(1) Read "Some see debate's tenor as too rude" on page 1A. Rudeness or Assertiveness? Based on comments from our class, I have deduced that the same behavior is labeled as either based on your preconceived feelings about the man in question. Now imagine either man winning the election. What "lesson" would future candidates take from debate performances of either winning candidate?

(2) A little intro into our coverage of the media: Read "A Turn of the Page." Imagine all journalistic media "went digital." What effect would there be on the reporting of news? Consumption of news? What impact would this have on government? How might the "market" react?

(3) Read "Binders Full of Women" Does this internet sensation reflect the American people's desire for "instant-flash analysis" of the news? The low level of respect for our potential elected officials? The American public's fickle or shallow interests? Or, frustration on how women are still perceiving themselves as marginalized?

(4) "FBI thwarts New York Fed bomb plot" Really. Another foiled attack? What do you think the consequences will be of the "new norm" being a steady stream of terrorist attacks?

Interest GroupsChp 11

Have we reached James Madisons argument that, the sphere of influence must be extended to prevent any one group from having too much power?(Federalist #10)What is the role of interest groups?

Key TermsInterest Groups An organization of individuals who share a common political goal and unite for the purpose of influencing policy decisions

Central role in the pluralistic theory of democracy democracy is enhanced when citizens interest are represented through group membershipPolitical Action Committes (PACs)The fundraising arm of an interest group

Creatures of interest groups;

About 4,210 PACs that contribute a substantial portion of candidates campaign funds

Obama broke patter of reliance to PACs in 2008

Do interest groups have too much power?

Interest GroupsInterest Groups: you might think they are simply lobbying organizations trying to convince Congress to pass laws favorable to their organization but there is far more....

James Riddlesperger, Jr. of Texas Christian Univ. argues that interest groups focus on targets of opportunity, and that entails not only the legislative branch but also the executive and judicial branch as realms of effective lobbying.

It is not as simple as the legislative branch makes laws, the executive enforces laws, and the judicial interprets laws.

Interest GroupsAn example? Civil RightsWhere were the pressure points for these interest groups to achieve change?

1st- the Presidency in the 1940s. Court? Plessy v Ferguson still active. Congress? Southern Democrats ruled the committees. President? Truman -Executive Order 9981 which desegregated the armed forces.

2nd- Civil rights interests wanted desegregated public schools. Yet run by states and President cant touch that. Congress still dominated by Southern Democrats. Turn to Courts. 1950s. Long appellate process results in Brown v Board of Education 1954

Interest GroupsAn example? Civil RightsWhere were the pressure points for these interest groups to achieve change?

3rd- 1960s - MLK and movt. Minor civil rights act passed in 1957. Bull Connor. JFK and LBJ all result in 1965 Civil Rights Act.

Interest Groups- How They Shape PolicyTypes of Lobbyists1) Paid employee of union, association, corporation2) Temp. Lobbyists.How They Help1) Source of information2) Can help politicians with political strategies for getting legislation through3) Can help formulate campaign strategy and get the group members behind a politicians reelection campaign4) Source of ideas and innovations

Interest GroupsAs a linkage institution.

Not like parties because of multiplicity of policy arenas.

Not like parties because dont run own slate of political candidates (yet...Citizens v. FEC 2010).

Not like parties because policy specialists rather than generalists.

Different goals than political party.

Interest GroupsHow?

Litigation- class action lawsuits and amicus curiae briefs

Grassroot lobbying- celebrity causes (Angelie?)

Mass mobilization - mass mailings, email

Campaign Contributions

Interest GroupsPerks or Bribery?

Interest GroupsTheories:Pluralism - its a good thingElite - top 1/3 on it all (NRA, AARP, etc.)Hyperpluralism- Theodori Lowi- interest group liberalism- *subgovernment- Iron Triangles composed of agency-group-committee

So much going on (hyperpluralism) that interest groups provide information to citizens and expert knowledge to congressmen

Positives?Investigate deeper with

How does a bill become a law?

Interest GroupsSo How Does a Bill Become a Law?

Interest GroupsSo How Does a Bill Become a Law?90% of Congressmans time is spent in committee

Committees represent make up of Congress 2 Dem : 1 Rep

Committees/Subcommittees Actions1. table it2. kill it3. amend it4. pass it as written

Interest GroupsSo How Does a Bill Become a Law?

How do they make the decision?*testimony from experts*testimony from executive office bureaucrats (esp. on apportionment/budget issues)*testimony from celebrities*testimony from sob storiesdata - visuals -date - visuals

Interest GroupsSo How Does a Bill Become a Law?

