EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDIRECTORATE GENERAL JRC • JOINT RESEARCHCENTRElnstHuta for Advanced ••••••••••. - Energy System Testing Unlt - TP 450I - 2'020 ISPRA • Va,.. -1tMy

Integration of R.E.S.as a vector for sustainabledevelopment in the tourism

sector in Island

bl(!Roberto Colombo. JRC - IspraCipriano Marín. Insula - Paris

Pedro Ballesteros. DG XVII - Bruxelles

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First European Conferenee on Sustainable IslandDevelopme'nt - Minorea 23-26 Apri/1997

JRe Ispra - SP. 1 - 97/27

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EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDIRECTORA TE GENERAL JRC - JOINT RESEARCHCENTREInstitute for Advanced Ma.terials.· Energy System Testing Unit - TP 450I - 21020 ISPRA- Varese -Italy

Integratíon 01 R.E.S.as a vector for sustainabledevelopment in the tourism

sector in Island

bvRoberto Colombo. JRC - Ispra

Cipriano Marín. Insu!a - ParisPedro Ballesteros. DG XVII - Bruxelles

First European Conference on Sustainable IslandDevelopment - Minorca 23-26 April 1997

JRC Ispra - SP. 1 - 97/27

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INDEX

1. SUSTAINASLE TOURlSM. IMPLEMENTATlON OF AGENDA 21

1.1. Tourism and Environment. The Rio's Summit.1.2. Tourism policy and the sustainable development

in lile European Union.

2. EUROPEAN ISLANDS: COMMON PROSLEMS, SHARED SOLUTlONS.

3. TOWARDS A NEW TOURISTlC CULTURE. APPUCATlON OF THE AGENDA 21 TO THE ISLANDTOURISM INDUSTRY.

4. OBJECTlVES OF THE WORLD CONFERENCE ON SUSTAlNABLE TOURISM4.1. Contents of lile WCST declaralion4.2. Energy and Transport

5. RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE INSULAR ENVIRONMENTA contribulion for sustainability and adaptalion of tourislic aclivilies.

6. ISLANDS ANO TOURISM. OBJECTIVES OF THE EU ENERGY POUCY

7. INTEGRATlON Of ENERGY EFAClENCY ISSUES IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

S. SECTORS OF APPUCATlON AND TECHNOLOGICAL FEASlBIUTS8.1 Buildings

9. TRANSPORT9.1 - Ba::kground fa !he sector9.2 Tralds in a1eI"gy' demand in lile road tra1spcrt sector

10. TECHNOLOGIES TO DEAL WITH10.1 - Current staIUs el technologies10.2 - AcWe Soler HEHing a-ld CcoIing:10.3 - AcWe solar healing:10.4 - AcWe solar cxxing10.5 - CdJectors éIld lriI1Sparent insulalioo technoIogy10.6 - Swirnming-pooI heaIing:10.7 - Pass;..e sola' hea!ing a-ld cxxing:10.8 - Tr.I1Sport Tectroogies 10deaI wi1h10.9 - AppIication in comtxJsticn engipes:

,11. RENEWABLE ENERGYSOURCES AND IMPLEMENTATlON OF uSEST PRACTlCE"IN THE

HOTEL SECTOR.

12. MARKET ACTORS12.1. Ins1itulional actors12.2 Private actors: manufacturers, dealers.12.3 Market-trncking EvaluaIions:12.4 Cha1ges Ama1g Manufacturers:12.5 Cha"iges Among DeaIers, Distributas éI1dContr.álrs12.6 Market l:a;áine studies.12.7 Annual inlelVieNsa focus groups wilh key ma1<et~.12.6 Market ba;eline s1Udies.12.7 Anrual inBvieNS a focus groups wi1hkey ma1<et~.12.8 Sales tracking éIld oIher ma-ket S1aIis1ics

13 • END USERS14. RESlDENTlALSECTOR15. COMM ERCIAL SECTOR:16. LABEWNG AND CQ.OPERATIOO SCHEMES17. ANANCING1S. PROGRAMNE OF ACTJON FOFI SUSTAlNABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL ISLANDS.19. TOURISM RESOURCES

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1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM. IMPLEMENTATIONOF AGENDA 21. TOW ARDS A RESPONSffiLE TOURISM

The option for sustainable development is based on the idea of conservation of our natural resourceswithout extinguishing them. This aspiration can be compatible with economic development. But,what does this criteria implies for the touristic phenomena?

