki tbm`d =.2.B`tcgunc tcd ngvdrigrs gl rd`dvbit sumfdjts gl tcd ldedrbtkgi lgrab``y

prgpgsde tcdsd adrndrs, wckjc cbe tg md bpprgvde my rdldrdieb, tcdsdrdnkgib` kiktkbtkvds wdrd bi gutjgad gl tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadits pg`ktkjb`bie lkibijkb` kilùdijd, wckjc kt usde tg pusc lgr adrndrs. Gid jbsd ki pgkit ks tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadits jgaaktadit tg dxpbie kts kivdstadit prgnrbaki Hrbsigybrsh Hrbk bie Ubkayr bie Dvdih Butgigagus Ghruns lgr tcdditkrd trbisktkgi pdrkge bie jgijurrdit`y tg jgitkiud prgvkekin ldedrb`dqub`kzbtkgi trbisldrs tg tcd ghruns. Zkak`br`y, b jrued gk` dxp`grbtkgiprgnrba wk`` md uiedrtbhdi ki tcd idw`y dstbm`kscde _dra Hrbk tcbt wk``,lgr tcd agst pbrt, md lkibijde lrga tcd ldedrb` muendt.

B`sg gi tcd bndieb brd pgsskm`d adrndrs mdtwddi Brjcbind`sh Gm`bst bieIdidts Butgigagus Ghrun bie mdtwddi Ztbvrgpg` Hrbk bie Hbrbjcbdvg-Jkrjbsskbi ]dpum`kj. Gtcdr pgtditkb` jbiekebtds lgr adrndrs brd tcd rkjcdst sumfdjts gl tcd ldedrbtkgi, kijùekin [bab`g-Ididts Butgigagus Ghrun,Hcbity-Abisk Butgigagus Ghrun, bie Uyuadi Gm`bst. Cgwdvdr, ki =??5

Ubm`d =.2 Adrndrs gl Zumfdjts gl tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

Adrnkin ]usskbiLdedrbtkgi sumfdjts

Ibad gl tcd idw ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

sumfdjt Ebtd gl

jgisg`kebtkgi Urbisktkgib` pdrkge

_dra Gm`bstHgak-_draybtshy BG

(Butgigagus Ghrun)

_dra Hrbk Edjdamdr 2,=??4

Mdlgrd Fbiubry :2, =??>

Hrbsigybrsh Hrbk Ubkayr BGDvdih BG

Hrbsigybrsh Hrbk Fbiubry 2, =??> Mdlgrd Edjdamdr :2, =??>

Hbajcbthb Gm`bst

Hgrybh BG

Hbajcbthb Hrbk Fu`y 2, =??> Mdlgrd Edjdamdr :2, =??3

Krhutsh Gm`bstTst-Greb Murkbt BG

Krhutsh Gm`bst Fbiubry 2, =??3 Mdlgrd Fbiubry 2, =??;

Jcktb Gm`bstBnkish-Murybt BG

Vbmbfhb`sh Hrbk Abrjc 2, =??3 Mdlgrd Fbiubry 2, =??;

Zgurjd6 Ldedrb` jgistktutkgib` `bws.

krrdspgiskmk`kty, djgigakj stbnibtkgi, bie tcd bmsdijd gl b uiklkde `dnb` systda tcrguncgut ]usskbigt tg aditkgi tcd jguitrys uidvdi ndgnrbpckj ekstrkmutkgi gl rdsgurjdsjguè`brnd`y md bttrkmutde tg kts bsyaadtrkj ldedrb`ksa (Abrtkidz-\bzqudz =??=8 _g`kscjcuh =???).


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=5 Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

tcd tcrdd sumfdjts sknide b trdbty tcbt ed`kidbtde tcdkr rdspgiskmk`ktkds lgr btdra gl lkvd ydbrs, wckjc adbis tcbt [bab`g-Ididts bie Hcbity-AbiskButgigagus Ghruns wk`` rdabki kiedpdiedit gl Uyuadi Gm`bst bt `dbst uitk` =?2?.

Kl b`` tcgsd adrndrs, b`gin wktc tcgsd jgiskedrde cknc`y ui`khd`y(mdtwddi Agsjgw bie Agsjgw Gm`bst bie mdtwddi Zt. _dtdrsmurn bie@dikinrbe Gm`bst) tbhd p`bjd, tcd iuamdr gl sumfdjts gl tcd ldedrbtkgiwk`` lb`` lrga tcd jurrdit 3: tg >5 (3; dxkstde mdlgrd tcd lkrst adrndr), >

wckjc wgu`e stk` md b rdjgre iuamdr gl tdrrktgrkb` ekvkskgis lgr b ldedrb-tkvd stbtd. Zujc adrndrs tcus brd ui`khd`y tg skniklkjbit`y kaprgvd tcdjguitrys abibndbmk`kty. Adrndrs mdtwddi rdnkgis kivbrkbm`y rui kitg tcdprgm`da gl kitdrngvdriaditb` lksjb` rd`btkgis bie ekstrkmutkgi gl tbxds,dspdjkb``y ki tcd jbsd gl tcd akidrb` dxtrbjtkgi tbx, gi wckjc sgad rdnkgisrd`y cdbvk`y. Ucus, rdnkgis wktc sjbrjd akidrb` rdsgurjds bie kisullkjkdit kieustrkb` jbpbjkty brd aujc agrd rdbek`y tb`hde kitg adrndrs tcbistrgindr bie wdb`tckdr rdnkgis.

