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Intelligence. What is intelligence. Thinking Question:. Are there different types of intelligence? Like what? Explain. Emotional Intelligence. Marshmallow Test (3 minutes) ( Mischel , 1960’s) Done on 4 year olds If could wait till “teacher” came back in 15-20 minutes, could have 2 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Intelligence
What is intelligence
Thinking Question:
Are there different types of intelligence? Like what? Explain.
Emotional Intelligence
• Marshmallow Test (3 minutes) (Mischel, 1960’s)• Done on 4 year olds• If could wait till “teacher” came back in 15-20 minutes,
could have 2• Shows “emotional” intelligence by measuring impulse
control• Longitudinal study: 12-14 years later those who resisted
temptation were more socially competent, personally effective and self assertive. Also were superior students and did better on their SATS!
What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence–capacity for goal-directed and
adaptive behavior–involves certain abilities • profit from experience• solve problems• reason effectively
What is Intelligence?
• IQ is a score on a test– it is not something you have
• Is intelligence singular or multiple abilities?• Does it relate to speed of brain
processing?
Intelligence
• Is intelligence culturally defined?• Are intelligence tests
culture free?
Origins of Intelligence
• Intelligence Test– a method of assessing an
individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Origins of Intelligence
• Mental Age– a measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Binet– chronological age that most typically
corresponds to a given level of performance
– child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Origins of Intelligence
• Stanford-Binet– the widely used American
revision of Binet’s original intelligence test• revised by Terman at Stanford
University
Origins of Intelligence
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)–defined originally the ratio of mental
age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 • IQ = ma/ca x 100)
–on contemporary tests it is the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
• Factor Analysis– statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related
items (called factors) on a test– used to identify different dimensions of performance
that underlie one’s total score• General Intelligence (g)– factor that Spearman and others believed underlies
specific mental abilities– measured by every task on an intelligence test
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
• Savant Syndrome– condition in which a person otherwise limited in
mental ability has an amazing specific skill• computation • drawing
Howard Gardner (1980s-present)• I. Developed the modern Theory of Multiple Intelligence • a. Studied children with savant syndrome• —they normally scored low on intelligence tests and• yet • had an “island of brilliance”
4:5 of people with savant syndrome are males and many also have autism
• Opposition—critics say that there are not concrete tests for each of the areas of psychology.
• 1. linguistic• : good vocabulary and reading comprehension • 2. logical-mathematical• : skill in arithmetic and certain types of reasoning • 3. spatial• : understanding relationships between objects • 4. musical• : abilities involving rhythm, tempo, sound identification • 5. body-kinesthetic• : dancing, athletics, eye-hand coordination • 6. intrapersonal• : self-understanding • 7. interpersonal• : ability to understand and interact with other people • 8. naturalistic• : ability to see patterns in nature
• 9?(possibly an emotional intelligence: capacity to perceive emotions and link them • to one’s thinking)
Gardner explaining his theory
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
• Social Intelligence– the know-how involved in comprehending
social situations and managing oneself successfully
• Emotional Intelligenceability to perceive, express, understand, and
regulate emotionscritical part of social intelligence
Brain Function and Intelligence
• People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests
Stimulus Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?
Assessing Intelligence
• Aptitude Test– a test designed to predict a person’s future
performance– aptitude is the capacity to learn
• Achievement Test– a test designed to assess what a person has
learned
Assessing Intelligence
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)– most widely used intelligence test– subtests• verbal • performance (nonverbal)
Assessing Intelligence- Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCEPicture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
Assessing Intelligence
• Standardization– defining meaningful scores by comparison with the
performance of a pretested “standardization group”• Normal Curve – the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the
distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
– most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
The Normal Curve
Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points
of 100
Number of
scores
55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score
Sixty-eight percentof people score within 15 points
above or below 100
Getting Smarter?
• Intelligence test performance has been rising
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
Year
IQ scores
Assessing Intelligence
• Reliability– the extent to which a test yields consistent results– assessed by consistency of scores on:
• two halves of the test• alternate forms of the test• retesting the same individual
• Validity– the extent to which a test measures or predicts
what it is suppose to
Assessing Intelligence
• Content Validity– the extent to which a test samples the behavior
that is of interest • driving test that samples driving tasks
• Criterion– behavior (such as college grades) that a test
(such as the SAT) is designed to predict– the measure used in defining whether the test
has predictive validity
Assessing Intelligence
• Predictive Validity– success with which a test predicts the
behavior it is designed to predict– assessed by computing the correlation
between test scores and the criterion behavior
– also called criterion-related validity
Assessing Intelligence
• As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes.
• Therefore, the predictive power of aptitude tests scores diminish as students move up the educational ladder.
Greater correlationover broad rangeof body weights
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Little corre-lation withinrestricted
range
Football linemen’s
success
Body weight in pounds180 250 290
The Dynamics of Intelligence
• Mental Retardation– a condition of limited mental ability– indicated by intelligence scores below 70– produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life– varies from mild to profound
• Down Syndrome– retardation and associated physical disorders caused
by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up
The Dynamics of IntelligenceDegrees of Mental Retardation
Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild 50-70 85% May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.
Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops.
Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.
Profound Below 20 1-2 Require constant aid and supervision.
The Dynamics of Intelligence
• Creativity– the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas– components of creativity• expertise• imaginative thinking skills• venturesome personality• intrinsic motivation• creative environment
Genetic Influences
• The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0Similarity of
intelligencescores
(correlation)
Identicaltwinsreared together
Identicaltwinsreared apart
Fraternaltwinsreared together
Siblingsreared together
Unrelatedindividualsreared together
Genetic Influences
• Heritability– the proportion of variation among
individuals that we can attribute to genes
– variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
Genetic Influences
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.003 years 16 years
Child-parentcorrelation inverbal ability
scores
Children and theirbirth parents
Adopted childrenand their birthparents
Adopted childrenand their adoptiveparents
Genetic Influences• The Schooling Effect
Grade 6
Grade 5
Grade 4
110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150Age in months
118
115
112
109
106
103
100
97
IQ gains relativeto grade 4
baseline
Genetic Influences
• Group differences and environmental impact
Variation within group
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil Fertile soil
Seeds
Genetic Influences
• The Mental Rotation Test of Spatial Abilities
Which two circles contains configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at left?
Standard Responses