From the Rome Conference about tourism and intemational travels held in 1963, the touristic activityhad suffered radical qualitative and quantitative changes. In a relatively short period of time, tourismhas become a powerful engine for the economic growth, producing a transference of capitals andhuman resources from the urban regions, industrialised and developed to the rural developingregions. Nowadays this creates a new fast-changing phenomena. Following the ITO, in 1995intemational arrivals have grew 3.8 %, reaching the amount of 567 millions of tourists. The touristyactivity is the 12 % of the World GNP, it employ one over 16 of the World's workers and representsthe 7% of the capital investments. This means that it is the world's largest industry.

Tourism has deeply changed its dimension, as mass phenomena and even its shape, with thesystematic appearance of new products, destinies and ways of understand the concept of travelling.A1l this big changes have produced very important economical, environmental, cultural and evenpolitical transformations in most regions.

Today's tourism also exemplifies the contradiction which exists between a society increasingIyconcemed to conserve its natural and cultural heritage, and the degradation which results fromtourism when this is not planned adequately or if sensible tourism solutions are not employed. Inresponse to these situations, Agenda 21 promotes the concertatiorr of all agents implicated indevelopment processes with the aim of contributing with a cornmon effort to the subject ofsustainability. In the case of tourism, this effort would involve drawing up of tourism developmentprogrammes that are economically rational and culturally sensitive.

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The considerations above are useful when we focus the debate about sustainability of the touristicdevelopment. F!equently this concept is associated with the new and very particular ideas of tourism:ecotourism, green tourism, rural tourism, scientific tourism, adventure tourism, that are a developinglocal force in rural regions in some countries, but that constitute only a small part of the tourismactivity.

Analysing, for instance, classical tourism activity in coastal destinations, following the statistics of theEuropean Travel Monitor, the sun and beach segment attracted in 1993 33% of travels abroad byEuropeans, this segment being the most important one in terms of tourist's motivation. Thispercentage means that in this year over 51 millions of Europeans chose sun and beach, andspecifically 45 millions chose the Mediterranean coast and the Big Mediterranean. After consideringthe aspects of sustainability of new touristic products, it is worth, for its importance, to focus ourattention in the field of massive tourism, and in the initiatives that allows a reorientation of theactivity over the basis of environmental and local communities respect

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1.1.• Tourism and Environment. Tbe Rio's Summit.

The relationship between tourism and environment is not a new issue. The resolutions of Manila(1980) and Acapulco Conferences, or the topies in the Tourism Act and Tourist Code (1985)emphasised the importance given by the tourism industry to the links between social, economical,cultural and physical environment

In 1989, The Interparlamentarial Conference about Tourism (Den Haag Conference), under theauspices of the Interparlamentary Union and the International Tourism Organisation, declared theintegrity of natural, cultural, and human environment as the principal basis for touristic developmentIt was emphasised the need to evaluate the capacity of the natural and cultural environment oftouristic resorts to absorb the impacts of the activity.

Recent interest for the relatíonship between tourism and environment is growing not only as anethical aspiration for conservation of the common heritage, but also as a certainty about the linksbetween the protection of the environment and the surveillance of the activity. Touristic industrystarted to be conscientious of the losses that a damaged environment would cause on the demand,because tourist would choice other place s better protected. It is in the 1980s when the touristicdemand started to change deeply, because of the changes in the consumer behaviour. A new erabegan, massive tourism and a production-oriented supply being substituted by a more flexible andsegmented offer.

Meanwhile, the diverse aspects of touristic activity and its environmental effects began to be takeninto account in different sectors: transport, water, territory organisation, energy, showing the need toimplement sensible policies.