My `bw, b adrndr aust md prdjdede my b rdldrdieua, wckjc scgu`edxp`bki tcd pdrsgib` mdidlkts tg md edrkvde lrga b adrndr ki b strbknctlgr-

wbre abiidr tg dvdry rdskedit. ^cdi tcd rdskedits gl b rkjcdr rdnkgiuiedrstbie tcbt tcd kidvktbm`d jgisdqudijd wk`` md b ergp ki pdr jbpktbmuendt rdvdiuds kl tcdy adrnd wktc b pggrdr rdnkgi, tcdy brd ui`khd`y tgbpprgvd biy sujc adrndr. Ucdrdlgrd, dvdi tcgunc lurtcdr adrndrs brdpgsskm`d, tcdy brd ui`khd`y tg gjjur gi b abss sjb`d.

> Ucd Akikstry gl ]dnkgib` Edvd`gpadit ks eksjusskin tcd kedb gl ekvkekin ]usskb kitg =:rdnkgis, mut biy sujc jcbind ks ui`khd`y tg tbhd p`bjd ki tcd idbr luturd.


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=4

Ucd ckstgry gl kitdrngvdriaditb` rd`btkgis ki ]usskb cd`ps dxp`bki tcddadrndijd gl kts jgap`kjbtde kitdrngvdriaditb` edskni. Ucd kitdrngvdri-aditb` systda cbs mddi uiedrngkin b sdrkds gl jcbinds skijd tcd dbr`y2;;?s, bie eurkin tcks pdrkge, lksjb` edjditrb`kzbtkgi cbs skniklkjbit`ytrbislgrade tcd jguitry. Ucdsd rdlgras wdrd dxpdjtde tg kaprgvd tcdkitdrngvdriaditb` systda bie abjrgdjgigakj stbmk`kty mut cbvd lbjdeskniklkjbit kap`daditbtkgi jcb``dinds. Zgad gl tcd jcb``dinds rdsu`tde

lrga tcd kicdrdit ibturd gl sujc rdlgras, wckjc rdqukrde jgaprgaksdsbagin tcd abiy stbhdcg`edrs. Zumibtkgib` uikts wcgsd rdspgiskmk`ktkds cbecktcdrtg mddi abrnkib`kzde sueedi`y lguie tcdasd`vds cbvkin tg uiedrtbhdagrd abiebtds wktc ldwdr rdsgurjds. ]dnkgis tcbt wdrd diegwde wktc tcdmu`h gl tcd jguitrys ibturb` rdsgurjds jrktkjkzde rdlgras tcbt wgu`e sknikl-kjbit`y rdeujd tcdkr scbrd gl `gjb` tbx rdvdiuds. Zgad rdpum`kjs, sujc bsMbschgrtgstbi bie Ubtbrstbi, uik`btdrb``y kistktutde b skin`d-jcbiid` tbxrdnkad ki dbr`y 2;;=, wckjc rdakttde gi`y b pgrtkgi gl tbxds tg tcd ldedrb`

ngvdriadit, bie my 2;;:, tcd iuamdr gl gm`bsts tcbt cbe kap`daditde tckssbad adbsurd cbe kijrdbsde lrga =? tg :? (@ktvbjh 2;;5). Ki bi dllgrt tgbjqukrd agrd butgigay tcbi tcdy cbe difgyde eurkin tcd Zgvkdt drb, biuamdr gl rdnkgis tcbt `bjhde biy spdjkb` mbrnbkikin pgwdrs stbrtde tgedabie agrd butgigay my sddhkin tcd stbtus gl rdpum`kjs.

J C B _ U D ] :

Ckstgry gl Kitdrngvdriaditb`]d`btkgis


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Ucd jgiektkgis uiedr wckjc ]usskb cbe tg rdlgra kts kitdrngvdri-aditb` systda wdrd sg uikqud tcbt trbektkgib` bpprgbjcds rdjgaadiedeki tcd `ktdrbturd (Ausnrbvd 2;4;, 2;3:8 Gbtds 2;>=8 Ukdmgut 2;4


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rbtcdr tcbi bs b ndiukid bttdapt tg kijrdbsd dllkjkdijy tcrgunc edjditrb`-kzbtkgi.: Jgivdrsd`y, tcd tbx-scbrkin brrbindadits nrbitde tg rdnkgiswktcgut b prgpdr bsskniadit gl dxpdiekturd rdspgiskmk`ktkds jguè cbvd`de tg sdrkgus abjrgdjgigakj kistbmk`kty, bs cbppdide ki sgad gl tcd@btki Badrkjbi jguitrkds. 5 Ucd nrdbtdr eksjrdtkgibry spdiekin gppgrtu-iktkds nrbitde tg sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits tcrgunc dxtrbmuendtbry luiescbvd mddi bigtcdr hdy lbjtgr kilùdijkin tcdkr pusc lgr nrdbtdr butgigay(Mbc` bie ^b``kjc 2;;4).

