Interfaces do Jornalismo Cultural na Internet: Estudo de Caso do Site "Digestivo Cultural"

8/2/2019 Interfaces do Jornalismo Cultural na Internet: Estudo de Caso do Site "Digestivo Cultural"

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2 MFYQNIXÌÃN &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 3 1 IHSHFZN@ZMEHFYN IN CNFCHMYN IH CX@YXQB &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :

3 B_QN[MEBÌØHS CNE N GNQFB@MSEN &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& = 9 B@LXFS IM@HEBS &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 21 8 GNQFB@MSEN CX@YXQB@ FB MFYHQFHY &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2: : BQRXMYHYXQB IH MFJNQEBÌÃN &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2=

:&2 _nq ihfyqn ib bqrxmyhyxqb ih mfjnqebìãn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 11 < BQRXMYHYXQB IH MFJNQEBÌÃN H XSBAM@MIBIH &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1:

<&2 Bzb`mbìãn ib xsbam`mibih &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1; ; HSYXIN IH CBSN &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 3?

;&2 Xe pnxcn ib kmsyóqmb in smyh &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 3? ;&1 Cnen jxfcmnfb &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 31

;&1&2 Bf÷fcmns h imzx`lbìãn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 33;&3 Bfâ`msh ib bqrxmyhyxqb ih mfjnqebìãn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 38

;&3&2 Smsyhebs ih nqlbfmwbìãn&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 3<;&3&1 Smsyhebs ih fbzhlbìãn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 92;&3&3 Smsyhebs ih qnyx`bìãn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 98;&3&9 Smsyhebs ih axscb &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 9<

;&9 Bfâ`msh khxqåsymcb &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 9; ;&9&2 Zmsmam`mibih in hsybin in smsyheb &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 9=;&9&1& Ebphbehfyn hfyqh n smsyheb h n exfin qhb` &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 9=;&9&3 @mahqibih ih cnfyqn`h bn xsxâqmn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 82;&9&9 Cnfsmsyçfcmb h pbiqøhs &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 81

;&9&8 _qhzhfìãn ih hqqns &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 83;&9&: Qhcnfkhchq he zhw ih qh`heaqbq &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 83;&9&< J`h{mam`mibih h hjmcmçfcmb ih xsn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 89;&9&; Ihsmlf hsyíymcn h emfmeb`msyb &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 89;&9&= Sxpnqyh pbqb n xsxâqmn qhcnfkhchq, imblfnsymcbq h qhcxphqbq hqqns &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 88;&9&2? Bgxib h incxehfybìãn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8:

;&8 Mfyhqjbchs cnexfmcbcmnfbms &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8< ;&8&2 Mfyhqbymzmibih &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8<;&8&1 Xsn ih ex`ymeåimbs&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8=;&8&3 _qhshfìb fbs qhihs sncmbms imlmybms &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :?

CNFSMIHQBÌØHS &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :9

QHJHQÇFCMBS &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :: L@NSSÂQMN &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& <?



3

2 MFYQNIXÌÃN

N gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` fn Aqbsm`, pqnixwmin fn áeamyn ib mepqhfsb yqbimcmnfb`, yhe sh

pqhfimin cbib zhw ebms bns lçfhqns mfjnqebymzn h xym`myâqmn, baqmfin pnxcn hspbìn ï cqåymcb h ï

mfyhqpqhybìãn& Fn hfybfyn, pnq cnfyb ih bmfib kbzhq xeb ihebfib smlfmjmcbymzb ih `hmynqhs

mfyhqhssbins he xe gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` ih rxb`mibih, exmyns sãn ns bxynqhs rxh qhcnfkhche b

mepnqyáfcmb ins ‘shlxfins cbihqfns‚ h ibs shìøhs cx`yxqbms cnen mfsyqxehfyns pbqb b cqmbìãn

ih xe zåfcx`n h ih xeb mihfymibih in `hmynq cne b pxa`mcbìãn +LN@MF4 CBQINSN, 1?2?4

EH@N, 1??<4 _MWB, 1??;-&

_bqb`h`behfyh, zmzhens xeb qhb`mibih fb rxb` n gnqfb`msen, ih enin lhqb`, sh

hfcnfyqb cbib zhw ebms ebssmjmcbin he qbwãn in b`cbfch zmqyxb` mfmeblmfâzh` rxh b mfyhqfhy

pqnenzhx fb zmib ibs phssnbs, pnihfin n gnqfb` ih ebmnq cmqcx`bìãn in pbås hsybq pqhshfyh, ï

imsyáfcmb ih xe c`mrxh, he cbib `bq rxh pnssxb cnfh{ãn cne b qhih exfimb` ih cnepxybinqhs&

Mfcnqpnqbib ï +h ph`b- cnexfmcbìãn ih ebssb, b mfyhqfhy ybeaíe pqnenzhx xeb síqmh

ih enimjmcbìøhs fn enin ih sh jbwhq gnqfb`msen, mepnfin fnzbs yícfmcbs h qnymfbs bn ehsen

yhepn he rxh bgxinx b qnephq cne bfymlbs abqqhmqbs cne bs rxbms ns gnqfb`msybs cnsyxebzbe

sh ihpbqbq fn imb%b%imb pqnjmssmnfb`&

Imbfyh in h{pnsyn, n naghymzn ihsyb phsrxmsb í bfb`msbq ih rxh jnqeb n gnqfb`msen

cx`yxqb` hsyâ mfshqmin fn cnfyh{yn ibs exibfìbs pqnenzmibs ph`b mfyhqfhy& _bqb mssn, h`hlhx%sh

cnen naghyn ih hsyxin n smyh Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb`, zhåcx`n rxh kâ 22 bfns sh ihimcb ï pqnixìãncn`banqbymzb ih cnfyh÷in snaqh e÷smcb, cmfheb, `myhqbyxqb, ihfyqh nxyqns& N smyh pnssxm kngh

ebms ih 2 em`kãn ih pâlmfbs fbzhlbibs pnq eçs h jnm cmybin fn ‘Ebphbehfyn in Hfsmfn ih

Gnqfb`msen Cx`yxqb` fn Aqbsm` he 1??;‚, xeb mfmcmbymzb in Mfsymyxyn Myb÷ Cx`yxqb`, cnen n smyh

ebms xym`mwbin ph`n xfmzhqsn ih pqnjhssnqhs phsrxmsbins bn `nfln ibs sxbs bx`bs, b yåyx`n ih

cnfybyn cne b imscmp`mfb&



9

Hssh cnfgxfyn ih jbynqhs cnfyqmaxmx pbqb b cnfsn`mibìãn ih xeb pqna`heâymcb pbqb n

hsyxin7

xeb zhw rxh b mfyhqfhy yhfih b cn`ncbq he yqáfsmyn imzhqsbs enib`mibihs ih`mflxblhfs ehsc`bibs, jbw%sh fhchssâqmn phfsbq b fbyxqhwb mepxqb ihssb fnzb`mflxblhe h shxs mepbcyns fn T&&&U gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` nf `mfh nx|hagnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` +B@WBENQB, 1??2, p& :-&

_nqybfyn, he axscb ibs hsphcmjmcmibihs in gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` pqnixwmin fb mfyhqfhy,

pqnpùs%sh xeb bfâ`msh baqbflhfyh ybfyn ib hsyqxyxqb in Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb`, rxbfyn in

cnfyh÷in zhmcx`bin pnq h`h h ih rxh jnqeb hssh ebyhqmb` í imspnfmam`mwbin bns xsxâqmns& B

pqmnqm, jnm jhmyb b bfâ`msh ib Bqrxmyhyxqb ih Mfjnqebìãn in smyh, cne absh fbs smsyhebymwbìøhs

pqnpnsybs pnq Enqzm``h h Qnshfjhì +1??:-, b`íe ib bfâ`msh ib xsbam`mibih, cne absh fns

cnfchmyns bpqhshfybins pnq C}ams hy b`& +1?2?-& _bqb`h`behfyh, jnqbe bfb`msbibs ybeaíe bs

mfyhqjbchs cnexfmcbcmnfbms rxh n Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` xym`mwb fn shfymin ih bep`mbq n cnfybyn

cne ns shxs xsxâqmns&

He xe shlxfin enehfyn, shqãn xym`mwbibs bs bfâ`mshs ih cnfyh÷in h imscxqsn pbqb bs

mfjnqebìøhs in Imlhsymzn, xeb zhw rxh hsshs cbepns ih phsrxmsb cmhfyåjmcb pnssmam`mybe

cnepqhhfihq b hjmcâcmb ins ehcbfmsens `mflxåsymcns.meblíymcns xym`mwbins ph`b eåimb

cnfyhepnqáfhb, rxh yhe ns qhcxqsns ib mfyhqfhy b sxb imspnsmìãn, fn pqnchssn ih zhmcx`bìãn

ih mfjnqebìøhs h npmfmøhs snaqh bs ebms imzhqsbs âqhbs in cnfkhcmehfyn – shfin b cx`yxqb n

jncn ih mfyhqhssh ihsyh yqbab`kn&

Hsyh qh`byóqmn hsyâ imzmimin he shyh pbqyhs ih ihshfzn`zmehfyn fb rxb` sh mfshqhe bs

pqmfcmpbms cnfyqmaxmìøhs yhóqmcbs rxh jnqbe qhzmsbibs pbqb bpnmbq n hsyxin, b`íe in hsyxin ih

cbsn pqnpqmbehfyh imyn& Bssme, n pqmehmqn cbpåyx`n yqbyb in ihshfzn`zmehfyn in cnfchmyn ih

cx`yxqb, cne b h{pnsmìãn ibs pqmfcmpbms cnqqhfyhs kmsyóqmcbs h cmhfyåjmcbs rxh banqibqbe n

yheb bn `nfln ins bfns&

Fn shlxfin cbpåyx`n, í h{p`mcbin cnen n gnqfb`msen bssmem`nx lqbixbèhfyh b cx`yxqb

byí yqbfsjnqeâ%`b he hsphcmb`mibih himynqmb` h rxb` b jxfìãn rxh n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb`



8

ihshephfkb fn pqnchssn ih ihcmjqbìãn ins cóimlns bqyåsymcns pqnixwmins fn áeamyn ib

mfi÷syqmb cx`yxqb`, b`ybehfyh ehqcbfym`mwbib& Fn cbpåyx`n shlxmfyh, sãn h{pnsyns b`lxfs

im`hebs rxh sxqlhe ihfyqn in gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` h rxh qhj`hyhe bs pqópqmbs exibfìbs ph`bs

rxbms n gnqfb`msen yhe pbssbin bn `nfln ins bfns&

Fn rxbqyn cbpåyx`n, ckhlb%sh jmfbèhfyh ï mfyhqshìãn hfyqh n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` h b

mfyhqfhy h ïs fnzbs jnqebs ih pqnixìãn cnexfmcbcmnfb` bssmem`bibs pnq h`h& Ns inms cbpåyx`ns

shlxmfyhs yqbybe ib ihjmfmìãn in cbepn ib Bqrxmyhyxqb ih Mfjnqebìãn ih |hasmyhs, sxbs

jnqebs ih nqlbfmwbìãn, bs qh`bìøhs cne n cnfchmyn ih hqlnfnemb, b`íe ibs yícfmcbs xsbibs

pbqb bzb`mbìãn ib xsbam`mibih ih xe smyh& Sãn imscxssøhs rxh qhzh`bqbe n pnfyn cnexe h

pnssåzh` hfyqh b Mfjnqeâymcb h b Cnexfmcbìãn&

_nq jme, n ÷`ymen cbpåyx`n yqbw b pqmehmqb pbqyh in hsyxin ih cbsn in Imlhsymzn

Cx`yxqb`, cne ns qhsx`ybins ib bfâ`msh ib Bqrxmyhyxqb ih Mfjnqebìãn, ib bfâ`msh khxqåsymcb h

ibs mfyhqjbchs cnexfmcbcmnfbms&



:

1 IHSHFZN@ZMEHFYN IN CNFCHMYN IH CX@YXQB

Gâ fb Bfymlxmibih, phfsbinqhs h jm`ósnjns yhnqmwbzbe b qhsphmyn ib cx`yxqb, pqncxqbfin

cnepqhhfiç%`b h, bn ehsen yhepn, hfyhfihq cnen h`b ihjmfmb h mfj`xhfcmbzb bs fnssbs jnqebs

ih zmzhq he sncmhibih& Rxhsymnfbzb%sh, pnq h{hep`n, b qhsphmyn ib lqbfih imzhqsmibih ih

kâamyns h cnepnqybehfyns, bn sh cnepbqbq ixbs sncmhibihs, bphsbq ib bpbqhfyh xfmibih

amn`ólmcb hfyqh ns mfimzåixns +@BQBMB, 1??=-&

Yknepsnf +2==8- bpnfyb rxh fn mfåcmn in sícx`n [M[ n yhqen cx`yxqb hqb xsbin he

bssncmbìãn cne b pb`bzqb cmzm`mwbìãn, hfyhfimib cnen pqnchssn ih qhjmfbehfyn h

ihshfzn`zmehfyn mfyh`hcyxb` kxebfn, nx shgb, n npnsyn ib ‘abqaâqmh‚ mihfymjmcbib he nxyqns

pnzns& Í mfyhqhssbfyh fnybq rxh b`lxfs bsphcyns ihssb cnfchpìãn, cnfkhcmib cnen c`âssmcb,

bmfib sh jbwhe pqhshfyhs fn xsn cnymimbfn rxh jbwhens ib pb`bzqb, cbqqhlbin ih xe

hyfnchfyqmsen rxh pqmzm`hlmb chqyns zb`nqhs h pqâymcbs he ihyqmehfyn ih nxyqns&

N chfâqmn cnehìnx b exibq cnfjnqeh n cnfchmyn ih cx`yxqb jnm sh mfcnqpnqbfin ï âqhb

ib Bfyqnpn`nlmb, rxh pnih shq cnfsmihqbib cnen b cmçfcmb rxh jbw n hsyxin cnepbqbymzn ibs

cx`yxqbs& Fhssh cnfyh{yn, b cnfchpìãn ihscqmymzb ih cx`yxqb hsyâ imqhybehfyh qh`bcmnfbib cne

n mfyhqhssh ins hyfólqbjns in sícx`n [M[, b h{hep`n ih D`hee h Y}`nq, he cnfkhchq bs

sncmhibihs fãn%hxqnphmbs byqbzís ib bfâ`msh ih shxs kâamyns, cnsyxehs, bqyh, cqhfìbs h `hms2&

_nq nxyqn `bin, b cnfchpìãn smeaó`mcb ih cx`yxqb, sxqlmib fb pqmehmqb ehybih in

sícx`n [[, hfyhfih rxh n shq kxebfn yhe b cbpbcmibih ih ibq shfymin b cnfsyqxìøhs fãn%

`mflxåsymcbs, ybms cnen bìøhs, naqbs ih bqyh h naghyns& Ihssb jnqeb, b cx`yxqb shqmb xe pqnchssn

ih smean`mwbìãn, nx shgb, cnfsyqxìãn h xsn ih såean`ns, xe yqbìn imsymfymzn in shq kxebfn&

Bcqhimybfin T&&&U rxh n knehe í xe bfmeb` sxsphfsn he yhmbs ih smlfmjmcbinrxh h`h ehsen yhchx, hfyhfin b cx`yxqb cnen shfin hssbs yhmbs, h sxbbfâ`msh, pnqybfyn, cnen shfin fãn xeb cmçfcmb h{phqmehfyb` he axscb ih

2 Yknepsnf +2==8- h{pøh sxb cqåymcb b hsyb cnfchpìãn bn bjmqebq rxh h`b mepøh xe cnfchmyn zbln h

bep`n ihebms ï cx`yxqb, sh ynebib cnen yxin rxh zbqmb fb zmib in knehe&



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`hms, ebs xeb cmçfcmb mfyhqpqhybymzb he axscb ih smlfmjmcbins +LHHQYWbpxi YKNE_SNF, 2==8, p& 2<8-&