The option for a sustainable development was assumed as a world politícal compromise in the UnitedNations Conference on Environment andDevelopment, held in Río de Janeiro in 1992.,

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However, one the outstanding fact is that there is not any explicit reference on tourism in the Agenda21 Resolutíons.except in some cases when it appears as a positive factor in the development of somesensitive mountain and protected areas, and when it is related to sustainable development

This is beacuse of the big complexity of the touristic phenomenon, with heterogeneous products andincluding a diversity of services and agents: tourists, transportation, small businesses, local societies,etc.

Tourism is also ambivalent because it is a global activity. It is, on one hand, a major vector for localdevelopment, it helps to achieve economic and social cohesion and it is a way of interculturalcommunication, as the UNESCO defines it. On the other hand it is responsible of some natural andcultural environmental damages. It is clear the close relationship between economic development andnatural environment

For all this, it is clear why, from Rio'92, the touristic activity has become one of the main concernsfor international organisations and governments. During the United Nations Conference on

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Sustainable Development in Small Islands held in Barbados, tourism was declared one of the mainfactors for development and one of the five sectors to survey in the small island environment. Thishuge influence is clear in the European Union, where 416 inhabited island represents only 5% of theterritory, with 11 millions inhabitants. In one out of three European islands tourism has become themain activity and has conditioned the use of resources and the land.

1.2. - Tourism policy and tbe sustainable development in tbe European Union

Economical analysis proclaim that tourism, that represents 5.5 % of GNP as an average in theEuropean Union and more than twice this percentage in some member states, is one of theeconomical sectors that has experienced a continous growth over long periods of time.

It is estimated that 9 million people work in the touristic industry, that is, some 6% of all workers areinvolved directly with products and touristic services. Recent studies of the European Co-operationan Development Organisation (OCDE) confirm the capacity of tourism to contribute in reducingunemployment and generating new jobs.

Following the conclusions of the European Commission's White Book on competitivity andemployment, published in 1993, tourism constitutes one of the ways towards the 21th century.

European Community Programme "Towards Sustainability", has become the major document abouttourism development in the European Union, also influencing the policies implemented in this area bythe Member states.

In relation to tourism, priorities are:

- to repon regularly on pressures and effects on the environment of tourism practices, including thesustainable exploitation of coastal zones. \

) .. d . tallfridl f touri- to support awareness campaigns m or er to promote an envrronmen y- en y use o tounsmresources, including the means of transport to and from tourist resorts.

- to promote the implementation of innovative good practices in the field of sustainable tourismdevelopment.

In this document it is defined the idea of "shared responsibility", as the basic element in the way tosustainability, for all the administrations (national, regional and local), private and public bodies,including associations and non-governmental organisations, and the citizens and consumersassociations. In the programme the idea of "culture of agreement" in the field of environment andtouristic development appears clearly, involving all the actors concemed.

Conceming the objectives for the end ofthis century, three major strategies are envisaged:

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1. Improvement of massive tourism, specially the development of integrated policies in coastal andmountain areas. The methodology and action framework propose the development of brand newinitiatives suitable to be taken as references and demonstrations of the possibilities of sustainabledevelopment activities.

2. The second point concerns information campaigns for the tourism industry and for the tourists. Asfar as tourist behavior is concerned "behaviour rules" are proposed as one of the tools for gettingresponsible attitudes.

3. It is known that touristic development consistent with the natural environment should go togetherwith a policy of total quality in the services offered, what is called ecoturistic quality. It isspecially in this field where the economical turistic policy has to make its greatest efforts. Thus,ecoturistic quality can and should be a business objective, which would allow to improve theproducts, to decrease the number of mistakes, and to provide more satisfaction to the clients, andtherefore more competitive touristic services.