Ki tcd 2;;?s, tcd dxjdsskvd dxpdiekturd gm`knbtkgis gl rdnkgib` ngv-driadits, kijùekin tcd uiluiede ldedrb` abiebtds gi tcd gid cbiebie sglt muendt jgistrbkits gi tcd gtcdr, de tg bi bjjuau`btkgi gl gvdr-eud `kbmk`ktkds my rdnkgib` ngvdriadits. Ug pby gll tcdsd `kbmk`ktkds, abiyrdnkgib` ngvdriadits tggh tg bjjdptkin ki-hkie pbyadits gl tbxds, bagvd tcbt put tcd ditkrd muendtbry systda bt rksh. Ug mrkin tcd sktub-tkgi uiedr jgitrg`, tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit dstbm`kscde muendt edlkjkt jdk`kins lgr sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits bie tggh b iuamdr gl spdjkbàdbsurds, kijùekin edmt swbps bie autub` sdtt`dadits gl gvdreud gm`k-nbtkgis mdtwddi sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits bie tcd prkvbtd sdjtgr. Ucd

adbsurds wdrd agedrbtd`y sujjdsslu`, mut tcdy rdsu`tde ki tcd nrgwtcgl uibjhigw`dende ngvdriadit gm`knbtkgis. Ucgsd tcbt wdrd abiebtdemy `bw mut wdrd igt muendtde lgr eke igt jgitrkmutd tg muendt edlkjkts.Ucd 2;;3 lkibijkb` jrksks cbe b cdb`kin dlldjt gi tcd muendtbry systda,mdjbusd bjjd`drbtde kil`btkgi rdeujde tcd baguit gl bjjuau`btde gvdr-eud `kbmk`ktkds gl sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits ki rdb` tdras, bie tcd djgigakjnrgwtc tcbt lg``gwde tcd jrksks pdrakttde tcda tg pby gll tcdkr gm`knb-tkgis. Cgwdvdr, tcd prgm`da gl uiluiede abiebtds wbs igt lu``y rdsg`vde

uitk` =??4, tcd ydbr gl dxpdiekturd bsskniadit rdlgra.Ubm`d :.2 prdsdits tcd abki stbnds gl edvd`gpadit ki kitdrngvdriadi-tb` lksjb` rd`btkgis ki ]usskb.

Ckstgry gl Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]d`btkgis =>

: Zcbrde tbxds jguè tbhd abiy lgras. Ucdy jguè md b scbrd gl jditrb` tbxds l`gwkin tgtcd sumibtkgib` ngvdriadit, gr tcdy jguè rdprdsdit b pgrtkgi gl sumibtkgib` ngvdri-adit tbxds wcgsd rbtd ks edtdrakide my tcd sumibtkgib` ngvdriadit mut wcgsd jg``dj-

tkgi ks b jditrb` ngvdriadit rdspgiskmk`kty. Ki tcd lgradr jbsd, tcd scbrkin gl tbxds mytcd jditrb` ngvdriadit bjtub``y baguits tg igtckin mut bi kitdrngvdriaditb` trbis-ldr8 ki tcd `bttdr jbsd, kt ks tru`y sumibtkgib` mdjbusd tcd rbtd ks edtdrakide my tcd sum-ibtkgib` ngvdriadit (Mkre bie Ubrbsgv =??=).

5 Lgr kistbijd, Mrbzk`s 2;33 jgistktutkgi abiebtde b cund kijrdbsd ki ldedrb` tbx scbr-kin wktcgut biy prgvkskgis tg b``gw tcd edvgùtkgi gl spdiekin rdspgiskmk`ktkds. Ucks skt-ubtkgi `de tg rdjurrdit edlkjkts bt tcd ldedrb` `dvd` (Murhk, _drry, bie Ek``kindr 2;;;).


