Interfacing the past. Computer applications and quantitative methods in archaeology CAA95

7/22/2019 Interfacing the past. Computer applications and quantitative methods in archaeology CAA95

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Tcb`stfm` \r`ssH m`w o`m`rhtcf m fe \unac sjcmo

Sfu hr` r`hbcmo h euaa v`rscfm fe tjcs nffg, efr er``!

Rjcs nffg cs phrt fe tj` Tcb`stfm` `-acnrhry wj`r` ifst fe fur

punacdhtcfms hr` euaay hdd`sscna` efr er``. Efr hdd`ss tf ifr`

er`` nffgs vcsct; www.scb`stfm`.dfi/acnrhry

Bfwmafhb Euaa \BE

Ucsct tj` Tcb`stfm` `-acnrhry tf bfwmafhb ifst fe fur `-nffgs efr

fmay 2,0


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M A@DR \^ @JCTRF^CD A@CB@MTC :


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M A@DR\^ @JCTRF^CD

A@CB@MTC

\PNACD RCFMT FE RJ@ CMTRCRPR@ FE \^@JCTRF^SPMCU@^TCRS FE A@CB@M

CMR@^E DCMO RJ@ \ TRDFI\PR@^ H\\ACDHRCFMT HMB XPHMRCRHRCU@I@RJFBT CM H^DJH@FAFOS DHH30 UFA C

@BCR@B NSJ MT G I@^I MT MB G@AAS E@MM@I

PMCU@^TCRS FE A@CB@M 335


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Orhpjcd b`scom; J`mg b` AfriDfiput`r orhpjcds; \`t`r J`hv`msDfpy `bctfr; Ihrchmm` _hmb`rsDfpyrcojt 8335 ny tj` Cmstctut` fe \r`jcstfry A`cb`mCTTM


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fmt`mts

Jhms Ghi`rihmsGàay E`mmìh

K`ms Hmbr`s`mRfrst`m Ihbs`m

UFAPI C\rèhd`

hth Ihmhoì`mt

CB@H j` Cmtòrht`b Bhthnhs` efr @xdhvhtcfm Hmhayscs 4

\`t`r Jcmo` Rj` Ftj`r Dfiput`r Cmt`rehd` 80Rjhmhscs Jhbzcahdfs Dfmd`ptuha Bhth Ifbàacmo efr \r`jcstfrcd @xdhvhtcfm Bfdui`mthtcfm >

\fayx`mc Iyahbc` Ttfuinfu@. Hor`stc Jhmbacmo @xdhvhtcfm Ihps cm TSTHMB 4

H. Ihoocfaf-Tdj`ttcmc^. ThddfddcfI. \c`rfnfm^. \c`rfnfm-N`mfct

Hahcm` Ahrmpràa Hm Cmtòrht`b Cmefrihtcfm Tystì efr Hrdjh`fafocdha @vcb`md` 4?Hmtj`h ThacsnuryHahm Djhai`rsTcifm Ttfbbhrt

Kfm Jfai`m@sp`m Pa`n`ro

Rj` Mhtcfmha Bfdui`mthtcfm \rfk`dt fe Mfrwhy j` Hrdjh`fafocdha sun-prfk`dt 24

gcmh Fn`rac cmb`r-Rjfv`hmu Tthtcstcdha vc`w fe tj` Hrdjh`fafocdha Tct`s Bhthnhs` 2?Mcoà B. Daunn H Ttrhtòcd Hpprhcsha fe Cmefrihtcfm Tystìs efr Hrdjh`fafoy hmb Hrdjct`dtur` cm

M`ca H.^. Ahmo @moahmb \hst, \r`s`mt hmb Eutur` 0Mcoà B. Daunn

M`ca H.^. AhmoA`hrmcmo erfi tj` hdjc`vì`mts fe Cmefrihtcfm Tystìs j` rfa` fe tj` \fst-Cipaì`mthtcfm ^`vc`w cm i`bcui tf ahro` sdha` systìs ?4

M`ca N`horc` @xdhvhtcfms hmb Hrdjcv`s; Hat`rmhtcv` Hsp`dts fe Duaturha ^`sfurd` Ihmhoì`mt :Ihrg Nàa

Mcdfah GcmoRj` IH^T \rfk`dt hm cmt`rehd` wctj @moahmb s phst :?


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I.K. Nhxt`[email protected]. DffaI.\. J`ywfrtj

Kfm Nrhba`yIcg` Ea`tdj`r

Ohya` R. Haaui^fn`rt O. HygrfybKfjm O.N. Jhcoj

_. Mùnhu`r\. IàcdjhrH. @b`r-Jcmt`ra`ctm`r

H. @b`r-Jcmt`ra`ctm`r_. Mùnhu`r\. Iàcdjhr

\jca \`rgcms

Dacv` FrtfmKuhm H. NhrdàNGrcs Afdgy`hrDjrcstchm D. N`hrbhj

Icg` K Nhxt`rKfjm _.I. \`t`rsfmThncm` `cmjfab

A`fmhrbf Ohrdch ThmkuecmK`s5s ^fbrcou`z Abp`z

Kfjhmm`s Iccaa`r

K. Tt`à`R.K. TaudgcmB.^. B`mjfaiD.T. Ohina`

HMHA@DRH \^H@JCTRF^CDH A@CB@MTCH :

rdjh`fi`tryB`t`dtcmo Pmusuha Iuatcvhrcht` Bhth; Hm Hrdjh`fi`trcd @xhipa` 30

@xtrhdtcfm hmb vcsuhacshtcfm fe cmefrihtcfm erfi orfumb p`m`trhtcmo rhbhr surv`ys 8 4

^`stfrhtcfm fe ihom`tfi`try bhth uscmo cmv`rs`-bhth i`tjfbs 8

Dfaa`dtcfm, vcsuhaczhtcfm hmb sciuahtcfm fe ihom`tcd prfsp`dtcfm bhth 8>8

^`dfmstrudtcfm fe hrdjh`fafocdha strudtur`s uscmo ihom`tcd prfsp`dtcfm 848

Hm ciho` prfd`sscmo t`djmcqu` efr tj` suppr`sscfm fe trhd`s fe ifbì horcduaturhahdtcvcty cm h`rcha pjftforhpjs 843

Tthtcstcds hmb DahsscecdhtcfmIhrgfv ifbàs efr iusùis 823Jùrcstcd dahsscecdhtcfm hmb euzzy s`ts. M`w tffas efr hrdjh`fafocdha typfafoc`s 800Bihx nhs`b daust`r hmhayscs hmb tj` suppay fe dfcmho` tf Crfm Ho` Bhdch 50IHRAHN ^futcm`s efr G`rmà B`mscty @stcihtcfm hmb tj` Orhpjcdha ^`pr`s`mthtcfm feHrdjh`fafocdha Bhth 8?3H dfiput`r ifbà fe ^fihm ahmbsdhp` cm Tfutj Acinuro 8:0Rci` v`rsus ^ctuha Rypfafocdha Ttrudtur s hmb Ifrtuhry \rhdtcd`s cm Aht` Nrfmz`/@hraCrfm Ho` Dì`t`rc`s fe Mfrtj-@hst Dhudhsch ( Gfnhm Duatur` ) 830\r`bcdtcmo tj` rctuha6 H suoo`st`b sfautcfm cm hrdjh`fafocdha efr`dhstcmo tjrfuojquhacthtcv` r`spfms` ifbàs > 4

Rj` us` fe dfrr`spfmb`md` hmhayscs efr bcee`r`mt gcmbs fe bhth dhtòfrc`s; Bfi`stcd hmbrctuha Oafnuahr Hipjfrh` sct`s cm D`mtrha O`rihmy >8 ?Tciuahtcmo jumt`r-ohtj`r`r dfafmczhtcfm fe tj` Hi`rcdhs >>4


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UCC DFMR@MRT\hua I Ocnsfm Hm Hrdjh`fehumha Ho`cmo Dfiphrhtcv` Ttuby cmtf tj` \`refrihmd` fe Juihm Hmhayscs

U`rsus Jynrcb Mùrha M`twfrg Hmhayscs >>3\`t`r Burjhi

\hua A`wcsTt`pj`m K Tj`mmhm

Ciho` \rfd`sscmo Ttrhtòc`s efr Hrtèhdt Dahsscecdhtcfm >40

H m`w tffa efr sphtcha hmhayscs; ^cmos T`dtfrs paus B`mscty Hmhayscs hmb Rrhdàcm`s >28Ocksn`rt ^ Nf`gsdjft`mBcdg Tthp`rtTushm Jfastrfi Afvcmo @stcihtcmo tj` ho` fe stfm` hrtcehdts uscmo prfnhncactc`s >08

Hppacdhtcfm fe hm fnk`dt-frc`mt`b hpprfhdj tf tj` efrihaczhtcfm fe quhacthtcv` (hmb quhm-tcthtcv`) bhth >54

Faò Icsscgfee

UFAPI@ CO`forhpjcd Cmefrihtcfm Tystìs C

Bhvcb _j`hta`y N`tw``m tj` acm`s; tj` rfa` fe OCT-nhs`b pr`bcdtcv` ifbàacmo cm tj` cmt`rpr`thtcfm fe`xt`mscv` surv`y bhth >?0^fo`r Ihrta`w Rj` dfmtrcnutcfm fe OCs tf tj` stuby fe ahmbsdhp` `vfautcfm cm tj` Sfrgsjcr` Bha`s,

PG >34

Ucmd`mt Oheem`yIhrtckm vhm Aùs`m

@xt`mbcmo OCT I`tjfbs efr ^òcfmha Hrdjh`fafoy; tj` _rfx`t`r Jcmt`rahmb \rfk`dt >3?

Iuatc-bci`mscfmha OCT ; `xpafrhtfry hpprfhdj`s tf sphtcha hmb tìpfrha ràhtcfmsjcpswctjcm hrdjh`fafocdha strhtcorhpjy 4 ?Rr`vfr I JhrrcsOhry ^. AfdgRj` us` fe OCT hs h tffa efr ifbàacmo `dfafocdha djhmo` hmb juihm fdduphtcfm cm tjÌcbba` Houhs Uhaa`y (T.@. Tphcm) 48 ?

\jcacp U`rjho`m

E`b`rcdh Ihsshorhmb` Rj` ^fihms cm sfutjw`st`rm Tphcm; tftha dfmqu`st fr phrtcha hsscicahtcfm6 Dhm OCThmsw`r6 4>0^`d`mt `xhipa`s fe o`forhpjcdha hmhayscs fe hrdjh`fafocdha `vcb`md` erfi d`mtrha Cthay 448j`m @rcd Aci

Tcifm TtfbbhrtHmbr`w JhrrcsfmHahm Djhai`rs

Thtàact` Ciho`ry hmb OCT hppacdhtcfms cm I`bct`rrhm`hm Ahmbsdhp`s 44?cmd`mt Oheem`yGrcTtfe FTtcrRfihc \fbfnmcghr[frhm Tthmc@cc;

Rj` afmo hmb wcmbcmo rfhb; ahmb rfut`s cm H`tfach (Or``d`) scmd` Nyzhmtcm` tci`s 424v`tt` NfiiàkD\`t`r Bffi


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UCCC

Khvc`r Nh`mh \r`ysa`rDfmd`pdc5m Nahsdf

Kuachm B. ^cdjhrbsJhrfab Iytui

H. \hua Icaa`rKuachm B. ^cdjhrbs

Kèer`y H Djhrtrhmb

Kfjm _cadfdgDjrcstchm I`mhrb

^fn`rt ThnahtmcoGhthacm R. Ncr5

Oyfroy Ds cE`r`md ^`bf

Ihurczcf Efrt`Hmtfmàah Oucbhzzfac

O`ri> _ccmsdj@acshn`t HrhshIhrth \`r`z

Bhvcb Ocaihm ^fihmfFshih Rfanh

E.K. Nh`mhE. Xu`shbhI.D. Nahsdf

^fncm N. NfhstThi K. Audy

HMHA@DRH \^H@JCTRF^CDH A@CB@MTCH :

Hppacdhtcfm fe OC s tf ciho`s hmb tj`cr prfd`sscmo; tj` Djcrcncqu`t` Ifumthcms \rfk`dt 404

O`forhpj cd Cmefrihtcfm Tystìs ; Rj` Sfrg HppacdhtcfmsErfi Tct` tf Ahmbsdhp`; iuatc-a`và OCs hppacdhtcfms cm hrdjh`fafoy 458

Cmtrhsct` \htt`rmcmo hmb tj` Rìpfrha Bci`mscfm uscmo OCs; tj` `xhipa` fe GàacmotfmDjurdjyhrb 454Bcoocmo,b``p; OCs cm tj` dcty 453\uttcmo tj` sct` cm cts s`ttcmo; OCs hmb tj` s`hrdj efr Hmoaf-Thxfm s`ttaì`mts cmMfrtjuinrch 4?3Hrdjh`fafocdha ^`sfurd` Ucscncacty hmb OCT; H dhs` stuby cm Sfrgsjcr` 4:3

UcsuhacshtcfmH b`sdrcptcfm fe tj` bcspahy sfetwhr` efr Ttheefrb Dhsta` Ucsctfr D`mtr`, PG 2 0\cdtfrcha, Rjr``-bci`mscfmha Hdqucsctcfm fe Hrdjh`fafocdha Ecmbs hs Nhscs efr hmHutfihtcd Dahsscecdhtcfm 283Tcipa` eum mt`rhdtcv` dfiput`r bìfmstrhtcfm prforhi fm tj` `xjcnctcfm fe tj`Tz`mtoH8-Rcczgfv`sjòy pr`jcstfrcd cmbustrcha hr`h 244Bfdui`mthtcfm hmb ifbàacmo fe h ^fihm cip`rcha vcaah cm D`mtrha Cthay 24?

Hrdjh`fafoy, OCs hmb b`sgtfp vcrtuha r`hacty; tj` H^DRFT prfk`dt 224

Bcss`dtcmo tj` phacips`st; hm `hsy dfiput`r-orhpjcd hpprfhdj tf tj` strhtcorhpjcds`qu`md` fe R j ` 8 UCC sct` (Rc`rrh bà Euòf, Hro`mtcmh) 20?

^ìft T`mscmo hmb OCs cm tj` Ttuby fe ^fihm D`mturchtcfm cm tj` Dfrcmtjch, Or``d` 25

Hm hppacdhtcfm fe OCs cmtrh-sct` hmhayscs tf Iusùi Bcspahy 253

@budhtcfm hmb \unacdhtcfmR`hdjcmo wctj fnk`dts 2?3


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x DFMR@MRTIhrtcm Nàdj`r R`hdjcmo tj` Ucsuhacshtcfm fe Ahmbsdhp`s Hpprfhdj`s cm Dfiput`r nhs`b a`hrmcmo efr

Hahm Djhai`rs Hrdjh`fafocsts 2:?Hmbr`w JhrrcsfmTcifm Ttfbbhrt

Hmkh D. _faa` H Rffa efr Iuatci`bch @xdhvhtcfm ^`pfrts h prftftyp` 234Tt`pj`m K Tj`mmhm

O. Oyetfbcifs @xpafrcmo Hrdjh`fafocdha Cmefrihtcfm tjrfuoj hm Fp`m Jyp`ri`bch Tystì 0 8B ^cofpfuafsI Tpcacfpfuafu

Ihrtckm vhm Aùs`m Rfwhrb h @urfp`hm Hrdjh`fafocdha J`rctho` _`n 088Thrh DjhipcfmKfmhtjhm Acz``Rjfihs \aumg`tt

Icg` J`ywfrtjT`hius ^fssKuachm ^cdjhrbs

Cmt`rm`t hrdjh`fafoy; hm cmt`rmhtcfmha à`dtrfmcd kfurmha efr hrdjh`fafoy 0>8

Ucroca Icjhca`sdu Ncracnh H Turv`y fe tj` B`vàfpi`mt fe Dfiput`r Hppacdhtcfms cm ^fihmchm Hrdjh`fafoy 0>3Uhsca` Djcrcdh

Grcs Afdgy`hr Dfiput`r hcb`b punacdhtcfm cm prhdtcd` 040


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prè d`

DHH30, tj` >4rb hmmuha Dfiput`r Hppacdhtcfms cm Hrdjh`fafoy dfme`r`md`, whs jàb httj` Pmcv`rscty fe A`cb`m erfi 48st Ihrdj - >mb Hprca 8330, hmb whs jfst`b ny tjÈhduaty fe \r`- hmb \rftfjcstfry.

Rj` dfme`r`md` whs frohmcs`b kfcmtay ny tj` ^.F.N. (Ttht` T`rvcd` efr Hrdjh`fafocdhaCmv`stcohtcfms) cm Hrm`rseffrt, tj` ^HH\ Efumbhtcfm fe tj` Pmcv`rscty fe Hist`rbhi hmbtj` Ehduaty fe \r`- hmb \rftfjcstfry fe tj` Pmcv`rscty fe A`cb`m.Fm` jumbr`b hmb mcm`ty mcm` p`fpa` htt`mb`b tj` 8330 dfme`r`md`, 22 fe wjcdj w`r`stub`mts. Hphrt erfi hrdjh`fafocsts dfmm`dt`b wctj umcv`rsctc`s hmb iusùis, ihmyphrtcdcphmts dhi` erfi afdha, ròcfmha hmb mhtcfmha ofv`rmi`mt nfbc`s dfmd`rm`b wctj tjìhmhoì`mt fe fur duaturha j`rctho`.