The European Commission's Green Book was devised in the context of the reflection about tourismin Europe and its contribution to sustainable development, and as aconsequence of the discussionsheld during the informal Council of Ministers meeting held in Athens. This document emphasises theimplementation of experimental actions in favour of the tourism in three fields: tourist well-being,protection of the patrimony and the impulse for the growth and more competitive organisations . Itshould be noted the special emphasis put in the complementary aspects of the touristic developmentIt is declared the need to promote specific initiatives to internalise the external costs of using publicresources (natural environment, cultural heritage, highways, etc.) in the touristic activity .

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2. EUROPEAN ISLANDS: COMMON PROBLEMS, SHARED SOLUTIONS.

European islands have experienced tourism demand growth rates much higherthan mainlanddestinations in the last decades. This growth is even more accused in Mediterranean and peripheralislands.

These unexpected expansion from the decade of the 70s have produced complicated situations in thefragile territory of the islands. The effects of the intensive tourist development should be considereddifferentIy than for other regions. In the island environment is necessary to include the followingconsideration about their scarce resources:

- Island regions are characterised by its environmental and cultural fragility.

- Tourism and its associated activities produce over exploitation of scarce natural resources: water,soil, coast, marine environment, etc., which may cause irreversible situations. This fact is specialiygrave in the case of massive tourism.

- Infrastructure supporting tourism development in the new destinations, is often designed andimplemented on a "fait accompli" basis, and usualiy affects the island structure.

- The corporations in the island have a limited capacity of technological response.

The recent tourist specialisation of some European islands is exposed in the following table, whereEuropean and non-European island destinations are compared. Tourism occurs in the majority ofinhabited islands and in 30% of the cases it represents the key to economical development

TOURIST DENSITY IN SOME EUROPEAN ISLANDSkm2 ••.

5927201398223846

)tourist offer7000082000750002100055000

CorfuMinorcaRhodesElbaLanzarote

CaribbeanBahamasJamaicaPortugalGreeceThailandSwitzerland

14.41.50.99.511.06.511.8

South AfricaSeychellesKenyaMoroccoBrazil.Balearic IslandsCanary Islands

4.60.10.92.51.69.09.0

Tourist Destinations (millions of arrivals - absolute terms)

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The technological answer to these fast changes and specialisations has to be found in theenvironmental adaptability and integration of the facilities and infrastructures, always limited by itscarrying capacity.

There are two main strategies for dealing with the inherent difficulties that islands have in generatingtechnology. Technological development mnst be adapted to the reality of each island, setting up thenecessary filters on the transfer of technology from the mainland. Islands should also increase specific co-operation in this field that willlead to specific technological systems based on their own resources. Asisland eco-systems are fragile, there is a need for ecologically rational and suitable technologies, conceivedas "process and product technologies", whose impacts can be absorbed. It is a question of developingcomplete systems; including technical studies, goods, services and capital, and organisation andmanagement procedures, rather than individual technologies.

Technology in the fields of energy and renewable resources, environmental investment and transpon -especially inter-island transpon - is constantIy advancing and the future is bright. But, islands must definetheir own options, adapted to their own particular environmental and territorial needs and avoiding thedisastrous consequences involved in imposing inappropriate rnodels.

3. TOWARDS A NEW TOURISTIC CULTURE. APPLICATION OF THEAGENDA 21 TO THE ISLAND TOURISM INDUSTRY.

Agenda 21 establish a number of roles to apply to the tourism activity, which are developed in thedifferent sections and areas of the programme. This implies to create the basis of a new culture in thetourism, taking it no} as an isolated phenomenon, but as an integrated activity in its territorial, socialand natural framework.

From all the recommendations that form the Río Programme, we extract those aspects interesting forthe tourist island development

Promoting ecologically rational and culturally sensible tourist programmes as a strategy for islandsustainable development

Developing an integrated approach to land planning and resource management. Natural resourcesare used with diverse aims interrelated that can compete between them; consequentIy it is necessaryto manage them for an integrated use.

This integration should be done in two ways, taking into account on one side, all the environmental,social and economical factors (such the consequence of the tourist activity in the natural environment

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an the natural resources) and, on the other side, all the components or the natural environment andthe resources together.