_bqb Yknepsnf +2==8-, fn hfybfyn, b yhnqmwbìãn ih Lhhqyw b qhsphmyn ib cx`yxqb í

`memybib b pbqymq in enehfyn he rxh fãn cnfyhep`b bs cmqcxfsyáfcmbs sócmn%kmsyóqmcbs h bs

qh`bìøhs ih pnihq h cnfj`myn hfzn`zmibs fb pqnixìãn h mfyhqpqhybìãn ibs jnqebs smeaó`mcbs&

Hsyb `bcxfb hfcnfyqbib fb cnfchpìãn smeaó`mcb, pqmfcmpbèhfyh fb ihjhfimib pnq Lhhqyw, `hzb

Yknepsnf b `bfìbq nxyqn n`kbq snaqh n bssxfyn& N bxynq pqnpøh xeb zmsãn hsyqxyxqb` ib

cx`yxqb, `hzbfin he cnfyb rxh bs jnqebs smeaó`mcbs sãn pqnixwmibs h cnepbqym`kbibs ihfyqn

ih cnfyh{yns sncmbms cbqbcyhqåsymcns&

Ihssb jnqeb, ns cnfyh{yns hsyqxyxqbins sãn cbqbcyhqmwbins ybfyn pnq qh`bìøhs ih pnihq,

rxbfyn ph`n bchssn imjhqhfcmbin b qhcxqsns h npnqyxfmibihs, b`íe ih cnfimìøhs ih pqnixìãn,

yqbfsemssãn nx qhchpìãn ih jnqebs smeaó`mcbs, hfyhfimibs cnen xeb ‘bep`b zbqmhibih ih

jhfùehfns smlfmjmcbymzns, ihsih bìøhs, lhsyns h qmyxbms byí ebfmjhsybìøhs zhqabms, yh{yns,

pqnlqbebs ih yh`hzmsãn h naqbs ih bqyh‚ +YKNE_SNF, 2==8, p& 2;3-&

Kâ ph`n ehfns ixbs cnfshrðçfcmbs in jbyn ih bs jnqebs smeaó`mcbs hsybqhe

mfyqmfshcbehfyh `mlbibs b cnfyh{yns sncmbms7 he pqmehmqn `xlbq, ‘n enin cnen xeb jnqeb

smeaó`mcb pbqymcx`bq í cnepqhhfimib pnq mfimzåixns pnih ihphfihq ins qhcxqsns h cbpbcmibihs

rxh h`hs sãn bpyns b hepqhlbq fn pqnchssn ih mfyhqpqhyâ%`b‚ +YKNE_SNF, 2==8, p& 2=3-4 ih

enin sheh`kbfyh, bs jnqebs smeaó`mcbs ybeaíe jmcbe sxghmybs b pqnchssns ih zb`nqmwbìãn h

yqncb& Ebs, ih rxh jnqeb bcnfyhch hssb zb`nqmwbìãn>

Yknepsnf +2==8- imsymflxh inms ympns ih zb`nqmwbìãn ibs jnqebs smeaó`mcbs7 2-

zb`nqmwbìãn smeaó`mcb, he rxh í byqmaxåin xe ihyhqemfbin zb`nq smeaó`mcn pnq brxh`hs rxh

pqnixwhe h qhchahe n cnfyh÷in h 1- zb`nqmwbìãn hcnfùemcb, byqbzís ib rxb` b jnqeb

smeaó`mcb pnih shq yqncbib he xe ehqcbin, cnfzhqyhfin%sh he ehqcbinqmbs& Fhssh hsyâlmn,

bs jnqebs smeaó`mcbs ehqcbfym`mwbibs pbssbe b shq ihfnemfbibs cnen ahfs smeaó`mcns, jqxyn



;

in ihshfzn`zmehfyn ib cnexfmcbìãn ih ebssb h ib pqópqmb mfi÷syqmb cx`yxqb`, rxh í b ‘jnqeb

sxm lhfhqms ph`b rxb` b pqnixìãn bqyåsymcb h cx`yxqb` í nqlbfmwbib fn cnfyh{yn ibs qh`bìøhs

cbpmyb`msybs ih pqnixìãn, `bfìbib fn ehqcbin h pnq hsyh cnfsxemib‚ +JQHMYBL, 1??9, p& <1-&

_nqybfyn,

cne b cqhschfyh ehqcbfym`mwbìãn ibs jnqebs smeaó`mcbs h sxb mfcnqpnqbìãn bmfsymyxmìøhs ih cnexfmcbìãn ih ebssb, b ebmnqmb ins cnfj`myns ih zb`nqmwbìãnhcnfùemcb yhe `xlbq ihfyqn ih xe qhjhqhfcmb` mfsymyxcmnfb` cnepqhhfiminpnq nqlbfmwbìøhs ih eåimb& Hssbs nqlbfmwbìøhs hsyãn qnymfhmqbehfyhmfyhqhssbibs fb zb`nqbìãn hcnfùemcb ih jnqebs smeaó`mcbs h fb qhsn`xìãn ihcnfj`myns ih zb`nqbìãn hcnfùemcb +YKNE_SNF, 2==8, p& 1?8-&

B qhzmsãn ihssbs ihjmfmìøhs yhe exmyn b cnfyqmaxmq pbqb xe hfyhfimehfyn n ebms

só`min pnssåzh` snaqh n cbepn yhóqmcn in gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb`& Bjmfb`, cnen bjmqeb Dh``fhq

+1??2, p& 13-, ‘fãn kâ cnexfmcbìãn she cx`yxqb h fãn kâ cx`yxqb she cnexfmcbìãn‚, pnms xeb

í ehimbib ph`b nxyqb fn pqnchssn ih pqnixìãn sncmb`&



=

3 B_QN[MEBÌØHS CNE N GNQFB@MSEN

Cne n pbssbq in yhepn, b mfi÷syqmb cx`yxqb` jnm sh bpqn{mebfin cbib zhw ebms in

gnqfb`msen bn hf{hqlbq fh`h xeb phìb%ckbzh pbqb b cnfsn`mibìãn h bep`mbìãn in pqnchssn ih

imjxsãn ins shxs pqnixyns h jnqebìãn ih xe p÷a`mcn cnfsxeminq& Shlxfin _mwb +1??;-, xe

ebqcn mepnqybfyh fn gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` jnm b cqmbìãn ib qhzmsyb mfl`hsb Ykh Sphcybynq, pnq

Qmckbqi Syhh`h h Gnshpk Biimsnf& Fn Aqbsm`, b hsphcmb`mibih lbfknx jnqìb fn jme in sícx`n

[M[, cne fnehs ih phsn cnen Ebckbin ih Bssms h Gnsí Zhqåssmen&

N gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb`, ihimcbin ï bzb`mbìãn ih miímbs, zb`nqhs h bqyhs, ípqnixyn ih xeb hqb rxh sh mfmcmb ihpnms in Qhfbscmehfyn, rxbfin bseârxmfbs cnehìbqbe b yqbfsjnqebq b hcnfnemb, b mepqhfsb gâ ymfkb sminmfzhfybib h n Kxebfmsen sh pqnpblbqb ib Myâ`mb pbqb ynib b Hxqnpb&&& +_MWB,1??;, p& 21-&

Ihssb jnqeb, b cnexfmcbìãn ih ebssb jnm bssxemfin xe pbph` ih ihsybrxh fn

pqnchssn imjxsn ih emimbymwbìãn ib cx`yxqb h fb cmqcx`bìãn ih ahfs smeaó`mcns, cbqbcyhqåsymcbs

mfhqhfyhs ïs sncmhibihs enihqfbs& Nx shgb,

b hehqlçfcmb ib cnexfmcbìãn ih ebssb pnih shq hfyhfimib cnen nbpbqhcmehfyn T&&&U ih xe cnfgxfyn ih mfsymyxmìøhs `mlbibs ï zb`nqbìãnhcnfùemcb ib jnqeb smeaó`mcb h b sxb bep`b cmqcx`bìãn fn yhepn h fnhspbìn +YKNE_SNF, 2==8, p& 121-&

Ebs, fhssh pqnchssn, pnih shq jhmyb xeb imsymfìãn hfyqh ns phsns rxh bs zb`nqmwbìøhs

yhfihe b bssxemq he jxfìãn ins mfimzåixns rxh bs jnqex`be& Bssme,

bn birxmqmq zb`nq smeaó`mcn, xe yqbab`kn pnih birxmqmq xe lqbx ih`hlmymebìãn – msyn í, pnih shq qhcnfkhcmin cnen `hlåymen fãn bphfbs pnqbrxh`hs rxh hsyãn ahe pnsmcmnfbins pbqb byqmaxmq zb`nq smeaó`mcn, ebsybeaíe ph`ns rxh qhcnfkhche h qhsphmybe b pnsmìãn ibrxh`hs+YKNE_SNF, 2==8, p& 1?9-&

Ihssh enin, pnihens zms`xeaqbq n pbph` rxh n gnqfb`msyb cx`yxqb` ihshephfkb,

cnymimbfbehfyh, ybfyn fns pqnchssns ih zb`nqmwbìãn rxbfyn fns cnfj`myns& Jbyn í rxh kngh b



2?

eåimb í b lqbfih zmyqmfh ib cx`yxqb, yqbfsjnqebfin%sh he naghyn ih ihshgn ih bqymsybs h

pqnixynqhs rxh axscbe zmsmam`mibih fb mepqhfsb +LN@MF4 CBQINSN, 1?2?-&

Fhssh cnfyh{yn, n cnfkhcmehfyn sh ynqfb mepnqybfyh7 cnfkhcmehfyn insfnzns ahfs, shx zb`nq sncmb` h cx`yxqb`, h cnen xsâ%`ns ih ebfhmqb bihrxbib&T&&&U Hssh pnih shq pbqymcx`bqehfyh n cbsn in lqxpn rxh Anxqimhx ihsmlfbcnen “ns fnzns mfyhqehimâqmns cx`yxqbms‛, rxh byxbe fb eåimb, ihsmlf, enib,pxa`mcmibih h he nxyqbs ncxpbìøhs “pbqbmfyh`hcyxbms‛ ih mfjnqebìãn, cxgbs

bymzmibihs pqnjmssmnfbms hfzn`zhe n ihshephfkn ih shqzmìns h b pqnixìãn,cnehqcmb`mwbìãn h imzx`lbìãn ih ahfs smeaó`mcns‚ +JHBYKHQSYNFH,

2==8, pp& 3;%3=-&

He xeb sncmhibih sxphqemimâymcb he rxh b njhqyb ih ahfs smeaó`mcns bxehfyb

h{pnfhfcmbèhfyh, cqhsch ybeaíe b ihebfib pnq hsphcmb`msybs he cx`yxqb rxh pnssbe h{hqchq

n pbph` ih mfyhqehimâqmns, shfin cbpbwhs ih yqbfsmybq pnq imzhqsbs yqbimìøhs, cx`yxqbs h

`mflxblhfs fn pqnchssn ih mfyhqpqhybìãn ibs pqnixìøhs bqyåsymcbs& Ibå ihcnqqh b mepnqyáfcmb

in pqhpbqn bcbiçemcn in gnqfb`msyb ih cx`yxqb, pnssmam`mybin ph`n cnfybyn cne bs yícfmcbs, ph`n

pqhpbqn phssnb`, cne xeb jnqebìãn kxebfåsymcb só`mib, b`íe ih kbam`mibihs ih phsrxmsb,

bpxqbìãn h ihshfzn`zmehfyn ih shfsn hsyíymcn h qhj`h{mzn +BSSMS, 1??;4 EH@N, 1??<4EHFINFÌB4 BWHZHIN, 1?2?-&

He axscb ib smflx`bqmibih in gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb`, ybflhfcmbin pnq imzhqsbs

cnfchpìøhs in rxh í nx fãn cx`yxqb, Eh`n +1??<- ihjmfh n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` cnen pqâymcb

smflx`bq h mepnqybfyh pbqb b sncmhibih ph`n jbyn ih h`h ihencqbymwbq n cnfkhcmehfyn h pnssxmq

xe cbqâyhq qhj`h{mzn, bmfib rxh exmybs zhwhs mfh{p`nqbin& B bxynqb ybeaíe ihsybcb bkbam`mibih in gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` ih yqbfsmybq hfyqh b mfjnqebìãn h b `myhqbyxqb, yncbfin b

shfsmam`mibih ibs phssnbs rxh axscbe xe cnfkhcmehfyn shfsåzh` h qhj`h{mzn&

_nqybfyn, sh pnq xe `bin b jxfìãn in gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` í mfjnqebq cne absh fns

pqmfcåpmns ib mepbqcmb`mibih h naghymzmibih, pnq nxyqn, kâ rxhe ihjhfib rxh h`h ybeaíe ihzb

bssxemq xe pbph` cqåymcn he qh`bìãn ï pqnixìãn cx`yxqb`, sna shxs zâqmns bsphcyns& Bn bssxemqhssb jxfìãn phiblólmcb ih ehimbìãn hfyqh b pqnixìãn bqyåsymcb h n p÷a`mcn, n gnqfb`msyb



22

cx`yxqb` sh ynqfb xe jm`yqn mepnqybfyh fn pqnchssn ih hscn`kb h jnqebìãn ih npmfmãn& _bqb

Ln`mf h Cbqinsn +1?2?-, fn hfybfyn, bn byxbq cnen jm`yqn, n gnqfb`msyb mepøh `memyhs ï pqópqmb

ehimbìãn fn cbepn ib pqnixìãn cx`yxqb`, bn njhqhchq phqsphcymzbs h banqiblhfs pbqcmbms

snaqh bqyh h cx`yxqb, sh`hcmnfbfin ihyhqemfbins cnfyh÷ins h h{c`xmfin nxyqns&

Ihssb jnqeb, hfyhfimin cnen xeb hsphcmb`mibih, n cnfchmyn pqâymcn ih gnqfb`msen

cx`yxqb` zbqmb cnfjnqeh n imqhcmnfbehfyn binybin ph`n zhåcx`n nx ph`n gnqfb`msyb& Fn hfybfyn,

n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` fn Aqbsm`, shlxmfin xeb yhfiçfcmb exfimb`, yhe sh qhsyqmflmin cbib zhw

ebms bns lçfhqns mfjnqebymzns h xym`myâqmns, baqmfin pnxcn hspbìn ï cqåymcb, ï bfâ`msh h ï

mfyhqpqhybìãn& Sna hssh pnfyn ih zmsyb, ‘n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` sbm phqihfin rxbfin ns cqmyíqmns

pbssbe b shq qhsxemins bn ih bjbsybq n `hmynq ih banqiblhfs rxh cnfsmihqb hqqnfhbehfyh

“exmyn síqmbs‛ nx cqåymcbs‚ +_MWB, 1??;, p& 8<-&



21

9 B@LXFS IM@HEBS

Xe n`kbq bfb`åymcn snaqh bs jnqebs ih pqnixìãn h cmqcx`bìãn in gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` fn

Aqbsm` qhzh`b b`lxfs cnfj`myns h yhfsøhs pqópqmns ib imfáemcb gnqfb`åsymcb, cnen n zb`nq%

fnyåcmb, b rxhsyãn in ihbi`mfh, b cbpbcmybìãn pqnjmssmnfb`, hyc& Ebs, pqmfcmpbèhfyh, hsshs

im`hebs qhj`hyhe cnen b cx`yxqb í bssmem`bib kngh ph`n gnqfb`msen& _bqb Cbzb`cbfym h @xcbs

+1?22-, pnq h{hep`n, kâ fn gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` xeb imcnynemb pbqbin{b` rxh cnfyqbpøh

cnfsybfyhehfyh bs h{mlçfcmbs gnqfb`åsymcbs +yhepn, ihbi`mfh- ïs h{mlçfcmbs ih shx yheb