Rj` o`forhpjcdha bcstrcnutcfm fe tj` phrtcdcphmts whs; Pmct`b Gcmobfi 03, tj`M`tj`rahmbs 04, Erhmd`/Tphcm/Cthay/Or``d` >>, O`rihmy/Twctz`rahmb/Hustrch >< bìfmstrhtcfms fe systìs hmb hppacdhtcfms. Rj` php`rs w`r` ocv`m cm efur phrhaaàs`sscfms hmb w`r` orfup`b cmtf `cojt bcee`r`mt tjì`s, wctj tj` efaafwcmo muin`r fedfmtrcnutcfms; Hmhayscmo ^ctuha 5, Hrdjh`fi`try ? Dahsscecdhtcfm 8>, Duaturha ^`sfurdÌhmhoì`mt 8>, Bhthnhs s 8>, Er`` ^hmo` Tunk`dts 84, O`forhpjcd Cmefrihtcfm Tystìs83, hmb Iuatc I`bch 8>.

Efr tj` 8330 prfd``bcmos w` jhv` ròrfup`b tj` sunk`dts umb`r scx ihcm tjì`s;Bhthnhs` Ihmhoì`mt, Hrdjh`fi`try, Tthtcstcds hmb Dahsscecdhtcfm, O`forhpjcdCmefrihtcfm Tystìs, Ucsuhacshtcfm, hmb @budhtcfm hmb \unacdhtcfm. ^`vc`wcmo tj`prfd``bcmos fe dfme`r`md`s fv`r tj` ahst tw`mty y`hrs, fm` s``s tjht phrtcduahr ecàbs fer`s`hrdj s`ì tf n` 'ehsjcfmhna`' ht d`rthcm tci`s. _jht bf`s 8330 sjfw us6Bhthnhs` Ihmhoì`mtCm tj` ecrst t`m y`hrs, ifst php`rs pr`s`mt`b ht DHH dfme`r`md`s eàa cmtf twf dhtòfrc`s,bhth dhptur`/ihmhoì`mt hmb hmhaytcdha t`djmcqu`s. Bhthnhs` ihmhoì`mt rìhcms hbficmhmt tfpcd cm hrdjh`fafoy, >


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HMHA@DRH \^H@JCTRF^CDH A@CB@MTCH >:

umb`r 'sthtcstcds hmb dahsscecdhtcfm' hppay.Tthtcstcds hmb DahsscecdhtcfmTthtcstcdha hppacdhtcfms jhv` hawhys n`dm v`ry pfpuahr ht DHH dfme`r`md`s. ^hmocmo erfn`tw``m >


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\^@E D@

Hdgmfwa`boi`mtsRj` r`hacshtcfm fe tj` dfme`r`md` whs ihb` pfsscna` ny tj` jfspcthacty hmb suppfrt fe tj`Pmcv`rscty fe A`cb`m hmb ecmhmdcha suppfrt erfi tj` B`phrti`mt fe @budhtcfm, Duatur` hmbTdc`md`, tj` ^fyha M`tj`rahmbs Hdhbìy fe Hrts hmb Tdc`md`s, hmb tj` A`cb`m Pmcv`rsctyEumb.

Dfiput`rs efr tj` bìfmstrhtcfms w`r` o`m`rfusay ihb` hvhcahna` ny KDM Dfiput`rTystìs NU hmb D^C Cmstctut` efr tà`dfiiumcdhtcfm hmb dfiput`r s`rvcd`s Pmcv`rsctyfe A`cb`m), wjca` hpphrhtus efr tj` H^DJCT bìfmstrhtcfm whs prfvcb`b ny TPMIcdrfsystìs M`b`rahmb NU.

Rj` Ttht` Iusùi fe Hmtcquctc`s fee`r`b tj` us` fe tj` Rhee`j jhaa efr h r`d`ptcfm fmtj` ecrst `v`mcmo fe tj` dfme`r`md` wjcdj whs ecmhmdchaay suppfrt`b y tj` Dfiictt`` efrtj` dà`nrhtcfm fe tj` 2>4


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Bhth Ihmho`i`mt


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8 Cmtrfbudtcfm

Hrdjh`fafoy jhs ihmy bcv`rs` hpp`hrhmd`s. Ct dhm bòrhb`

tf h i`djhmcdha ihmcpuahtcfm fe hrtèhdts wctj s`ìcmoay

mf tj`fr`tcdha efumbhtcfm, fr ct dhm `sdhaht` cmtf wcab

tj`fr`tcdha bcor`sscfms wctj vcrtuhaay mf rè`r`md` tf tj`

hrdjh`fafocdha r`dfrb. Fm` r`hsfm efr tjcs vhrchncacty cm

hrdjh`fafoy cs tj` haifst phrhbfxcdha `pcstìfafocdha

dfmbctcfms fe tj` bcsdcpacm`; fm tj` fm` jhmb tj` sunk`dt

ihtt`r fe dfmtìpfrhry, pjyscdha fnk`dts, hmb fm tj` ftj`r

jhmb tj` hci tf dr`ht` h i`mtha dfmstrudtcfm dhaa`b tj` phst(Ihbs`m 8332; 48).

Cm tj` stuby fe hrtèhdts, burcmo hrdjh`fafocdha surv`y,

hmb ahst nut mft a`hst burcmo hrdjh`fafocdha `xdhvhtcfm, tj`

tj`frc`s fe tj` r`s`hrdj`r hr` dfmerfmt`b wctj fns`rvhtcfms

fe tj` r`ha wfrab, hmb ct cs tjrfuoj tjcs prfd`ss tjht m`w

gmfwa`bo` cs dr`ht`b. Rjcs cs tj` r`hsfm wjy hrdjh`fafocdha

`xdhvhtcfms bf mftdfmstctut` h i`djhmcdha um`hrtjcmo hmb

suns`qu`mt r`dfrbcmo fe fnk`dtcv` ehdts, hm fpcmcfm mft

umdfiifmay stht`b cm hrdjh`fafoy.

N`dhus` fe tj` b`strudtcv` mhtur` fe hrdjh`fafocdha

`xdhvhtcfms, htt`mtcfm cs er`qu`mtay efdus`b fm tj` r`dfrbcmo

fe tjcs hdtcvcty. Ct jhs n``m dustfihry cm r`d`mt y`hrs tf str`sstj` sunk`dtcv` mhtur` fe `xdhvhtcfm r`dfrbs, hm httctub` w`

euaay sjhr`. Jfw`v`r, cm tj`cr `ho`rm`ss tf pfcmt fut tj`

nchs`b mhtur` fe hrdjh`fafocdha bfcmos tj` drctcds t`mb tf

efro`t tj` sthtus fe `xdhvhtcfm r`dfrbs cm hrdjh`fafoy.

Hatjfuoj dfafur`b hmb ecat`r`b, tj`s` r`dfrbcmos hr`

sthtì`mts fe fns`rvhtcfms fe tj` r`ha wfrab; fm` ihy

bàcn`rhtày sà`dt hmb umwcaacmoay fv`raffg, nut fm` dhmmft

(ny tj` dfb` fe tj` bcsdcpacm`) r`dfrb sfi`tjcmo mft s``m.

Rjcs cs tj` r`hsfm wjy r`dfrbs erfi hrdjh`fafocdha

`xdhvhtcfms hr` tf n` tr`ht`b hs jcstfrcdha bfdui`mts hmb

wjy ct ihg`s s`ms` tf `sthnacsj h strudtur`b hrdjcv` fe

r`dfrbcmos erfi hrdjh`fafocdha `xdhvhtcfms.

Ttcaa, h ihkfr prfnaì cm hrdjh`fafoy cs tf ihst`r tj`cmj`r`mt dfipa`xcty, bcv`rscty, hmb quhmtcty fe hrdjh`fafoc-

dha bhth. Mf wfmb`r dfiput`r nhs`b r`dfrbcmo systìs efr

hrdjh`fafocdha `xdhvhtcfms jhv` n``m hmb hr` dfmtcmufusay

n`cmo dr`ht`b haa fv`r tj` wfrab. Ehr tj` ihkfr phrt fe tj`s`

hr` `ctj`r ehcray scipa` eaht eca` systìs fr jc`rhrdjcdhaay

frohmcs`b systìs (Hrrfyf-Ncsjfp/[hrzfsh 833>7 ^hcms

8330). Eaht eca`s hmb jc`rhrdjc`s, jfw`v`r, hr` tff scipa`

strudtur`s tf prfvcb` h o`m`rha nhscs efr tj` b`sdrcptcfm fe

hrdjh`fafocdha r`hacty cm haa cts dfipa`xcty. Hs h rua` ifr`

fr a`ss wàa hbkust`b hb jfd sfautcfms tf phrtcduahr

sctuhtcfms n`dfi` tj` r`suat (Ihbs`m 8334).

Cm tj` aht` `cojtc`s w` nòhm tf bcsduss tj` pft`mtchas

fe ràhtcfmha bhth ifbàacmo hppac`b tf hrdjh`fafocdha

`xdhvhtcfm r`dfrbcmo, hmb ht tj` DHH cm Tfutjhiptfm cm

833< w` pr`s`mt`b h php`r fm tj` strudtur` fe cmefrihtcfm

erfi hrdjh`fafocdha `xdhvhtcfms vc`w`b cm h ràhtcfmhaerhi`wfrg. Efr vhrcfus r`hsfms tj` php`r whs fmay

punacsj`b twf y`hrs aht`r cm hmftj`r dfmt`xt (Hmbr`s`m/

Ihbs`m 833>). Cmctcha httìpts tf hdqucr` ifm`y efr

r`hacscmo fur CB@H w`r` mft sudd`sseua `ctj`r (Ihbs`m

8332; >?), nut cm aht` 8334, w` ecmhaay sudd``b`b. H tjr``

y`hr prfk`dt eumb`b ny tj` Bhmcsj Mhtcfmha ^`s`hrdj

Efumbhtcfm efr tj` Juihmctc`s whs `sthnacsj`b (Ihbs`m/

Hmbr`s`m 8334).

Rj` purpfs` fe tj` prfk`dt cs tf dr`ht` h o`m`rha systì

efr r`dfrbcmo, hmhayscs hmb pr`s`mthtcfm fe cmefrihtcfm erfi

hrdjh`fafocdha `xdhvhtcfms. Rj` systì cs cmt`mb`b tf s`rv`

hs hm hrdjcv` fe r`dfrbcmos erfi haa typ`s fe hrdjh`fafocdha`xdhvhtcfms, hmb ct sjhaa n` hna` tf hutfiht` tj` prfbudtcfm

fe tj` hrdjcvha r`pfrt hs h php`r-dfpy. Cm h m`xt pjhs` fe

b`vàfpi`mt, mft dfv`r`b ny tj` durr`mt eumbcmo, tj`

systì sjfuab b`vàfp cmtf hm hmhaytcdha tffa efr tj`

prfd`sscmo fe `xdhvhtcfm cmefrihtcfm.

Rj` dfr` fe tj` systì cs cipaì`mt`b cm h ^àhtcfmha

Bhth Nhs` Ihmhoì`mt Tystì (^BNIT), mhturhaay.

_` jhv` djfs`m Icdrfsfet Hdd`ss efr tjcs purpfs` n`dhus`

ct dfincm`s sfpjcstcdhtcfm hs h ^BNIT wctj h afw dfst

hvhcahncacty wctjcm tfbhys sthmbhrb \D `mvcrfmi`mt. Rj`

hbvhmtho`s hr` hifmost ftj`rs; afw a`hrmcmo durv`s efr tj`

us`rs, jcoj pft`mtcha efr cmtòrhtcfm wctj ftj`r hppacdhtcfm

sfetwhr`, hmb uporhbcmo s`durcty. Eurtj`rifr`, tj` MhtcfmhaIusùi fe B`mihrg jhs hasf djfs`m Icdrfsfet Hdd`ss hs

tj`cr b`vàfpi`mt tffa efr tj`cr cmt`rehd` tf tj` Bhmcsj

d`mtrha TI^. Pscmo cb`mtcdha b`vàfpi`mt tffas sjfuab jàp

us tf fv`rdfi` sfi` fe tj` t`djmcdha fnsthda`s cm httìpts

tf cmtòrht` bhth erfi tj` `xdhvhtcfm hrdjcv` wctj TI^-

r`dfrbcmos ht a`hst fm h mhtcfmha sdha`.

K`ms Hmbr`s`m CB@H tj` Cmtòrht`b Bhthnhs`Rfrst`m Ihbs`m efr @xdhvhtcfm Hmhayscs


19/527

Ecour` 8. Rj` dfr` fe CB@H; ecv` nhscd `mtctc s Ahy`r, Fnk`dt,

Dfmstrudt, Brhwcmo hmb \jftf acmg`b wctj ihmy-tf-ihmy ràhtcfm-

sjcps n`tw``m `mtctc`s hs wàa hs cmt`rmhaay n`tw``m r`dfrbs fe tj`

shi` `mtcty.

> Rj` dfmd`ptuha ifbà

Rj` nhscd dfmd`ptuha ifbà efr tj` systì jhs har`hby n``m

pr`s`mt`b hmb bcsduss`b cm sfi` b`thca (Hmbr`s`m/Ihbs`m

833>, 8332). _` wcaa mft r`p`ht tj` bcsdusscfm j`r`, nut fmay

suiihrcs` tj` strudtur` hmb nhscd `mtctc`s fe tj` ifbà.

Eumbhi`mtha tf fur ifbà cs tj` hdgmfwa`boì`mt fe

tjr`` umcv`rsha `mtctc`s cmtf wjcdj w` dhm dhtòfrcz` haa

`xdhvhtcfm cmefrihtcfm. Rj`s` `mtctc`s w` t`ri`b Ahy`rs,

Fnk`dts hmb Dfmstrudts (eco. 8).

2 HMHA@DRH \^H@JCTRF^CDH A@CB@MTCH >:

H Ahy`r cs hm `mtcty fe b`pfsctcfm s`phrht`b erfi ctssurrfumbcmos ny cts pjyscdha hmb djìcdha prfp`rtc`s. Cm tjcs

s`ms` h ahy`r dhm n` s``m hs h o`fafocdha `mtcty, `v`m ce

fet`m ct fwms cts `xcst`md` tf juihm hdtcvctc`s. Ftj`r mhi`s

efr h ahy`r fet`m s``m hr` ecaa fr dfmt`xt (Dhrv`r 83:0).

@ss`mtchaay hm Fnk`dt cs h sunphrt fe h ahy`r, sòròht`b

erfi tjcs ny tj` hdtcfms fe tj` hrdjh`fafocst. Hmy phrt fe h

ahy`r tjht hm hrdjh`fafocst stcdgs h ahnà fm, nhos, hmb

nrcmos jfi` erfi tj` `xdhvhtcfm hutfihtcdhaay n`dfi`s hm

fnk`dt, fr p`rjhps hs ct sjfuab n` mhi`b ifr` dfrr`dtay, h

ecmb fr dfipfm`mt (Dhrv`r 83:0).

Rj` Dfmstrudt cs h sacojtay ifr` dfmtrfv`rscha `mtcty.

Cm fur bècmctcfm ct cs hmy cmt`rpr`thtcfm dhtòfry tjht hm

hrdjh`fafocst ihy cipfs` fm Ahy`rs fr Fnk`dts, hafm` fr cm

hmy dfincmhtcfm.8 Cm cts scipa`st efri hm cmsthmd` fe tj`

Dfmstrudt `mtcty dfuab n` sfi`tjcmo acg` pct, pfst-jfa`,

`td. Ht tj` ifr` dfipa`x a`và ct dfuab n` hdtcvcty hr`h,

vcaaho`, djrfmfafocdha pjhs` `td. Rrhbctcfmhaay tjcs cs

wjht wfuab n` dahsscec`b hs duts, e`htur`s, strudtur`s hmb

n`yfmb (Dhrv`r 83:0).

Cm hbbctcfm tf tj`s` tjr`` umcv`rsha `mtctc`s w` hasf

bècm`b twf bfdui`mthry `mtctc`s Brhwcmos hmb \jftfs.

Rj`s` twf huxcachry `mtctc`s hr` euaay cmt`racmg`b wctj tj`

hrdjh`fafocdha `mtctc`s. Fm` ihy qu`stcfm, ce ct cs pfsscna`

tf brhw fr cmb``b thg` pjftforhpjs fe cmt`rpr`thtcfms/Dfm-

strudts. Fm tj` ftj`r jhmb ct cs dustfihry cm hrdjh`fafocdha

r`dfrbcmo systìs tf rè`r tf cmt`rpr`thtcfm umcts cm tj`

bfdui`mthry sfurd`s, sf w` jhv` djfs`m tf `mbfrs` tjcs

prhdtcd` hmb haafw acmgs n`tw``m Dfmstrudts fm tj` fm`

jhmb hmb Brhwcmos hmb \jftfs fm tj` ftj`r.

Rjcs dfmd`ptuha ifbà ihy ht ecrst oahmd` s`ì ehcray

scipa`, nut bu` tf tj` ihmy-tf-ihmy ràhtcfmsjcps n`tw``m

haa ecv` `mtctc`s hmb cmt`rmhaay wctjcm `hdj `mtcty, ct cs h

ehcray dfipa`x ifbà tf cipaì`mt. Eurtj`r, tj`r` hr` h

muin`r fe hbbctcfmha dfmd`pts hmb e`htur`s tjht ifbcec`s

hmb quhacec`s tj` ifbà, hbbcmo eurtj`r dfipacdhtcfms tf tj`

cipaì`mthtcfm.

Fm` sudj ifb`rhtfr cs tj` dfmd`pt fe prfk`dt. Cm frb`r tf

n` hna` tf jhmba` ifr` tjhm fm` `xdhvhtcfm cm tj` shi`

bhthnhs`, hmb cmb``b tf n` hna` tf jhmba` `xdhvhtcfmsbcee`r`mtay wctj r`sp`dt tf strudtur` fe r`dfrbcmos hmb

dahsscecdhtcfms fe dfmt`mt, w` jhv` bècm`b tj` prfk`dt hs tj`

prcihry s`phrhtfr fe cmefrihtcfm. @v`rytjcmo wctjcm h

prfk`dt cs ny bècmctcfm euaay dfiphrhna`. Cmefrihtcfm erfi

bcee`r`mt prfk`dts cs fmay dfiphtcna` hmb dfiphrhna` tf tj`

`xt`mt tjht tj` prfk`dts sjhr` `qucvha`mt bècmctcfms hmb

dahsscecdhtcfms fe strudtur` hmb dfmt`mt.

