Integumentary System

Integumentary System :Skin

skin is the ________ ________ in the body.

Also included are the ______________organs: hair,

_________ glands, ___________ glands, ______ and variations

Functions of the Skin:

The study of skin is ______________________.

The skin has a variety of functions including:*barrier against ______________________________*protects ____________________ from __________*prevents the body from _____________*inhibits excess ________intake (from aquatic species)*regulates _________________*receptor for sensations of _______, _______, ______, __________, and _________.*disposal of _____________ products

The body produces ________ by metabolizing ingested food. The amount of heat produced is the result of the amount of _______ done by the _________.

Most of body heat is lost by:

_______________________: heat energy is transmitted as rays

to the surrounding areas.

___________________: heat energy passes by ___________________ through a non-moving medium.Eg: when an animal lies on a cold surface it loses heat directly to that surface.Or when an animal is lying on a surgery table the heat is lost directly to the surface of the table and through the incision made

__________________: Heat transfer occurs in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one _________________________. This is the heat loss responsible for the wind chill factor

_____________________; heat is lost as perspiration or other ____________on the

skin. Air currents can _________________evaporative heat loss

through convection.

Most of the remainder of heat loss occurs through

______________________________ and lesser amounts lost through

__________________ and __________________tracts.

The skin is composed of _____layers:The ______________: is the outer, thinner layer.The _____________: is the thicker inner layer.

Composition of skin

epidermis

dermis

The __________________: is made up of ___________________________ epithilial tissue,the layers from the dermis outward are:

The cells in this inner most layer multiply _________________ to compensate for the constant loss of cells from the __________ of the _______________. These cells push upward into each layer and eventually die.

Stratum germinativum - ____________

The cells begin to __________ and draw apart. This layer is only ___or ___cells thick. It is thicker on parts of the body that endure ___________wear, like __________.

Stratum spinosum: _____________

Stratum granulosum: ____________________The cells in this layer contain _______________visible in the _____________. This layer may not be present in some areas of thin skin._____________________ or _____________ packs the cells with fibrous protein called ____________.

Stratum lucidum: _____________________This layer is made up of closely packed ____________ cells. This layer is found in tissue that endure ____________ wear.

Stratum corneum: ______________________This layer is made of flat, lifeless, _______________ cells. They appear as overlapping dry __________ that make up the outer skin layer. If ________________, they will prevent the entrance of microorganisms.________________________ gives the special epidermal parts (hooves, horns, beaks) their strength.

Cornified

Skin color is determined by the amount of ______________ in the stratum ____________________ layer. _______________, the sun and some ______________ affect the skin color

The absence of normal pigmentation is called _______________. True albinism prevents pigmentation of the _________, _______ and ________. This condition may be associated with other lethal traits as well as a lack of protection from the ____________.

Skin color can also be affected by the ___________________. Eg: Skin color can take on a ________ hue (____________) when oxygen supply is compromised

The dermis (____________), is made up of dense, fibrous, __________________ tissue containing _________ vessels and ___________. Small involuntary muscles (___________________) are attached to the hair follicles. When these muscles contract, the hairs stiffen. This increases the animals ability to ____________ itself against ______________.

_____________ glands, ___________ glands, ________________ receptors are found in the ____________ layer.

The __________________ layer under the ____________ is the ________________ or ____________. It consists of loose ________________ tissue and ______________tissue.

Skin structure differs throughout the body. It is _____________, _________________, and varies in _________________.

HairMammals have three types of

hair.*___________________*___________________*___________________

_____________ hairs are also called __________ hairs and these make up the top coat. These hairs are _______ with a smooth appearance. This arrangement allows rain to run off the coat preventing ___________ of the animal

________________ hairs are also called ___________ hairs and make up the _____________. These hairs are soft, thin and wavy.

___________ hair are usually thicker and longer than primary hair and is most often found around the _________ . These hairs grow deep from the ______________ or superficial muscle layer and act as a __________ receptor.

Hair develops from the hair ____________, located at the base of the hair follicle. Cells at the base increase, push upward and _____________, forming the visible hair shaft. Hair follicles are positioned at ___ – ___ degree angle to the skin.

There are two arrangements for hair growth:

______________: primary hairs grow from ___________follicular openings______________: two to five _______ hairs erupt from a single follicle. And are surrounded by clusters of ________ hairs.

Hair ________ is important for ______________ regulation. In general, lighter color coats are __________.Animal hair grows in ____________. Five factors affecting the shedding cycle: _____________, _____________, ___________, ___________, state of ___________.

____________ glands are _____________ organs of the skin that cool the body.______________ sweat glands are found throughout the body and secrete a strong smelling substance in the hair

____________ sweat glands are coiled tubular structures embedded in the ___________ and produce a watery sweat. These glands are found in limited areas usually the ___________ and ____________.

The ________________ glands secrete a substance called _________ which _____________ the skin and hair, _____________ the coat, gives the coat a glossy sheen, increases the spread of __________, slows ______________ growth, and serves as a _____________ marker.

Examples of these glands are:

______________ glands:These glands are found in the ________ of cats. During grooming or when a cat rubs it’s head against and object, the secretion is deposited to mark territory

_________ glands:These glands produce a _______ odor that attracts females to males during breeding season. They are located ________________ to the horn base.

__________ sacs:These are ____________ pouches that express a foul smelling fluid that is expressed during ____________ and is used as a ___________ marker.

________________ glands:These are classified as modified ________ glands. They are located in the external _______ canal. It excretes a yellowish waxy substance called _________ (earwax).

Nails, Claws and Hooves.All three of these structures have the following parts in common:

*____________*____________*____________

In _____________ the nail is the wall and it grows from the ____________. The sole is located beneath the _______ at the open end. The pad corresponds with the ___________ tips

In carnivores the ________ is the wall, which has been compressed ______________. The sole is the

underside of the wall and is _________ in texture. The pad

corresponds to the __________ pads

______________ animals have well developed footpads.

________________ animals include cats and dogs. Only the

digital and metacarpal pads make ground contact

_____________ include hoofed animals

The _______ is the wall, the _________ is the underside of

the hoof, the ___________ is the bulb or heel.

______________, _____________, and __________ are modified

epidermal structures. In the dog and pig, the __________ has a

rudimentary bone. In ruminants the dewclaws are like miniature hooves and they serve no practical purpose