+cx`yxqb he pqnjxfimibih-&

Hsshs h nxyqns jbynqhs bgxibe b cnepnq xe chfâqmn, fn rxb` n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` hsyâ

mfshqmin, rxh sh zç bjhybin pnq yqçs eb`hs, mihfymjmcbins pnq _mwb +1??;-7 n h{chssmzn

byqh`behfyn ï blhfib, n ybebfkn h b rxb`mibih ins yh{yns h b ebqlmfb`mwbìãn ib cqåymcb& Ynins

sãn jbynqhs rxh sh h{p`mcbe ph`bs yqbfsjnqebìøhs kmsyóqmcbs ph`bs rxbms n gnqfb`msen pbssnx h

rxh bjhybqbe b sxb mihfymibih&

Sh, pnq xe `bin, n gnqfb`msen aqbsm`hmqn fn mfåcmn in sícx`n [[ ebfymfkb qh`bìøhs

hsyqhmybs cne n cbepn `myhqâqmn, b ihcbiçfcmb in jn`khyme, n bpbqhcmehfyn lqbixb` ih hsym`ns

cnen b cqùfmcb, b hfyqhzmsyb h b qhpnqyblhe +cnen b cnfkhchens kngh-, b`íe in bxehfyn in

mfyhqhssh he yhebs bfyhs shcxfiâqmns, cnen pn`åcmb h hspnqyhs, jnqìbqbe n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb`

b xe pqnchssn ih hsphcmb`mwbìãn ihfyqn ins phqmóimcns&

Ihssb jnqeb, cne b sxasymyxmìãn in enih`n jqbfcçs +ebms npmfbymzn- ph`n fnqyh%

behqmcbfn +ebms jbcyxb`- fb mepqhfsb aqbsm`hmqb, ns sxp`hehfyns `myhqâqmns h cx`yxqbms +cne

cmqcx`bìãn bns inemflns- jnqbe cqmbins h lbfkbqbe bihsãn in p÷a`mcn, pnms sh shfymb b

fhchssmibih ih xe hspbìn pbqb b cmqcx`bìãn ih miímbs, ib pqópqmb cx`yxqb

fbcmnfb`.mfyhqfbcmnfb` h rxh pqnenzhssh xeb ‘rxhaqb yheâymcb‚, emfxyns ih basyqbìãn&

Shlxfin Ln`mf h Cbqinsn +1?2?-, fns ÷`ymens cmfrxhfyb bfns í rxh hsshs sxp`hehfyns



23

phqihqbe bs cbqbcyhqåsymcbs mfmcmbms, pbssbfin b shq pbxybins ph`n ehqcbin himynqmb` h ph`b

blhfib ih hzhfyns&

Hssh pqnchssn ihshfcbihnx b lqbibymzb ebqlmfb`mwbìãn ib cqåymcb ihfyqn in gnqfb`msen

cx`yxqb`, rxh, b`mbib b xeb zmsãn imsynqcmib ih cx`yxqb cnen b`ln imsybfyh h mfb`cbfìâzh`, fb

ebmnqmb ibs zhwhs hzmyb ns yhebs hqqnfhbehfyh cnfsmihqbins imjåchms nx ihsmepnqybfyhs pbqb n

lqbfih p÷a`mcn, cnen ns qxens ib fnssb pn`åymcb cx`yxqb`& Shlxfin _mwb, he yhepns ih

mfjnqebìøhs ynqqhfcmbms pqnpnqcmnfbibs ph`b hqb h`hyqùfmcb, cqmnx%sh xeb cbqçfcmb bmfib ebmnq

ih bfâ`mshs h cnehfyâqmns, ‘rxh sxp`hehfyhe bqlxehfyns, phqsphcymzbs h cnfyh{yns pbqb n

cmibiãn ihshfzn`zhq shfsn cqåymcn h cnfhcybq imscmp`mfbs‚ +_MWB, 1??;, p& 31-&

Ih mlxb` ebfhmqb, bs `memybìøhs mepnsybs ph`n hspbìn jåsmcn ihfyqn in gnqfb` bcbabe

bjhybfin b rxb`mibih yícfmcb h hsym`åsymcb ins yh{yns, rxh pbssbe b shq ebms hf{xyns h

sxphqjmcmbms& Mssn sh ihzh, pqmfcmpbèhfyh, pnqrxh b mepqhfsb ih xe enin lhqb` yqbynx ih

mlxb`bq n gnqfb`msen ih cx`yxqb ïs ihebms hsphcmb`mibihs, ybfyn he jnqeb rxbfyn he cnfyh÷in&

Imbfyh imssn, n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` yhe emlqbin hsphcmbèhfyh pbqb ns `mzqns, cnen fnyb _mwb7

‘cn`hyáfhbs ih hfsbmns h cqåymcbs sãn ebms cnqqmrxhmqbs, bssme cnen pqnghyns ih qhpnqyblhe

jhmyns imqhybehfyh pbqb `mzqns‚ +_MWB, 1??;, p& 3?-&

_bqb`h`behfyh, hfcnfyqbens cne jbcm`mibih fns cbihqfns imâqmns ih cx`yxqb xe

h{chssmzn byqh`behfyn ïs blhfibs cx`yxqbms h ih hzhfyns ibs lqbfihs ehyqópn`hs& _nq mssn, í

cnqqmrxhmqb b pqnixìãn ih ebyíqmbs snaqh bahqyxqb ih h{pnsmìøhs h jhmqbs, `bfìbehfyn ih

imscns, jmèhs, hyc& Shlxfin Bssms +1??;-, hssb í xeb ibs pqmfcmpbms cbqbcyhqåsymcbs rxh

imjhqhfcmbe n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` ibs ihebms hsphcmb`mibihs, nx shgb, b jbcm`mibih ih pqhzmsãn

h p`bfhgbehfyn in gnqfb`msyb.hrxmph pbqb xe ihyhqemfbin bcnfyhcmehfyn, fb cnfyqbeãn ibs

kbqi fh|s& He nxyqbs pb`bzqbs,

&&&n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` cnfyhepnqáfhn phqchah bs ebfmjhsybìøhs hsyíymcbsph`n hsphyâcx`n h ph`n hzhfyn& Hssb banqiblhe qhmyhqb b cnfimìãn ib pqâ{ms gnqfb`åsymcb qhb`mwbib sna b zh`ncmibih, b pqhcmpmybìãn h b qhfnzbìãn



29

phqebfhfyhs& B mfyhqpqhybìãn hsyíymcb h b qhpqhshfybìãn in smsyheb bqyåsymcn%cx`yxqb` nqlbfmwbe%sh cne absh he xeb `mflxblhe ih bfyhcmpbìãn +LN@MF4CBQINSN, 1?2?, p& 2=:-&

B hsyqhmyb qh`bìãn fnybib byxbèhfyh hfyqh n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb`, n exfin in

hsphyâcx`n h b blhfib mepnsyb ph`b mfi÷syqmb cx`yxqb` ybeaíe qhzh`b cnen b cx`yxqb, imqhyb nx

mfimqhybehfyh, hsyâ shfin bssmem`bib ph`b mepqhfsb7 ‘b cx`yxqb bpqhhfimib pnq ehmn in

imscxqsn gnqfb`åsymcn í snehfyh brxh`b cbpbw ih sh yqbfsjnqebq he fnyåcmb‚ +LN@MF4

CBQINSN, 1?2?, p& 2=:-&

Bssme, pnih%sh imwhq rxh n gnqfb`msen pnih yqbab`kbq b cx`yxqb b pbqymq ih ixbs

phqsphcymzbs pqmfcmpbms7 hfrxbfyn pqnchssn nx hfrxbfyn pqnixyn +CBZB@CBFYM4 @XCBS,

1?224 EH@N, 1??<4 YHM[HMQB, 1??;-&

Hfyhfih%sh pnq pqnchssn n pqópqmn enzmehfyn in smsyheb bqyåsymcn%cx`yxqb`h{pqhssn fbs pn`åymcbs p÷a`mcbs ih cx`yxqb, fb hcnfnemb in shynq, fnebqdhymfl cx`yxqb`, hfjme, fbs rxhsyøhs in pqnchssn bqyåsymcn rxh bfyhchihe

nx hsyãn pbqb b`íe in hzhfyn, in `bfìbehfyn nx in pqnixyn bcbabin+LN@MF4 CBQINSN, 1?2?, p& 2=<-&

Fb phqsphcymzb in pqnixyn cx`yxqb` hsyâ b pqnixìãn, zb`nqbìãn h yqncb ih ahfs

smeaó`mcns fb mfi÷syqmb cx`yxqb`& Nx shgb, n cnfyqbpnfyn hfyqh b cx`yxqb, n hfyqhyhfmehfyn h n

ehqcbin, fn gnqfb`msen, sxqlh ih xe mepbssh nfyn`ólmcn he qh`bìãn ï pqópqmb ihjmfmìãn ih

cx`yxqb, cnen jnm zmsyn bfyhqmnqehfyh& _nq hssh enymzn, ‘&&&n gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` yhfih b Tbep`mbqU

shxs naghymzns pbqb b`íe in rxh ckbebens “b`yb cx`yxqb‛ h ThfzhqhibqU pnq nxyqns yópmcns ihfyqn ih xe

xfmzhqsn cx`yxqb` baqbflhfyh‚ +CBZB@CBFYM4 @XCBS, 1?22, p& ;, lqmjn fnssn-&

She i÷zmib, n pqnchssn ih bahqyxqb in gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` b nxyqns bssxfyns sh ihx cne n

mfyxmyn fãn só ih imzhqsmjmcbq h byxb`mwbq n shx cnfyh÷in, ebs ih byhfihq ïs ihebfibs ih xe p÷a`mcn

`hmynq pós%enihqfn, ebms mfyhqhssbin fb jxfìãn xym`myâqmb ibs qhchpìøhs&

Hsphcmbèhfyh b pbqymq ins bfns =?, b`lxfs bssxfyns rxh phqyhfchenazmbehfyh bn xfmzhqsn cx`yxqb`, heanqb fãn shgbe h{bybehfyh `mflxblhfs



28

bqyåsymcbs nx mfyh`hcyxbms, lbfkbqbe ebms h ebms hspbìn fns cbihqfnscx`yxqbms& Enib h lbsyqnfnemb, ihsybcbibehfyh, bxehfybqbe shx p÷a`mcn h,pnms, sxb qh`hzáfcmb smeaó`mcb +_MWB, 1??;, p& 8<-&

He cnfshrxçfcmb, kâ rxhe imlb rxh b abfb`mwbìãn in b`cbfch in gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb`

cbxsnx xe hepnaqhcmehfyn yícfmcn h rxb`mybymzn ibs sxbs pqnixìøhs& Fhssh cnfyh{yn, pnihe%

sh cn`ncbq cnen h{hep`ns bs yqbimìøhs h ebfmjhsybìøhs ib cx`yxqb pnpx`bq, rxh cbqhche ih

bpqnjxfibehfyn h cnfyh{yxb`mwbìãn fb mepqhfsb cnymimbfb +ENQBHS, 1??;-&

Bphsbq imssn, _mwb +1??;- ihjhfih b sxphqbìãn ins pqhcnfchmyns he qh`bìãn ï mfi÷syqmb

cx`yxqb` h ï sxb imfáemcb, rxhq shgb n pqhcnfchmyn ih rxh h`b hsyâ b shqzmìn ih xeb mihn`nlmb

npqhssnqb nx ih rxh pqnixwb bphfbs ebssmjmcbìãn& Bjmfb`,

n gnqfb`msen rxh jbw pbqyh ihssb kmsyóqmb ih bep`mbìãn in bchssn b pqnixynscx`yxqbms, ihspqnzmins ih xym`mibih pqâymcb, pqhcmsb sbahq nashqzbq hsshehqcbin she pqhcnfchmyns mihn`ólmcns, she pbqcmb`mibih pn`åymcb +_MWB,1??;, p& 98-&

Cbzb`cbfym h @xcbs +1?22- binybe xeb nqmhfybìãn pbqhcmib bn bjmqebqhe shq

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zmsyb b qhb`mibih h n cnfyh{yn he rxh zmzhens&



2:

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1 NZHQEXFIN& Snaqh n Nzhqexfin& Imspnfåzh` he70kyyp7..|||&nzhqexfin&cne&aq.hsybymcbs.snaqh^n^nzhqexfin&pkp6& Bchssn he7 21 gbf& 1?21&

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2;

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2=

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ns ympns h ynibs bs pqnchiçfcmbs, bjmfb`, ‘fxfcb ybfyns cnexfmcbqbe ybfyn, he ybfybs yh`bs,

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qâimn, n gnqfb` h b YZ, cbib rxb` cne sxbs cbqbcyhqåsymcbs, ebs nfih b zh`ncmibih bpbqhch

cnen xe h`hehfyn%ckbzh&

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qhmfzhfybfin&

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xsxâqmn&

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bqrxmyhyxqb ih mfjnqebìãn iãn sxpnqyh bn ihshfzn`zmehfyn ih mfyhqjbchs rxh jbcm`mybe n j`x{n

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1?

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sxb pqópqmb phqchpìãn bchqcb in zn`xeh ih mfjnqebìøhs rxh sãn lhqbibs cnfsybfyhehfyh he

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enin b ynqfâ%`n cnfjnqyâzh` h cnfzmibymzn pbqb bs phssnbs, rxh pnihqãn zmsmyâ%`n h yb`zhw byí

zn`ybq xe imb +ENQZM@@H4 QNSHFJH@I, 1??:-&

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imbqmbehfyh he cnfkhcmehfyn, fns ihm{b sxschyåzhms b hqqns ih phqchpìãn ib qhb`mibih& Hsyh

pbqhch shq n lqbfih im`heb ibs Fnzbs Yhcfn`nlmbs ib Mfjnqebìãn h Cnexfmcbìãn +FYMCs-,

cnen b Mfyhqfhy& _bqb n bxynq, ‘b zmsmam`mibih ib bqrxmyhyxqb ih mfjnqebìãn b pbqymq ib shlxfib

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cqåymcb‚ +BLFHQ, 1??=, p& <=-&

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Hflhfkbqmb ih Snjy|bqh&



12

Jmlxqb 2 % Enih`n Cnfchmyxb` ib bqrxmyhyxqb ih mfjnqebìãnJNFYH7 BLFHQ, 1??=&

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ns fnzns pqnjmssmnfbms hfcnfyqbqãn xe ehqcbin ynybèhfyh imlmyb`mwbin, mfihphfihfyhehfyh

in shlehfyn gnqfb`åsymcn he rxh byxbqhe, h yhqãn rxh `mibq imbqmbehfyh cne ehlbamys ih

ibins mfih{bins +N@MZHMQB, 1??8-&

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cnen xeb imsymfìãn pbqb gnqfb`msybs h cnexfmcbinqhs rxh pqhcmshe yqbab`kbq cnen lhsynqhs

ihsshs hspbìns&



11

:&2 _nq ihfyqn ib bqrxmyhyxqb ih mfjnqebìãn

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axscb&

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cbqbcyhqåsymcbs cnepbqym`kbibs ph`ns myhfs ih cnfyh÷in h mfj`xhfcmbe n blqxpbehfyn `ólmcn

ihsshs myhfs, h a- hsyqxyxqbs, rxh ihjmfhe ns ympns ih qh`bcmnfbehfyn hfyqh ns myhfs.lqxpns ih

cnfyh÷in, nx shgb, bs jnqebs pqmeâqmbs ph`bs rxbms n xsxâqmn pnihqâ fbzhlbq& Ns lqbfihs

ihsbjmns b shqhe hfjqhfybins pnq xe smsyheb ih nqlbfmwbìãn sãn bs beamlðmibihs, bs

imjhqhfìbs ih phqsphcymzb ins xsxâqmns h bs pn`åymcbs mfyhqfbs in |hasmyh& B`íe imssn, í

qhcnehfiâzh` bp`mcbq e÷`ymp`ns hsrxhebs h hsyqxyxqbs ih nqlbfmwbìãn pbqb rxh sh yhfkbe

cnfyh÷ins cnhsns&

Hsrxhebs

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Kåaqmins7 emsyxqbe xe nx ebms hsrxhebs bfyhqmnqhs&Ebms cnexfs fb \ha&