Hm cipfrthmt, nut hasf h pft`mtchaay v`ry bceecduat

quhacec`r tf jhmba` cs tj` dfmd`pt fe `v`mt. Fm h ehcray

scipa` a`và ct cs tj` hncacty tf r`dfrb tj` wjf hmb wj`m fe

h brhwcmo n`cmo dr`ht`b ny h muin`r fe brhuojtsi`m fv`r h

p`rcfb fe tci` ht h muin`r fe bcee`r`mt brhwcmo `v`mts, fr

tj` hncacty tf r`dfrb cmefrihtcfm hddfrbcmo tf h muin`r febcee`r`mt `xdhvhtcfm dhiphcoms. Fm h iudj ifr` dfipa`x

a`và ct dfuab n` tj` pfsscncacty fe r`dfrbcmo tj` jcstfry fe

cmt`rpr`thtcfms fe h sct`. Rjht cs, cmst`hb fe fv`rwrctcmo hm

cmt`rpr`thtcv` Dfmstrudt, h sunstctutcfm thg`s pahd` wctj tj`

efri`r Dfmstrudt n`cmo g`pt hs h jcstfrcdha, durr`mtay

fnsfa`t`, pc`d` fe cmefrihtcfm dfmd`rmcmo tj` cmt`rpr`thtcfm.

Jcstfrcdha cmefrihtcfm acg` tjcs sjfuab n` jcbb`m, nut mft

efroftt`m. Rjht cs, ct sjfuab n` pfsscna` tf r`dhaa efri`r

cmt`rpr`thtcfms fm bìhmb.

H euaa jhmbacmo fe `v`mts cs truay dfipacdht`b, hmb w`

jhv` b`dcb`b tf thg` up fmay tj` scipa`st phrt fe tj` prfnaì

ràhtcmo tf bcee`r`mt r`dfrbcmo `v`mts burcmo `xdhvhtcfms.

Rjus, ht tj` ifi`mt w` hr` mft ofcmo tf try tf sfav` tj`

prfnaì fe `v`mt r`dfrbcmo cm dfmm`dtcfm wctj tj` cmt`r-

pr`thtcfm fe hm `xdhvhtcfm.

Hmftj`r v`ry cipfrthmt quhacecdhtcfm tf tj` systì cs tj`

pfsscncacty efr us`rs tf dustfics` tj` strudtur` fe r`dfrbcmos

hs wàa hs bcee`r`mtcht` dahsscecdhtcfms fe tj`cr dfmt`mt. Cm h

systì wj`r` haa `mtctc`s hr` cmt`racmg`b, tj` muin`r fe


20/527

Ecour` >. Cipaì`mthtcfm fe ihmy-tf-ihmy ràhtcfmsjcps uscmo acmg thna`s. Rj` upp`r phrt sjfws acmgcmo

n`tw``m `mtctc`s, hmb tj` afw`r phrt acmgcmo wctjcm `mtctc`s.

whys tf strudtur` tj` cmefrihtcfm (ny djffscmo bcee`r`mt

djhmmàs tjrfuoj tj` w`n) cs jcoj. _jht phrtcduahr strudtur`

sjfuab n` us`b cm ràhtcfm tf hm `xdhvhtcfm cs mft h

prforhii`rs b`dcscfm. Ct iust n` h us`r b`dcscfm. Rj`shi` hppac`s tf tj` dahsscecdhtcfm fe ctìs fe cmefrihtcfm,

efr cmsthmd` tj` hrtèhdts. H Ttfm` Ho` hmb hm Crfm Ho`

`xdhvhtcfm d`rthcmay dhmmft us` tj` shi` dahsscecdhtcfm hmb

b`sdrcptcfm systì efr hrtèhdts. Ct cs tj` us`r wjf sjfuab

b`dcb` tj` dahsscecdhtcfm systì tf n` us`b, hmb tj` us`r

iust n` hna` tf thcafr tj` systì tf ect jcs fr j`r m``bs.

4 Cipaì`mthtcfm fe tj` ifbà

@v`m tjfuoj `hdj cmsthmd` fe tj` bhthnhs` cs hna` tf jfab

bhth erfi s`v`rha `xdhvhtcfms hmb tjus icojt n`

ihcmthcm`b ny h d`mtrha hutjfrcty tj` b`d`mtrhacs`b

strudtur` fe Bhmcsj hrdjh`fafoy (hmb hrdjh`fafoy cm ifst

ftj`r dfumtrc`s) bìhmbs h b`d`mtrhacs`b sfautcfm. Rjcs csfm` fe tj` r`hsfms wjy fur systì cs frohmcs`b cmtf twf

s`phrht` phrts; tj` dfr` bhth strudtur` cm fm` ifbua` hmb

tj` us`r-cmt`rehd` cm hmftj`r. Rjcs bcvcscfm jhs s`v`rha

hbvhmtho`s burcmo tj` pjhs` fe sfetwhr`-b`vàfpi`mt.

Efr tj` `mb us`r, fm` hbvhmtho` cs tjht ny tà`dfiiumcdh-

tcfm djhmmàs ct wcaa n` pfsscna` tf cmt`rehd` bcee`r`mt

o`forhpjcdhaay bcsp`rs`b bhth s`ts. Ht tj` shi` tci` m`w

v`rscfms fe tj` us`r-cmt`rehd` dhm n` cipaì`mt`b wctjfut

hmy scb` èe`dts fm tj` bhth phrt. Cmb``b, tj`r` cs tj`

pfsscncacty tf dr`ht` iuatcpa` us`r-cmt`rehd`s tf tj` shi` s`t

fe bhth, sjfuab tjcs n` m``b`b.

Hmftj`r dfms`qu`md` fe tjcs hrdjct`dtur` cs tj` pfsscncacty

tf s`phrht` hrdjh`fafocdha erfi hbicmcstrhtcv` cmefrihtcfm

fm tj` prfk`dt a`và. Hbicmcstrhtcv` cmefrihtcfm b`p`mb`mt

fm dfumtry hmb cmstctutcfm dhm n` cmdaub`b hs thna`s cm tj`

us`r-cmt`rehd` phrt. Rj`y dhmmft n` s`phrht`b erfi tj`cr

`mtry efris hmywhy. Acg`wcs`, tj` strudtur` hmb ahyfut fe

r`pfrts hr` hasf dfumtry hmb cmstctutcfm b`p`mb`mt hmb tjus

sjfuab n` g`pt `mtcrày cm tj` us`r-cmt`rehd` ifbua` hs wàa.

H bcshbvhmtho` fe tjcs twf-a`và hrdjct`dtur` cs tjht

upafhbcmo fe bhth erfi fm` cmsthmd` fe tj` bhthnhs` tf

hmftj`r jhs tf n` ifmctfr`b ny h ifbua` fe sp`dchaay

wrctt`m dfb`. Rjcs w` efr`s`` wcaa dhus` sfi` j`hb-sdrhtdjcmo tf wrct`. Rj` t`djmcdha prfnaì cs tjht `hdj

`mtcty cmsthmd` cm `hdj cmsthmd` fe tj` bhthnhs` cs ocv`m h

umcqu` s`qu`mtcha muin`r (g`y) ny tj` ^BINT. Rjus

`mtcty cmsthmd`s hr` v`ry acgày tf sjhr` tj` shi` cb`mtcec`rs

tjrfuojfut tj` vhrcfus cmsthmd`s fe tj` bhthnhs`. N`dhus`

tj`s` muin`rs hr` us`b hs pfcmt`rs (efr`com g`ys) cm tj` acmg

thna`s, ct cs fnvcfus tjht upafhbcmo jhs tf fddur hs h

s`qu`md` fe iuatcpa`, m`st`b trhmshdtcfms cm frb`r tf

ihcmthcm cmtòrcty fe tj` upafhb`b bhthnhs`.

Rj` nhdgnfm` fe tj` cipaì`mthtcfm dfmscsts fe ecv`

thna`s dfrr`spfmbcmo tf tj` ecv` nhscd `mtctc`s fe fur

dfmd`ptuha ifbà. @hdj fe tj`s` dfmthcm nhscd cmefrihtcfm,

wjcdj suns`qu`mtay dhm n` tc`b tfo`tj`r uscmo acmg thna`s.Rj` acmg thna`s hr` fe twf gcmbs (eco. >). Fm` typ` dfmscsts

fe acmg thna`s cmt`rdfmm`dtcmo tj` ecv` `mtcty thna`s. Rj`r` hr`

t`m fe tj`s`, `hdj jhvcmo tj` prcihry g`ys fe `hdj fe tj`

twf thna`s tj`y dfmm`dt hs efr`com g`ys, hmb cm hbbctcfm h

ecàb dhaa`b ^àhtcfm tf jfab tj` typ` fe ràhtcfm n`tw``m

tj` twf nhscd thna`s. Rfo`tj`r tj` tjr`` ecàbs fe tj` acmg

thna` dfmstctut` cts prcihry g`y, hmb j`md` h umcqu` `mtry.

Rj` ftj`r typ` fe acmg thna` cs tjht wjcdj dfmm`dts hm `mtcty

thna` tf ctsàe. Afocdhaay tj`r` hr` ecv` fe tj`s`, hatjfuoj w`

jhv` mft cipaì`mt`b \jftfs acmg`b wctj \jftfs hs w`

dhmmft cihocm` wjf wfuab us` ct. Rjcs gcmb fe acmg thna` cs

dfmstrudt`b acg` tj` efri`r `xd`pt tjht nftj efr`com g`ys

rè`r nhdg tf tj` shi` prcihry g`y cm fm` scmoa` thna`.>

Rj` ecàb ^àhtcfm cm acmg thna`s n`tw``m `mtctc`s cs

dustfihrcay ecaa`b cm wctj h cs acmg`b tf strcmo, nut ct cs

durr`mtay mft us`b efr hmy purpfs`, hs w` jhv` s``m mf why

cm wjcdj w` dfuab ihg` us` fe bcee`r`mt typ`s fe ràhtcfms.

Tjfuab tj` m``b hrcs`, jfw`v`r, tj` systì cs pr`phr`b efr

iuatcpa` ràhtcfm typ`s.

0 K. HMB^@T@M HMB R. IHBT@M CB@H, RJ@ CMR@O^HR@B BHRHNHT@


21/527

Ecour` 4. Rj` dfr` fe CB@H hs s``m erfi fm` `mtcty (Ahy`rs). Mf ftj`r `mtcty cs ifr` tjhm fm` acmg thna` hwhy.

Cm acmg thna`s dfmm`dtcmo `mtcty thna`s cmt`rmhaay, jfw`v`r,

tj` ecàb jfabcmo tj` ràhtcfm typ` cm tj` acmg thna` cs v`ry

usèua. Rjus cm tj` `xhipa` sjfwm cm ecour` >, wj`r` Ahy`rs

hr` acmg`b tf Ahy`rs, tj` ecàb dhm jfab vhrcfus typ`s fe

strhtcorhpjcd ràhtcfmsjcps. Jhb tj` `xhipa` n``m Fnk`dts

acmg`b wctj Fnk`dts, tj` ràhtcfms dfuab jhv` n``m vhrcfus

typ`s fe cmefrihtcfm fm rècttcmo tj` fnk`dts cm qu`stcfm.

Rj` cipaì`mthtcfm fe tj` dfmd`ptuha ifbà (eco. 8)

a`hbs tf wjht affgs acg` h sphoj`ttc kumdtcfm dfmstrudtcfm.

Jfw`v`r, wj`m vc`w`b erfi hmy phrtcduahr `mtcty tj`

strudtur` hpp`hrs ehcray scipa`. Hmy `mtcty thna` cs fmay fm`

acmg thna` hwhy, hmb w` jhv` wjht ihy n` b`sdrcn`b hs h

ecv` hri`b fdtfpus (ce tjht cs mft tff iudj fe h dfmtrh-

bcdtcfm) (eco. 4). Efur fe tj` hris a`hb tjrfuoj acmg thna`s tftj` efur ftj`r `mtctc`s, wjca` tj` ecetj hri a`hbs tjrfuoj h

acmg thna` tf tj` `mtcty ctsàe.

Cm ecour` 4 w` vc`w tj` strudtur` fe tj` systì hs s``m

erfi tj` Ahy`rs thna`, nut h vc`w erfi hmy fe tj` ftj`r

`mtcty thna`s wfuab affg `xhdtay tj` shi`. Hmy fe fur ecv`

nhscd `mtctc`s cs tjus acmg`b bcr`dtay tf tj` ftj`rs hs wàa

hs tf ctsàe. Ct cs fur dahci tjht cm uscmo tjcs strudtur` w`

dhm ihp ifst ce mft haa bhth ifbàs efr hrdjh`fafocdha

`xdhvhtcfms.

Fm` pr`-dfmbctcfm cm fur cipaì`mthtcfm fe tj` dfmd`ptuha

ifbà, cs tjht hmy cmsthmd` fe hm hmhaytcdha fr bfdui`mthry

`mtcty jhs tf n` umcquày cb`mtcec`b. Rjus ce w` whmt tf

stfr` cmefrihtcfm hnfut h sp`dcecd sj`rb erfi h nho ecmb,

tj`m tjcs sj`rb jhs tf n` cb`mtcec`b s`phrhtày. N`dhus` tj`

us`r-suppac`b cb`mtcecdhtcfm bf`s mft `mt`r h g`y-ecàb cm

tj` umb`raycmo thna`, tj` sj`rb cb`mtcec`b m``b mft n`

r`muin`r`b, tjht cs bfuna`-muin`rcmo fe us`r-suppac`b

cb`mtcecdhtcfm cs haafw`b! Rj` g`y-ecàb efr hmy r`dfrb cm

tj` thna`s cs hsscom`b ny tj` ^BNIT hutfihtcdhaay hs h

pfsctcv` afmo cmtò`r umgmfwm hmb jcbb`m tf tj` us`r.

Cm dhs`s fe bfuna` muin`rcmo tj` prfnaì efr tj` us`r fedfurs` rìhcms hs `v`r; tj` bceecduaty tf s`phrht` cmsthmd`s

wctj cb`mtcdha cb`mtcecdhtcfm. Rj` fnvcfus sfautcfm cs, hs ct

jhs hawhys n``m, tf muin`r `v`ry cmsthmd` umcquày.

\rfvcb`b tjht cmefrihtcfm jhs n``m afhb`b cmtf tj` nhscd

`mtcty thna`s, s`ttcmo acmgs n`tw``m tj` `mtrc`s cm tj`s` thna`s

cs h ehcray scipa` ihtt`r. _` jhv` djfs`m tf cipaì`mt tj`

acmgcmo tjrfuoj h efri wj`r` w` dhm pcdg hmy muin`r fe



22/527

Ecour` 0. H sthmbhrb `mtry efri efr h nhscd `mtcty cm CB@H (j r` tj`

`mtcty Ahy`r). Nuttfms wctj hrrfws hdrfss dhaa up `ctj`r acmg efris fe

tj` typ` sjfwm cm ecour` 2, fr ftj`r bhth `mtry efris wctj h efrd`b

acmg tf tj` durr`mt r`dfrb.

Ecour` 2. Rj` efri us b tf s`t r ahtcfmsjcps n`tw``m tj` durr`mt

r`dfrb (dfuab cm tjcs dhs` n` h dfmstrudt, ahy`r, brhwcmo fr pjftf)

hmb hmy muin`r fe hvhcahna` fnk`dts. Rj` acst nfx ihrg`b Djfs`m

ecmbs dfmthcms tjfs` ecmbs har`hby acmg`b tf tj` durr`mt r`dfrb, wjca`

tjfs` acst`b cm tj` Mfm-djfs`m acst nfx hr` tjfs` ecmbs stcaa hvhcahna`

efr acmgcmo.

ctìs hvhcahna` erfi tj` `mtcty yfu wcsj tf acmg tf, hmb

dfmm`dt tjì tf tj` durr`mt r`dfrb fe tj` durr`mt `mtcty

thna`. Acmgcmo tjus hawhys thg`s cts sthrtcmo pfcmt erfi h

sp`dcecd `mtcty cmsthmd`, shy h ahy`r cm tj` Ahy`r `mtry efri.

Ce w` wcsj tf acmg fnk`dts tf tjcs ahy`r w` dhaa up tj`

acmgcmo efri ny pr`sscmo h nuttfm ht tj` nhs` fe tj` Ahy`rs

`mtry efri. Rjcs prfvcb`s us wctj h efri dfmthcmcmo twf acst

nfx`s (eco. 2). Rj` fm` fm tj` rcojt dfmthcms haa tjfs` ecmbs,

ce hmy, har`hby acmg`b tf tj` ahy`r, wjca` tj` ftj`r nfx

dfmthcms haa r`dfrb`b ecmbs mft acmg`b tf tj` ahy`r. T`ttcmo

acmgs, fr rìfvcmo har`hby `sthnacsj`b acmgs cs scipay h

ihtt`r fe uscmo tj` hrrfws n`tw``m tj` twf acst nfx`s, fr ny

kust bfuna` dacdgcmo tj` ctì w` whmt tf ifv`.

Ecour` 2 sjfws tj` efri us`b tf s`t acmgs n`tw``m `mtrc`s

cm bcee`r`mt `mtctc`s. Hs i`mtcfm`b w` bf mft m``b tf wfrg

wctj bcee`r`mt ràhtcfm typ`s cm tjcs dhs`, nut ce w` ifv` tf

tj` cmt`rmha ràhtcfms (shy Ahy`rs wctj Ahy`rs) w` m``b tf

n` hna` tf s`t tj` typ` fe ràhtcfm hs wàa. Rjcs w` bf cm h

efri iudj r`sìnacmo tj` fm` cm ecour` 2, nut wctj tj`

hbbctcfm fe h dfinf nfx, wj`r` w` dhm djffs` tj` typ` feràhtcfm w` wcsj tf vc`w hmb s`t.