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Ubm`d :.2 Abki Ztbnds ki tcd Edvd`gpadit gl Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]d`btkgis

[dbrs Ak`dstgids

2;;2;: Zpgitbidgus edjditrb`kzbtkgi2;;26 Au`tk`dvd` muendtbry systda sdt up2;;26 Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 244?-2 @bwGi `gjb` sd`l-ngvdriadit 2;;26 Ldedrb` @bw Ig. =223-2Gi tcd lguiebtkgi gl tcd tbx systda begptde2;;=6 Ldedrbtkvd Bnrddadit sknide my agst sumfdjts gl tcd ldedrbtkgi2;;:6 Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 53?>-2 Gi tcd lguiebtkgi gl tcd muendtbry rkncts bie tcd rkncts tg lgra bie usd dxt

stbtd bie dxdjutkvd pgwdr gl tcd rdpum`kjs jgistktutkin tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi, butgigagus gm`bsts, butgl Agsjgw bie Zt _dtdrsmurn, bie `gjb` sd`l-ngvdriadits begptde

2;;:6 ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi jgistktutkgi begptde2;;5;3 Lgrab`kzbtkgi gl tcd ru`ds

2;;56 Tiklgra scbrkin rbtds lgr ldedrb` scbrde tbxds kitrgeujde lgr agst ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi sumfdjts bie tcdZuppgrt gl ]dnkgis dstbm`kscde

2;;46 Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 245-LVGi ndidrb` prkijkp`ds gl tcd grnbikzbtkgi gl `gjb` sd`l-ngvdriadit begptde2;;>6 Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 2=


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=???6 Ubx Jged6 _brt KK begptde=???6 Muendt Jged jbad kitg lgrjd=??26Lksjb` ldedrb`ksa strbtdny up tg =??4begptde

=??=?5 Bsskniadit gl pgwdr bie `gjb` ngvdriadit rdlgra=??=6 Lksjb` ldedrb`ksa strbtdny up tg =??4 kap`daditde=??:6 Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 2:2-LVGi Ndidrb` _rkijkp`ds gl tcd Grnbikzbtkgi gl @gjb` Zd`l-Ngvdriadit begptd=??56 My Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 2==-LV, Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 235-LV (bsskniadits rd`btkin tg fgkit furksekjtkgi

ngvdriadits), tcd Muendt Jged (bsskniadit gl rdvdiud sgurjds, trbisldr b``gjbtkgi systda) badiede, 24? lded5? ldedrb` `bws bmg`kscde, ldedrb` abiebtds jbijd`de

=??56 Ngvdrigrs ig gindr d`djtde my ekrdjt vgtd8 kistdbe tcdy brd tg md bppgkitde my rdnkgib` dnks`bjbiekebtd my tcd prdskedit gl ]usskb

=??4?3 Lksjb` rdjditrb`kzbtkgi=??46 Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 2==-LV jbad kitg lgrjd6 rdspgiskmk`ktkds bie pgwdrs bssknide, ldedrb` abiebtds=??


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Zpgitbidgus Edjditrb`kzbtkgi, 2;;2;:

^ktc tcd ekssg`utkgi gl tcd Zgvkdt Tikgi ki Edjdamdr 2;;2 bie tcdlgrabtkgi gl tcd Jgaagiwdb`tc gl Kiedpdiedit Ztbtds, tcd pg`ktkjb`rdnkad wbs agrd jgijdride bmgut bjckdvkin abjrgdjgigakj biepg`ktkjb` stbmk`kty tcbi dstbm`ksckin bi dlldjtkvd ngvdriadit strujturd.Dvdi sgad gl tcd lksjb` rdlgras uiedrtbhdi dbr`y gi, sujc bs trbisldr-rkin dxpdiekturd rdspgiskmk`ktkds tg tcd rdnkgis, wdrd jbrrkde gut prk-abrk`y lgr abjrgdjgigakj rdbsgis8 agrd spdjklkjb``y, tg rdeujd tcdjditrb` ngvdriadits lksjb` muredi. Bmgut 2> pdrjdit gl jgisg`kebtde

ngvdriadit dxpdiekturds wdrd trbisldrrde lrga tcd ldedrb` ngvdri-adit tg sumibtkgib` ngvdriadits bs kiekjbtde my tcd scbrp kijrdbsdlrga 2;;= tg 2;;: ki lknurd :.2. B`tcgunc tcks jcbind dbsde tcd lksjb`muredi gi tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit, tcd trbisldr gl sgad dxpdiekturdrdspgiskmk`ktkdssujc bs tcgsd lgr sgjkb` wd`lbrd, lgr `gjb` trbispgrtb-tkgi prkjd sumskekds, bie lgr pum`kj utk`ktkdsjrdbtde pg`ktkjb` tdiskgimdtwddi tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit bie tcd rdnkgis.

Jgijurrdit`y wktc tcd trbisldr gl ldedrb` pgwdrs tg tcd sumibtkgib``dvd`, tcd djgigay uiedrwdit sgad abfgr trbislgrabtkgis6 tcd pum`kjsdjtgrs scbrd gl NE_ edj`kide lrga 4= pdrjdit ki 2;;= tg 5= pdrjdit ki2;;58 tcd jbapbkni tg prkvbtkzd vbrkgus ditktkds wbs gingkin8 bie ditdr-prksds wdrd trbisldrrkin sgjkb` lbjk`ktkds tcdy cbe prdvkgus`y gwide, sujcbs cguskin, cdb`tc jbrd kistktutkgis, bie deujbtkgib` dstbm`kscadits, tg`gjb` ngvdriadits mb`bijd scddts.

:? Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

=?%

=4%

:?%

:4%

5?%

54%

4?%

44%


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Ucd lkrst d`djtkgis gl ngvdrigrs tggh p`bjd ki Fuid 2;;2 ki Agsjgw,Zt. _dtdrsmurn, bie Ubtbrstbi. D`djtde cdbes gl rdnkgis wdrd bm`d tg tbhd bstrgindr pgsktkgi ki idngtkbtkgis wktc tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit. Zgad bjb-edakjs cbvd brnude tcbt pgpu`br`y d`djtde cdbes gl rdnkgis skniklkjbit`ywdbhdide tcd jcbki gl jgaabie mdtwddi tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit bie tcdrdnkgis, tcdrdmy prdvditkin tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit ki ]usskb lrga pursu-kin b jgcdrdit nrgwtc strbtdny, ui`khd tcd ngvdriadit ki Jckib (M`bijcbrebie Zc`dkldr =???). Kiedde, ldedrb` butcgrktkds wdrd lgrjde tg idngtkbtdwktc dbjc gl tcd rdnkgis lg``gwkin tcd d`djtkgiski stbrh jgitrbst wktc tcddbr`kdr stbtd gl bllbkrs, wcdrdmy tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit ekjtbtde tdras tgsumibtkgib` butcgrktkds (Abrtkidz-\bzqudz bie Mgdx =??2).

Bs b jguitdrmb`bijd tg strgin rdnkgis, tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit kitrg-eujde d`djtkgi gl cdbes gl `gjb` sd`l-ngvdriadits. Ucd lkrst @bw gi @gjb`Zd`l-Ngvdriadit (Ldedrb` @bw Ig. 244?-2), begptde ki 2;;2, nubrbi-tdde d`djtkgis lgr tcd cdbes gl beakikstrbtkgis (d`djtkgis lgr mgekds gl tcdrdprdsditbtkvd mrbijc gl ngvdriadit cbe mddi nrbitde ki 2;;? my Zgvkdt `bw). Ucd idw `bw b`sg ekssg`vde `gjb` dxdjutkvd jgaakttdds, wckjc cbemddi tcd `gwdst `dvd` gl tcd ckdrbrjcy gl tcd stbtd beakikstrbtkgi. Ug rdn-

u`btd muendtbry kssuds, tcd @bw gi tcd Mbskj _rkijkp`ds gl tcd MuendtbryZystda bie Muendtbry _rgjdss wbs begptde ki 2;;2, bie wktc tcd 2;;2@bw gi tcd Lguiebtkgi gl tcd Ubx Zystda, b `kst gl tbxds bjjrukin tgrdnkgib` bie `gjb` muendts wbs dstbm`kscde. Cgwdvdr, tcd ldedrb` ngvdri-adit rdnu`btde tcd mbsds bie tcd rbtds gl tcdsd tbxds bie rdtbkide tcdpgwdr tg jg``djt `gjb` tbxds.

Ucd 2;;: @bw gi tcd Lguiebtkgi gl Muendtbry ]kncts bie tcd ]kncts tgLgra bie Tsd Dxtrbmuendtbry Luies my Mgekds gl Ztbtd bie Dxdjutkvd

_gwdrs gl tcd ]dpum`kjs Jgistktutkin tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi, ButgigagusGm`bsts, Butgigagus Ghruns, Hrbks, Gm`bsts, tcd Jktkds gl Agsjgw bieZt. _dtdrsmurn, bie @gjb` Zd`l-Ngvdriadits nbvd sumfdjts gl tcd ldedrb-tkgi tcd rknct tg usd dxtrbmuendtbry luies, wckjc rdeujde tcd trbispbrdijygl tcd muendtbry systda. ]dnkgib` butcgrktkds, cgwdvdr, lbk`de tg gmsdrvdabiy gl tcd prgvkskgis gl ldedrb` `bws bie rdnu`btkgis (@bvrgv 2;;3).

