Intelligence.sd

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COALANAIONAL DE STUDII POLITICE I

ADMINISTRATIVE

INTELLIGENCE

MASTER:

SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY

BLNOIU CTLIN GABRIEL

2014


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Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3

Intelligence .................................................................................................................................................... 3

The three categories of the concept of intelligence:...................................................................................... 3

Methods of Investigation .............................................................................................................................. 4

Some Well-Known Intelligence Tests .......................................................................................................... 4

Two Forms of Intelligence ............................................................................................................................ 6

The Building Blocks of Intelligence ............................................................................................................. 6

Human Intelligence ....................................................................................................................................... 7

The Theory of Multiple Intelligence ............................................................................................................. 7

Triarchic theory of intelligence ..................................................................................................................... 8

Emotional Intelligence .................................................................................................................................. 9

Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................... 9


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Introduction

Intelligence is an umbrella term describing a property of the mind including related

abilities, such as the capacities for abstract thought,understanding,communication, reasoning,

learning,learning from past experiences,planning,andproblem solving.

Numerous definitions of and hypotheses about intelligence have been proposed since

before the twentieth century, with no consensus yet reached by scholars. Within the discipline of

psychology, various approaches to human intelligence have been adopted, with thepsychometric

approach being especially familiar to the general public. Influenced by his cousin Charles

Darwin,Francis Galton was the first scientist to propose a theory of general intelligence; that

intelligence is a true, biologically-based mental faculty that can be studied by measuring a

person's reaction times tocognitive tasks.

Intelligence

A composite of general and specific abilities, characterizing an individuals level of

neurological functioning in the context of his effectively applied experience and

manifested in his dynamic coping with the challenges for adjustment which he makes

day-to-day living.

The global ability of the individual to think clearly and to function effectively in the

environment, according to David Wechesler.

Note: the definition of intelligence is not based on heredity and environment, the

concept is a functional one. It refers to what a person can do.

The three categories of the concept of intelligence:

1. Popular concepts- these are all forms of behavior observable in individuals who function

well intellectually. A person is described as intelligent if he manifests any, some, or all of

the described behaviors at a successful level of application in various life activities.

2. Scientific concepts- mechanical efficiency of his nervous system and determined by both

hereditary and environmental factors. Determining factors are; parental linkages, child-

rearing practices and educational development.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_term


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3. Technical concepts- anything which exists can be measured, Assessment of mental

ability is the attempt to identify constitutively the components of intelligence and assign

quantitative and qualitative values to these attributes as a result of the sampling of the

individuals behavioral responses to critical stimulus items of experience related to the

components. The assessment instrument is called a psychological test.

Methods of Investigation

1. Longitudinal Studies- the use of formal observations of children from infancy to

adulthood and compare them with other children of matched age, sex and home

environments. These studies are time consuming and often subjective.

2. Statistical or quantitative method employs a standard set of behavior samples commonly

held as related to the manifest indicators of intelligence.

Some Well-Known Intelligence Tests1

1. Standford Binet Intelligence Scales (SBIS) - an individual test which is used

primarily with children. This is the first real intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet.

His tests followed from a simple premise: if performance on certain tasks or test items

improved with chronological, or physical, age, performance could be used to distinguish

more intelligent people from less intelligent ones within a particular age group. This test

was designed to identify the dullest students in Paris school system in order to providethem with remedial aid.

1http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/IntelligenceTests.html , accesed at 22.07.2014 , 11:25


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2. Wechesler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - devised by David Wechesler. It has two

major parts: a verbal scale and a performance (or nonverbal) scale. The WAIS III and

WAIS IV give a more precise picture of a persons specific abilities compared with other

IQ tests.

IQ formula2

IQ= MA x 100 IQ- intelligence quotient

CA MA- mental age

CA- chronological age

IQ Classification

IQ Description

180- above genius

140- 179 Very superior

120-139 Superior

110- 119 High average90-109 Average or normal

80-89 Low average/low normal

70-79 borderline

Below 70 Mentally retarded

2https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080520070549AAVUWaf , accesed at 22.07.2014 , 11:10


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Two Forms of Intelligence3

1. Fluid Intelligence- refers to the ability to deal with new and unusual problems. It involves

the deliberate and controlled use of mental operations and is the form intelligence you

need when you have no well-practiced routines you can bring it bear on a problem.

2.

Crystallized Intelligence refers to your acquired knowledge. This includes your verbal

knowledge and your broad repertoire of skills that are useful for dealing with problems

similar to those already encountered.