Rj` cipaì`mthtcfm fe tj` prfk`dt dfmd`pt cs rhtj`r

scipa`. _` jhv` dr`ht`b twf thna`s,Cmstctutcfm hmbEca`.

Hm cmstctutcfm ihy n` hm hrdjh`fafocdha umct, h umcv`rscty, h

iusùi `td. @hdj cmstctutcfm ihy jfus` ihmy `xdhvhtcfm-

prfk`dts, `hdj umcquày muin`r`b cm tjÈca`-thna`. Rj`

g`y-ecàbs fe tj` twf thna`s hr` cmdaub`b cm tj` ecv` prcihry

thna`s fe tj` dfr` bhthnhs` hmb cm sfi` huxcachry thna`s

wjcdj jfab ftj`r rà`vhmt cmefrihtcfm.

? K. HMB^@T@M HMB R. IHBT@M CB@H, RJ@ CMR@O^HR@B BHRHNHT@

Eurtj`r sunbcvcscfms wctjcm h prfk`dt ihy n` cipa`-

i`mt`b utcacscmo muin`rcmo dfmv`mtcfms cm tj` us`r-suppac`b

cb`mtcec`rs. C.`. hr`h dfb`s hmb dha`mbhr y`hr dfuab n` us`b

hs sueecx`s tf tj` cb`mtcec`r fe tj` `mtcty cmsthmd`s. Rj`rèfr`

w` dhm efr`s`` h eutur` bìhmb efr h dustficshtcfm ifbua`

tf thg` dhr` fe prfk`dt sunbcvcscfms hmb muin`rcmo

dfmv`mtcfms.

2 Dustficscmo tj` systì

2.8 CI\A@I@MRCMO H BHRHIFB@A

Ht tj` nfttfi fe `hdj fe tj` `mtcty `mtry efris (eco. 0) h

muin`r fe nuttfms wctj hrrfws hdrfss fp`ms up acmg efris

tf ftj`r `mtctc`s fe tj` typ` sjfwm cm ecour` 2. Jfw`v`r, ce

w` haafw us`rs tf acmg hs tj`y pa`hs` w` s`rcfusay rcsg tjht

tj` `mtrc`s `mt`r`b wcaa dhus` cmdfmscst`mdy cm tj` bhthnhs`.

U`ry bcee`r`mt strudturcmo fe tj` cmefrihtcfm dhm r`suat erfi

umdfmstrhcm`b acmgcmo fe `mtcty cmsthmd`s.

Fm` why fe dfmtrfaacmo cmput cs tf bcshaafw us`rs tf cmput

bhth tf h phrtcduahr `mtcty, shy Fnk`dts, uma`ss ct cs

dfmtrfaa`b ny hmftj`r `mtcty, shy Ahy`r. Rjht cs, tj` fmaywhy yfu wcaa n` hna` tf `mt`r Fnk`dt bhth cs tjrfuoj hm

cmput efri hdtcvht`b ny tj` Fnk`dts nuttfm fm tj` Ahy`r

`mtcty efri. Cm tjcs dhs` yfu wcaa mft o`t h acmg efri cm

r`spfms` tf h pr`ss fe tj` nuttfm, nut hm cmput efri s`ttcmo h

pr`-bècm`b acmg hs phrt fe tj` bhth `mtry prfd`ss. Ht tj`


23/527

Ecour` 5. H tjr``-a`và ifbà efr tj` r`dfrbcmo fe hm `xdhvhtcfm wctj

dfmstrhcmts bìhmbcmo tjht hmy fnk`dt iust n` phrt fe h ahy`r, wjcdj

iust n` phrt fe h dfmstrudt. @mtry pfcmt cmbcdht`s wj`r` bhth cmput

dhm n` cmctcht`b.

Ecour` ?. H twf-a và ifb a, wj`r tj` Dfmstrudt `mtcty jhs n``m

`xdaub`b, hmb wj`r` hmy fnk`dt iust n` phrt fe h ahy`r. @mtrypfcmt cmbcdht`s wj`r` bhth cmput dhm n` cmctcht`b.

shi` tci` haa ftj`r nuttfms a`hbcmo tf h acmgcmo fe Fnk`dt

cmefrihtcfm dhm n` bcshna`b, ihgcmo acmgcmo fe Fnk`dts tf

Ahy`rs tj` fmay fptcfm hvhcahna`.

Rjus ny dfmtrfaacmo wjht nuttfms hr` hvhcahna`, wj`r`

hmb wj`m, hmb wjht tj`y wcaa dhaa up, strudtur` dhm n`

prfvcb`b tf tj` r`dfrbcmo fe `xdhvhtcfm cmefrihtcfm.

Bcee`r`mt vc`ws fm tj` strudtur` fe `xdhvhtcfm cmefrihtcfm

tjht cs bcee`r`mt bhth ifbàs dhm n` ihpp`b fmtf tj`

systì ny vhrycmo tj` hvhcahncacty fe cmput efris, hmb mft

a`hst tjrfuoj tj` s`qu`md` cm wjcdj tj`s` iust fddur, hs

wàa hs wjht pfsscncactc`s fe acmgcmo tf ftj`r `mtctc`s hr`

hvhcahna`.

Ecour`s 5 hmb ? sjfw twf `xhipa`s fe bhth ifbàs efr

`xdhvhtcfms. Cm ecour` 5 h tjr``-a`và ifbà cs sjfwm.

Rj` Dfmstrudt cs s``m hs tj` nhscd `mtcty dhtòfrcscmo haa

fns`rvhtcfms ht tj` `xdhvhtcfm a`và. Rjht cs tj` `xdhvhtfr

jhs tf cmt`rpr`t jcs fns`rvhtcfms cm tj` ecàb cm t`ris fe

strudtur`s hmb e`htur`s hs j` prfd``bs. Rj` Dfmstrudts

wjcdj ihy wàa n` m`st`b cm cmt`rmha jc`rhrdjc`s hr`

djhrhdt`rcs`b ny dfmthcmcmo fm` fr ifr` ahy`rs fr ecaas, hmb`hdj ahy`r ihy dfmthcm fm` fr ifr` fnk`dts. Rj` prcmdcpha

dfmstrhcmt fe tjcs ifbà cs tjht hm Fnk`dt jhs tf n` h phrt fe

h Ahy`r, wjcdj jhs tf n` h phrt fe h Dfmstrudt. \jftfs hmb

Brhwcmos hr` s``m hs cmb`p`mb`mt bfdui`mthtcfm `vcb`md`

tjht ihy n` er`ày acmg`b tf hmy fe tj` tjr`` ihcm `mtctc`s.

Ecour` ? sjfws h twf-a`và ifbà nhs`b fm Ahy`rs hmb

Fnk`dts. H ifbà fe tjcs mhtur`, wj`r` tj` Dfmstrudt `mtcty

jhs n``m `xdaub`b, cs wcbày us`b cm `xdhvhtcfms erfi tj`

fab Ttfm` Ho`, wj`r` h o`fafocdha erhi` fe rè`r`md` rhtj`r

tjhm fm` fe ihm-ihb` strudtur`s cs pr`vha`mt. Jfw`v`r,

`v`m j`r` tj` Dfmstrudt `mtcty cs m``b`b. Hs stht`b cm tj`

phrhorhpj fm tj` dfmd`ptuha ifbà tj` Dfmstrudt dfv`rs

ifr` tjhm w` cii`bchtày fns`rv` burcmo tj` `xdhvhtcfm.Burcmo tj` pfst `xdhvhtcfm pjhs` fr `v`m burcmo tj`

`xdhvhtcfm ctsàe w` ihy hbb cmt`rpr`thtcfms cm t`ris fe

dhtòfrcshtcfm fe cmefrihtcfm tjht of`s n`yfmb `vcb`mt

strudtur`s. \ft`mtchaay ht hmy pfcmt w` dhm r`dfrb wjht jhs

n``m t`ri`b aht`mt strudtur`s. Rjus cm fab Ttfm` Ho`

`xdhvhtcfms hmhaytcdha `mtctc`s acg` acvcmo eaffrs fr

hdtcvcty hr`hs hr` er`qu`mtay csfaht`b hs ce tj`y w`r`

fns`rvhna`. Hs h dfms`qu`md` w` jhv` tf suppay efris tjht

haafw tj` `mt`rcmo cmtf tj` Dfmstrudt thna` fe aht`mt fr

cme`rr`b strudtur`s hmb tj` er`` acmgcmo fe tj`s` ròhrba`ss

fe jfw tj` ifbà cs ftj`rwcs` strudtur`b.

H sp`dcecd bhth ifb a sjfuab n` hppac`b tf hmy

`xdhvhtcfm tf hvfcb hincoucty cm r`dfrbcmos. Jfw`v`r,

tj`r` hr` r`hsfms wjy ct sjfuab n` pfsscna` tf nyphss tj`

bhth ifbà hmb a`t `xp`rc`md`b fp`rhtfrs of cmtf h ifb` fe

umdfmstrhcm`b bhth `mtry. Ecrst fe haa, ce bhth `mtry cs tf

fddur cm h pfst `xdhvhtcfm sctuhtcfm erfi wrctt`m acsts, ct

prfvcb`s ehr tj` ehst`st why fe bhth `mtry. T`dfmbay, ce

icsthg`s fddur efr fm` fr ftj`r r`hsfm, ct ihy prfvcb` tj`

: HMHA@DRH \^H@JCTRF^CDH A@CB@MTCH >:

ehst`st why tf da`hr tjcmos up. Cm umdfmstrhcm`b bhth `mtry

ifb` tj` fp`rhtfr jhs tf n` v`ry iudj hwhr` fe tj` ifbà

(s)j` cs b`hacmo wctj, hmb us` tjfs` acmgs fmay tjht wcaa ocv`

tj` cmt`mb`b strudtur`.

Hs bìfmstrht`b, ct cs euaay pfsscna` tf ihp bcee`r`mt

bhth ifbàs fmtf tj` umb`raycmo thna` strudtur`. Jfw`v`r,

ct cs mft sueecdc`mt efr us tf jhv` h systì wj`r` w` hs

prforhii`rs dhm s`t up bcee`r`mt vc`ws fe tj` bhthnhs`.

Ct cs cipfrthmt tjht ct cs tj` us`r wjf dhm dustfics` tj`

systì bymhicdhaay.

Rf ihg` us`r dustficshtcfm pfsscna` w` jhv` dr`ht`b h

bhth ifbà bècmctcfm ifbua`, wj`r` ct cs pfsscna` tf bècm`

jfw tj` dfmm`dtcfms n`tw``m thna`s sjfuab n` pr`s`mt`b cm

t`ris fe fptcfmha acmgcmo fr efrd`b bhth `mtry eafws.

Nhscdhaay, tj` dustficshtcfm cs cipaì`mt`b tjrfuoj h euaa

squhr` ihtrcx, wj`r` tj` ecv` nhscd thna`s hr` drfss ràht`b


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Ecour` 3. Efri us`b tf bècm` cmt rmha ràhtcfmsjcps cm `mtctc`s.

Ecour` :. Efri us`b tf bècm h bhth ifbà. @hdj dàa jhs h brfp

bfwm nfx prfvcbcmo h muin`r fe pr`-s`t hat`rmhtcv`s.

wctj `hdj ftj`r (eco. :). H muin`r fe pfsscna` vhau`s efr

`hdj dàa cs bècm`b ny us, hmb dhm n` sà`dt`b ny tj` us`r

cm brfp bfwm nfx`s efr `hdj dàa. H bhth ifbà ihy tj`m

n` bècm`b ny s`ttcmo h dfincmhtcfm fe tj` vhau`s cm tj`

ihtrcx. Rj` djfcd`s cm `hdj dàa cmdaub` acmg, mf acmg hmb

(efrd`b) phtj cm tj` fee-bchofmha dàas hmb h dfincmhtcfm fe

`mtry/mf `mtry hmb acmg/mf acmg vhau`s fm tj` bchofmha.

Rj` us`r dhm bècm` hmb sà`dt h ifbà. Jfw`v`r, w`

dhmmft haafw tjcs tf jhpp`m ht hmy tci`. Ct cs cipfrthmt

tjht tj`r` cs dfmscst`mdy cm r`dfrbcmos tjrfuojfut hmy

phrtcduahr `xdhvhtcfm. Rjus, wj`m cmctchaay h prfk`dt cs

bècm`b, tj` us`r iust sà`dt tj` ifbà tf n` us`b, hmb erfi

tjht ifi`mt ct cs h ncmbcmo djfcd` efr tjht phrtcduahr

prfk`dt, mft tf n` djhmo`b. Hmytjcmo às` wfuab n` hm

cmvcthtcfm tf djhfs.

2.> B@ECMCRCFM FE CMR@^MHA ^@AHRCFMT FE @MRCRC@T

Rj` dhphncacty tf jhmba` ràhtcfmsjcps cmt`rmhaay n`tw``m

cmsthmd`s fe `mtctc`s ihg`s tj` systì `xtrìày pfw`reua

hmb v`rshtca`. Ct `mhna`s us`rs tf nucab up bhth strudtur`sbymhicdhaay, hmb tjus rìfv`s fm` fe tj` ihkfr w`hg-

m`ss`s fe ifst bcoctha `xdhvhtcfm r`dfrbcmo systìs sfehr

tj` pr`b`t`ricm`b bhth strudtur`s jhrb dfb`b cmtf tj`

systì ny tj` prforhii`r. Rjus efr tj` Dfmstrudts `mtcty ct

wfuab cm ifst trhbctcfmha systìs n` m`d`sshry tf fp`rht`

wctj h pr`-bècm`b jc`rhrdjy fe e`htur`s, strudtur`s, orfups

`td. hmb tf stcdg wctj tj`s`. Cm fur systì, jfw`v`r, ct cs

pfsscna` tf hssìna` bhth strudtur`s fe Dfmstrudts

bymhicdhaay cmtf jcoj`r a`vàs fe cmt`rpr`thtcfm umcts tf hmy

a`và hmb hmy dfipa`xcty.

Cm frb`r tf ihg` tj` us` fe tj` cmt`rmha ràhtcfms hs

ea`xcna` hs pfsscna` tj` us`rs dhm bècm` tj` ràhtcfms tj`y

m``b (eco. 3). Efur typ`s fe cmefrihtcfm jhv` tf n` suppac`bcm tj` bècmctcfm efri. Rj` bfihcm (c.`. wj`tj`r tj` ràhtcfm

cs vhacb efr Fnk`dts, Ahy`rs, Dfmstrudts fr Brhwcmos), wjht

tj` ràhtcfm sjfuab n` mhi`b, tj` mhi` fe tj` cmv`rs`

ràhtcfm, hmb wjht hnstrhdt bhth typ` tj` sp`dcecd ràhtcfm cs

hm cmsthmd` fe. Ce tj` ràhtcfm cs syii`trcd, (c.`. shi` hs)

fm` `mt`rs tj` ràhtcfm mhi` cm tj` cmv`rs` ràhtcfm ecàb hs

wàa. Cm ecour` 3 hm `xhipa` fe bècmcmo h phrts nr`hgbfwm

cs sjfwm; tj` bfihcm cs Dfmstrudts, tj` ràhtcfm cs cs phrt

fe, tj` cmv`rs` cs dfmthcm, hmb tj` typ` fe strudtur` cs

jc`rhrdjy.

Efaafwcmo tj` bècmctcfm fe tj` ràhtcfmsjcp tj` us`r ihy

us` ct tf ràht` hm cmsthmd` fe h Dfmstrudt tf hmftj`r

cmsthmd` fe h Dfmstrudt. Rjus h sp`dcecd pfst-jfa` ihy n`

hsscom`b tf h sp`dcecd jfus` hs n`cmo cs phrt fe tjht

jfus`. T``m erfi tj` vc`wpfcmt fe tj` jfus`, h dfmthcm

acmg tf tj` pfst-jfa` wcaa hutfihtcdhaay n` `mt`r`b ny tj`

systì cm tj` shi` trhmshdtcfm.

Rj` typ` fe strudtur` cs sà`dt`b erfi h muin`r fe typ`s

w` jhv` bècm`b. Durr`mtay w` jhv` csfaht`b h s`t fe scx


typ`s; T`t, T`rc`s, Jc`rhrdjy, _`n, Bcr`dt`b w`n wctjfut

affps, hmb Bcr`dt`b w`n wctj affps.

H T`t r`pr`s`mts hm umfrb`r`b dfaa`dtcfm fe ctìs.Rj` ràhtcfmsjcp shi` hs cs h typcdha r`pr`s`mthtcv` fe tjcs

typ`. H _`n cs hm umfrb`r`b dfaa`dtcfm fe ctìs, tff. Nut

cm dfmtrhst tf tj` T`t, tj` `bo`s n`tw``m tj` ctìs hr`

scomcecdhmt. Rj` ràhtcfmsjcp ects tfo`tj`r wctj

(c.`. us`b efr rècttcmo fe sj`rbs) cs h typcdha r`pr`s`mthtcv`

fe tj` _`n typ`. Rj` typ` Bcr`dt`b w`n wctj affps

cs us`b ce h ràhtcfmsjcp jhs hm cmv`rs`, hmb ce ct cs pfsscna`

tf r`turm tf h sp`dcecd àì`mt wj`m h phtj tjrfuoj tj`

strudtur` cs efaafw`b. Durr`mtay, w` jhv` mft dfi` hdrfss

r`pr`s`mthtcv`s fe tjcs typ` nut w` wcaa mft `xdaub` tj`cr

`xcst`md`, c.`. cm dfipa`x w`ns fe cmt`rpr`thtcfm.