Note- when a bill comes before Congress on narrow issues then interest groups really have the power!

like trade associations, bottlers associations, restaurant industry, consumer electronics, soft drinks

Interest GroupsCurrent Issues

Hundreds, if not thousands, of lobbyists are likely to be ejected from federal advisory panels as part of a little-noticed initiative by the Obama administration to curb K Street's influence in Washington, according to White House officials and lobbying experts...The initiative is aimed at a system of advisory committees so vast that federal officials don't have exact numbers for its size; the most recent estimates tally nearly 1,000 panels with total membership exceeding 60,000 people...Most committee members receive no pay for their participation. They often are urged to take part by companies, trade groups or advocacy organizations that hope to sway government decisions to their advantage. While their operations vary, the panels tend to hold open meetings and issue reports and recommendations, and they often wield significant influence with policymakers because of their expertise in arcane subjects, from nuclear plant safety to wild burro management...

Lobbyist Pushed Off Advisory Panelshttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/26/AR2009112602362.html?hpid=topnews

Interest GroupsNeed to Know Interest Groups

Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large GroupsPressure politics most effective from small groupPotential Group vs. Actual Group

logic of collective good can equal free rider problem

Olsons law of large groups bigger group= bigger free riders. This makes small groups more effective. Explains why corporate interests more effective in groups than consumer interests. Provide selective benefits to members to overcome this dilemma

Interest GroupsEqual advantage is intensity - and single issue groups are on the rise.swem.wm.edu/beta/flathat/issues/fh20041029SS.pdfhttp://women4hope.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/pro-life-cartoon.gifhttp://www.wmsa.net/People/john_mccain/keating.jpgMoney countsWhat do you think? Are recipients of money influenced in their votes?

Interest GroupsHall and Deardorff - lobbying as a form of legislative subsidy where they define as a matching grant of costly policy information, political intelligence, and labor to the enterprises of strategically selected legislatures

*purpose of such a strategy is not to change anyones mind but rather to help ones political allies.http://www.wmsa.net/People/john_mccain/keating.jpg

Interest Groups -- ConcernsLobbying as shady business or as strict professional representation of legitimate interests?

Municipal government lobbyists

Electioneering via PACs

Corporate Welfare

http://www.wmsa.net/People/john_mccain/keating.jpg

Interest Groups -- TypesEconomic- regulation policies, subsidies, tax code, international quotas/tariffs

Labor- right to work, union shops, labor interest groups

Environmental- Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Equality- NAACP and NOW

Consumer Interest- Nader

http://www.wmsa.net/People/john_mccain/keating.jpg

Equal Opportunity Interest Groups

Public Interest Groups

Economic IssuesEdit 0 0 13Your Advocacy Group's wiki should address or contain:Is it a single issue group or does it have a broad ideological agenda?What is the ideological orientation?Does it have any official affiliations with established parties, churches or organizations?What are the goals of the organization?What is the history of the organization?How does it receive funding?What does this organization do?

Provide ample evidence of each item. Evidence can include, but is not limited to (1) quotes from the organization's website (2) paraphrased information from the organization (3) press coverage of the organization or events sponsored by that group (4) names of donors and the amounts contributed (5) examples of printed literature from email to mass mailings (6) videos produced by that organization or news coverage of that group.Your presentation should conclude by evaluating the effectiveness of your organization's efforts to promote their agenda. Are they effective or successful? How do you know?Our goal is quality.UnicefDoctors without BordersAbt AssociatesNeighborWorksInternational Committee of the Red CrossFlat TaxFair TaxAmericans for Tax ReformMoveon.orgJohn Birch SocietyAmericans for a Balanced Budget AmendmentAmericans for a Balanced BudgetInternational Foundation for Electoral SystemsThe Carter CenterHeritage FoundationBrookings InstitutionCato Institute

Interest Group PoliticsDirect Lobbying: Congress Direct Lobbying: The President Direct Lobbying: The BureacracyDirect Lobbying: The Courts Indirect Lobbying: The Public Astroturf Political Campaigns: Democratic or Elite Driven?

LobbyingDirect LobbyingDirect interaction with public officials for the purpose of influencing policy decisions Indirect Lobbying Attempts to influence government policymakers by encouraging the general public to put pressure on them

Direct Lobbying: Congress Strategies for Congressional LobbyingPersonal Contacts: Banquets, parties, lunches, casual meetings Professional Lobbyists: Revolving Door Expert testimony: provide the information/testimony; Ex. Bob GrahamCampaign contributions: PACs Coalition formation: AARP + AMA to convince Congress to delay cuts in physicians reimbursements by Medicare d

Direct Lobbying: CongressAttempts at Lobbying Reform1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act Required lobbyists to report how much they are paid, by whom, and what issues they promote 2006, Honest Leadership and Open Government ActProhibits senators, members of House, aids from receiving any gifts of over $50Requires disclosure of earmarks, that is, special projets of individual legislators often hidden in legislation, and their sponsers

Direct Lobbying: PresidentOfficial Contact = Office of Public Liason

Direct LobbyingThe Bureacracy The Court