The Building Blocks of Intelligence

What is it, inside a person that gives them moregeneral intelligence, or less?

Mental Speed- intelligent people may literally have brains that operate more swiftly and

more efficiently than the brains of less intelligent people.

Working Memory and Attention- intelligent people are those who have particularly good

working memories, so that they can hold onto the information they need for complex

tasks. They may also have especially good control of their attention- so theyre able to

coordinate their goals and priorities in an appropriate way, first by focusing here and then

there, without getting lured off track by distraction.

Executive control- over ones own thought refers to the processes people use to launch

mental actions, redirect their attention, or shift their strategies. It is needed for goal

maintenance- that mental activities that help us keep our goals in view, so that we

consistently direct our behavior toward that goal.

Intelligence beyond the IQ test- people lack the sort of analytical skill required for strong

performance in the classroom, but theyre sophisticated and astute in dealing with th e

practical world.

Practical Intelligence- a skilled reasoning in the day-to-day world.

Emotional Intelligence- the ability to understand ones own emotions and others, and

also the ability to control ones emotions when appropriate.

3http://otec.uoregon.edu/intelligence.htm, accesed at 22.07.2014 , 11:55


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Human Intelligence4

A popular theory of intelligence is based on psychometric testing, i.e. intelligence

quotient (IQ) tests; however, some researchers' dissatisfaction with traditional IQ tests prompted

their developing alternative theories of intelligence suggesting that intelligence results from

independent capabilities that uniquely contribute to human intellectual performance.

Human intelligence is the intellectual capacity of humans, which is characterized

byperception,consciousness,self-awareness, andvolition. Through their intelligence, humans

possess thecognitive abilities tolearn,form concepts,understand, applylogic, andreason,

including the capacities torecognize patterns, comprehend ideas,plan,problem solve,make

decisions,retaining, and uselanguage tocommunicate. Intelligence enables humans

toexperience andthink.

Robert Sternberg defines human intelligence as "your skill in achieving whatever it is you

want to attain in your life within your sociocultural context by capitalizing on your strengths and

compensating for, or correcting, your weaknesses".

The Theory of Multiple Intelligence5

Howard Gardner'stheory of multiple intelligences is based on studies not only of normal

children and adults but also by studies of gifted individuals (including so-called "savants"), of

persons who have suffered brain damage, of experts and virtuosos, and of individuals from

diverse cultures. This led Gardner to break intelligence down into at least eight different

components:logical,linguistic,spatial,musical,kinesthetic,interpersonal,intrapersonal in 1983

andnaturalist intelligences added in 1999.

4Brace, C. Loring (1973) Human intelligence. Edited by J. McVicker Hunt, New Jersey, 1973, 283 pp

5http://www.tecweb.org/styles/gardner.html, accesed at 22.07.2014, 11:50
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awarenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sternberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesthetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrapersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrapersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesthetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sternberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awarenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometric


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By Howard Gardner. His theory describes eight distinct intelligences that are based on

skills and abilities that are valued within different cultures.

A. Visual-spatial intelligence-ability to visualize spatial. Scenes as shown by pilots and ship

navigators.

B.

Verbal- linguistics intelligence- ability of writers and poetsC. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence- ability to control body movements as shown by dancers

and athletes

D. Logical- mathematical intelligence- ability possessed by scientist; person can connect

mathematical operations to complex problem solving activities.

E. Interpersonal intelligence- ability to infer other persons moods, intention, etc.

F. Musical intelligence ability displayed by musicians or child prodigies.

G. Intra personal intelligence- ability to insight over ones own feelings and emotions

H. Naturalistic intelligence- ability to work with plants and animals.

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence was developed about the same time as

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Rejecting traditionally narrow definitions of

intelligence, Sternberg defined intelligence as mental activity central to one's life in real-world

environments; individuals succeed in life when they use mental skills to adapt to, select, and

shape external environments. Correspondingly, in the late 1990s, Sternberg changed the name of

the theory to the Theory of Successful Intelligence. As per its original name, the theory

comprises three types of intelligence: analytical (also referred to as componential); practical (also

referred to as contextual) and creative (also referred to as experiential). Analytical intelligence is

evoked while analyzing, evaluating, criticizing, reasoning, and judging. Practical intelligence is

used while implying, implementing, and using. Creative intelligence is manifested while

discovering, inventing, dealing with novelty, and creating. The theory predicts that intelligent

people will identify their strengths and weaknesses, make the most of their strengths andcompensate for their weaknesses. Individuals are not limited to strength in only one of the three

areas; both integrated and uneven profiles of intelligence are possible.6

6http://www.education.com/reference/article/triarchic-theory-of-intelligence/ , accesed at 22.07.2014 , 12:05


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Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence can be defined as the ability to monitor one's own and other

people's emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately and

to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior.7However, substantial disagreement

exists regarding the definition of EI, with respect to both terminology and operationalizations.