Ki 2;;:, wcdi tcdsd `bws wdrd dibjtde, kitdrngvdriaditb` trbisldrswdrd idngtkbtde mdtwddi tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit bie kiekvkeub` rdnkgisrbtcdr tcbi edtdrakide bjjgrekin tg b uiklgra lgrau`b. Zcbrds gl rd`d-vbit tbxds wdrd sdt sdpbrbtd`y lgr dbjc rdnkgi, bie ldedrb` sumvditkgisjgvdrde tcd muendt edlkjkt. Ki bjjgrebijd wktc tcd biiub` `bws gi tcdldedrb` muendt, tcd rdnkgis rdjdkvde sumskekds (igidbrabrhde trbisldrs) tgjgvdr tcd dstkabtde nbp mdtwddi tcdkr jurrdit dxpdiekturds bie jurrdit rdvdiuds, bs wd`` bs dbrabrhde trbisldrs lgr jbpktb` dxpdiekturds. Ug

Ckstgry gl Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]d`btkgis :2


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dstkabtd tcd nbp, tcd ldedrb` Akikstry gl Lkibijd jbad up wktc b rdnkgib`rdvdiud lgrdjbst bie dstkabtde rdnkgib` spdiekin iddes. Ucd `bttdr dstk-abtd wbs mbsde prkabrk`y gi bjtub` jg``djtde rdvdiuds bie rdpgrtdedxpdiekturds bie tcdi befustde eurkin idngtkbtkgis mdtwddi tcd ldedrbÀkikstry gl Lkibijd bie dbjc rdnkgi. Ucd b``gjbtkgis gl dbrabrhde jbpktb`trbisldrs rdl`djtde tcd pg`ktkjb` wdknct gl spdjklkj rdnkgis.

Ucks hkie gl lksjb` rdnu`btkgi prgvkede idnbtkvd kijditkvds tg tcdrdnkgis6 tcd agrd rdvdiuds b rdnkgi ndidrbtde, tcd `dss ldedrb` lkibijkb`suppgrt kt rdjdkvde gr tcd `gwdr tcd prgpgrtkgi gl scbrde tbxds (sumfdjt tg biiub` rdvkskgi) kt wbs b``gwde tg rdtbki. Ki 2;;5, uiklkde scbrds gl tcd tcrdd abfgr stbtd tbxds (dxjùekin tcd vbùd beede tbx, gr \BU)ditdrprksd prglkts tbx, pdrsgib` kijgad tbx, bie dxjksd tbxdswdrdbssknide tg jgisg`kebtde rdnkgib` muendts lgr b pdrkge gl lkvd ydbrs. 4

Lrga tcd lgrab` pgkit gl vkdw, tcd Ldedrbtkvd Bnrddaditb trdbtytcbt agst rdnkgis sknide ki Abrjc 2;;=abrhde b skniklkjbit stdp kitcd edvd`gpadit gl lksjb` ldedrb`ksa. Gid gl tcd abki gmfdjtkvds gl tcdbnrddadit wbs tg rdnu`btd tcd pgwdr strunn`d mdtwddi tcd ldedrb` ngv-driadit bie tcd rdnkgis8 cgwdvdr, strgin rdnkgis, kijùekin ibtkgib`

rdpum`kjs sujc bs Mbschgrtgstbi, Ubtbrstbi, bie Zbhcb ([bhutkb), sknidemk`btdrb` bnrddadits wktc tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit. Zgad gl tcd rdpum`kjstcbt rdlusde tg skni tcd trdbty rdjdkvde lbvgrbm`d trdbtadit mdjbusd tcdywdrd diegwde wktc gk` bie akidrb` edpgskts. Ki `btdr ydbrs, tcd ldedrb`ngvdriadit jgijùede skak`br bnrddadits lgrab`kzkin tcd bsyaadtrkjbèdvgùtkgi gl ldedrb` pgwdrs wktc gtcdr rdnkgis.

Lgr kistbijd, my ake 2;;> pdrjdit eurkin tcd sbad pdrkge (Nbkebr 2;;


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jgistktutkgi, begptde ki 2;;:, strdintcdide tcd rg`d gl tcd ldedrb` ngv-driadit bie skniklkde tcd prdsdrvbtkgi gl tcd stbtd edspktd tcdsd strginjditrklunb` tdiedijkds. Abiy gtcdr stuekds cbvd rdbjcde b skak`br jgijù-skgi, kijùekin ^grè Mbih (2;; Abiy jguitrkds, sujc bs Md`nkua, Jbibeb, Kiekb, bie Zpbki, cbvd kap`daditde bsya-adtrkj edjditrb`kzbtkgi gl pgwdrs tg mdttdr beerdss dxkstkin rdnkgib`, dtcikj, bie `ki-nukstkj ekvdrsktkds (Ztdpbi 2;;;).


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mdjbusd gl tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadits kibmk`kty tg prgvked sumibtkgib` ngv-driadits wktc sullkjkdit rdsgurjds tg prgvked mbskj sdrvkjds. Ucks sktubtkgi`de tg wkedsprdbe suspkjkgi tcbt tcd ldedrb` butcgrktkds wdrd jgrrupt bietcbt lrbue bie bmusd gl pgwdr wdrd rbapbit. Ucd sktubtkgi rdabkide`brnd`y uijcbinde uitk` 2;;;, bie tcd eddpdikin gl ]usskbs lkibijkb` jrk-sks ki 2;;3 jguè md bttrkmutde tg tcd dxkstkin ibturd gl tcd rd`btkgisckpmdtwddi tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit bie tcd sumfdjts gl tcd ldedrbtkgi.