3 |||&qhchmyb&jbwhfib&lnz&aq

http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/





13

Hsyqxyxqbs

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Fbzhlbìãn

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19

Sxp`hehfybq7 jnqfhchimjhqhfyhs jnqebs ih bchssbqb ehseb mfjnqebìãn,mfyhlqbfin xe rxbiqn ebms

bep`n in smsyheb ih axscb&_nih shq7

Aâsmcb

Ebpbs in smyh7 njhqhch xeb zmsãn lhqb` in|hasmyh&

Åfimchs7 bpqhshfyb pb`bzqbs%ckbzh nx jqbshs pqí%hsybah`hcmibs he nqihe b`jbaíymcb rxh `hzbe bcnfyh÷ins hsphcåjmcns&

Lxmbs7 mfc`xm bs zmsmybs lxmbibs h ns yxynqmbms, rxhbx{m`mbe n xsxâqmn b cnfkhchq h bckbq cbib âqhbin smyh&

Axscb7 phqemyh rxh ns xsxâqmns xshe sxbspqópqmbs pb`bzqbs%ckbzh pbqb axscbq pnqmfjnqebìøhs&

Bzbfìbib

_hqsnfb`mwbìãn7 hfzn`zh b bibpybìãn ibs pâlmfbsbn enih`n ih cnepnqybehfyn, fhchssmibihs hpqhjhqçfcmbs ih xe xsxâqmn mfimzmixb`&

Cxsynemwbìãn7 iâ bn xsxâqmn n cnfyqn`h imqhynsnaqh bs npìøhs ih bpqhshfybìãn h fbzhlbìãn inscnfyh÷ins&

Fbzhlbìãn Sncmb`7 pbqyh in pqmfcåpmn ih rxh nmfyhqhssh ih xe xsxâqmn pnih sh abshbq fbnashqzbìãn ibs bìøhs ih nxyqns xsxâqmns& H{&7Myhfs ebms bchssbins&

Rxbiqn 1 % Smsyhebs ih fbzhlbìãnJNFYH7 Bibpybin ih ENQZM@@H4 QNSHFJH@I, 1??:&

Smsyhebs ih qnyx`bìãn – sãn xeb jnqeb ih qhpqhshfybq bs mfjnqebìøhs fn |hasmyh ih

enin b ebfyhq xeb cnexfmcbìãn hjmcmhfyh hfyqh n xsxâqmn h n smsyheb& B beamlðmibih ib

`mflxblhe í xe ins ihsbjmns b shqhe sxphqbins fb h`banqbìãn ih smsyhebs ih qnyx`bìãn

hjmcmhfyhs& _nihe shq yh{yxbms nx mcùfmcns&

Qóyx`ns

Yh{yxbms7 fbzhlbìãn jâcm` hshe beamlðmibihs& Xsxâqmnpqhcmsb sbahq n fneh inqhcxqsn rxh hsyâ pqncxqbfin&_nihe shq7

@mfds cnfyh{yxbms7 kmphq`mfds rxh imqhcmnfbe nxsxâqmn pbqb nxyqb pâlmfb nx nxyqn `ncb` ihfyqnin pqópqmn smyh& _qhcmsbe yhq cnfyh{yn hqhpqhshfybymzmibih&

Yåyx`ns7 ihscqhzhe n cnfyh÷in rxh sh shlxh& @msybs ih npìøhs7 qhpqhshfybe bs npìøhs ihfyqn

ih xe smsyheb ih fbzhlbìãn, cnfsyqxmfin xeshfsn ih jbem`mbqmibih&




































































































18

Åfimchs7 pb`bzqbs%ckbzh +ybls- rxh qhpqhshfybexe cnfyh÷in pbqb axscb&

Mcùfmcns7 sãn ebms xsbins cnen qóyx`ns he smsyhebs ih fbzhlbìãn, pnq shqhe

zmsxbèhfyh ebms jâchms ih qhcnfkhchq& N pqna`heb ins qóyx`ns mcùfmcns í rxh h`hs shcnfsymyxhe cnen xeb `mflxblhe ebms `memybib rxh ns yh{yns& Fn hfybfyn, pnihkbzhq cneamfbìãn hfyqh ns inms h`hehfyns&

Rxbiqn 3 % Smsyhebs ih qnyx`bìãnJNFYH7 Bibpybin ih ENQZM@@H4 QNSHFJH@I, 1??:&

Smsyhebs ih axscb – b ebmnqmb ins |hasmyhs cqhsch nqlbfmcbehfyh h sh ynqfbe

pnpx`bqhs cnfjnqeh n yhepn, blqhlbfin ebms cnfyh÷ins h jxfìøhs ïs sxbs pâlmfbs& Fhssh

cnfyh{yn, xe smsyheb ih axscb pnih shq ÷ym` rxbfin n smyh pnssxm exmybs mfjnqebìøhs b shqhe

axscbibs& B`íe imssn, ns xsxâqmns hsphqbe shepqh hfcnfyqbq, he pâlmfbs ib \ha, xeb

jhqqbehfyb ih axscb nfih pnssbe h{pqhssbq sxbs fhchssmibihs ih mfjnqebìãn +ENQZM@@H4

QNSHFJH@I, 1??:-& J`h{mam`mibih h imfbemsen hsyãn hfyqh bs cbqbcyhqåsymcbs ih xe smsyheb

ih axscb hjmcmhfyh&

































1:

< BQRXMYHYXQB IH MFJNQEBÌÃN H XSBAM@MIBIH

B xsbam`mibih cnen jbynq ih sxchssn ih |hasmyhs í xe cnfshfsn fb âqhb ih Bqrxmyhyxqb

ih Mfjnqebìãn h p`bfhgbehfyn ih bp`mcbìøhs pbqb b \ha& Fhssh shfymin, _mfkn +1??3- ihjhfih

rxh b anb cneamfbìãn hfyqh BM h mfyhqjbch lqâjmcb í hsshfcmb` pbqb rxh xe smyh yhfkb

xsbam`mibih& Ebs bjmfb`, in rxh sh yqbyb mssn>

Fãn í exmyn imjåcm` meblmfbq ns hjhmyns rxh xeb mfyhqjbch qxme pnih cbxsbq fns shxs

xsxâqmns& B`íe ih yhqhe imjmcxìbihs nx jmcbqhe mephimins ih xsbq n smsyheb, ns xsxâqmns rxh

h{phqmehfybe xe smsyheb she xsbam`mibih yçe exmybs ckbfchs ih jmcbqhe banqqhcmins,

jqxsyqbins nx cne abm{b bxynhsymeb& Fn cbsn ih smsyhebs ih xsn pqnjmssmnfb`, bs jqxsyqbìøhs

pnihe ncbsmnfbq hsyqhssh, bfsmhibih nx byí ehsen `hzbq b psmcnpbyn`nlmbs +C]AMS hy b`&,

1?2?-&

Ih bcnqin cne C}ams hy b`& +1?2?-, b pqmfcmpb` imjmcxìbih he ihshfzn`zhq mfyhqjbchs

hqlnfùemcbs hsyâ fn jbyn ih h`bs sh cnfsymyxåqhe he smsyhebs bahqyns7

T&&&U ns xsxâqmns sãn blhfyhs bymzns, bynqhs ih cnepnqybehfyn fãnihyhqemfåsymcn, cxgbs exibfìbs fb ebfhmqb ih phfsbq h ih sh cnepnqybq sãnybfyn cnfshrxçfcmb cnen cbxsb ih xe beamhfyh yhcfn`ólmcn shepqh hehzn`xìãn +C]AMS hy b`&, 1?2?, p& 2:-&

Fhssh shfymin, ns smsyhebs ih nqlbfmwbìãn, bs jxfìøhs h ns qóyx`ns ih xe smsyheb pnihe shq

cnepqhhfimins ih jnqebs imjhqhfyhs pnq imjhqhfyhs phssnbs, lhqbfin smlfmjmcbins iåspbqhs ih

bcnqin cne cbib cnfyh{yn&

_nih%sh imwhq rxh b xsbam`mibih í n qhsx`ybin ib cneamfbìãn hfyqh mfyhqjbch, xsxâqmn,

ybqhjb h beamhfyh& B fnqeb MSN =192 +bpxi C]AMS hy b`&, 1?2?-, pnq h{hep`n, ihjmfh

xsbam`mibih cnen b cbpbcmibih rxh xe smsyheb mfyhqbymzn njhqhch bn xsxâqmn pbqb qhb`mwbq

ybqhjbs ih ebfhmqb hjmcbw, hjmcmhfyh h blqbiâzh`& ‘H`b í, bssme, xeb cnepnsmìãn j`h{åzh` hfyqh

bsphcyns naghymzns, hfzn`zhfin b pqnixymzmibih fb mfyhqbìãn, h sxaghymzns, `mlbins bn pqbwhq

in xsxâqmn he sxb h{phqmçfcmb cne n smsyheb‚ +C]AMS hy b`&, 1?2?, p& 2:-&
















































1<

Ih bcnqin cne C}ams hy b`& +1?2?-, b hqlnfnemb sh ihjmfh cnen b bibpybìãn in

yqbab`kn bn knehe h hsyâ fb nqmlhe ib xsbam`mibih, nx shgb, ‘shx naghymzn í lbqbfymq rxh

smsyhebs h imspnsmymzns hsyhgbe bibpybins ï ebfhmqb cnen n xsxâqmn phfsb, cnepnqyb%sh h

yqbab`kb h, bssme, pqnpnqcmnfhe xsbam`mibih‚ +C]AMS hy b`&, 1?2?, p& 2<-&

Shlxfin b Bssncmbìãn Mfyhqfbcmnfb` ih Hqlnfnemb +MHB-, b hqlnfnemb, nx jbynqhs

kxebfns, cnfyqmaxm pbqb n p`bfhgbehfyn, pqnghyn h bzb`mbìãn ih ybqhjbs, pnsyns ih yqbab`kn,

pqnixyns, beamhfyhs h smsyhebs ih enin b ynqfâ%`ns cnepbyåzhms cne bs fhchssmibihs,

kbam`mibihs h `memybìøhs ibs phssnbs& Shxs ineåfmns ih hsphcmb`mwbìãn hfl`nabe7

Hqlnfnemb jåsmcb, qh`bcmnfbib ïs cbqbcyhqåsymcbs ib bfbynemb kxebfb, shlxqbfìb h

sb÷ih4

Hqlnfnemb nqlbfmwbcmnfb`, qh`bcmnfbib ï nymemwbìãn ins smsyhebs sncmnyícfmcns, sxbs

hsyqxyxqbs nqlbfmwbcmnfbms, pn`åymcbs h ih pqnchssns4

Hqlnfnemb cnlfmymzb, qhjhqhfyh bns pqnchssns ehfybms +phqchpìãn, eheóqmb, qbcmncåfmn

h qhspnsyb enynqb- rxh bjhybe bs mfyhqbìøhs hfyqh shqhs kxebfns h nxyqns h`hehfyns ih

xe smsyheb& Í nfih sh smyxb b mfyhqbìãn knehe%cnepxybinq&

Ebs cnen ihshfzn`zhq smsyhebs cne xsbam`mibih yhfin rxh `hzbq he cnfyb ns imzhqsns

jbynqhs rxh pnihe bjhybq b cnepqhhfsãn h b sbymsjbìãn in xsxâqmn, b`íe ib ex`ymp`mcmibih ih

cnfyh{yns> Imbfyh ihssh mepbssh, C}ams hy b`& +1?2?- bjmqeb rxh b hflhfkbqmb ih xsbam`mibih

sxqlh cnen xe hsjnqìn smsyheâymcn pbqb ihshfzn`zhq smsyhebs, snjy|bqhs nx smyhs mfyhqbymzns&

Ihssb jnqeb, b hflhfkbqmb ih xsbam`mibih, rxh sh ncxpb ibs hsyqxyxqbs ih imâ`nln h

`ólmcbs ih nphqbìãn hsybah`hcmibs fn qh`bcmnfbehfyn xsxâqmn%mfyhqjbch, smyxb%sh he xe cbepn

pbqb`h`n bn ib hflhfkbqmb ih snjy|bqh, ncxpbib ebms cne n ihshfzn`zmehfyn jxfcmnfb` ins

smsyhebs, b`lnqmyens, qhcxqsns ih pqnchssbehfyn h `ólmcbs ih jxfcmnfbehfyn&



















































1;

<&2 Bzb`mbìãn ib xsbam`mibih

Bs mfyhqjbchs, ih enin lhqb`, pnssxhe xeb ‘cnfjmlxqbìãn ih absh‚ jxfibehfybib he

cqmyíqmns, pqmfcåpmns nx khxqåsymcbs rxh pnssmam`mybe b xsbam`mibih fb qh`bìãn xsxâqmn%smsyheb&

B pbqymq ihsshs pqmfcåpmns, í pnssåzh` yqbìbq ehynin`nlmbs ih bzb`mbìãn h mfsphìãn ih bsphcyns

ib hqlnfnemb ibs mfyhqjbchs rxh pnssbe lhqbq pqna`hebs ih xsbam`mibih bn xsxâqmn ixqbfyh

sxb mfyhqbìãn cne n smsyheb +C]AMS hy b`&, 1?2?-&

B yícfmcb ih bzb`mbìãn rxh jnm xym`mwbib fhsyh yqbab`kn í b khxqåsymcb, pqnpnsyb pnq

Gbdna Fmh`shf, xe ins ebmnqhs hsphcmb`msybs he xsbam`mibih ins Hsybins Xfmins& Fmh`shf

pqnpùs ihw rxb`mibihs aâsmcbs, nx khxqåsymcbs ih xsbam`mibih, rxh ihzhe cnfsybq he rxb`rxhq

mfyhqjbch7

2& Zmsmam`mibih in hsybin in smsyheb – n smsyheb ihzh ebfyhq ns xsxâqmns mfjnqebins

snaqh n rxh hsyâ bcnfyhchfin, pnq ehmn ih xe jhhiabcd bpqnpqmbin h he yhepn

qbwnâzh`4

1& Ebphbehfyn hfyqh n smsyheb h n exfin qhb` – b `mflxblhe ib mfyhqjbch ihzh shq

jbem`mbq bns xsxâqmns, cne pb`bzqbs, jqbshs h cnfchmyns ih bcnqin cne bs

cnfzhfìøhs in exfin qhb`, h fãn in smsyheb4

3& @mahqibih ih cnfyqn`h bn xsxâqmn – n xsxâqmn pqhcmsb yhq ï imspnsmìãn xeb ‘sbåib

ih hehqlçfcmb‚ pbqb babfinfbq smyxbìøhs mfhsphqbibs& N xsxâqmn pqhcmsb shfymq

rxh pnih cnfyqn`bq n smsyheb, pnq mssn bs sbåibs pqhcmsbe hsybq c`bqbehfyh

ebqcbibs4

9& Cnfsmsyçfcmb h pbiqøhs – n xsxâqmn fãn pqhcmsb bimzmfkbq rxh pb`bzqbs, smyxbìøhs

nx bìøhs imjhqhfyhs smlfmjmcbe b ehseb cnmsb& Ih bcnqin cne hssb khxqåsymcb,

xeb ehseb nphqbìãn ihzh shq bpqhshfybib fb ehseb `ncb`mwbìãn he ynibs bs

yh`bs4























































1=

8& _qhzhfìãn ih hqqns – eh`knq rxh xeb anb ehfsblhe ih hqqn í xeb mfyhqjbch rxh

mephìb rxh pqna`hebs bcnfyhìbe h h`memfh cnfimìøhs pqnphfsbs b hqqn4

:& Qhcnfkhchq he zhw ih qh`heaqbq – zmsb h{p`nqbq bs kbam`mibihs cnlfmymzbs in

xsxâqmn, ynqfbfin bìøhs, naghyns h npìøhs zmsåzhms& Mfsyqxìøhs pbqb xym`mwbìãn in

smsyheb ybeaíe ihzhe hsybq zmsåzhms nx jbcmèhfyh qhcxphqâzhms shepqh rxh

fhchssâqmn&

<& J`h{mam`mibih h hjmcmçfcmb ih xsn – phqemyh rxh n xsxâqmn h{hcxyh nphqbìøhs

jqhrxhfyhehfyh xym`mwbibs pnq ehmn ih byb`kns nx qhcxqsns bch`hqbins, rxh pnihe

shq baqhzmbìøhs, yhc`bs ih jxfìãn nx anyøhs hsphcmbms cnen ‘Ihsjbwhq‚ h ‘Zn`ybq‚4