Currently, there are three main models of EI:

Ability model

Mixed model (usually subsumed under trait EI)

Trait model

Different models of EI have led to the development of various instruments for theassessment of

the construct. While some of these measures may overlap, most researchers agree that they tap

different constructs.

Conclusions

In conclusion intelligence is a most complex practical property ofmind, integrating

numerous mental abilities, such as the capacities toreason, solve problems, think abstractly,comprehend ideas and language, and learn. The study of intelligence withinpsychology

generally regards this trait as distinct fromcreativity orpersonality.

However, the definition of intelligence has been, and continues to be, subject to debate.

Some claim a unitary attribute, often called "general intelligence" or g,which can be measured

using standardIQ tests,and which correlates with a person's abilities on a wide range of tasks

and contexts. Others have argued that there are multiple "intelligences," with different people

displaying differing levels of each type. Additionally, great controversies have arisen regardingthe question of whether this "intelligence" is inherited, and if so whether some groups are more

intelligent than others.

7Coleman, Andrew (2008). A Dictionary of Psychology (3 ed.). Oxford University Press
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometricshttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mindhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Reasonhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Psychologyhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Creativityhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Personalityhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/IQ_testhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/IQ_testhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Personalityhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Creativityhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Psychologyhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Reasonhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics


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The study of intelligence is important because findings can give a better understanding of

humancreativity, psychological development, and emotion. The existence of intelligence has

been attributed to both nature and nurture, but the truth behind it may be something of a mix of

both. There are indeed children born with a certaingenius about them that allows them to

completecollege courses at the age of fifteen. There are also those born who fail academia for

the early part of their lives, but end up turning their lives around to come out on top of their

respective schools. Was it a lack of intelligence that led to the early academic failure, a growth in

intelligence that led to later success, or was that intelligence always there but just not

recognized? Dointelligence tests measure a so calledg-factor, or is intelligence merely relevant

to the society the person resides in?

Intelligence is one of the attributes that separatehuman beings fromanimals.By saying

"a human is more intelligent than anape," most people would take that as to mean humans are

able to rationalize, reason, create, conceptualize, and discuss in a way that an ape is unable to do.

Intelligence also is presented as a marker of competition and privilege.

The concept of intelligence has been one of the most contentious inpsychology, with

controversy spanning the lifetime of the research area. The most controversial claims have come

from certain scientists that intelligence varies between races, giving some races the right to

govern over others. However, not only have their data been seriously questioned, the premise

that inheritance is hereditary challenged, but the whole notion of a singular, quantifiable attribute

called "intelligence" has become the subject of debate.

Regardless of the way in which intelligence is defined or measured, human beings clearly

have great intellectual abilities, to think, reason, and understand the world in which we live, the

way other people think and act, and to understand ourselves. As we advance in our development

as individuals and collectively as a species, recognizing and appreciating the diversity that is

contained within this concept may be more valuable than trying to ascertain how to quantify it.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Creativityhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Geniushttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Collegehttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Intelligence_testhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Human_beinghttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Animalhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Apehttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Psychologyhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Psychologyhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Apehttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Animalhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Human_beinghttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Intelligence_testhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Collegehttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Geniushttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Creativity


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Bibliography

Books:

1.

Terman, Lewis Madison;Merrill, Maude A. (1937).Measuring intelligence: A guide tothe administration of the new revised Stanford-Binet tests of intelligence. Riverside

textbooks in education. Boston

2. Bock, Gregory; Goode, Jamie; Webb, Kate, eds. (2000).The Nature of Intelligence

3. Blakeslee, Sandra;Hawkins, Jeff (2004). On intelligence. New York: Times Books.

Sites:

1. www.wikipedia.com

2.

www.education.com3. http://otec.uoregon.edu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Termanhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/bookhome/118964607?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/bookhome/118964607?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/bookhome/118964607?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hawkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hawkinshttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/bookhome/118964607?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Terman

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