B`tcgunc igt b`` rdnkgis wkdède tcd sbad pgwdr, tcgsd tcbt jguèdxdrt tcdasd`vds eke sg, dvdi wktccgèkin tcdkr rdakttbijds tg tcd ldedrb`ngvdriadit. Eurkin tcks pdrkge gl kitdrrdniua, dvdi wdbh sumibtkgib`ngvdriadits wdrd b``gwde sgad `ddwby, sujc bs kssukin auikjkpb` mgieswktcgut biy ldedrb` gvdrsknct. Kiedde, tcd ditkrd auikjkpb` mgie abrhdt edvd`gpde lrdd lrga biy sujc gvdrsknct, bie dbr`y bttdapts my tcd ldedrbÀkikstry gl Lkibijd tg kapgsd sgad rdnu`btkgi my ediykin tbx-dxdapt stbtus tg b`` sumibtkgib` mgies wdrd rdtrbjtde. 3 ]dqudsts lgr sujc dxdap-tkgis wdrd `btdr cbie`de gi b jbsd-my-jbsd mbsks (B`ba, Uktgv, bie_dtdrsdi =??5). Ucd gutjgad gl tcd lkrst stbnd gl rdlgras (2;;2;:) wbstcbt tcd jditrb` ngvdriadit edvg`vde abiy gl kts pgwdrs tg tcd rdnkgis,

bie bjjgrekin tg sgad gmsdrvdrs, tcks pg`kjy sbvde tcd jguitry lrga tgtbèkskitdnrbtkgi (^b``kjc 2;;5).

Lgrab`kzbtkgi gl tcd ]u`ds, 2;;5;3

Ucd idxt stbnd ki tcd KNL] rdlgra (2;;5;3) sbw tcd bppdbrbijd gl bidw `dnks`btkvd lrbadwgrh lgr tbxbtkgi wcdi tcd Ubx Jged wbs pbssdekitg `bw ki 2;;3. ; Ki 2;;5, rdnkgib` bie `gjb` ngvdriadits wdrd nrbitde

kijrdbsde rdvdiud-rbkskin pgwdrs my prdskeditkb` edjrdd. Zumibtkgib` ngv-driadits wdrd b``gwde tg kitrgeujd idw rdnkgib` bie `gjb` tbxds bie tgjcbind tcd rbtd gl prglkts tbx ki tcdkr furksekjtkgis. Ucd scbrkin rbtds lgrldedrb` scbrde tbxds, wckjc wdrd uiklgra lgr agst rdnkgis dxjdpt Mbschgrtgstbi, Ubtbrstbi, bie [bhutkb, wdrd lkxde lgr lkvd ydbrs. Ug dqub`-kzd rdnkgib` lksjb` jbpbjktkds, wckjc uitk` tcbt tkad cbe mddi bjckdvde

:5 Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

3 Agst gtcdr edvd`gpkin bie trbisktkgi jguitrkds b`sg `bjh dlldjtkvd rdnu`btgry rdnkadsngvdrikin `gjb` ngvdriadit lkibijds. Gi`y Cuinbry bie Zgutc Blrkjb cbvd rdnu`btgrylrbadwgrhs tg edb` wktc `gjb` ngvdriadit mbihruptjy (Zcbc =??5).

; Zgad butcgrs, sujc bs Abrtkidz-\bzqudz bie Mgdx (=??2), ekvked tcd pdrkge 2;;5;3kitg twg6 2;;5;< bie 2;;>;3. Cgwdvdr, bltdr j`gsd dxbakibtkgi gl tcd jcbinds kitcd `dnks`btkvd lrbadwgrh eurkin tcks pdrkge, wd jgijùed tcbt abhkin sujc b ekvkskgiks igt jrujkb`.


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tcrgunc tcd usd gl eklldrditkbtde scbrkin rbtds, tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit sdt up bi dqub`kzbtkgi luie, jb``de tcd Ldedrb` Luie lgr Lkibijkb` Zuppgrt gl ]dnkgis (LLZ]), bie b``gjbtde dqub`kzbtkgi nrbits tg rdjkpkdit rdnkgisbjjgrekin tg b skin`d lgrau`b.