;& Ihsmlf hsyíymcn h emfmeb`msyb – bs mfyhqjbchs ihzhe shq n ebms smep`hs pnssåzh`&

Ns imâ`nlns ihzhe shq fbyxqbms h she mfjnqebìøhs ihsfhchssâqmbs4

=& Sxpnqyh pbqb n xsxâqmn qhcnfkhchq, imblfnsymcbq h qhcxphqbq hqqns – bs

ehfsblhfs ih hqqn ihzhe shq c`bqbs h she cóimlns, mfimcbfin cne pqhcmsãn n

pqna`heb h mfimcbfin xeb sn`xìãn4

2?& Bgxib h incxehfybìãn – bs mfjnqebìøhs ihzhe shq jâchms ih pqncxqbq, cne jncn

fb ybqhjb in xsxâqmn&

Ihssb jnqeb, hfyhfih%sh rxh xeb bzb`mbìãn khxqåsymcb í, bfyhs ih yxin, xe gx`lbehfyn

ih zb`nq he qh`bìãn ïs rxb`mibihs hqlnfùemcbs ibs mfyhqjbchs& B`íe imssn, bs khxqåsymcbs ih Fmh`shf sh cnfsymyxhe he xeb hsyqbyílmb ih bzb`mbìãn b pbqymq ibs ‘rxb`mibihs hsphqbibs ibs

mfyhqjbchs‚ +_N@@MHQ, 1??3 bpxi C]AMS hy b`&, 1?2?-&































































3?

; HSYXIN IH CBSN

;&2 Xe pnxcn ib kmsyóqmb in smyh

N Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` í xe smyh aqbsm`hmqn, cne cbqbcyhqåsymcbs ih qhzmsyb h`hyqùfmcb, rxh

kâ 2? bfns sh ihimcb ï pqnixìãn he gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb`& N smyh sxqlmx b pbqymq ih xe knaa} in

hflhfkhmqn ib Cnepxybìãn Gx`mn Ibmn Anqlhs, rxh pqnixwmb h imsyqmaxåb xeb fh|s`hyyhq cne

phrxhfbs fnybs ih cqåymcb cx`yxqb` +ns imlhsymzns- qh`bcmnfbibs b cmfheb, e÷smcb, `myhqbyxqb,

hfyqh nxyqns& N imlhsymzn f· 2 cmqcx`nx he 2= ih shyheaqn ih 1??? +he 1??8 hssb shìãn fn

smyh gâ snebzb em` fnybs-& Shlxfin Anqlhs, rxh bcxex`b bs jxfìøhs ih himynq%ckhjh h

pqnlqbebinq in smyh, n bebixqhcmehfyn zhmn cne n yhepn7

Fn cnehìn, Tns imlhsymznsU hqbe rxbsh jqbshs sn`ybs& Fns pqmehmqnsImlhsymzns, hx zmzmb ih pqnixwmq bjnqmsens snaqh n rxh bcnfyhcmb, snaqh nrxh eh chqcbzb, snaqh n rxh hx zmb&&& Ihpnms sh ynqfnx b`ln ebmspqnjmssmnfb`, ebms qmlnqnsn +ANQLHS, 1??8-&

N smyh mfbxlxqnx sxbs pqmehmqbs cn`xfbs jm{bs he 1??2, h fn ehsen bfn zmhqbe bs

pqmehmqbs pbqchqmbs cne n Sxaebqmfn h b Dxbqxp& Cne n pbssbq in yhepn, gnqfb`msybs h

hscqmynqhs jnqbe sh blqhlbfin ï hrxmph in Imlhsymzn, rxh bssxemx cbqbcyhqåsymcbs yåpmcbs ih

pqnixìãn gnqfb`åsymcb cn`banqbymzb, bn pbssn he rxh imzhqsmjmcnx n shx b`cbfch yheâymcn& Mzbf

@hssb, Em``ùq Jhqfbfihs, Enbc}q Sc`mbq h Qx} Cbsyqn hsyãn hfyqh ns hscqmynqhs rxh gâ ymzhqbe

yh{yns pxa`mcbins fn Imlhsymzn&

He 1??9, n Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` jhw sxb pqmehmqb mfcxqsãn fn cbepn ib eåimb mepqhssb

bn pbqymcmpbq ib pqnixìãn ih xe hfcbqyh hsphcmb` fb qhzmsyb LZ%h{hcxymzn, pxa`mcbìãn ib

Jxfibìãn Lhy÷`mn Zbqlbs ih Sãn _bx`n& Fb ípncb, Anqlhs bjmqenx rxh b h{phqmçfcmb in

Imlhsymzn fb eåimb mepqhssb fãn qhpqhshfynx xe cnfyqb%shfsn7

T&&&U yb`zhw phqemyb zùns ebms b`yns he yhqens ih gnqfb`msen& B mfyhqfhy,fbyxqbèhfyh, yhe nxyqbs `memybìøhs rxh n pbph` fãn yhe& He qhsxen, bn

































32

cnfyqâqmn in rxh exmyns bcqhimybzbe, b mfyhqfhy fãn ebynx n pbph` – bphfbsn enimjmcnx +ANQLHS, 1??9-&

Fhssh ehsen bfn, n himynq%ckhjh jnm mfimcbin pbqb n _qçemn Cnexfmrxh%sh, fb cbyhlnqmb

gnqfb`msyb cx`yxqb` ih eåimb h`hyqùfmcb, nfih cnfcnqqhx cne fnehs cnen Whcb Cbebqln h

Qxahfs H|bì Jm`kn&

He 1??<, n Imlhsymzn qhb`mwnx b cxqbinqmb in hzhfyn ‘B _b`bzqb fb Yh`b‚, rxh imscxymx

ns hjhmyns ib mfyhqfhy fb pqnixìãn gnqfb`åsymcb h b mfshqìãn ib `myhqbyxqb h ib cqåymcb fhssh

cnfyh{yn& N hzhfyn, rxh yhzh ebms ixbs himìøhs he 1??; h 1??=, cnfynx cne b pqhshfìb ih

gnqfb`msybs, hscqmynqhs h a`nlxhmqns ih qhfneh, cnen Bfb Ebqmb Aqbeam``b, _hiqn Ióqmb h Gnsí

Ebqch`n Wbcckm&

He 1??=, n smyh bymflmx b eíimb ih 2 em`kãn ih pâlmfbs fbzhlbibs bn eçs& Cnfjnqeh

jnm cnfrxmsybfin bximçfcmb pqópqmb fb mfyhqfhy, n Imlhsymzn jnm qhchahfin n qhcnfkhcmehfyn

ih gnqfb`msybs, hepqhsbs pqmzbibs h bcbiçemcns& Byxbèhfyh, h`h cnfyb cne xe himynq%

bssmsyhfyh, 28 cn`xfmsybs h 19 pbqchmqns.bfxfcmbfyhs& Jnm cmybin fn ‘Ebphbehfyn in Hfsmfn ih

Gnqfb`msen Cx`yxqb` fn Aqbsm` he 1??;‚, xeb mfmcmbymzb in Mfsymyxyn Myb÷ Cx`yxqb`, cnen n

ebms xym`mwbin ph`n xfmzhqsn ih pqnjhssnqhs phsrxmsbins bn `nfln ibs sxbs bx`bs& Ybeaíe jnm

ehfcmnfbin fn `mzqn Gnqfb`msen Cx`yxqb`, ih Ibfmh` _mwb, h Bs _hfbs in Njåcmn, ih Síqlmn

Bxlxsyn& Cnen naghyn ih phsrxmsb, jnm hsyxibin he yqbab`kns ih cnfc`xsãn ih cxqsn ib HCB%

XS_ h Xfm%AK&

Ihssb jnqeb, n Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` sh cnfsn`mib cnen xe zhåcx`n b`yhqfbymzn rxh

cnfrxmsynx xe hspbìn mepnqybfyh fb mfyhqfhy b pbqymq in ympn ih cnfyh÷in rxh pxa`mcb, jncbin

fb pqnixìãn ih xe gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` rxh bns pnxcns zbm jmcbfin ebms hscbssn fb mepqhfsb

yqbimcmnfb`&

































31

;&1 Cnen jxfcmnfb

Cnen n shx pqópqmn himynq%ckhjh qhssb`yb fb pqmehmqb qhspnsyb in JBR Imlhsymzn, n

smyh fãn í xe pnqyb`, fhe xe a`nl, ybepnxcn yqbyb ib cx`yxqb fn shx shfymin bep`n& Ihssb

jnqeb, b pqnpnsyb in Imlhsymzn í jbwhq gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb` cne jncn fb cqåymcb ih `mzqns, CIs,

jmèhs, mfc`xsmzh ih qhsybxqbfyhs h ib pqópqmb mepqhfsb&

Yh{yns qh`bcmnfbins b nxyqbs himynqmbs, cnen pn`åymcb, hixcbìãn h hspnqyhs fãn jbwhe

pbqyh ib `mfkb himynqmb` in Imlhsymzn, h{chyn fn cbsn ih b`lxe Hsphcmb` snaqh hsshs yhebs&

Ybepnxcn sãn pxa`mcbibs pnhsmbs, yh{yns ih jmcìãn nx mfmcmbymzbs in yhqchmqn shynq& B`íe

imssn, n smyh bjmqeb fãn yhq zåfcx`n cne lqxpns mihn`ólmcns, ‘pnqybfyn, fãn pxa`mcb

cbepbfkbs, fãn bihqh b cbxsbs h mlfnqb sn`hfhehfyh yh{yns cne ehfsblhfs sxa`memfbqhs nx

mfyhqhsshs hscxsns‚ +ANQLHS, 1??=b-&

Cnen jxfcmnfb he qhlmeh ih cn`banqbìãn, n smyh qhchah ns yh{yns ih pnyhfcmbms

cn`banqbinqhs byqbzís in h%ebm` qhibcbnOimlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne & Sãn bchmybs cn`banqbìøhs

bphfbs pbqb bs shìøhs Cn`xfbs +byí 2? em` ynrxhs cne hspbìn- h A`nl +byí 8 em` ynrxhs-, pnms

bs ihebms, cnen Hfsbmns, Imlhsymzns h Hfyqhzmsybs, sãn qhshqzbibs b hfsbåsybs, hscqmynqhs h

gnqfb`msybs ih qhfneh, nx bn pqópqmn himynq&

Shlxfin n JBR Cn`banqbìãn, n rxh zb`h í n cnfyh÷in in yh{yn, fãn mepnqybfin sh n

cn`banqbinq í hscqmynq, gnqfb`msyb nx a`nlxhmqn& Bfyhs ih shqhe bpqnzbins ph`n himynq%ckhjh, ns

yh{yns sãn bzb`mbins ph`n himynq%bssmsyhfyh, rxh í rxhe cnfyqn`b n j`x{n ih mfjnqebìøhs fn smyh

ih enin rxh h`h shgb byxb`mwbin imbqmbehfyh& Ihpnms ib bpqnzbìãn, n yh{yn ihenqb fn

eâ{men rxmfwh imbs pbqb shq pxa`mcbin&

Cne n yhepn, n cn`banqbinq qhchah xe `nlmf h shfkb pbqb pxa`mcbq shxs yh{yns

imqhybehfyh fn smyh& Anqlhs hfyhfih rxh hssb í xeb qh`bìãn ih cnfjmbfìb rxh sh hsybah`hch bn

`nfln in yhepn ih cn`banqbìãn +ANQLHS, 1??=b-& Exfmin ih bchssn ï p`bybjnqeb in smyh, n

cn`banqbinq pnih b`yhqbq shxs yh{yns he yhepn qhb`, ybfyn ib shìãn Cn`xfbs rxbfyn fb shìãn




















mailto:[email protected]





33

A`nl& Rxbfin xe cn`xfmsyb jm{n in smyh fãn cnfshlxh ebms pqnixwmq bn ehfns xeb

cn`banqbìãn ehfsb`, b sxb zblb jmcb imspnfåzh` h í pqhhfckmib pnq xe ins cn`banqbinqhs rxh

yhfkbe sh ihsybcbin fns ÷`ymens shms ehshs pnq cnfyb in zn`xeh ih pqnixìãn pbqb n

Imlhsymzn&

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pnms n smyh hfyhfih rxh b cn`banqbìãn shqzh cnen p`bybjnqeb ih `bfìbehfyn ih fnzns bxynqhs,

gnqfb`msybs h hsyxibfyhs, phqemymfin rxh h`hs b`cbfche fnynqmhibih h, cnfshrxhfyhehfyh,

ebmnqhs ckbfchs ih bschfsãn fb cbqqhmqb& He cnfyqbpbqymib, ns cn`banqbinqhs h cn`xfmsybs rxh

pbqymcmpbe ih Hsphcmbms sãn pqhembins cne `mzqns h ynins qhchahe bs pbxybs hfzmbibs pbqb b

Qhibìãn, yhfin bchssn lqbyxmyn b pqnixyns, cxqsns h hzhfyns pqnenzmins ph`ns pbqchmqns in

Imlhsymzn&

;&1&2 Bf÷fcmns h imzx`lbìãn

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rxh sãn hfzmbins pbqb n h%ebm` ib Qhibìãn sãn h{bemfbins mfimzmixbèhfyh h hfcbemfkbins

pbqb lqxpns ih mfyhqhssh rxh n smyh ebfyíe, jnqebins ph`ns pqópqmns cn`banqbinqhs

+@myhqbyxqb, Cmfheb, E÷smcb, Yhbyqn, Bqyhs, Mfyhqfhy, Yh`hzmsãn h Lbsyqnfnemb-& Cbsn b pbxyb

mfyhqhssh b b`lxíe, n cn`banqbinq hfyqb he cnfybyn imqhybehfyh cne b bsshssnqmb ih mepqhfsb

nx b phssnb rxh imspbqnx n h%ebm`&

Ihssb jnqeb, n Imlhsymzn fãn mepøh pbxybs bns shxs cn`banqbinqhs, rxh sãn `mzqhs pbqb

hscn`khqhe shxs bssxfyns h hscqhzhqhe snaqh h`hs ih jnqeb hspnfyáfhb h j`h{åzh`, bphsbq ih n

himynq h n himynq%bssmsyhfyh yhqhe pnihqhs pbqb zhybq b`lxe yh{yn rxh fãn sh hfcbm{h fb

pqnpnsyb himynqmb` in smyh& Bn fãn pxa`mcbq ‘fnymfkbs‚ nx qh`hbshs fb åfyhlqb, n Imlhsymzn

bssxeh xeb pnsmìãn cqåymcb he qh`bìãn ï mepqhfsb he lhqb`7 ‘N Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` fãn pnssxm