H T`rc`s cs hm frb`r`b dfaa`dtcfm fe ctìs. Rj`

ràhtcfmsjcp cs yfumo`r tjhm cs h typcdha r`pr`s`mthtcv` fe

tjcs typ`. H ifr` dfipa`x strudtur` cs tj` Jc`rhrdjy

i`mtcfm`b hnfv`. Ct cs h r`durscv` strudtur` wctj fmay fm`

tfp-mfb` hmb fmay fm` `bo` pfcmtcmo tf hmy ftj`r mfb`.

Fm` ihy bcstcmoucsj s`v`rha vhrchtcfms fe Jc`rhrdjc`s,

nut w` jhv` efumb mf r`hsfm tf bf sf ht tj` ifi`mt.

H ifr` o`m`rha strudtur` cs tj` Bcr`dt`b w`n wctjfut


25/527

Ecour` 8


26/527

Ecour` 8>. H efri efr `mt`rcmo h dahsscecdhtcfm hmb h efriha

b`sdrcptcfm fe hm fnk`dt. Uhrchna`s hvhcahna` cm tj` brfp bfwm nfx`s

wcaa vhry hddfrbcmo tf typ` djfs`m, hmb vhau`s wcaa vhry hddfrbcmo tf

vhrchna`s djfs`m (ht tj` tci` fe wrctcmo tj` dahsscecdhtcfm systì jhs

mft y`t n``m cipaì`mt`b cm CB@H).

Ecour` 88. H thna` dfmecourhtcfm efr h o`m`rha fnk`dt dahsscecdhtcfm systì.

(eco. 8>). Rj` efri wfrgs cm tcojt dfrr`spfmb`md` wctj tj`

dahsscecdhtcfm thna`s. Rj` djfcd` fe h typ` efr hm fnk`dt,

b`dcb`s wjcdj vhrchna`s wcaa n` hvhcahna` cm tj` brfp bfwm

acst fe tj` pfp-up efri efr tj` vhrchna` ecàb, hmb

suns`qu`mtay tj` djfcd` fe h vhrchna` wcaa b`dcb` wjht

vhau`s hr` hvhcahna` cm tj` brfp bfwm acst fe tj` vhau` ecàb.

\r`sscmo tj` nuttfms fe tj` brfp bfwm ecàbs cm tj` wrfmo

frb`r wcaa i`rày r`suat cm h ahdg fe hvhcahna` djfcd`s.

2.2 T@RRCMO RJ@ AHMOPHO@

Hm fnvcfus hr`h fe dustficshtcfm cs tj` ahmouho` pr`s`mt`b

tf tj` us`r fm tj` sdr``m. _j`r`hs fur bfdui`mthtcfm fe

tj` systì cs jàb cm h ahmouho` hgcm tf @moacsj (Bhmàcsj),

tj` us`r cmt`rehd` jhs tf n` mhtcv` tf tj` hr`h wj`r` ct cs

pr`s`mt`b. _` jhv` sfav`b tjcs prfnaì ny stfrcmo haa

ahnàs, i`ssho`s, `td. cm h sp`dcha ahmouho` thna`, wj`r`

`hdj ahmouho` jhs cts fwm dfauim, hmb `hdj strcmo tf n`

pr`s`mt`b tf tj` us`r jhs cts fwm rfw. Cmctchaay w` `mt`r haa


strcmos cm tjcs thna` cm Bhmcsj hmb @moacsj, tj` twf

ahmouho`s durr`mtay suppfrt`b. Hbbcmo h m`w ahmouho` cs

scipay h ihtt`r fe trhmsahtcmo tj` strcmos cm tj` thna` hmb

wrctcmo tj` trhmsahtcfm cm h m`w dfauim. Tà`dtcmo h

ahmouho` cs h scipa` djfcd` hifmo tj` durr`mtay hvhcahna`

ahmouho`s cm h dfinf nfx cm tj` dustficshtcfm efri.

Rj` ahmouho` wcaa djhmo` cmsthmtay. Rj` durr`mtay sà`dt`b

ahmouho` wcaa n` shv`b tf hm cmc-eca`, hmb tjus n`

rììn`r`b erfi s`sscfm tf s`sscfm umtca h m`w ahmouho`

cs sà`dt`b.

0 \rforhiicmo wctj h icmciui fe dfb`

Tcmd` tj` nòcmmcmo fe tj` prfk`dt w` jhv` pahd`b h

aft fe èefrt cm ihgcmo tj` systì hs `hsy hmb dj`hp tf

ihcmthcm hs pfsscna`. _` jhv` trc`b tf g``p tj` hifumt

fe wrctt`m dfb` tf hm hnsfaut` icmciui, hs sfetwhr`

b`vàfpi`mt prfk`dts prfbudcmo tjfushmbs hmb tjfushmbs

fe acm`s fe dfb` t`mb tf brfwm cm tj`cr fwm dfipa`xcty.

Rj` r`suat cs haa tff fet`m prfor`sscvày rcscmo dfsts cm

ihcmt`mhmd` ht n`st hmb tftha ehcaur` ht wfrst.

0.8 @U@MR \^FO^HIICMO FE EFÎTRj` hmsw`r fe tj` sfetwhr` cmbustry tf tj` dfb` nffi

prfnaì, cs Fnk`dt-Frc`mt`b \rforhiicmo (FF\) (Nffdj

8338). Fm` fe tj` g`y e`htur`s fe FF\ cs tjht fnk`dts hr`

sàe-dfmthcm`b ifbua`s, wjcdj r`spfmb tf `v`mts. Cm tj`

dhs` fe Icdrfsfet Hdd`ss, tj` vhrcfus fnk`dts fe tj` efri

(c.`. tj` dfmtrfas fr tj` efri ctsàe) fee`r tj` prforhii`r

tj` pfsscncacty tf wrct` dfb` bècmcmo tj` eumdtcfmhacty fe hm

fnk`dt r`spfmbcmo tf h phrtcduahr `v`mt. Rj` dfb` ctsàe cs

mft wrctt`m cm hm fnk`dt-frc`mt`b ahmouho` nut cmst`hb cm h

Nhscd bcha`dt. Rjcs Nhscd bcha`dt cs hna` tf cmt`rhdt wctj tj`

sf-dhaa`b BhthHdd`ssFnk`dts acnrhry.

Pscmo tjcs eumdtcfmhacty, tj` ecv` nhscd `mtry efris

cmdaub` fmay hpprfx. >0< acm`s fe dfb` `hdj, cmdaubcmo

`rrfr-i`ssho`s. Ifst fe tj` nuttfms ht tj` nfttfi fe tj`

efris hr` `mhna`b hmb bcshna`b ny fm` oafnha ifbua` wjcdj

dfmthcms hpprfx. 80< acm`s fe dfb`. Rj` twf efris efr

s`ttcmo tj` cmt`rmha hmb `xt`rmha ràhtcfmsjcps dfmthcm

hpprfx. 4


27/527

0.> D^@HRCMO DFI\A@Z ^@\F^RT _CRJ MF DFB@ HR

HAA

Fm` fe tj` hr`hs, wj`r` Hdd`ss r`haay prfv`s cts efurtj

o`m`rhtcfm sthtus cs tjrfuoj cts r`pfrt o`m`rhtfr. Ht ecrst ct

bf`s mft affg iudj. Ht h s`dfmb oahmd` yfu r`hacs` tjht ct

cs v`ry iudj hgcm tf tj` efris o`m`rhtfr, hmb cmb``b jhs

cmj`rct`b ifst fe cts prfp`rtc`s erfi tjcs (Hdd`ss cs cmb``b

fnk`dt frc`mt`b n`jcmb tj` durthcms). Ecmhaay yfu r`hacs` tjht

h muin`r fe e`htur`s jhs n``m hbb`b, dfiphr`b tf tj`

efris bècmctcfms, ihgcmo tj` r`pfrt o`m`rhtfr h truay

ea`xcna` tffa ny ctsàe.

Fm` fe cts strfmo`r e`htur`s cs tjht r`pfrts dhm n`

ìn`bb`b hmb euaay symdjrfmcs`b wctjcm r`pfrts tjr`` a`vàs

b``p (tj` shi` hppac`s tf efris). Rj` r`suat cs tjht yfu dhm

s`t up h jcojay dfipa`x jc`rhrdjcdha strudtur` cmvfavcmo h

muin`r fe `mtctc`s wctjfut wrctcmo hs iudj hs fm` acm` fe

dfb`. Cm ehdt efr haa prhdtcdha purpfs`s w` dhm jhmba` fur

rhtj`r dfipa`x bhth strudtur` cm fm` dfb`-a`ss dfmstrudtcfm.

Rjus wctjfut h acm` fe dfb` w` dhm nucab h acst fe e`htur`s

erfi tj` dfmstrudt thna`, wj`r` efr `hdj e`htur` tj` ahy`rshr` acst`b, hmb efr `hdj ahy`r fe tj` e`htur`, tj` fnk`dts wctj

tj`cr b`sdrcptcfms hr` acst`b.

Cm B`mihrg tj`r` cs hm hutjfrcs`b efriht efr sf-dhaa`b

A`và CC bhth efr tj` hrdjcv`s (s`` Dhrv`r 83:0, eco. 2 efr

tjcs dfmd`pt wctj rè`r`md` tf tj` Er`r` r`pfrt). Rjcs

efriht cmvfav`s h ehcr hifumt fe jc`rhrdjcdhaay frohmcs`b

acsts, wj`r` `sp`dchaay tj` afw`r a`vàs fe tj` jc`rhrdjy hr`

drfss-rè`r`md`b tf ftj`r acsts. _` jhv` sudd``b`b cm

cipaì`mtcmo tjcs efriht cm tj` systì, hmb ct fmay thg`s h

pr`ss fe h nuttfm tf wrct` fut tj` dfipa`t` r`pfrt. Dfb`s hr`

us`b cm twf hr`hs fmay. Fm` cs efr tj` dr`htcfm fe hm cmb`x

tf tj` r`pfrt. Rj` ftj`r cs tf tc` phrhaaà phrts fe tj` r`pfrt

tfo`tj`r cm h s`qu`md` (cm ehdt w` dfuab jhv` hvfcb`b tjcsjhb h efurtj a`và fe ìn`bbcmo n``m hvhcahna`).

5 Eutur` b`vàfpi`mt fe tj` CB@H

_jht w` jhv` hdjc`v`b sfehr cs h ea`xcna` systì efr

r`dfrbcmo trhbctcfmha t`xtuha cmefrihtcfm erfi `xdhvhtcfms.

Rjcs cs tj` r`suat fe tj` ecrst y`hr fe tj` prfk`dt. Rj`r` cs,

jfw`v`r, h v`ry afmo why tf of nèfr` tj` CB@H n`dfi`s

r`hacty.

M`xt, w` jhv` tf hbb euaa suppfrt efr tj` r`dfrbcmo fe

tjr``-bci`mscfmha bhth, mft kust cm t`ris fe h pfcmt cm sphd`

efr hm Fnk`dt, h Ahy`r fr h Dfmstrudt, nut hasf cm t`ris fe

twf-bci`mscfmha pfayofms pfsctcfm`b cm h tjr``-bci`mscfmha

sphd`. _` jhv` mf hinctcfm fe hdjc`vcmo h euaa tjr``-

bci`mscfmha pr`s`mthtcfm, scmd` tj` hrdjh`fafocdha

r`dfrbcmos cm tj` ecàb cm pahm hmb s`dtcfm hr` hmb wcaa

hawhys n` hincoufus wctj r`sp`dt tf h euaa 4-B

r`pr`s`mthtcfm.

_` jhv` djhrhdt`rcs`b tj` systì hs hm cmtòrht`b

bhthnhs` efr `xdhvhtcfm hmhayscs, hmb efr v`ry offb r`hsfms.

Fur prcihry fnk`dtcv` cs tf dr`ht` h systì wjcdj cs

hmhaytcdha cm cts hpprfhdj tf `xdhvhtcfm r`dfrbcmos rhtj`r

tjhm kust b`sdrcptcv`. Cm frb`r tf fnthcm tjcs w` wcaa

cipaì`mt hmhaytcdha i`tjfbs cmtf tj` systì. Rj`s` hr`

pahmm`b tf n` fe twf gcmbs. Fm` s`t wcaa n` cipaì`mt`b

hrfumb h OCT-typ` fe cmt`rehd`. Hmftj`r s`t wcaa n` nhs`b

fm h orhpj nrfws`r typ` fe r`pr`s`mthtcfm fe bhth. Rj` cb`h

cs tjht w` wcaa haafw efr bcee`r`mt typ`s fe vc`ws fm tj`

shi` s`t fe bhth, hmb tjht hmy cmt`rrfohtcfm cm fm`

r`pr`s`mthtcfm cs rèa`dt`b bymhicdhaay cm ftj`rs (^yhm

8330).

\rfvcbcmo h systì wctj tj` hncacty tf jhmba` sphtcha bhth,

r`qucrì`mts efr dfmstrhcmts cm tj` sphtcha afdhtcfm fe `mtcty

cmsthmd`s wcaa n` dr`ht`b. Ce efr cmsthmd` h ecmb cs hsscom`b

tf h ahy`r, ct cs mhturha tjht tj` systì sjfuab dj`dg efr

dfmscst`mdy cm tj`cr sphtcha ràhtcfmsjcps, tjht cs wj`tj`r

tj` ecmb afdhtcfm cs wctjcm tj` nfumbhrc`s fe tj` ahy`r.

Eurtj`rifr` ct wcaa n`dfi` m`d`sshry tf cmdaub` h

quhmtcec`r cm tj` vhrcfus acmg thna`s tf stfr` cmefrihtcfm

acg` pfst-jfa` H cs x i`t`rs erfi pfst-jfa` N.Rj` hmhaytcdha p`rsp`dtcv` cs tjht tj` quhmtcec`r ihy s`rv`

hs h bcsthmd` fp`rhtfr cm b`sdrcptcfms fe dfipa`x hmb

j`t`rfo`m`fus hrdjh`fafocdha fnk`dts (Bhaahs 833>7

Bcdg`ms 83??).

Fm` s`t fe prfnaìs w` prfnhnay dhmmft sfav` wctjcm tj`

tjr`` y`hr acict fe tj` durr`mt prfk`dt, cs tj` qu`stcfm fe

us`r-bècm`b qu`rc`s hmb r`pfrts. Fm` ihy efr`s`` tj`

bìhmb efr h _czhrb (`ss`mtchaay hmftj`r sp`dchacs`b

bhthnhs`) wjcdj s`ts up sdr``m pr`s`mthtcfms hmb r`pfrts

hddfrbcmo tf tj` bècm`b ifbà efr tj` prfk`dt. Eurtj`rifr`

fm` dhm efr`s`` h bìhmb efr ehdcactc`s tf qu`ry iuatcpa`

prfk`dts wctj bcee`r`mt bhth ifbàs, dahsscecdhtcfms hmb

ràhtcfmsjcps.

? Dfmdauscfm

Cm fur fp`mcmo efri w` jhv` us`b tj` Oafn` hs h syinfa.

Ny dfmvcdtcfm w` s``g oafnha rhtj`r tjhm mhrrfw hb jfd

sfautcfms tf prfnaìs. _` nàc`v` quct` scipay tjht ny

hbbr`sscmo prfnaìs cm tj`cr tftha dfipa`xcty w` wcaa dfi`

up wctj sfautcfms wjcdj cm tj` afmo rum hr` wfrtj ehr ifr`

tjhm tj` qucdg hb jfd sfautcfms.

Fur prfk`dt cs tf rum hmftj`r twf y`hrs (ht tj` bht` fe

DHH30), hmb w` jhv` mf ouhrhmt`` tjht w` wcaa n` ocv`m

ifm`y tf dfmtcmu` tj`r`het`r. Ct cs mft jfw`v`r tf n` hm

hdhbìcd prfk`dt, wj`r` tj` r`suats bcshpp`hr wctj tj`

ifm`y. _` hr` b`t`ricm`b tjht tj` b`stcmy fe tj` systì cs

tf n` us`b hmb tf n` eurtj`r b`vàfp`b. Rf `msur` tjcs w`

hr` v`ry fp`m tf dffp`rhtcfm wctj hmynfby wjf dhm

s`rcfusay dfmtrcnut` tf tj` b`vàfpi`mt fe tj` systì.

_` jhv` har`hby cmctcht`b df-fp`rhtcfm wctj bcee`r`mt p`fpa`

fm vhrcfus hsp`dts fe tj` systì, hmb ct cs cmb``b fur jfp`

tf n` hna` tf wcb`m tjcs df-fp`rhtcfm.

8> HMHA@DRH \^H@JCTRF^CDH A@CB@MTCH >:


28/527

mft`s

8 _` dfcm`b tj` wfrb dfmstrudt n`dhus` ct sfumb`b hs h offb hmbi`hmcmoeua t`ri efr tj` dfmd`pt. Ht tjht tci` w` bcb mft gmfw(sjhi` fm us) tjht Ohrbcm (83: Rjcs sfautcfm cs bu` tf \hua [f`tnrffb, o`m`rfusay fee`r bburcmo h v`ry iìfrhna` `v`mcmo ht tj` DHH:: cm Ncricmojhi.

4 Rj` cb`h efr tjcs cipaì`mthtcfm whs hnbudt`b erfi h s`t fethna`s pr`s`mt`b ny A`m` ^fab (833 Bhth Ttrudtur`s efr @xdhvhtcfm `dfrbcmo. H Dhs` fe dfipa`x Cmefrihtcfm Ihmhoì`mt.