Ucd lgrau`b lgr tcd luie cbe twg dqub`kzbtkgi wkiegws. Ucd lkrst wki-egw wbs usde tg ekstrkmutd luies tg rdnkgis tcbt cbe muendt rdvdiuds tcbt wdrd `gwdr tcbi tcd jguitry bvdrbnd (iddey rdnkgis). Ucd sdjgie wkiegwwbs usde tg suppgrt rdnkgis tcbt cbe muendt rdvdiuds tcbt wdrd kibed-qubtd tg jgvdr tcd rdnkgis dxpdiekturd (vdry iddey rdnkgis). Ucd lgrau`bwbs mbsde gi tcd prkijkp`d gl nbp lk``kin, wckjc wbs usde ki tcd sumvdi-tkgis eurkin 2;;=;: bie ebtde mbjh tg tcd Zgvkdt drb (Nbkebr 2;;


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beektkgi tg tcdsd trbisldrs uiedr tcd LLZ], gtcdr typds gl trbisldrs wdrdusde lrga 2;;4 tg =??2tcd `brndst jbtdngry mdkin autub` sdtt`dadits ,bi uamrd``b jbtdngry tcbt kij`uede uskin trbisldrs ki p`bjd gl lkibijkinrdnkgib` kivdstadit prgnrbas lrga tcd ldedrb` muendttg jgapdisbtdrdnkgib` ngvdriadits lgr jbrrykin gut ldedrb` ngvdriadit abiebtds bswd`` bs tg prgvked dadrndijy bke.

Igvngrge Gm`bst ks b ngge k``ustrbtkgi gl tcd wby ki wckjc dqub`kzb-tkgi trbisldrs wdrd b``gjbtde. Kts prgnrdsskvd ngvdrigr, Akhcbk` _russbh,glldrde tbx prkvk`dnds tg bttrbjt lgrdkni kivdstgrs. Mdjbusd tcd gm`bstsdstkabtde rdvdiuds wdrd `gw, kt rdjdkvde b trbisldr lrga tcd Ldedrb`Luie lgr Lkibijkb` Zuppgrt gl ]dnkgis, wckjc ki prbjtkjd jgapdisbtdetcd gm`bst lgr kts tbx dxdaptkgis. Bt tcd sbad tkad, tcd gm`bst bjckdvdekts ngb` gl bttrbjtkin lgrdkni kivdstadit bie kts nrgss rdnkgib` prgeujt kijrdbsde, mut kt eke sg bt tcd dxpdisd gl rdnkgis tcbt rdjdkvde ldwdrtrbisldrs lrga tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit.

Ucd wdbhidss gl tcd muendt-p`biikin adjcbiksa ki tcd 2;;?s nbvdwby tg tcd prgvkskgi gl supp`daditbry trbisldrs ki beektkgi tg tcgsdbpprgvde my tcd ldedrb` Muendt @bw. Ucdsd trbisldrs wdrd b``gjbtde ki

bjjgrebijd wktc edjkskgis abed sg`d`y my tcd ldedrb` Akikstry gl Lkibijd. Ucdy wdrd kitdiede tg abhd up lgr kijrdbsds ki rdnkgib`dxpdiekturds kapgsde my tcd ldedrb` ngvdriadit (abiebtds) bltdr tcdldedrb` Muendt @bw cbe mddi begptde. Ucd Akikstry gl Lkibijd b`sgprgvkede rdnkgis wktc kitdrdst-lrdd `gbis tcbt wdrd tg md pbke mbjh mybi uispdjklkde luturd ebtd.

Ki 2;;4, tcd @bw gi Ndidrb` _rkijkp`ds gl tcd Grnbikzbtkgi gl @gjb`Zd`l-Ngvdriadit edlkide tcd stbtus gl `gjb` ngvdriadits bie tcdkr

rd`btkgisckps wktc rdnkgib` butcgrktkds. Bjjgrekin tg tcks bw, tdrrktgrkdstcbt (b) gwide auikjkpb` prgpdrty, (m) lgrade bie dxdjutde `gjb`muendts (igt fust dxpdiekturd dstkabtds), bie (j) d`djtde mgtc rdprd-sditbtkvd bie dxdjutkvd `gjb` sd`l-ngvdriadit mgekds wdrd edlkide bsauikjkpb`ktkds. Lurtcdragrd, tcd `bw dstbm`kscde b `kst gl kssuds gl `gjb`skniklkjbijd, wckjc wbs tcd lkrst bttdapt tg bsskni dxpdiekturd rdspgi-skmk`ktkds tg `gjb` ngvdriadits.

Ki 2;;>, tcd @bw gi Lkibijkb` Lguiebtkgis gl @gjb` Zd`l-Ngvdriadit dstbm`kscde tcd bvdrbnd scbrds gl ldedrb` tbxds ngkin tg `gjb` ngvdriadits.Ki beektkgi, tcd Muendt Jged, begptde ki 2;;3 bie put kitg dlldjt ki

:< Kitdrngvdriaditb` ]dlgras ki tcd ]usskbi Ldedrbtkgi

wdrd bm`d tg usd trbisldrs tg dicbijd tcdkr jcbijds lgr rdd`djtkgi, mut sujc pgsskmk`k-tkds nrbeub``y edj`kide bs tcd trbisldr systda mdjbad agrd trbispbrdit bie gmfdjtkvd(Fbrgjkishb =??3).


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=???, wbs pbrtkju`br`y kapgrtbit mdjbusd kt rdnu`btde spdiekin rdspgisk-mk`ktkds bie l

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Intergovernmental Reforms in the Russian Federation: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back?