39

xeb blhfib, rxh pqhcmsh jmcbq b`mehfybfin cne hzhfyns& Ybepnxcn fhchssmyb pqhhfckhq

hspbìn +cnen exmybs pxa`mcbìøhs he pbph`-‚ +ANQLHS, 1??=a-&

Ib ehseb jnqeb, n himynq%ckhjh lbqbfyh rxh n smyh fãn pqmnqmwb imzx`lbìøhs rxh

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pqnixyn nx n bchssn bn hzhfyn ’ í, smep`hsehfyh, naqmlbìãn ib bsshssnqmb ih mepqhfsb nx in

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pbqb rxh pnssb jbwhq b sxb bzb`mbìãn cqåymcb&

Cbsn n imzx`lbinq yhfkb xe mfyhqhssh pqnencmnfb` pbqb b`íe ib imzx`lbìãn, n

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pbqb lhqbq qhchmyb rxbfyn pbqb jnqyb`hchq b sxb ebqcb& Bssme, n Imlhsymzn cnehqcmb`mwb shxs

hspbìns byqbzís ih abffhqs, zmyqmfhs h h%ebm` ebqdhymfl, fãn bchmybfin yqncb ih `mfds cne

nxyqns smyhs cnen jbwmb fb ípncb he rxh bmfib fãn ymfkb xeb bximçfcmb cnfsn`mibib h fãn hqb

cnfkhcmin fn ehqcbin +ANQLHS, 1??=c-&

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phìbs ih bfxfcmbfyhs cnen Bznf, Abfcn in Aqbsm`, Shfbc, Sne @mzqh h himynqbs cnen L`nan,

Gnqlh Wbkbq h Qhcnqi& B ehynin`nlmb xym`mwbib ph`n smyh í b C_E +cxsyn pnq em`-, h pbqb ebms

ih 2?? em` h{mamìøhs sãn njhqhcmins ihscnfyns ih 8?(& B h{mamìãn ins bf÷fcmns í jhmyb ihjnqeb b`yhqfbib, ih enin ns bfxfcmbfyhs bpbqhìbe he ynibs bs pâlmfbs h shìøhs in smyh& Ns

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c`mrxhs ih sxbs phìbs&

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9 Gbqlãn gnqfb`åsymcn rxh imw qhsphmyn b ahfhjåcmns ebyhqmbms njhqhcmins bn gnqfb`msyb he yqncb ihh{pnsmìãn fb eåimb, pxa`mcmibih nx h`nlmns& Ncnqqh cne jqhrxhfyhehfyh cne cqåymcns fn áeamyn inGnqfb`msen Cx`yxqb`&



38

`nlnebqcb cne xe `mfd rxh `hzb n `hmynq imqhybehfyh bn smyh in qhsphcymzn bfxfcmbfyh&

Xym`mwbfin b ehseb ehynin`nlmb ins abffhqs h pnssmam`mybfin n ehsen bcnepbfkbehfyn pnq

pbqyh ins bfxfcmbfyhs, b zmyqmfh bpbqhch shepqh ï imqhmyb ibs pâlmfbs cne n fneh ih

‘_bqchmqns‚&

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sb`mhfyb rxh n smyh fãn bphqjhmìnb nx enimjmcb sxbs jhqqbehfybs bphfbs cne absh fbs

ihebfibs ins bfxfcmbfyhs7 ‘n smyh bchmyb sxlhsyøhs ih eh`knqmb, nazmbehfyh, ebs fãn pnih sh

ihszmbq ih shx yqbab`kn himynqmb` ’ shx pqmfcmpb` pqnixyn ’ pbqb byhfihq b nxyqbs ihebfibs

ih pqnlqbebìãn |ha‚ +ANQLHS, 1??=c-&

Nxyqbs hsyqbyílmbs cnehqcmbms ibs rxbms n Imlhsymzn `bfìb eãn sãn bs pqnenìøhs,

mfmcmbymzbs ih bfxfcmbfyhs hsphcåjmcns cnnqihfbibs ph`b hrxmph in smyh, h n h%ebm` ebqdhymfl,

rxh sãn imspbqns jhmyns pbqb ns `hmynqhs cbibsyqbins fb absh ih ibins in Imlhsymzn&

;&3 Bfâ`msh ib bqrxmyhyxqb ih mfjnqebìãn

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+1??:- pbqb b cbqbcyhqmwbìãn ins cnepnfhfyhs ib Bqrxmyhyxqb ih Mfjnqebìãn ihfyqn ih xe

|hasmyh, bfb`msnx%sh b pâlmfb mfmcmb` in Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` +Jmlxqb 1- h b`lxebs ibs sxbs

shìøhs fn phqånin ih 1? ih nxyxaqn b 3 ih fnzheaqn& Cnen sxpnqyh yhcfn`ólmcn pbqb b

bfâ`msh, xym`mwnx%sh n bp`mcbymzn JmqhSkny ?&=3, rxh pnssmam`myb imzhqsbs enib`mibihs ih cbpyxqb

ih pâlmfbs ib \ha +scqhhfsknys-&



3:

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;&3&2 Smsyhebs ih nqlbfmwbìãn

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pqhinemfbfyhehfyh, hsrxhebs cqnfn`ólmcns, bpqhshfybfin ybeaíe hsrxhebs shrðhfcmbms h

b`jbaíymcns, cnfjnqeh b Jmlxqb 3 h Jmlxqb 97

Jmlxqb 37 Hsrxhebs h{bynsJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

Cqnfn`ólmcn

Shrxhfcmb`

B`jbaíymcn
















3;

Fb pâlmfb pqmfcmpb` in smyh, ns hsrxhebs cqnfn`ólmcns sãn xsbins pbqb ibq zmsmam`mibih

ïs pxa`mcbìøhs ebms byxbms, ahe cnen pbqb nqlbfmwbq ns yhebs +fn cbsn ins Imlhsymzns- h

bxynqhs +fn cbsn ibs Cn`xfbs- pnq imbs ib shebfb& Ns hsrxhebs shrðhfcmbms sãn xym`mwbins

pbqb mihfymjmcbq ns cnfyh÷ins ebms bchssbins ih yqçs shìøhs in smyh& Gâ ns hsrxhebs b`jbaíymcns

bpbqhche, xfmcbehfyh, cnen jnqeb ih nqlbfmwbìãn ins bxynqhs fbs shìøhs Cn`xfbs h Hfsbmns,

cnfjnqeh b Jmlxqb 87

Cqnfn`ólmcn

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N Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` ybeaíe binyb xe hsrxheb ih nqlbfmwbìãn rxh pnih shq

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hsrxhqib ib pâlmfb pqmfcmpb`, cnfjnqeh b Jmlxqb :7

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B`íe imssn, n smyh bpqhshfyb xeb hsyqxyxqb ih nqlbfmwbìãn fãn exmyn cnep`h{b,

abshbib he yb{nfnembs, nx kmhqbqrxmbs, cnfjnqeh n ebpb b shlxmq7

IMLHSYMZNSn Bqyhsn Mfyhqfhyn Yhbyqnn Yh`hzmsãnn Cmfhebn E÷smcbn B`íe in ebmsn Lbsyqnfnembn Mepqhfsbn @myhqbyxqb

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A@NL

HFSBMNS HFYQHZMSYBS HS_HCMBMS HFCBEMFKBEHFYNS HIMYNQMBMS

n JBRs Smyh Imzx`lbìãn Cn`banqbìãn

n Rxhe snens Kmsyóqmcn Ebpb in smyh

n Bximçfcmb * Bf÷fcmns Rxhe `ç Cnen bfxfcmbq

n H{phimhfyh h QSS Rxhe í rxhe Jhhis







92

;&3&1 Smsyhebs ih fbzhlbìãn

B fbzhlbìãn heaxymib in smyh shlxh n enih`n ih Enqzm``h h Qnshfjhì +1??:-, h shxs

h`hehfyns sãn xsbins ih jnqeb mfyhlqbib, cnfjnqeh b Jmlxqb <7

B pbqymq ihssb zmsãn lhqb`, pnih%sh ynebq n cbahìb`kn in smyh cnen n shx smsyheb ih

fbzhlbìãn l`nab`, pnms hsyh í xe h`hehfyn rxh sh qhphyh he ynibs bs pâlmfbs, ybfyn fn ynpn

cnen fn jme ih cbib pâlmfb +Jmlxqb ;-& B`íe imssn, n cbahìb`kn qhpqhshfyb xe h`hehfyn

mepnqybfyh ih cnfyh{yxb`mwbìãn in xsxâqmn, rxh qbpmibehfyh pnih sbahq nfih sh hfcnfyqb&

Hssb cbqbcyhqåsymcb sh bchfyxb cne b pqhshfìb ib `nln in smyh, rxh ybeaíe shqzh cnen `mfd

rxh `hzb shepqh ï pâlmfb pqmfcmpb`&

Jmlxqb <7 Fbzhlbìãn heaxymibJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

@ncb`7 Nfih

hx pnssn mq>

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pnssn mq>

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91

Fn hfybfyn, n smsyheb ih fbzhlbìãn l`nab` binybin ph`n smyh fãn njhqhch npìøhs

cnexfs b nxyqns smyhs, cnen abqqbs ih fbzhlbìãn nx ehfxs ih bchssn bns shxs pqmfcmpbms

cnfyh÷ins& Mssn sh h{p`mcb ph`n jbyn ih rxh n Imlhsymzn binyb xeb abqqb `byhqb` rxh yhe

cbqbcyhqåsymcbs ih fbzhlbìãn `ncb` h l`nab`& Bssme, bn ehsen yhepn he rxh pqnzç bchssn b

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imssn, n Imlhsymzn fãn ckhlb b bpqhshfybq pâlmfbs yãn imjhqhfyhs hfyqh sm rxh pnssbe shq

cbqbcyhqmwbibs cnen sxasmyhs&

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L`nab`

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93

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Cx`yxqb`& Ynebfin cnen qhjhqçfcmb b pâlmfb pqmfcmpb`, ns xsxâqmns pnihe h{p`nqbq n smyh b

pbqymq ibs qh`bìøhs bssncmbymzbs hsybah`hcmibs hfyqh yh{yns h kmphq`mfds, cnfjnqeh n h{hep`n

babm{n, qhymqbin ib shìãn Imlhsymzns7

Jmlxqb 2? % Fbzhlbìãn cnfyh{yxb`JNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

Ihssh enin, cbsn n `hmynq sh mfyhqhssh ph`n cnfyh÷in b pbqymq ib phrxhfb ihscqmìãn

bpqhshfybib, h`h pnih bchssbq n yh{yn cnep`hyn bphfbs c`mcbfin he ‘@hmb ebms‚, ibfin ebms

j`h{mam`mibih ï fbzhlbìãn&

Rxbfyn ï fbzhlbìãn sxp`hehfybq, n smyh bpqhshfyb cbqbcyhqåsymcbs aâsmcbs h bzbfìbibs&

He qh`bìãn ïs aâsmcbs, n Imlhsymzn bpqhshfyb xe ebpb in smyh byåpmcn, pnms fãn ensyqb bs

shìøhs in smyh nqlbfmwbibs ih jnqeb qmlmibehfyh kmhqâqrxmcb& Bphsbq ih njhqhchq bchssn

qâpmin ïs pqmfcmpbms cbyhlnqmbs ih cnfyh÷in, n ebpb in smyh in Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` bcbab

birxmqmfin cbqbcyhqåsymcbs ih lxmb, ehsen fãn ckhlbfin b shq xe yxynqmb`, pnms bx{m`mb n

xsxâqmn b cnfkhchq cbib âqhb byqbzís ih xe aqhzh qhsxen snaqh n ympn ih mfjnqebìãn rxh h`h

mqâ hfcnfyqbq, cnfjnqeh b Jmlxqb 22& B`íe imssn, n ebpb fãn cnfyhep`b ynibs bs shìøhs,

jmcbfin ih jnqb b shìãn Hsphcmbms h Hfcbemfkbehfyns&







99

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Bphsbq ins ehcbfmsens ih axscb sh cnfsymyxåqhe ybeaíe cnen xe h`hehfyn in

smsyheb ih fbzhlbìãn sxp`hehfybq, h`hs shqãn bfb`msbins ebms bimbfyh&

_nq jme, b ÷fmcb cbqbcyhqåsymcb bzbfìbib in smsyheb ih fbzhlbìãn sxp`hehfybq

hfcnfyqbib fn Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` í b fbzhlbìãn sncmb`, rxh, cnfjnqeh zmsyn bfyhqmnqehfyh,

ybeaíe pnih shq cnepqhhfimib cnen pbqyh in smsyheb ih nqlbfmwbìãn& Fb fbzhlbìãn sncmb`

sãn hsybah`hcmins pbqáehyqns ih pnpx`bqmibih +Jmlxqb 21- nx bssncmbìãn +Jmlxqb 23- hfyqh ns

cnfyh÷ins, pbqymfin in pqmfcåpmn ih rxh n mfyhqhssh ih xe xsxâqmn pnih sh abshbq fb

nashqzbìãn ibs bìøhs ih nxyqns xsxâqmns&

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98

Jmlxqb 21 % Fbzhlbìãn sncmb` hfcnfyqbib he yh{yn ib shìãn Cn`xfbsJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

Jmlxqb 23 % Fbzhlbìãn sncmb` he yh{yn ib shìãn Cn`xfbsJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

;&3&3 Smsyhebs ih qnyx`bìãn

N Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` yqbab`kb hsshfcmbèhfyh cne qóyx`ns yh{yxbms& Ihfyqh h`hs,

hfcnfyqbens `msybs ih npìøhs ihfyqn ins smsyhebs ih fbzhlbìãn +Jmlxqb 29-, b`íe ih yåyx`ns

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rxh bgxihe b mfih{bq ns cnfyh÷ins pbqb n smsyheb ih axscb&

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9:

Jmlxqb 28 % Smsyheb ih qnyx`bìãn7 yåyx`nJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

Jmlxqb 2: % Smsyheb ih qnyx`bìãn7 `mfds cnfyh{yxbmsJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

N Imlhsymzn cnfyb cne bphfbs shms qóyx`ns mcùfmcns absybfyh mfyxmymzns, fb sxb ebmnqmb

`ncb`mwbins fbs pâlmfbs ih cnfyh÷in& Hsshs åcnfhs bpbqhche fn mfåcmn h jme ih cbib yh{yn, h

qhpqhshfybe jxfìøhs cnen mepqmemq, hfzmbq pnq h%ebm`, bssmfbq jhhis, axscbq, b`íe ih nxyqns

inms rxh jbwhe mfyhqjbch cne qhihs sncmbms +Jmlxqb 2<-&

Jmlxqb 2< % Smsyheb ih qnyx`bìãn7 åcnfhsJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

















9<

;&3&9 Smsyhebs ih axscb

N Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` pnssxm xe smsyheb ih axscb qh`bymzbehfyh smep`hs rxh pnih shq

bchssbin b pbqymq ih rxb`rxhq pâlmfb, pnms hsyâ `ncb`mwbin fn cbahìb`kn h fn qnibpí in smyh,

cnfjnqeh b Jmlxqb 2;&

Jmlxqb 2; % Smsyheb ih axscb7 `ncb`mwbìãnJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

N ehcbfmsen ih axscb in Imlhsymzn pnih shq c`bssmjmcbin he inms fåzhms7 xe

sxphqjmcmb`, cnep`hybehfyh mfyhlqbin bn pqópqmn smsyheb ih axscb in Lnnl`h +Jmlxqb 2=-4 h

xe bzbfìbin, rxh jbw xeb zbqqhixqb ebms cnep`hyb he ynins ns ympns ih pxa`mcbìãn in smyh,

bpqhshfybin qhsx`ybins ehfns óazmns +Jmlxqb 1?-&

Jmlxqb 2= % Smsyheb ih axscb mfyhlqbin bn Lnnl`hJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq




















9;

Jmlxqb 1? % Smsyheb ih axscb bzbfìbibJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq.axscb

;&9 Bfâ`msh khxqåsymcb

B bfâ`msh in Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` ybeaíe `hznx he cnfyb bs ihw khxqåsymcbs pqnpnsybs

pnq Gbdna Fmh`shf, rxh bgxibqbe b ihjmfmq n hsybin in smsyheb he qh`bìãn bns shxs bsphcyns ih

hqlnfnemb h xsbam`mibih&

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9=

;&9&2 Zmsmam`mibih in hsybin in smsyheb

Hssb khxqåsymcb sh bp`mcb bphfbs rxbfin n xsxâqmn xym`mwb b axscb bzbfìbib& Rxbfin

hssb jxfìãn í bcmnfbib, xeb gbfh`b he pnp%xp8 í bahqyb, xe cnepnqybehfyn mfcnexe he

qh`bìãn ïs ihebms shìøhs in smyh& B gbfh`b jnqfhch xeb zmsãn in pqnchssbehfyn ib axscb

+ jhhiabcd -, she, fn hfybfyn, hsymebq xe yhepn eâ{men pbqb b cnfc`xsãn ib ybqhjb, n rxh

bcbab ynqfbfin%b bpbqhfyhehfyh `nflb ihebms, nx byí ehsen mfyhqemfâzh`& Fhssh cbsn, fãn sh

sbah sh b ihenqb sh ihzh ph`b `hfymiãn in pqnchssbehfyn nx pnq b`lxe hqqn fn smsyheb&

Jmlxqb 12 % Gbfh`b ih jhhiabcd cne n xsxâqmnJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq.axscb

;&9&1& Ebphbehfyn hfyqh n smsyheb h n exfin qhb`

Ih enin lhqb`, n Imlhsymzn bpqhshfyb xeb `mflxblhe ih jâcm` hfyhfimehfyn, pnms

xym`mwb pb`bzqbs cnfzhfcmnfbms h jbem`mbqhs ybfyn bns xsxâqmns ebms h{phqmhfyhs rxbfyn bns

ebms fnzbyns& Fn hfybfyn, inms pnfyns ehqhche ihsybrxh fb bfâ`msh ihssb khxqåsymcb&

8 Gbfh`b h{yqb rxh í bahqyb fn fbzhlbinq& Lhqbèhfyh, sãn bcmnfbibs byqbzís ih kmphq`mfds h pnihecbxsbq mfcùenin fns xsxâqmns, rxh pqncxqbe a`nrxhâ%`bs&







8?