R. Ihbs`m Cm; D.P. Ahrs`m (`b.), Tct`s & Ifmui`mts. Mhtcfmha Hrdjh`fafocdha ^`dfrbs, 23-5?,

Dfp`mjho`m; Rj` Mhtcfmha Iusùi fe B`mihrg.

8332 Ttrugtur m he bhth erh uborhvmcmo`r,GH^G Myj`bsnr`v 8332 8, 2->?.

Hrrfyf-Ncsjfp, B. 833> Rj` HrdjfBHRH Tystì; H I`tjfb efr Ttrudturcmo hm @urfp`hm Hrdjh`fafocdha

I.R. Ahmthbh [hrzfsh Cmefrihtcfm Tystì (HCT). Cm; D.P. Ahrs`m (`b.),Tct`s & Ifmui`mts. Mhtcfmha

Hrdjh`fafocdha ^`dfrbs, 844-802, Dfp`mjho`m; Rj` Mhtcfmha Iusùi fe B`mihrg.

Nffdj, O. 8338 Fnk`dt frc`mt`b b`scom wctj hppacdhtcfms. ^`bwffb Dcty, Dh.; Rj` N`mkhicm/Duiicmos

\unacsjcmo Dfiphmy Cmd.

Dhrv`r, I. 83:0 Rj` erc`mbay us`r. Cm; I.H. Dffp`r/K.B. cdjhrbs (`bs),Durr`mt Cssu`s cm Hrdjh`fafocdha

Dfiputcmo, 2?-58, NH^ Cmt`rmhtcfmha T`rc`s >?8, Fxefrb; Nrctcsj Hrdjh fafocdha ^`pfrts.

Bhaahs, D. 833> ^àhtcfmha b`sdrcptcfm, scicahrcty hmb dahsscecdhtcfm fe dfipa`x hrdjh`fafocdha mtctc`s.Cm; O. Afdg/K. Ifee`t (`bs) Dfiput`r Hppacdhtcfms hmb Xuhmtcthtcv` I`tjfbs cm

Hrdjh`fafoy, 85?-8?:, NH^ Cmt`rmhtcfmha T`rc`s 0??, Fxefrb; Rìpus ^ phrhtui.

Bcdg`ms, \. 83?? Hm Hmhayscs fe Jcstfrcdha Jfus`-pahms; H stuby ht tj` Ttrudturha A`và (Icdrf).

Cm; B.A. Dahrg` (`b.), Tphtcha Hrdjh`fafoy, 44-20, Afmbfm; Hdhbìcd \r ss.

Ohrbcm, K.D. 83:< Hrdjh`fafocdha dfmstrudts. Hm hsp`dt fe tj`fr`tcdha hrdjh`fafoy. Dhinrcbo`; Dhinrcbo`

Pmcv`rscty \r`ss.

Ihbs`m, R. 8334 Hrdjh`fafoy, bhth strudtur`s hmb dfiput`r sdc`md`. Cm; K. \hvg (`b.),Hdt`s bu ZCC`

Dfmors Cmt`rmhtcfmha b`s Tdc`md`s \rjcstfrcqu`s `t \rftfjcstfrcqu`s Nrhtcsahvh, 8-?

s`ptìnr` 8338, >53->?4, Nrhtcsahvh; Cmstctut hrdjfafocqu` b` a'Hdhbic` Tafvhqu` b`s

Tdc`md`s Mctrh.

8332 Cmt orhtcmo i tjfbs hmb bhth; rèa`dtcfms fm hrdjh fafocdha r`s hrdj cm hm CR `mvcrfmi`mt.

Cm; C. Kfjmsfm (`b.),I`tjfbs cm tj` Ifumthcms. \rfd``bcmos fe PCT\\ Dfiicsscfm CU

I``tcmo, Ifumt Ucdtfrch, Hustrhach 3tj - 84tj Huoust 8334, >?-42, Tybm`y; Tybm`y

Pmcv`rscty Hrdjh`fafocdha I`tjfbs T`rc`s #>.

Ihbs`m, R. 8334 B`m a`gtrfmcsg` orhv`nfo; @m cmefrihtcfmst`gmfafocsg asmcmo p uborhvmcmos-

K. Hmbr`s`m ròcstr`rcmo fo -n`hrn`kbmcmo,GH^G Myj`bsnr`v 8334 4, ?-82.


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^hcms, I.K. 8330 Rfwhrbs h dfiput`rcs`b b`sgtfp; tj` Cmt`orht`b Hrdjh`fafocdha Bhthnhs` Tyst`i.

Cm; K. Juoo`tt/M. ^yhm (`bs), Dfiput`r Hppacdhtcfms hmb Xuhmtcthtcv` I`tjfbs cm

Hrdjh`fafoy 8332, >


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8 Cmtrfbudtcfm

Rjcs php`r bcsduss`s sfi` fe tj` dfmd`ptuha prfnaìs tjht

hrcs` burcmo tj` cipaì`mthtcfm fe h ^àhtcfmha BhthNhs`

Ihmhoì`mt Tystì (^BNIT). Tp`dcecdhaay ct efdus`s fm

tj` prfnaìs `mdfumt`r`b burcmo tj` cipaì`mthtcfm hmb

us` fe tj` F^HDA@ ^BNIT cm h dfii`rdcha hrdjh`fafocdha

umct7 tj` Iusùi fe Afmbfm Hrdjh`fafocdha T`rvcd`

(IfAHT) burcmo h fm` y`hr cmt`r-sp`dchacst r`s`hrdj prfk`dt

cmtf tj` ^fihm Afmbfms @hst`rm Dì`t`rc`s (Â@D). Rj`

prfk`dt cmvfav`b 8< t`hi iìn`rs wctj vhrcfus sp`dchacsis,hmb r`suat`b cm tj` dr`htcfm fe 5? thna`s, hmb 8? vhacbhtcfm

efris. Fm dfipa`tcfm, sfi` 2


31/527

erfi hm `xdhvhtcfm hmb h s`t fe r`pfrts tjht wcaa `mhna`

mfm-(Dfiputcmo) sp`dchacsts tf prcmt tjcs bhth fut. ^htj`r ct

cs tf bf tj`s` tjcmos, hmb tf `mjhmd` eurtj`r hmhayscs

tjrfuoj tj` us` fe tj` systì, ny `xpahcmcmo sfi` fe cts

eumdtcfmhacty, hmb tj` pft`mtcha ct fee`rs. Rjcs cs mft hm

hroui`mt tf trhcm eurtj`r r`scb`mt `xp`rts, efr ct cs

umm`d`sshry efr us`rs tf n` hna` tf b`scom ràhtcfmha

bhthnhs`s, ct cs scipay tf fp`m tj`cr `y`s hmb icmbs tf tj`

pfsscncactc`s. Rf phrhpjrhs` tj` wfrbs fe hm hmfmyifus

sho`, tj` ncoo`st scmoa` m``b efr h sudd`sseua ràhtcfmha

bhthnhs` cipaì`mthtcfm cs mft efr ciprfv`b r`dhaa sp``b,

ifr` rcofrfus cmput efris, dfmo`mcha cmt`rehd`s fr

prfafmo`b iìfry, nut efr n`tt`r qu`stcfms hmb n`tt`r us`

fe hmsw`rs.

Rj` strhtòcd qu`stcfm, cs scipay tjht h strhtòy iust n`

ihb`. H umct iust jhv` h pfacdy ròhrbcmo tj` utcacshtcfm

fe hpprfprcht` CR cm o`m`rha, hmb tj` hbfptcfm fe

rhtcfmhacs`b systìs tf stfr` hmb ihmcpuaht` tj` bhth

r`dfv`r`b erfi hm `xdhvhtcfm cm phrtcduahr. Efr

hrdjh`fafocdha umcts tjcs cs m`ctj`r hs fnvcfus mfr hs oacn hpfcmt hs ct ihy s`ì. Cm sudj sctuhtcfms tj` pfsscncacty tf

cipaì`mt m`w systìs cm tj` ihmm`r fe tj` sthmbhrb

Tystì B`vàfpi`mt Ace` Dyda` (TBAD) wctj haa tj` st`ps

tjht prfd`ss cipac`s (Jusshcm/Jusshcm 8338; >80) bf`s mft

`xcst. Rj` r`qucr`b tci`, sthee hmb r`sfurd`s hr` fet`m

umhvhcahna`, tf haafw tj` m`d`sshrcay `xjhustcv` prfd`ss fe

frohmcscmo wcb` nahmg`t b`vàfpi`mt hmb `budhtcfm tf thg`

pahd`. ^htj`r, systìs hr` b`vàfp`b cm tj` ihmm`r fe

prftftyp`s.

H prftftyp` cs h t`mthtcv` systì, h ifbà nhs`b fm tj`

cmt`rhdtcfm n`tw``m hmhaysts hmb us`rs,.. (ct) wfrgs n`st efr systìs

tjht hr` jcojay cmt`rhdtcv`, (jhv` scomcecdhmt juihm-ihdjcm`

bchafou`), hmb cs phrtcduahray usèua wj`m `mb us`rs jhv` bceecduaty

sp`dceycmo tj`cr cmefrihtcfm m``bs. Rypcdha hb jfd b`dcscfm suppfrt

systìs i``ts tj`s` r`qucrì`mts. \rftftypcmo cs hasf usèua wj`m

prfnaìs tf n` sfav`b hr` umstrudtur`b. (Iy cthacds)

Jusshcm/Jusshcm 8338; >>>.

H prftftyp` systì jhs tj` hbvhmtho`s fe sp``b fe

b`vàfpi`mt, hmb tjus dfst, ct `mjhmd`s `mb-us`r

phrtcdcphtcfm cm systìs b`vàfpi`mt, prhdtcdhaay hdts hs h

dfmv`rshtcfm pc`d`, hmb fet`m o`m`rht`s h ifr` hddurht`

b`t`ricmhtcfm fe us`r r`qucrì`mts. Rj` ehdt tjht cm

hrdjh`fafocdha umcts sudj prftftyp`s fet`m `vfav` cmtf tj`

cmefrihtcfm systìs tjìsàv`s, hmb tj`rèfr` tjht tj` strcdt

b`vàfpi`mtha prfd`ss bècm`b hs prftfypcmo cs h

icsmfi`r, cs mft h prfnaì cm ctsàe. ^htj`r ct scipay

dfmtcmu`s tj` `da`dtcd trhbctcfm ny wjcdj hrdjh`fafocdha

tj`fry hmb i`tjfb jhs fet`m b`vàfp`b. S`t sudj orhbuha

ifbuahr b`vàfpi`mt dhm `hscay iutht` tf r`sìna` tj`

cbcfsymdrhtcd èefrts fe tj` phst r`scb`mt-`xp`rt-sp`dchacst, hs

`hdj us`r orfup cs efdus`b fm cm turm. Efr sihaa

hrdjh`fafocdha umcts, tj` m``b efr ecri strhtòc`s tf n`

brhwm up hmb ifmctfr`b cs fe tj` utifst cipfrthmd`, efr

tj` v`ry r`hsfm tjht tj` r`hacshtcfm fe tjfs` strhtòc`s wcaa

n` h ifbuahr, cmdrì`mtha hmb prfnhnay prfk`dt nhs`b

prfd`ss, hmb fm` umsucthna` tf tj` ifr` rcofrfus b`và-

fpi`mtha dj`dgs tjht h prfp`ray r`sfurd`b TBAD hpprfhdj

wfuab haafw. Frohmcshtcfmha hs wàa hs cmt`rpr`thtcv`

prfnaìs wcaa hrcs` ce sudj prftfypcmo cs dfmbudt`b futscb`

h ecri pfacdy fe cipaì`mthtcfm, shmdtcfm`b ny ihmhoì`mt

wctj tj` hci fe prfvcbcmo h scmoa` cmtòrht`b hmb

rhtcfmhacs`b ràhtcfmha systì tjht bàcv`rs h dfiiumha

n`mèct.

... tj` o`m`rha a`ssfm tf n` brhwm erfi tj` rà`vhmt ihmhoì`mt

act`rhtur` cs tjht t`djmfafocdha djhmo` cs acgày tf cmeau`md`

hrdjh`fafocdha frohmcshtcfms hmb tj`cr strudtur`s, hmb tj` rfa`s fe

hrdjh`fafocdha prfe`sscfmhas, v`ry wcbày.

Dffp`r/Bcmm 8330; :3.

2 Cb`mtceycmo Djhmocmo M``bs

\rfp`ray cipaì`mt`b hmb suppfrt`b, tj` ^BNIT cs tj`mhm ho`mt fe prfefumb djhmo` cm tj` dfmbudt fe scmoa` fr

iuatc-sct`/tjìhtcd hrdjh`fafocdha `mqucrc`s dhrrc`b fut cm

dfii`rdcha umcts efr wjfi sudj t`djmfafoy cs mfw truay

hdd`sscna`. Icskubocmo kust jfw prfefumb tjht djhmo` cs,

wcaa ht tj` v`ry a`hst r`mb`r tj` t`djmfafoy cipft`mt cm tj`

icmbs fe ihmy.

2.8 TJCERCMO RHTGT

Hm hppr`dchtcfm fe tj` bòr`` fe tjcs djhmo`, cs mft hcb`b

ny tj` dahsscdha rfut` fe systìs hmhayscs, hmb tj` stho`s ct

cmvfav`s. Cb`mtceycmo us`rs thsgs efr cmsthmd`, haafws tj`

b`scom`r tf djhrhdt`rcs` tj` fv`rhaa purpfs` fe hm frohmc-

shtcfm ny dfmscb`rcmo tj` dfipfm`mts fe wjcdj ct cs ihb`.Eumbhi`mtha qu`stcfmcmo fe tj` typ` _jht cs tj` thsg, wjy

cs ct m`d`sshry, wjht bhth cs r`qucr`b efr ct, cs tj` thsg

bupacdht`b às`wj`r` hmb sf efrtj nrcmos tf acojt pffr

r`hsfmcmo fe tj` typ` n`dhus` w`v` hawhys bfm` ct,

n`dhus` C whs tfab tf fr tj` cmehifus7 C bfmt r`haay

gmfw. Rj` b`scom`r umb`rsthmbs tj` cmbcvcbuhas rfa` hs h

dfipfm`mt fe h ahro`r strudtur` hmb nucabs systìs tf

suppfrt hmb `hs` tj` bhth-nhs`b thsgs tjfs` cmbcvcbuhas

p`refri. Hm hrdjct`dturha r`spfms` cs prfvcb`b efr umb`r-

stffb nuscm`ss m``bs, y`t jfw bf`s sudj hm hpprfhdj ehr`

wj`m tj` hrdjct`dtur` ctsàe cs djhmocmo tj` mhtur`, purpfs`

fr vhau` fe tj` thsgs ct cs httìptcmo tf dahsscey6

Efr `xhipa` h ecmbs r`s`hrdj`r wcaa cb`mtcey tj` pftt`ry

erfi h dfmt`xt, dfipca` acsts fe tj` typ`s pr`s`mt hmb hsscom

h t`ricmus pfst-quì tf tj` hssìnaho`. Rjcs acst wcaa n`

phss`b tf tj` sct` sup`rvcsfr wjf wcaa us` ct tf pjhs` tj`

ràhtcv` s`qu`md` fe sct` b`vàfpi`mt tjht jhs n``m b`bud`b

fm tj` nhscs fe strudturha bhth. _ctj ràhtcfmhaay bcsdcpacm`b

thna`s fe ecmb hmb sct` bhth, tj` thsg fe tjht ecmbs r`s`hrdj`r



32/527

dhm hmb sjfuab djhmo`. Eumdtcfmhaay, tj` strudtur` ihg`s

tj` dfmv`mtcfmha phsscmo fe bhth n`tw``m ecmbs r`s`hrdj`r

hmb sct` sup`rvcsfr hs h scmoa` hdt fnsfa`t`. ^htj`r, tjcs

fddurs ht tj` pfcmt hmb cm tj` ihmm`r fe tj` us`rs

djffscmo, Rj` mhtur` fe tj` cmt`rdfurs` n`tw``m tj` twf

orfups hasf djhmo`s hs hmy bhth s`t tj`y prfbud` cs hna` tf

us` tj` ràhtcfmha strudtur` cm wjcdj tj`y `xcst. Efr `xhipa`

wctj hdd`ss tf strhtcorhpjcd cmefrihtcfm, tj` ecmbs r`s`hrdj`r

cs hna` tf cb`mtcey r`scbuha fr cmtruscv` hssìnaho`s

huoi`mtcmo tj`cr acst fe thsgs hmb hbbcmo vhau` tf tj`cr rfa`

cm tj` wjfa` cmt`rpr`thtcv` prfd`ss.

Rj` b`scom fe systìs tf suppfrt b`dcscfm ihgcmo, iust

nòcm ny umb`rsthmbcmo tj` durr`mt stht` fe cmefrihtcfm

prfd`sscmo, tf cb`mtcey cts w`hgm`ss`s hmb str`motjs.

Gmfwa`bo` fe tj`s` phst ifb`s fe frohmcshtcfm jfw`v`r,

iust mft n` haafw`b tf cmjcnct tj` o`m`rhtcfm fe er`sj hmb

cmmfvhtcv` sfautcfms hmb hcbs tf tjht b`dcscfm ihgcmo

prfd`ss. Rjcs hroui`mt cs `mefrd`b cm tj` dfmt`xt fe

hrdjh`fafocdha b`dcscfm ihgcmo efr j`r` m`d`sshrcay

strudtur`bsystìs iust n` b`scom`b tf r`dfrb, ihmcpuaht`hmb scipay dfp` wctj ahro` y`t mftfrcfusay cmdfipa`t` bhth

s`ts tjht hr` tj`m us`b tf cmefri us hnfut hm umstrudtur`b

pj`mfi`mh7 tj` phst. Fur bhthnhs`s jhv` tf nhahmd` tj`

m``b efr strudtur` hmb tjus cmtàacocncacty fe bhth, hohcmst tj`

dydacdha j`ri`mùtcd djhrhdt`r fe hrdjh`fafocdha `mqucry

tjht ocv`s tjht bhth i`hmcmo. Cmctchtcv`s vfcd`b efr hm

fnk`dtcv` pfst-prfd`ssuha r`dfrbcmo i`tjfbfafoy, (Jfbb`r

8332) tjr`ht`m hm umwfrghna` cinhahmd` ny fv`rehvfurcmo

tj` ahtt`r.

