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Integration of Technology
• Administrative Support• Teaching/Learning Tool
– Demonstration/Visual Support– Student as User– Student as Designer/Developer
Chapter 3
Teaching with Instructional Software
INSTRUCTIONAL SOFTWARE
Programs developed specifically to deliver or assist with student instruction on a topic
Instructional Software Classifications
• Drill and Practice – skill practice– Directed model
• Tutorial – information
delivery – Directed model
• Simulation – demonstration– Exploration– Directed &
Constructivist
• Instructional Games
–skill practice
–Exploration
–Directed & Constructivist
• Problem Solving
–skill practice
–Exploration
–Constructivist
*Simulation matches both instructional models most fully
DRILL AND PRACTICE
Types• Flashcard
activity• Branching drill• Extensive
feedback activities
Criteria for well-designed programs • Control over presentation• Appropriate feedback• Answer reinforcement
TUTORIALS
Tutorial types• Linear tutorials• Branching tutorials
Criteria for well-designed programs• Extensive interactivity• Thorough user control• Appropriate pedagogy• Adequate answer-judging and feedback• Appropriate graphics• Adequate record keeping
SIMULATIONS
Types•Physical•Iterative•Procedural•Situational
Criteria for well-designed programs
•System fidelity and accuracy
•Good documentation to explain system characteristics and uses
INSTRUCTIONAL GAMES
Game types• Rules• Elements of
competition and challenge
• Amusing or entertaining formats
Criteria for well-designed programs
• Appealing formats and activities
• Instructional value• Physical dexterity is
reasonable• Minimum
violence/aggression
PROBLEM SOLVING
Criteria for well-designed programs
• Challenging and interesting formats
• Clear links to developing specific problem-solving skills or abilities
Problem solving types
• Specific to content area
• General content- free skills
Integrated Learning System (ILS)
Characteristics • Instructional
objectives• Lessons integrated
into standard curriculum
• Courseware • Management system
Criteria for well-designed ILS• Good curriculum coverage• Good pedagogical strategies• Several different report formats• Easy-to-read and interpret reports
“one-stop shopping” approach to providing software
Integrated Learning System (ILS)
Benefits• Help provide supplemental
educational services required by NCLB Act
• Benefits of drill, tutorials, simulations, instructional games, and problem solving—depending on selection
• Easier to access via network or online
• Personalized instruction• Summary progress data
Limitations and problems• Costs• Research on impact• Concerns about the role of
ILSs
Courseware Evaluation
Essential Questions• Does it teach?• Is the content accurate, current, and
appropriate?• Is it “user friendly”?• Does it work correctly?
Chapter 4
Teaching with the Basic Three Software Tools:
1. Word Processing2. Spreadsheet3. Database Programs
Why Use Software Tools?
• Improved Productivity
• Improved Appearance
• Improved Accuracy
• More Support for
Interaction
Word Processing
Definition• Documents as a stream of text on a computer
Characteristics• Text• Graphics • Placement on page
Desktop publishing• Individual pages
Word Processing
Research• Improves writing• Improves attitudes
toward writing• More revising• Increased sharing
and feedback
Issues• When to introduce• Keyboarding skills• Effects on
handwriting• Impact on
assessment
Word Processing
Educational Impact for Teachers• Saves time• Better appearance• Document sharing
Integration Strategies• Support the learning
of the writing process• Dynamic group
product approach• Individual language,
writing, and reading exercises
• Encouraging writing across the curriculum
Spreadsheets
Definition• Programs designed
to organize and manipulate numerical data
• The program• The product
Characteristics • Information in
columns and rows• Calculations• Data manipulation • Charting
Spreadsheets
Research• Useful tools
– Problem solving– Statistical analysis
Issues• Spreadsheets
versus grade book packages – Flexibility– Setup
Spreadsheets in the Classroom
Teacher Productivity• Grade keeping• Budgets• Attendance charts• Performance
assessmentchecklists
Instructional Activities• Demonstrations• Student products• Support for problem solving• Storing and analyzing
data• Projecting grades
Databases
Definition• Programs that
allow users to store, organize, and manipulate information (both text and numerical data)
• Program• Product
Characteristics• Files• Fields• Records• Store and update
data• Queries• Reports• Formulas
Databases
Research• Acquire useful skills in
searching and using information
• Useful in inquiry and problem solving skills
• Increase teacher skills with lesson design
Issues• Information overload
Databases
Teacher Productivity• Reduces data
redundancy• Saving time locating
and/or updating information
• Data comparisons• Reveals relationships
among data
Instructional Activities• Research and study skills• Organizational skills• Create profiles (information pictures)• Posing and testing
hypotheses• Research/search
information
Recommended strategies for teaching word processing,
spreadsheet, & database skills
•Demonstrate basics•Assign individual practice•Demonstrate formulas and formatting features•Illustrate data relationship•Demonstrate procedures with new files
Software & ILSBenefits• Motivates students to solve problems and spend
time on topic• Retention of information• Slow down processes• Get students involved• Make experimentation safe• Make the impossible possible• Save money and other resources• Allow repetition with variations• Allow observations of complex processes• Immediate feedback• Save/compress time
Software & ILSLimitations and problems•Courseware claims Vs effectiveness•Effects of directed instruction Vs constructivist•Transfer of knowledge•Learning Vs having fun•Confusion of game rules Vs real life rules•Inefficient learning •Misuse/replacement of teacher or overuse•Hard to find or $$$$•Outdated quickly
Software & ILSWays to use• Remediation/Extension of lesson• Provide support in solving problems• Encourage cooperation/group work/problem solving• In place of or to supplement worksheets and exercises• To foster cooperation and group work• As a reward (be careful)• Lab experiments • Replacement or supplement to role playing, field trips • Introducing a new topic• Fostering exploration• Self-paced reviews• Alternative learning strategies• When teachers are not available• To assist in preparing for objective tests
Software & ILS
Guidelines• Use sparingly• Involve all students• Emphasize content area skills• Use learning stations or individual
checkout• Set time limits• Assign individually
Newsletter
• Communication with parents, students, school
• Medium for students to demonstrate knowledge of content area
• Student language development• Teacher provides supplemental
content