N pqmehmqn, imw qhsphmyn ï jxfìãn ‘Imspbqn‚, he jnqeb ih kmphq`mfd, rxh pnih shq

bcmnfbib fb abqqb `byhqb` hsrxhqib& He xe pqmehmqn enehfyn, b pb`bzqb pnih cnfjxfimq n

xsxâqmn, bjmfb`, rxb` n shfymin ih ‘imspbqn‚ xym`mwbin ph`n smyh> N rxh h`h jbw> N

ihscnfkhcmehfyn ihssh qhcxqsn pnq cnfyb ib fnehfc`byxqb xym`mwbib pnihqmb jbcmèhfyh jbwhq

pbqyh ib h{phqmçfcmb in xsxâqmn cne n smyh cbsn fãn sh ymzhssh xsbin xeb `hlhfib pbqb n `mfd,


Jmlxqb 11 – Jxfìãn imspbqnJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

N shlxfin pnfyn sh qhjhqh ï shìãn ‘Hfcbemfkbehfyns‚, qhchfyhehfyh mfcnqpnqbib ï

pâlmfb mfmcmb`& Ib jnqeb cnen í bpqhshfybib +Jmlxqb 13-, yhe%sh imjmcxìbih he ihjmfmq n ympn

ih cnfyh÷in ihssb shìãn& B`íe imssn, h`b fãn cnfsyb fn ebpb in smyh&







82

Jmlxqb 13 % N rxh sãn hfcbemfkbehfyns>JNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

;&9&3 @mahqibih ih cnfyqn`h bn xsxâqmn

N xsxâqmn yhe `mahqibih pbqb cnfyqn`bq n smsyheb, fãn kbzhfin smyxbìøhs he rxh shgb

mepnssåzh` qhzhqyhq ihyhqemfbib ybqhjb& H`h pnih, mfc`xsmzh, qhyqnchihq nx bzbfìbq fåzhms fb

kmhqbqrxmb ih mfjnqebìãn pnq ehmn ins kmphq`mfds pqhshfyhs he ynibs bs pâlmfbs yh{yxbms,


Jmlxqb 19 % KmhqbqrxmbJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

Nxyqn h{hep`n ib bp`mcbìãn ihssb khxqåsymcb í b pnssmam`mibih rxh n xsxâqmn yhe ih

bgxsybq b cbm{b ih yh{yn ihsymfbib bns cnehfyâqmns ih bcnqin cne b sxb fhchssmibih +Jmlxqb

18-&











81

Jmlxqb 18 – @mahqibih ih cnfyqn`hJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

;&9&9 Cnfsmsyçfcmb h pbiqøhs

N Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` fãn shlxh hssb khxqåsymcb ih xsbam`mibih ï qmscb, pnms sh fnybe

imjhqhfìbs fns pbiqøhs ih nqlbfmwbìãn ih ihyhqemfbibs shìøhs in smyh, pqmfcmpbèhfyh fns

ehfxs ib abqqb `byhqb` hsrxhqib, cnfjnqeh n h{hep`n ib Jmlxqb 1:& Mfcnfsmsyçfcmbs fb

`ncb`mwbìãn ih myhfs hfyqh xeb pâlmfb h nxyqb pnihe cbxsbq jqxsyqbìãn fn xsxâqmn&

Jmlxqb 1: % Mfcnfsmsyçfcmb fb bpqhshfybìãn ih myhfs

JNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq











83

;&9&8 _qhzhfìãn ih hqqns

N smyh fãn shlxh hssb khxqåsymcb he inms enehfyns mepnqybfyhs, mfixwmfin n xsxâqmn

bn hqqn7 fn cbibsyqn in h%ebm` pbqb n qhchamehfyn ib fh|s`hyyhq h fn enehfyn ih mfshqmq xeb

pb`bzqb fn cbepn ih axscb `ncb`mwbin fn cbahìb`kn ibs pâlmfbs&

Ns cbepns ih yh{yn ihsymfbins ï mfshqìãn ihssbs mfjnqebìøhs sãn ncxpbins, pnq

pbiqãn, ph`bs ehfsblhfs ‘n shx h%ebm` brxm‚ h ‘pb`bzqb%ckbzh‚, rxh mfimcbe n ympn ih ibin

rxh bchmybe& Fn hfybfyn, bn cnfyqâqmn in rxh bcnfyhch fb ebmnqmb ins cbsns, rxbfin n xsxâqmn

c`mcb fhsshs cbepns, bs jqbshs pbiqãn fãn ihsbpbqhche& Nx shgb, sh n xsxâqmn fãn bpblbq

ebfxbèhfyh ns yh{yns pqhzmbehfyh mfshqmins, ns cbqbcyhqhs rxh jnqhe imlmybins sh emsyxqbqãn

bns rxh gâ kbzmbe fns cbepns +Jmlxqb 1<-&

Jmlxqb 1< % Bxsçfcmb ih pqhzhfìãn ih hqqnsJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

;&9&: Qhcnfkhchq he zhw ih qh`heaqbq

Xe h{hep`n ib anb bp`mcbam`mibih ihssb khxqåsymcb hsyâ fns qóyx`ns mcùfmcns xym`mwbins

ph`n Imlhsymzn&

Jmlxqb 1; % Åcnfhs phqemyhe bssncmbìãn hfyqh meblhe h jxfìãn

JNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq











89

Ihssb jnqeb, ns åcnfhs xym`mwbins sãn jbcmèhfyh bssncmbins ïs jxfìøhs ih mepqhssãn,

hfzmn pnq h%ebm`, pxa`mcbìãn fn Y|myyhq, hyc&, pnms sãn qóyx`ns gâ cnfsblqbins he nxyqbs

p`bybjnqebs&

;&9&< J`h{mam`mibih h hjmcmçfcmb ih xsn

N Imlhsymzn fãn pnssxm exmyns qhcxqsns rxh pqnenzbe b j`h{mam`mibih fb fbzhlbìãn,

cnen anyøhs nx jxfìøhs ih byb`kn pbqb nphqbìøhs jqhrxhfyhehfyh xym`mwbibs& Bphsbq imssn, n

xsxâqmn pnih jbcmèhfyh shq imqhcmnfbin ï pâlmfb mfmcmb` bn c`mcbq snaqh b `nlnebqcb in smyh,

`ncb`mwbib fn cbahìb`kn h qnibpí ih ynibs bs pâlmfbs, she yhq rxh qhcnqqhq bns anyøhs in

aqn|shq &

Jmlxqb 1= % Âqhb he ihsybrxh í xe byb`kn pbqb b pâlmfb mfmcmb`JNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

;&9&; Ihsmlf hsyíymcn h emfmeb`msyb

N Imlhsymzn bpqhshfyb xe ihsmlf hsshfcmbèhfyh emfmeb`msyb, h mssn hsyâ h{pqhssn

ybfyn fb nqlbfmwbìãn ins shxs myhfs ih cnfyh÷in rxbfyn fns h`hehfyns hsyíymcns rxh sãn

xym`mwbins&

Ihssb jnqeb, n smyh pnssxm xeb nqlbfmwbìãn zmsxb` rxh pqmzm`hlmb, bn ehsen, xeb

`hmyxqb knqmwnfyb` h zhqymcb`, cnfjnqeh b Jmlxqb 3?& Hssh bsphcyn pnih shq fnybin

pqmfcmpbèhfyh fb pâlmfb mfmcmb`&







88

Jmlxqb 3? % Nqmhfybìøhs ib `hmyxqbJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

B`íe imssn, n hsym`n enfncqneâymcn binybin cnfjhqh xe yne ih snaqmhibih h

fhxyqb`mibih bn smyh& B bxsçfcmb ih qhcxqsns ebms h`banqbins, cnen bfmebìøhs, hfyqh nxyqns,

ybeaíe lbqbfyh n cbqqhlbehfyn ibs pâlmfbs he yhepn kâam` h xe beamhfyh ih fbzhlbìãn

ehfns pn`xåin&

;&9&= Sxpnqyh pbqb n xsxâqmn qhcnfkhchq, imblfnsymcbq h qhcxphqbq hqqns

Ixqbfyh n phqånin ih bfâ`msh, n Imlhsymzn bpqhshfynx bphfbs xeb smyxbìãn ih hqqn fncbqqhlbehfyn ih pâlmfb, rxh pnih yhq%sh ibin pnq xeb mfsybam`mibih fn smsyheb ih abfcn ih

ibins& Fn hfybfyn, bn cnfyqâqmn in rxh qhcnehfib bs khxqåsymcbs ih Fmh`shf fn rxh sh qhjhqh

ïs smyxbìøhs ih hqqn, fhssb ncbsmãn n smyh h{mamx xeb ehfsblhe mfcnepqhhfsåzh` bns xsxâqmns

rxh fãn yçe ineåfmn ib `mflxblhe ih eârxmfb&

He smyxbìøhs smem`bqhs, he rxh n smsyheb fãn mfjnqeb ih ebfhmqb c`bqb b fbyxqhwb in

hqqn ncnqqmin, fhe ehsen jnqfhch pnssåzhms sn`xìøhs pbqb cnqqmlm%`n nx cbemfkns b`yhqfbymzns







8:

pbqb rxh n xsxâqmn pqnssmlb cne sxb ybqhjb, b xsbam`mibih h b hqlnfnemb sh hfcnfyqbe

bjhybibs&

Jmlxqb 32 % Ehfsblhe ih hqqn h{mamib ph`n ImlhsymznJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq

;&9&2? Bgxib h incxehfybìãn

N Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` fãn pnssxm xe smsyheb bxyùfnen nx mfyhqbymzn rxh jnqfhìb bgxib

he yhepn qhb` bn xsxâqmn& Ns ÷fmcns cnfyh÷ins rxh byhfihe ïs h{mlçfcmbs ib iícmeb

khxqåsymcb ih Fmh`shf sãn bs JBRs, nx _hqlxfybs Ebms Jqhrxhfyhs, shìøhs cxgn naghymzn í

jnqfhchq qhspnsybs h mfsyqxìøhs pbqb bs i÷zmibs ebms cnqqmrxhmqbs ins xsxâqmns he qh`bìãn bn

smyh, cnen jnqebs ih bfxfcmbq, pxa`mcbq, imzx`lbq ebyhqmbms, hyc&

N pqna`heb ihssb jnqeb ih bgxib, fn cbsn in Imlhsymzn, í rxh h`b sh cnfsymyxm cnen

xeb jhqqbehfyb fãn%mfyhqbymzb, pnms fãn phqemyh b incxehfybìãn ih xeb ebmnq zbqmhibih ih

phqlxfybs h n hfzmn mf `ncn ih fnzbs rxhsyøhs, jmcbfin n shx hscnpn qhsyqmyn ïs phqlxfybs

pqhzmbehfyh qhspnfimibs& Bssme, cbsn n xsxâqmn yhfkb nxyqbs i÷zmibs, í fhchssâqmn hfzmbq xe

h%ebm` pbqb n himynq&







8<

;&8 Mfyhqjbchs cnexfmcbcmnfbms

;&8&2 Mfyhqbymzmibih

Shlxmfin b yhfiçfcmb ib \ha 1&?, rxh ihx ebms bxynfnemb bn xsxâqmn pbqb pqnixwmq h

cnepbqym`kbq cnfyh÷ins pqópqmns nx ih yhqchmqns, n Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` pqnenzh b

mfyhqbymzmibih cne shxs `hmynqhs pqmfcmpbèhfyh pnq ehmn ins cnehfyâqmns, rxh sh ynqfbqbe,

mfc`xsmzh, xeb shìãn ï pbqyh +Jmlxqb 31-& Shlxfin ibins imspnfåzhms fn ebpb in smyh, b shìãn

Cnehfyâqmns pnssxm ebms ih 23 em` cn`banqbìøhs cbibsyqbibs h : em` cnehfybinqhs, ihsih ns

ebms bssåixns byí ns rxh cnehfybqbe xe ÷fmcn yh{yn&

Jmlxqb 31 – Shìãn ih cnehfyâqmns

JNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq.cnehfybqmns

Fn yh{yn ‘\ha 1&? fn Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb`‚, n himynq Gx`mn Ibmn Anqlhs h{p`mcb rxh hssb

jnm b ebfhmqb hfcnfyqbib ih

ebfyhq ns pbqáehyqns, ebs b`bqlbfin sxbzhehfyh b absh ih cn`banqbinqhs,cnen fxeb `hfyb yqbfsmìãn7 nfih ns Cnehfybinqhs zãn lbfkbfin ebmshspbìn, hfrxbfyn rxh ns @hmynqhs zãn jmscb`mwbfin ynin n pqnchssn,bpqnzbfin nx fãn&&& +ANQLHS, 1??;b-&

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8;

Ihssb jnqeb, n Imlhsymzn bep`mb bs pnssmam`mibihs ih pbqymcmpbìãn ins pqópqmns

`hmynqhs fb cnfsyqxìãn in smyh, h ns cnehfybinqhs pbssbe b yhq ybfyb mepnqyáfcmb rxbfyn ns

cn`xfmsybs h hfsbåsybs, pnq h{hep`n&

Ih n`kn fhssh p÷a`mcn hehqlhfyh, n Imlhsymzn mfbxlxqnx, he gbfhmqn ih 1??;, bs

pâlmfbs ih ‘Cnehfyâqmns pnq Cnehfybinq‚, rxh h{mahe xe kmsyóqmcn ins cnehfyâqmns

cbibsyqbins pbqb xe `hmynq%cnehfybinq hsphcåjmcn& Í cnen sh cbib `hmynq pbssbssh b yhq xe

phqjm` cne sxbs cn`banqbìøhs fn Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb` +Jmlxqb 33-& Shlxfin n himynq, b

pnssmam`mibih ih zmsxb`mwbq ns kmsyóqmcns ins cnehfybinqhs pqnzncb `hmyxqbs fnzbs h mfxsmybibs,

b`íe ih shq xeb jnqeb ih `hmyxqb fãn%`mfhbq, xeb zhw rxh xe cnehfyâqmn pnih jnqfhchq

`mlbìøhs pbqb nxyqns yh{yns ih mfyhqhssh&

Jmlxqb 33 % Cnehfyâqmns pnq cnehfybinqJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq.cnehfybqmns









:?