2.> CMR@ÊHD@T HMB PMB@^TRHMBCMO

Hm `quhaay hb`pt i`hms fe bcv`rtcmo htt`mtcfm erfi

tj` prfeumbcty fe wjht fm` cs bfcmo wj`m cipaì`mtcmoh ràhtcfmha systì, cs tf pahd` tff iudj ìpjhscs fm

orhpjcdha us`r cmt`rehd`s hmb ifr` o`m`rhaay tj` i`hms ny

wjcdj tj` systì cs fp`rht`b hmb hdd`ss`b. Da`hray sudj

b`vcd`s hr` cmtrcmscd dfipfm`mts fe h sudd`sseua

cipaì`mthtcfm. Rj`y prfvcb` tj` drudcha bè`md` hohcmst

tj` hddushtcfms fe systìs bcs`merhmdjcscmo tj` hrdjh`faf-

ocsts hs cmt`rpr`t`r, ny `mhnacmo tjì tf cmt`rrfoht` tj`cr

bhth wctjfut r`dfurs` tf sp`dchacs`b gmfwa`bo`.

Efr ^BNIT tj` Ttrudtur`b Xu`ry Ahmouho` (TXA)

r`qucr`s gmfwa`bo` fe scipa` efurtj o`m`rhtcfm mfm-

prfd`burha @moacsj-acg` ahmouho`s. _CI\T nhs`b bhth

nrfws`rs jfw`v`r, dhm sphr` tj` us`r `v`m tjht jhrbsjcp, hs

qu`rc`s hr` nucat up erfi puaa bfwm i`mus fe hdd`pthna`

t`ris, phrhi`t`rs hbb`b hmb r`suats pfst`b tf tj` sdr``m.

Rj` cssu` j`r`, cs tjht iudj fe tj` systìs pft`mtcha hs hm

hmhaytcdha b`vcd` cs b`p`mb`mt fm us`rs dfmd`cvcmo

hpprfprcht` qu`stcfms efr tj` m`w hrdjct`dtur`, wjcdj ihy

tj`m n` pjrhs`b tjrfuoj sudj dfmo`mcha fnk`dt nhs`b

`mvcrfmi`mts. Rjcs pfcmt cs r`turm`b tf nàfw.

Cm suiihry tj` dfmd`ptuha prfnaìs tjht m``b tf n`

hbbr`ss`b ce hrdjh`fafocsts hr` tf r`hacs` tj` pft`mtcha

n`mèct tf tj`cr hmhayscs tjht hm ^BNIT fee`rs, hr` sunta`,

prfm` tf orfwtj wctjfut tj` dfmecm`s fe h strhtòcd pahm,

hmb hr` mft b`hat wctj scipay ny tj` prfvcscfm fe h dfrbcha

cmt`rehd`. Mft bcsduss`b j`r`, y`t `quhaay rà`vhmt tf tj`

p`rd`ptcfm fe m`w systìs, cs tj` ifr` djhftcd wfrab fe

juihm ìftcfm hmb jfw tjcs cs n`st jhmba`b. Cm tjcs wfrab,

sudj pfw`reua hmhaytcdha tffas wjcdj `mjhmd` tj` pfw`r fe

tj` cmbcvcbuha tf dfmbudt iuatc-vhrchna` hmhayscs, ihy hasf

hpp`hr tf tjr`ht`m sp`dchacst hutjfrcty, w`hg`m kfn-s`durcty

hmb èe`dt dhr``r b`vàfpi`mt. Ce fm` cs prftftypcmo

systìs efr vhrcfus us`r orfups, wjcdj fm` sjhaa n` djfs`m

ecrst, jfw wcaa tj` ftj`rs e`à67 hppr`j`mscfm hmb

sd`ptcdcsi dhm icmoa` er`ày wctj `mtjuschsi. (T`` Dffp`r/

Bcmm 8330 efr eurtj`r bcsdusscfm fe tjcs tfpcd).

0 Tfi` Tp`dcecd \rfnaìs

Cm tj` dfurs` fe tj` Â@D prfk`dt cmtrfbud`b `hrac`r, tj`r`

w`r` tjr`` bcstcmdt dfmd`ptuha prfnaìs `mdfumt`r`b.Rj`s` w`r` djhrhdt`rcstcd fe us`rs cm trhmsctcfm n`tw``m tj`

fab`r systìs b`sdrcn`b cm phrhorhpj efur, hmb tj` Frhda`

systì tj`y w`r` dfmerfmt`b wctj. Rj`y hr` mfw

dfmscb`r`b.

0.8 CMR@^ T\@DCHACTR NFPMBH^C@T

Cm dfiifm wctj ifst hrdjh`fafocdha umcts, IfAHT jhs

vhrcfus nhscd sp`dchacst bcvcscfms, `mvcrfmi`mtha, ecmbs hmb

ecàb. Rj`s` bcvcscfms hasf jhv` sun-bcvcscfms, `.o. hmciha

nfm` hmhayscs, juihm nfm` hmhayscs, pftt`ry, nucabcmo

iht`rcha `td. Rj` bcvcscfms dfrr`spfmb tf vhrcfus hr`hs fe

`xp`rtcs`, hmb cm tj` cmctcha stho`s fe h prfk`dt, sp`dchacsts

wfrg cm ràhtcv` csfahtcfm, cb`mtceycmo wjht jhs n``m`xdhvht`b. Rj` `xt`mscfm fe tj`s` bcvcscfms cmtf tj`

cmt`rpr`thtcv` pjhs`, `ctj`r hs hm hdtcv` b`dcscfm fr hs h

r`suat fe cmhpprfprcht` cmefrihtcfm t`djmfafoy, wcaa

cm`vcthnay b`my tj` o`m`rhtcfm fe ifr` jfacstcd cmt`rpr`th-

tcfms.

^àhtcfmha bhthnhs` systìs `mhna` vhrcfus hrdjh`fafoc-

dha bhth tf n` cmt`r-ràht`b sf tjht d`rhicd cmefrihtcfm ihy

efr cmsthmd`, n` ràht`b tf tj` strhtcorhpjy tf cmbcdht` tj`

bòr`` fe r`scbuhaay fr b`pfsct bcsturnhmd` wctjcm h sct`.

Rjcs iudj cs da`hr, y`t ct cs h nahmb sthtì`mt tf scipay

pfcmt fut tj` pfsscncacty fe iyrchb bhth ràhtcfms, hmb comfr`

tj` `mvcrfmi`mt cm wjcdj sudj pft`mtcha cs rà`hs`b.

Rj` `vfautcfm fe r`dfrbcmo systìs ht IfAHT, cs h

jcstfry fe nhahmdcmo tj` m``b tf r`dfrb `xdhvhtcfms hs

hddurhtày hs pfsscna`, (tj` hrdjh`fafocdha cmd`mtcv`) y`t hs

qucdgay hs pfsscna`, (tj` dfii`rdcha cip`rhtcv`). Mfm-

jc`rhrdjcdha sct` r`dfrbcmo, uscmo vhrcfus prf-efrih dfmt`xt

sj``ts, dhrrc`b fut ny hrdjh`fafocsts wjf hr` r`spfmscna` efr

bècmcmo, pahmmcmo hmb r`dfrbcmo tj`cr fwm dfmt`xts, w`r`

8? \. JCMO@ RJ@ FRJ@^ DFI\PR@^ CMR@ÊHD@


33/527

haa cm bcr`dt r`spfms` tf tj` r`qucrì`mts fe tj` dfipa`x

urnhm r`sdu` `mvcrfmi`mt (Tp`md` 8334). Ht tj` cmt`r-

pr`thtcv` stho`, tj` strudturha sct` b`thcas wfuab n` hmhays`b

tf prfvcb` h erhi` erfi wjcdj ftj`r bhth s`ts fmd` tj`y

w`r` hvhcahna` wfuab n` jumo, cm frb`r tf dfmt`xtuhacs`

tj` strudturha hddfumt. Rjus bhtcmo cmefrihtcfm wfuab

`mhna` tj` ràhtcv` s`qu`md` fe strudturha b`vàfpi`mt tf n`

pjhs`b.

Rj`r` hr` twf pfcmts j`r`. Ecrstay tjht rhtcfmhacs`b

r`dfrbcmo systìs hr` `ss`mtcha ce `xdhvhtcfms hr` tf n`

èecdc`mtay dfipa`t`b, hmb s`dfmbay tj` why cm wjcdj bhth

s`ts jhv` n``m ràht`b cm tj` phst cs mft sfaày bcdtht`b ny

tj` hb`quhdc`s fe tj` cmefrihtcfm systì ìpafy`b. Rjus

tj` us` fe m`w systìs iust n` dfmscb`r`b wctjcm tj`

m`d`sshry dfmecm`s fe tj` cmt`rpr`thtcv` `mvcrfmi`mt. Rjcs cs

mft tf shy tjht sudj systìs sjfuab scipay ihg` durr`mt

prhdtcd`s ifr` èecdc`mt, fm tj` dfmtrhry tj`r` hr` cm`vcthna`

dfms`qu`md`s efr wfrgcmo prhdtcd`s wj`m m`w systìs hr`

cipaì`mt`b. ^htj`r tj` prhdtcdha hb`quhdy fe `hdj

ciprfvì`mt, djhmo` hmb hbbctcfm tf `xcstcmo ìpcrcdhat`djmcqu`s iust n` tjfrfuojay dfmscb`r`b ràhtcv` tf tj`

r`ha wfrab cm wjcdj (cm tjcs dhs`) Afmbfms dfii`rdcha

hrdjh`fafoy cs dhrrc`b fut. H r`hacst sthmd` nhs`b fm tj`

mftcfm fe prhdtcdha hb`quhdy, (Thy`r 833>) cs ifst

hpprfprcht` tf tj` `mvcrfmi`mt cm wjcdj IfAHT wfrgs,

hmb prfvcb`s tj` ecrst acm` fe bè`md` hohcmst tj` us` fe

mfvà systìs hmb hppacdhtcfms fm h n`dhus` w` dfuab

nhscs (Juoo`tt/Dffp`r 8338; 208> sihaa ecmbs r`dfv`r`b erfi tj` sct`s, fe

tjìsàv`s, ycàb`b iudj vhauhna` cmefrihtcfm tf tj`

sp`dchacst hmb sfi` tf tj` r`st fe tj` t`hi. Nut tj`cr

dfmtrcnutcfm tf tj` t`hi, whs `mjhmd`b wj`m ecmbs w`r`

orfup`b cmtf eumdtcfmha dhtòfrc`s, (auxury ctìs, ctìs fe

p`rsfmha hbfrmi`mt `td.) tjht w`r` stfr`b hs mui`rcd dfb`s

cm tj` fnk`dt cmb`x thna`s. Hm cmt`rpr`thtcv`, jc`rhrdjcdha

kuboì`mt whs ihb` tjht nucat fm tj` sp`dchacsts wfrg,

(c.`. tj` cmctcha cb`mtcecdhtcfm fe tj` fnk`dt) nut wjcdj

`mhna`b tjht sp`dchacst bhth tf ràht` tf tj` ftj`r bhth s`ts cm

h m`w hmb pfsscnay ifr` dfipr`j`mscna` why.

0.> RJ@ T\^@HBTJ@@R I@MRHACRS

H ifr` prhdtcdha prfnaì, tj` spr`hbsj``t i`mthacty hs ctwhs djrcst`m`b, cs djhrhdt`rcs`b ny h b`scr` tf s`` haa bhth

fe cmt`r`st cm h scmoa` ahro` thna`, hmb ny tj` nàcè tjht cm

frb`r tf dfiphr` fm`s bhth wctj sfi`fm` às`s, hm `xtrh

dfauim jhs tf n` hbb`b tf tj` thna` hmb tj` hpprfprcht` bhth

cipfrt`b. Ct cmbcdht`s h nàcè tjht bhth jhs tf n` cm tj`

shi` pahd` tf n` ràhthna`, wjcdj cs h dfmd`ptuha aòhdy

trhd`hna` tf fab`r stfrho` b`vcd`s, tj` typcdha efriht fe

ehicachr r`pfrts hmb punacsj`b bhth thna`s. Ct cs h prfnaì

n`dhus` ct cmbcdht`s tjht tj` dfiphrcsfm fe trhcts cs

p`rd`cv`b hs h strudturha prfnaì hmb bhth strudtur`s hr`

tjcmos tjht hr` mft `hscay hat`r`b, `rof tj` pft`mtcha efr hmy

bhth s`t tf er`ày cmt`rhdt wctj hmy ftj`r jhs mft n``m

r`hacs`b `rof tj` ràhtcfmha eumdtcfmhacty cs mft us`b, r`suat;bcs`mdjhmt`b us`rs. Cm tjcs sctuhtcfm, tj` b`scom`r iust

ìpjhscs` twf g`y pfcmts7 tj` nr`hgcmo bfwm fe sp`dchacst

nhrrc`rs hmb tj` cipfrthmd` fe r`trc`vha t`djmcqu`.

@xdhvhtcfm cs h sunk`dtcv` `x`rdcs`, hmb tj` bhth ct

o`m`rht`s cs cm`vcthnay b`p`mb`mt fm tj` r`dfrbcmo

prfd`bur`s ìpafy`b, hmb tj` cmbcvcbuha wjf cipaì`mts

tjì fm sct`. S`t h offb ràhtcfmha strudtur` bcdtht`s

suns`qu`mt cmt`rpr`thtcfm fe tjht tj`fry b`p`mb`mt bhth hs

actta` hs pfsscna` ny stfrcmo ct cm cts ifst bcshooròht`b

stht`, hmb prfvcbcmo tj` i`hms ny wjcdj hm hooròht`b stht`

(fe wjcdj tj`r` wcaa n` ihmy) ihy n` r`hdj`b. Fm`

dfms`qu`md` fe tjcs cs tjht cmt`r-sp`dchacst nfumbhrc`s hr`

mft fmay um`mefrd`b, tj`y d`hs` tf n` rà`vhmt, hs tj`

cmefrihtcfm erfi tj` `xdhvhtcfm cs `xpr`ss`b cm t`ris fe

dfiifm ràhthna` umcts. Tudj nfumbhrc`s hr` dfmd`pts tjht

tj` bhthnhs` m``b fmay n` hwhr` fe efr hbicmcstrhtcv`

purpfs`s, h eumdtcfm hnay dht`r`b efr ny h systìhtcd thna`

mhicmo dfmv`mtcfms. Rj` ^BNIT tj`m, ny cts v`ry mhtur`

cs mft bcspfs`b tf `mefrdcmo cmdfiphtcncacty.

8: HMHA@DRH \^H@JCTRF^CDH A@CB@MTCH >:


34/527

Rj` spr`hbsj``t i`mthacty dhm hasf n` hbbr`ss`b ny

ìpjhscscmo tj` t`djmcqu` ny wjcdj bhth cs r`trc`v`b erfi

tj` ^BNIT. Rj` us`r ihy qu`ry tj` bhthnhs`, hmb ht tjht

pfcmt, hmb cm tj` ihmm`r fe tj`cr djffscmo, thna`s hr`

ràht`b. Rjus qu`rycmo n`dfi`s h ifr` bymhicd hmb

sacojtay bcee`r`mt prfd`ss. Cmst`hb fe sfaày hmhayscmo h thna`

fe bhth prcmt`b ny h sthmbhrb r`pfrt, us`rs hr` dfipàa`b tf

`xp`mb sfi` tci` hmhayscmo tj` v`ry efri fe tj` thna`

ctsàe. Ce fm` cs har`hby tjcmgcmo ifr` systìhtcdhaay hnfut

wjht fm` r`haay m``bs erfi tj` bhthnhs`, tj`m ct cs `hsc`r tf

prfor`ss tf tj` m`xt stho` wj`r` tj` hmhaytcdha eumdtcfmhacty

fe h systì acg` Frhda` cs r`hacs`b.

0.4 RJ@ \CA@ FE \H\@^ I@MRHACRS

Rjcs cs djhrhdt`rcs`b ny o`m`rha r`qu`sts efr ahro` rums fe

bhth wctj actta` fr mf ecat`rcmo drct`rch, fr orfupcmo. Fm`

r`hsfm efr tjcs cs tj` nàcè tjht tj` dfiput`r cs jcbcmo

cmefrihtcfm hmb tjht h vcsuha dj`dg cs m`d`sshry, hmftj`r cs

tjht hmhayscs cs p`rd`cv`b hs sfi`tjcmo tjht fddurs futscb`

tj` dfiput`r. H tjcrb cs tj` wjfaay dfmd`ptuha fm`, fe bhthscipay m``bcmo tf n` s``m cm haa cts `xjhustcv` b`thca efr tj`

r`s`hrdj`r tf o`t j`r j`hb hrfumb ct. (Ct dfuab r`hsfmhnay

n` hrou`b tjht tjcs cs phrtay h prfbudt fe tj` ecrst twf).

Rj` prfnaì cs scicahr tf tjht bcsduss`b cm tj` pr`vcfus

phrhorhpj, c.`. tj` hncacty fe tj` bhthnhs` tf s`hrdj, v`rcey

hmb suiihrcs` bhth cs mft r`hacs`b. S`t ct bcee`rs, cm tjht ct

s`mbs h da`hr scomha tjht tj` i`ssho` hdd`ss cs hmhayscs jhs

mft y`t n``m hsscicaht`b (hm hsscicahtcfm tjht bf`s mft thg`

pahd` sfaày nyprfvcbcmo hdd`ss, c.`. hm hsy tf us` OPC

cmt`rehd`). Rj` vfaui` fe bhth tf wjcdj hdd`ss cs mfw

pfsscna`, hmb tj` bcicmcsjcmo r`sfurd`s hvhcahna` tf hmhays`

tjht bhth, i`hms tjht ct cs n`dficmo ciprhdtcdha tf hpprfhdj

sudj r`sfurd`s wctjfut sfi` r`s`hrdj fnk`dtcv` cm icmb,

jfw`v`r cmscomcecdhmt ct ihy n`. Ht h tci` wj`m prfk`dt

nubo`ts hr` bìhmbcmo tj` ifst èecdc`mt wfrgcmo prhdtcd`s

tf `mhna` sfi` eumbs tf stcaa n` hvhcahna` efr tj` hdtuha

hmhayscs fe tj` dhrèuaay r`sdu`b bhth, tj` m``b tf r`pahd`

i`djhmcsis sudj hs jcoj-acojt`r p`ms, jhmb dhaduahtfrs hmb

vcsuha sdhms wctj tj` thro`t`b s`hrdj drct`rch, sthtcstcdha

eumdtcfms hmb orfup fp`rhtfrs fe tj` ^BNIT ctsàe, cs

da`hr.

5 Dfmdauscfm

Rj` prfnaìs bcsduss`b hr` m`ctj`r bceecduat tf hbbr`ss, mfr

hr` tj`cr èe`dts jhrb tf cb`mtcey7 tj`y hr` jfw`v`r, `hsy tf

comfr`. Ce us`rs hr` tf n`mèct erfi ^BNIT t`djmfafoy cm

tj` dfr` hr`h fe tj`cr prfe`sscfm tj` quhacty hmb

tjfrfuojm`ss fe hrdjh`fafocdha cmt`rpr`thtcfm sudjdfmd`ptuha prfnaìs iust n` fv`rdfi`. H pffr

cipaì`mthtcfm cs tjht wjcdj comfr`s cts fwm dfms`qu`md`s,

hmb efr dfii`rdcha hrdjh`fafoy cm tj` 833


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>< HMHA@DRH \^H@JCTRF^CDH A@CB@MTCH >:

rè`r`md`s

Dfbb, @. 83?< H àhtcfmha Ifbà Fe Bhth Efr Ahro` Tjhr`b Bhth Nhmgs,Dfiiumcdhtcfms fe tj` HDM

84 (5), 40?-4:?.

Dffp`r, I. 8330 Dfiput`rs Hmb Rj` @vfautcfm Fe Hrdjh`fafocdha Frohmcshtcfms. Cm; K. _cadfdg/ K. Bcmm G. Afdgy`hr (`bs), Dfiput`r Hppacdhtcfms Hmb Xuhmtcthtcv` I`tjfbs Cm Hrdjh`fafoy

8332, :3-32, NH^ Cmt`rmhtcfmha T`rc s 03:, Fxefrb; Rìpus ^`phrhtui.

Juoo`tt, K. 8338 Rj` Dfiput`r `pr`s`mthtcfm Fe Tphd` Cm Prnhm Hrdjh`fafoy. Cm; G. Afdgy`hr/T. hjtz

I. Dffp`r (`bs), Dfiput`r Hppacdhtcfms Hmb Xuhmtcthtcv` I`tjfbs Cm Hrdjh`fafoy 833< , 43-2>,

NH^ Cmt`rmhtcfmha T`rc`s 050, Fxefrb; Rìpus ^`phrhrtui.

Jfbb`r, C. 8332 Rj` Mftcfm Fe Fnk`dtcvcty Cm ^`dfrbcmo. Pmpunacsj`b php`r pr`s`mt`b ht tj` Iusùi fe

Afmbfm 3tj Ihy 8332.

Jusshcm, B. 8338 Cmefrihtcfm Tystìs Efr Nuscm`ss. M`w Sfrg; \r`mtcd` Jhaa.

G. Jusshcm

Thy`r, H. 833> I`tjfb Cm Tfdcha Tdc`md`; H ^`hacst Hpprfhdj. Afmbfm; ^futa`bo .

Tp`md`, D. 8334 ^`dfrbcmo tj` Hrdjh`fafoy fe Afmbfm; tj` b`vàfpi`mt hmb cipaì`mthtcfm fe tj` BPH

r`dfrbcmo systì. Cm; @. Jhrrcs (`b.),\rhdtcd`s Fe Hrdjh`fafocdha Ttrhtcorhpjy, >4-25,

Afmbfm; Hdhbìcd \r`ss.

\`t`r Jcmo`

Dfiputcmo T`dtcfm

Iusùi fe Afmbfm Hrdjh`fafoy T`rvcd`

Mf. 8 Afmbfm _haa

Afmbfm @D>S 0@H

Pmct`b Gcmobfi

`-ihca; p`t`Lifahs.bìfm.df.ug


36/527

8 Cmtrfbudtcfm

Hrdjh`fafocdha i`tjfb hmb prhdtcd` fet`m b`has wctj

cmefrihtcfm tjht cs t`mthtcv`, achna` tf djhmo` hmb euzzy.

Bhth ohtj`r`b cm tj` ecàb hr` usuhaay erhoi`mt`b pfscmo tj`

m``b tf hssfdcht` n`tw``m pc`d`s fe rà`vhmt dfmt`xt.

Brhwcmo hrdjh`fafocdha gmfwa`bo`, wjcdj cs ny mhtur`

umd`rthcm, erfi t`mthtcv` hmb cmdfipa`t` cmefrihtcfm hmb

erhoi`mt`b bhth cs h efricbhna` thsg wjcdj cm ctsàe wfuab

kustcey hrdjh`fafoy n`cmo h sdc`md` (^cdjhrbs/^yhm 83:07

^fss `t ha. 8338).Rrhbctcfmhaay bhth cs g`pt fm php`r (cmdaubcmo pjftfs

hmb sg`tdj`s), cs frohmcs`b cm h scmoa` ihmm`r hmb haa mfm-

trcvcha prfd`sscmo thg`s pahd` cm tj` hrdjh`fafocsts j`hb.

Rjcs prhdtcd` ocv`s rcs` tf prfnaìs cm sfrtcmo hmb drfss-

rè`r`mdcmo bhth wctj ràht`b cmefrihtcfm dfmt`mt.

Cmefrihtcds, fr à`dtrfmcd bhth prfd`sscmo, prfics`b, hifmo

ftj`rs, tf ehdcactht` r`dfrbcmo hmb hssfdchtcfm fe `xdhvhtcfm

bhth ny prfvcbcmo tj` i`hms tf frohmcs` hmb ihmcpuaht`

hrdjh`fafocdha cmefrihtcfm èecdc`mtay. Rjcs prfics` jhs

fmay phrtchaay n``m euaecaa`b. Fm` r`hsfm cs tjht sfi` pc`d`s

fe dfiput`r t`djmfafoy jhv` umtca v`ry r`d`mtay n``m

icsscmo (cmtòrhtcmo ihps, ciho`s, t`xt hmb httrcnut`

cmefrihtcfm cm h scmoa` systì). Hmftj`r v`ry cipfrthmtr`hsfm cs tj` cmdfrr`dt b`vàfpi`mt fe hrdjh`fafocdha

cmefrihtcfm systìs (ahdg fe i`tjfbfafoy, cmbcee`r`md` tf

cssu`s fe dfmd`ptuha bhth ifbàacmo).

Dfmd`ptuha bhth ifbàacmo fe hm hppacdhtcfm cs tj`

prfd`ss fe efrihaay b`sdrcncmo cts sthtcd hmb bymhicd

prfp`rtc`s efr purpfs`s fe umb`rsthmbcmo tj` hppacdhtcfms

r`qucrì`mts hmb dfiiumcdhtcfm n`tw``m tj` hppacdhtcfm

b`vàfp`rs hmb tj` systìs us`rs. Rjcs b`sdrcptcfm fe tj`

hppacdhtcfms prfp`rtc`s cs bfm` cmb`p`mb`mtay fe

cipaì`mthtcfm cssu`s hmb cs dhrrc`b fut ny us` fe h d`rthcm

dfmd`ptuha bhth ifbà. Rj` futdfi` fe tj` dfmd`ptuha bhth

ifbàacmo fe hm hppacdhtcfm cs dhaa`b h dfmd`ptuha sdjìh

hmb cs hm hnstrhdtcfm fe r`hacty hs ct cs p`rd`cv`b ny tj`

cmt`mb`b us`rs fe tj` systì, mhiày tj` hrdjh`fafocsts.

Dfiput`r us`rs `xpr`ss tj`cr r`qucrì`mts cm mhturha

ahmouho` wjcdj cmdaub`s bchorhis, ciho`s, ihps hmb

prfd`ss`s wjca` dfiput`rs `x`dut` ihdjcm` dfb`.

Hppacdhtcfms nrcbo` tjcs ohp ny `x`dutcmo prforhis tjht

shtcsey us`rs m``bs. Rj` trhmsctcfm erfi us`r r`qucrì`mts

tf ihdjcm` `x`duthna` dfb` cs bfm` ny us` fe cmt`ri`bcht`

r`pr`s`mthtcfms wjcdj ehdcactht` tj` cipaì`mthtcfm fe tj`

b`scr`b systì. Fm` fe tj`s` r`pr`s`mthtcfms cs prfbud`b ht

tj` stho` fe dfmd`ptuha bhth ifbàacmo (Nhtcmc `t ha. 833>7

Mhvhtj` 833>). Dfmd`ptuha bhth ifbàacmo hcis ht tj`

r`hacstcd r`pr`s`mthtcfm fe tj` cmefrihtcfm dfmt`mt fe tj`

hppacdhtcfm umb`r r`s`hrdj, tj`rèfr` ct sjfuab mft n`

p`refri`b wctjfut tj` df-fp`rhtcfm fe cts us`rs, wjf hr`

r`spfmscna` efr b`sdrcncmo r`qucrì`mts hmb `xpahcmcmo tj`

i`hmcmo fe bhth. Rj` dfmd`ptuha sdjìh tjht cs prfbud`b csumb`rsthmbhna` tf us`rs, sf icsthg`s dhm n` b`t`dt`b ht tjcs

v`ry `hray stho`. Ifr`fv`r, tj` hppacdhtcfm dfmv`ro`s

tfwhrbs tj` `xp`dt`b r`suat. Eurtj`rifr`, tj` b`scom`rs

djfcd`s dhm n` t`st`b hmb tj` prfd`ss fe cipaì`mthtcfm cs

tjus ehdcactht`b. Fwcmo tf tj` ehdt tjht tj` dfmd`ptuha

ifbàacmo prfd`ss cs cmb`p`mb`mt fe cipaì`mthtcfm b`thcas,

tj` dfmd`ptuha sdjìh prfbud`b burcmo tj` dfmd`ptuha

ifbàacmo prfd`ss dhm stcaa n` us`b `v`m ce tj` sfetwhr`

us`b ht tj` stho` fe cipaì`mthtcfm djhmo`s. Ahstay,

ihcmt`mhmd` hmb trhmsefrihtcfm fe tj` systì (`.o. cm tj`

dhs` tjht hppacdhtcfm r`qucrì`mts djhmo` fr hr` `mjhmd`b)

hr` ehdcactht`b, n`dhus` tj` `xcst`md` fe tj` dfmd`ptuha

sdjìh fe tj` hppacdhtcfm `hs`s umb`rsthmbcmo fe ctsstrudtur` hmb eumdtcfms.

Rj` cmefrihtcfm systì efr h sp`dcecd prfk`dt (`.o. hm

`xdhvhtcfm bfdui`mthtcfm systì) cs h dfaa`dtcfm fe

hdtcvctc`s tjht ròuaht` tj` sjhrcmo hmb bcstrcnutcfm fe

cmefrihtcfm hmb tj` stfrho` fe bhth tjht hr` rà`vhmt tf tj`

prfk`dt. Cmefrihtcfm systìs b`vàfpi`mt cs h prfd`ss

wjcdj efaafws h s`rc`s fe st`ps, dhaa`b tj` ace`-dyda` fe hm

cmefrihtcfm systì. Rjcs ace`-dyda` usuhaay dfmthcms tj`

efaafwcmo ihcm stho`s; r`qucrì`mts hmhayscs, b`scom,

cipaì`mthtcfm hmb ihcmt`mhmd`. Hm hppacdhtcfm

b`vàfpi`mt i`tjfbfafoy cs h strudtur`b s`t fe prfd`bur`s,

dfmd`pts, i`tjfbs, ifbàs hmb tffas dfv`rcmo tj` wjfa`

ace`-dyda` fe tj` systì. Efr bhth-cmt`mscv` hppacdhtcfms tj`

hr`h fe dfiputcmo t`djmfafoy tjht a`hbs erfi prfnaì

sp`dcecdhtcfm tf systì cipaì`mthtcfm cs bhthnhs` b`scom.

Bhthnhs` b`scom cs h dfipa`x prfd`ss hmb dhm n` nrfg`m

bfwm cmtf dfmd`ptuha, afocdha hmb pjyscdha b`scom. Rj`

purpfs` fe dfmd`ptuha bhthnhs` b`scom cs tf frohmcs` bhth

efr èe`dtcv` prfd`sscmo ny us` fe h ifbà tjht cs

Rjhmhscs Jhbzcahdfs Dfmd`ptuha Bhth Ifbàacmo efr \r`jcstfrcd @xdhvhtcfm\fayx`mc Iyahbc` Ttfuinfu Bfdui`mthtcfm


37/527

`xpr`sscvày rcdj hmb us`r umb`rsthmbhna` cm frb`r tf

ehdcactht` cipaì`mthtcfm. Rj`r` hr` s`v`rha dfmd`ptuha

ifbàs tjht hr` us`b cm dfmd`ptuha b`scom. Fm` fe tjì,

mhiày tj` @mtcty-^àhtcfmsjcp (@-^) ifbà, jhs ì`ro`b

hs tj` a`hbcmo efriha strudtur` efr dfmd`ptuha bhth

r`pr`s`mthtcfm, n`dficmo hm `sthnacsj`b sthmbhrb. Rj` @-^

ifbà cs nhs`b fm fmay h e`w ifbàacmo dfmd`pts hmb jhs h

v`ry èe`dtcv` hmb umb`rsthmbhna` orhpjcd r`pr`s`mthtcfm.

Rj` @-^ ifbà cs b`sdrcn`b cm b`thca cm s`dtcfm 2 nàfw.

Rjcs hpprfhdj cs mft sueecdc`mt tf dfp` wctj tj` sp`dcha

m``bs fe hrdjh`fafocdha hppacdhtcfms scmd` tj`y b`ha wctj

cmefrihtcfm wjcdj jhs tjr`` nhscd bci`mscfms; tj` sphtcha

bci`mscfm, wjcdj rè`rs tf tj` pfsctcfm fe hrdjh`fafocdha

`mtctc`s cm sphd` (efr `xhipa` tj` pahd` wj`r` d`rthcm

hrtèhdts w`r` efumb), tj` h-sphtcha fr b`sdrcptcv` bci`mscfm

(httrcnut`s tjht b`sdrcn` tj` efri fe hrdjh`fafocdha

cmefrihtcfm, efr `xhipa` tj` pfsscna` us`s fe hrtèhdts), hmb

hasf h tìpfrha bci`mscfm, wjcdj rè`rs tf fnk`dts afdhtcfm

cm tci`. Rj` m``b efr jhmbacmo sueecdc`mt hrdjh`fafocdha

cmefrihtcfm hs h wjfa` bìhmbs h dfmd`ptuha ifbà`mrcdj`b wctj sphtcf-tìpfrha dfmstrudts. Ifr`fv`r,

pr`jcstfrcd `xdhvhtcfms jhv` r`qucrì`mts tjht hr` mft sf

`vcb`mt cm ftj`r typ`s fe `xdhvhtcfms. Rj`s` r`qucrì`mts

stì erfi tj` ehdt tjht tj`r` cs h vhst muin`r fe sdhtt`r`b

pr`jcstfrcd `xdhvhtcfm bhth tjht m``b tf n` dfrràht`b

dhrèuaay cm frb`r tf brhw usèua dfmdauscfms. Tcmd`

cmt`rpr`thtcfm cs tj` ifst cipfrthmt thsg cm h pr`jcstfrcd

`xdhvhtcfm, tj` `xdhvhtcfm bfdui`mthtcfm systì sjfuab n`

hna` tf prfvcb` tj` i`hms fe frohmcscmo hmb ihmcpuahtcmo

hrdjh`fafocdha bhth wctjfut àcicmhtcmo cmbcvcbuha

fns`rvhtcfms hmb cmt`rpr`thtcv` dfmdauscfms.

Hrdjh`fafocdha cmefrihtcfm systìs jhv` fmay n``m

b`vàfp`b cm r`d`mt y`hrs (Haa`m `t ha. 833

pfcmts fut tj` sp`dcha r`qucrì`mts pfs`b ny `xdhvhtcfm

bfdui`mthtcfm systìs hmb pr`s`mts h kustcecdhtcfm fe wjy

h sp`dcha ifbàacmo hpprfhdj cs m``b`b. T`dtcfm 4 cs h

b`sdrcptcfm fe h pr`jcstfrcd `xdhvhtcfm sd`m`ry hs vc`w`b ny

h dfiput`r sdc`mtcst. Rj` hrdjh`fafocdha cmefrihtcfm cs

hmhays`b hmb pr`s`mt`b, tj` prcihry fnk`dts hr` b`sdrcn`b

hmb tj` ràhtcfmsjcps hifmo tjì hr` cb`mtcec`b. Rj` ihcm

dfmtrcnutcfm fe tj` php`r cs pr`s`mt`b cm s`dtcfm 2, wjcdj

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