Jmlxqb 39 % Ex`ymeåimbJNFYH7 kyyp7..|||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne&aq.a`nl

;&8&3 _qhshfìb fbs qhihs sncmbms imlmybms

N Imlhsymzn hsyâ pqhshfyh fbs ixbs ebmnqhs eåimbs sncmbms imlmybms ib byxb`mibih7 n

emcqna`nl Y|myyhq, nfih pnssxm xe phqjm`< cne ebms ih 3? em` shlxminqhs, h b qhih sncmb`

Jbchannd, nfih pnssxm xeb jbf pblh; cqmbib he nxyxaqn ih 1?22& Byqbzís ihssbs ixbs qhihs

ih mfjnqebìãn, rxh byqbåqbe bihpyns he ynin n exfin, n `hmynq in Imlhsymzn pnih

bcnepbfkbq bs pqmfcmpbms byxb`mwbìøhs in smyh, b`íe, í c`bqn, ih mfyhqblmq byqbzís ih

cnehfyâqmns h cnepbqym`kbehfyns&

Ihssb jnqeb, n Imlhsymzn pqnenzh b cnfzhqlçfcmb ins shxs cnfyh÷ins cne bs qhihs

sncmbms byqbzís ih jhqqbehfybs imspnsybs bn `nfln ibs pâlmfbs& He pqbymcbehfyh ynibs h`bs

h{msyh xe anyãn ‘Cxqymq‚, qh`bcmnfbin bn Jbchannd, rxh yhe cbqbcyhqåsymcbs ib fbzhlbìãn< kyyp7..y|myyhq&cne.imlhsymzncx`yxqb` ; kyyp7..|||&jbchannd&cne.imlhsymzncx`yxqb`

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:2

sncmb`& Rxbfin xe `hmynq ‘cxqyh‚ ihyhqemfbin yh{yn, hssb byxb`mwbìãn bpbqhch

bxynebymcbehfyh fn shx phqjm` in Jbchannd& In ehsen enin, n anyãn ‘Y|hhy‚ pnssmam`myb n

cnepbqym`kbehfyn imqhyn in yh{yn cne ns shlxminqhs in `hmynq fn Y|myyhq& Bn ehsen yhepn,

hsshs anyøhs, rxh bpbqhche fn mfåcmn ih jme ih cbib yh{yn, cnfybam`mwbe n f÷ehqn ih `hmynqhs

rxh ns xym`mwbqbe +Jmlxqb 38-&

Jmlxqb 38 % Cnepbqym`kbehfynJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne

N pqópqmn phqjm` ins cn`banqbinqhs in smyh fn Y|myyhq bpbqhch mfyhlqbin he xe hspbìn

`ncb`mwbin fn jme ins shxs qhsphcymzns yh{yns +Jmlxqb 3:-& Í xeb jnqeb ih bpqn{mebq `hmynqhs

h bxynqhs pbqb b`íe in pqópqmn smyh, fxeb qh`bìãn ih mfyhqhssh mfjnqebcmnfb` h, bn ehsen

yhepn, phssnb` pnssmam`mybib ph`n Imlhsymzn&

Jmlxqb 3: – Y|myyhq mfyhlqbinJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne











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:1

B `byhqb` imqhmyb ib pâlmfb mfmcmb` ybeaíe pnssxm xe hspbìn rxh h{mah he yhepn qhb`

bs ehfsblhfs fn Y|myyhq +y|hhys- rxh cmybe n Imlhsymzn +ehfymnfs-, cnfjnqeh b Jmlxqb 3<&

Jmlxqb 3< – Y|myyhq mfyhlqbinJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne

Cne b cqmbìãn ib jbf pblh in smyh, n Imlhsymzn ybeaíe mfcnqpnqnx inms p`xl%mfs

sncmbms in Jbchannd& Xe ih`hs, n Cneehfys _`xl%mf, phqemyh rxh n `hmynq cnehfyh xe yh{yn

xym`mwbfin shx phqjm` fb qhih sncmb` +Jmlxqb 3;-, rxbfin `nlbin& B jhqqbehfyb hzmyb rxh n `hmynq

yhfkb rxh imlmybq mfjnqebìøhs bimcmnfbms cnen fneh h h%ebm`&

Jmlxqb 3; % Qhcxqsn ybeaíe phqemyh b pxa`mcbìãn in cnehfyâqmn fn JbchanndJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne





















:3

Fn hfybfyn, ixqbfyh n phqånin ih bfâ`msh, hssh qhcxqsn bmfib fãn hsybzb mep`hehfybin

he ynibs bs shìøhs in smyh&

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ib pâlmfb mfmcmb`, fb cn`xfb `byhqb` imqhmyb&

Jmlxqb 3= – _`xl%mf sncmb` in JbchanndJNFYH7 |||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne
























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= CNFSMIHQBÌØHS

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cnen cqmyíqmn pbqb sxb ebmnq nx ehfnq zmsmam`mibih&

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kmphqyh{yns, pnms pnssmam`myb `hmyxqbs fãn%`mfhbqhs&

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snaqhcbqqhlbq b `hmyxqb h ynqfbq b fbzhlbìãn cnfjxsb& He sh yqbybfin ins smsyhebs ih axscb,fnyb%sh xeb `memybìãn rxh pnih shq bssncmbib ybfyn b xeb jb`kb ih Bqrxmyhyxqb ih Mfjnqebìãn

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sxbs axscbs cnfjnqeh ns shxs mfyhqhsshs +pnq ibyb, bssxfyn, bxynq, hyc&-& Sãn ihyb`khs rxh

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:8

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ebms n shx pnyhfcmb` cqåymcn h npmfbymzn cne absh he xe enih`n ih cnexfmcbìãn ih exmyns

pbqb exmyns&



::

QHJHQÇFCMBS

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^^^^^^^^^^& JBR Imlhsymzn& Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb`, 1?2?& Imspnfåzh` he70kyyp7..|||&imlhsymzncx`yxqb`&cne.himynqmbms.qh`hbsh&bsp>cnimln52<1*ymyx`n5JBRÎmlhsymzn 6&Bchssn he7 2: nxy& 1?22&

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^^^^^^^^^^& JBR Bf÷fcmns& Imlhsymzn Cx`yxqb`, 1??=c& Imspnfåzh` he7

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http://www.ufrgs.br/gtjornalismocompos/doc2001/alzamora2001.rtf

http://www2.pucpr.br/reol/index.php/comunicacao

http://www.testexpert.com.br/?q=node/1612

http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=146&titulo=1000_Notas

http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=113&titulo=Perguntas_&_Respostas

http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=172&titulo=FAQ_Digestivo

http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=258&titulo=FAQ_Colaboracao


http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=256&titulo=FAQ_Divulgacao


http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=259&titulo=FAQ_Anuncios

http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=259&titulo=FAQ_Anuncios





http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=172&titulo=FAQ_Digestivo

http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=113&titulo=Perguntas_&_Respostas

http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=146&titulo=1000_Notas

http://www.testexpert.com.br/?q=node/1612

http://www2.pucpr.br/reol/index.php/comunicacao

http://www.ufrgs.br/gtjornalismocompos/doc2001/alzamora2001.rtf



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MFSYMYXYN IH BQRXMYHYXQB IH MFJNQEBÌÃN& N rxh í Bqrxmyhyxqb ihMfjnqebìãn> Imspnfåzh` he70kyyp7..mbmfsymyxyh&nql.py.yqbfs`bymnfs.n^rxh^h^bqrxmyhyxqbîh^mfjnqebcbn&pkp 6& Bchssn he72: nxy& 1?22&

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DH@@FHQ, Inxl`bs& B Cx`yxqb ib Eåimb& Yqbixìãn ih Mznfh Cbsym`kn& Abxqx7 Hixsc, 1??2&

http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=229&titulo=Web_2.0_no_Digestivo_Cultural


http://www.digestivocultural.com/editoriais/release.asp?codigo=224&titulo=Comentarios_por_Comentador


http://iainstitute.org/pt/translations/o_que_e_arquitetura_de_informacao.php

http://www.iea.cc/01_what/What%20is%20Ergonomics.html

http://www.iea.cc/01_what/What%20is%20Ergonomics.html

http://iainstitute.org/pt/translations/o_que_e_arquitetura_de_informacao.php







:;

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@BQBMB, Qnrxh ih Abqqns& Cx`yxqb7 xe cnfchmyn bfyqnpn`ólmcn& Qmn ih Gbfhmqn7 Wbkbq,1??=&

EH@N, Msbah``h Bfckmhyb& Gnqfb`msen cx`yxqb`7 pnq xeb jnqebìãn rxh pqnixwb nhfcnfyqn ib c`bqhwb in gnqfb`msen cne b ihfsmibih h b cnep`h{mibih ib cx`yxqb& QxensGnqfb`msen Cx`yxqb`, 1??<& Imspnfåzh` he70kyyp7..|||&mybxcx`yxqb`&nql&aq.qxens1??<.pij^gnqfb`msen.Msbah``h(1?Bfckmhyb(1?ih(1?Eh`n&pij 6 Bchssn he7 ?8 fnz& 1?22&

EHFINFÌB, Qnsmh`4 BWHZHIN, @xmwb H`b}fh& Mep`mcbìøhs ib bxsçfcmb ib imscmp`mfbGnqfb`msen Cx`yxqb` fn cxqsn ih Cnexfmcbìãn Sncmb` ib Xjbe& Mf7 M[ Cnflqhssn ihCmçfcmbs ib Cnexfmcbìãn fb Qhlmãn Fnqyh, 1?2?, Qmn Aqbfcn& Bfbms in Cnflqhssn&

^^^^^^^^^^& Mfyhqjbchs in Gnqfb`msen Cx`yxqb` fb Mfyhqfhy7 xeb pqnpnsyb ih mfmcmbìãncmhfyåjmcb& Mf7 [[[MZ Cnflqhssn Aqbsm`hmqn ih Cmçfcmbs ib Cnexfmcbìãn, 1?22, Qhcmjh&Bfbms in Cnflqhssn&

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ENQZM@@H, _hyhq4 QNSHFJH@I, @nxms& Mfjnqebymnf Bqckmyhcyxqh jnq ykh \nqì \mih\ha& 3qi Himymnf& Shabsynpn`, CB7 N‛Qhm``}, 1??:&

FMH@SHF, Gbdna& Yhf Xsbam`my} Khxqmsymcs& Imspnfåzh` he7

0kyyp7..|||&xshmy&cne.pbphqs.khxqmsymc.khxqmsymc^`msy&kye` 6& Bchssn he7 11 nxy& 1?22&

N@MZHMQB, @hnfbqin& Bqrxmyhyxqb ib mfjnqebìãn h gnqfb`msen imlmyb`& \hamfsmihq, 1??8&Imspnfåzh` he7 0kyyp7..|hamfsmihq&xn`&cne&aq.1??8.?8.?1.bqrxmyhyxqb%ib%mfjnqebcbn%h%

gnqfb`msen%imlmyb`6& Bchssn he7 2: nxy& 1?22&

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http://www.itaucultural.org.br/rumos2007/pdf_jornalismo/Isabelle%20Anchieta%20de%20Melo.pdf


http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/news/view/jornalismo-cultural-nao-valoriza-tradicoes


http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html

http://webinsider.uol.com.br/2005/05/02/arquitetura-da-informacao-e-jornalismo-digital






http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html








:=

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YKNE_SNF, G& A& N cnfchmyn ih Cx`yxqb& Mf7 Mihn`nlmb h Cx`yxqb Enihqfb& Qmn ih Gbfhmqn,Znwhs, 2==8&

http://www6.ufrgs.br/limc/PDFs/webjornal.pdf

http://www.bocc.ubi.pt/pag/teixeira-nisio-impacto-da-internet.pdf

http://www.bocc.ubi.pt/pag/teixeira-nisio-impacto-da-internet.pdf

http://www6.ufrgs.br/limc/PDFs/webjornal.pdf



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bihrxbins&

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Kbqi fh|s7 ympn ih fnyåcmbs h cnahqyxqbs ebms ihfsb, cnen bs ih jbyns hcnfùemcns h pn`åymcns,

hfzn`zhfin cnfyh{yxb`mwbìãn, bfâ`mshs h pqnghìøhs&

Khxqåsymcbs7 cqmyíqmns h pqmfcåpmns ih absh rxh pnssmam`mybe b xsbam`mibih fb qh`bìãn xsxâqmn%

smsyheb&

Kmphq`mfd7 í xeb qhjhqçfcmb fxe incxehfyn he kmphqyh{yn b nxyqbs pbqyhs ihsyh incxehfyn

nx b nxyqn incxehfyn&

Kmphqeåimb7 í b qhxfmãn ih zâqmbs eåimbs +yh{yn, âximn, zåihn, bfmebìãn- fxe sxpnqyh

cnepxybcmnfb` nx smsyheb h`hyqùfmcn ih cnexfmcbìãn&

Kmphqyh{yn7 yh{yn he jnqebyn imlmyb`, bn rxb` sh blqhlbe nxyqns cnfgxfyns ih mfjnqebìãn fb

jnqeb ih a`ncns ih yh{yns, pb`bzqbs, meblhfs nx snfs, cxgn bchssn sh iâ byqbzís ih qhjhqçfcmbs

hsphcåjmcbs ihfnemfbibs kmphq`mfds&

Gbaâ7 gbqlãn gnqfb`åsymcn rxh imw qhsphmyn b ahfhjåcmns ebyhqmbms njhqhcmins bn gnqfb`msyb he yqncb ih

h{pnsmìãn fb eåimb, pxa`mcmibih nx h`nlmns&

Fh|s`hyyhq7 í xe ympn ih pxa`mcbìãn ih imsyqmaxmìãn qhlx`bq zmb mfyhqfhy b bssmfbfyhs h rxh

banqib lhqbèhfyh xe ihyhqemfbin bssxfyn&

Qh`hbsh7 he gnqfb`msen, í xe cnexfmcbin jhmyn pnq xe mfimzåixn nx nqlbfmwbìãn pbqb b

mepqhfsb zmsbfin imzx`lbq xeb fnyåcmb nx bcnfyhcmehfyn, byqbzís in rxb` gnqfb`msybs ihcmihe

sh zãn nx fãn imzx`lbq chqyb fnyåcmb&

Xsbam`mibih7 shlxfin b MSN =192, í b cbpbcmibih rxh xe smsyheb mfyhqbymzn njhqhch bn

xsxâqmn pbqb qhb`mwbq ybqhjbs ih ebfhmqb hjmcbw, hjmcmhfyh h blqbiâzh`&



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\ha 1&?7 lhqbìãn ib \ha he rxh b mfyhqbymzmibih h b pbqymcmpbìãn in xsxâqmn jmfb` cne b

hsyqxyxqb h n cnfyh÷in ib qhih sãn cbqbcyhqåsymcbs ebqcbfyhs&

\ha7 ybeaíe cnfkhcmib cnen \nqì \mih \ha, í xe smsyheb ih incxehfyns he

kmphqeåimb rxh sãn mfyhq`mlbins h h{hcxybins fb Mfyhqfhy&

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Interfaces do Jornalismo Cultural na Internet: Estudo de Caso do Site "Digestivo Cultural"