The essence of this integrated view consists of the co-ordination of the sectorial activities of planningand management

Promotion 01integrated environmental infrastructures:water, energy, and island waste managementThis means the adoption of policies aiming to reduce to a minimum or even avoid environmentaldamages and, also, implement a policy to recover the costs of infrastructure services.

Exchange and promotion 01 ecologically appropriate technologies. Rational and ecologicaltechnologies can be defined as those "technologies of process and products" that, being integrated inthe island environment, generate none or only small amounts of waste. They are not isolatedtechnologies, but form a global system including technical know-how, procedures, goods, servicesand equipment, as well as management and organisation procedures.

This view is one of today' s greatest challenges for the future of island tourism. The interest is notonly the application of these technologies in the fields of building s, urban planning and touristicequipment but also in the services and the conception of new products. The renewable energies havebecome a specific issue in this field.

Maintenance 01 the biologic diversity and protection 01 the fragile environments. The fulfilment ofthese objectives depends on the capacity of integrate the touristic activities, changing the attitudestowards the natural patrimony.

Establishing an integrated ecological and economical accounting. It is essential more exhaustivedetermination of the natural environment as natural capital, that would allow to improve the decisionmaking process in this field.

Local authorities should support Agenda 21 initiatives. It is recognised that problems and solutionsemphasized in Afoenda 21 are related to the local activities and because of this it is proposed toimplement a consulting mechanism with me native inhabitants to achieve an agreement, an "IslandAgenda 21" for each community.

More involvement 01 the main groups. The implementation of agreement and real participationsystems with all the social parts concemed in the activity, is essential in the contribution of tourism tosustained development

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4. OBJECTlVES OF THE WORLD CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLETOURISM.

The objectives of the World Conference on Sustainable Tourism were expressed in the finalDeclaration. The contents of this Declaration come from the agreement between various actors of theactivity for the sustainability.

Tourism can be integrated irnmediately in the plan of sustainable development because its successdepends clearly on the convergence of different policies. The complexity of the activity derives fromthe private economical activity and the use of public goods (natural spaces, cultural patrimony,equipment, infrastructures of ttansportation, etc.). The activity dynamism, the tourist satisfaction anthe conservation of the natural and cultural patrimony are inseparable.

This agreement should not be seen as only a compromise of responsibility to protect the environment,but also as a change of attitude implying a major strategic element towards the surveillance of thetourism business. From this perspective it is necessary to change the quantitative into a qualitativedimension. The idea is to consume less natural spaces, less resources, in a different way, and thisbecause of:

- The sustainability is not a threat for tourism, and should not be observed as the opposite. Anytouristic product unable to be sustainable, that could produce damage or be spoiled, will have to paythe price that a1l non-competitive products pay. This is because clients would choose always acompetitor's better offer. Sustainability guarantees future profitability for tourism.

- The sustainability is not only related to the natural environment, what it is called Ecology. It is avery important pan of the environment, because tourism depends on the attractiveness of the physicemplacement If this attractiveness disappears because of the pollution or the building activities, theexpected number of visitors would dramatically be reduced. Tourism cannot desttoy the environmentwithout desttoying itself. \

)- The sustainable tourism idea goes beyond than the ecology point of view, because it shouldcontribute to the improvement of social and economical lífe-styles of a1l those who live in thetouristic destination, as well as it should contribute to the pleasant experience of those on holidays.

- There are many examples proving that a damaged natural environment (water or landscapes)reduces the turistic attractiveness. On the other hand, a preserved natural and cultural environment isa good promotional factor.

4.1. Contents of the WCST declaration

1. Tourism development shall be based on criteria of sustainability, which means that it must beecologically bearable in the long term, as well as economically viable, and ethica1ly and socia1lyequitable for local communities.

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Sustainable development is a guided process which envisages global management of resources so asto ensure their viability, thus enabling our natural and cultural capital, including protected areas, to bepreserved. As a powerful instrument of development, tourism can and should participate actively inthe sustainable development strategy. A requirement of sound management of tourism is that thesustainability of the resources on which it depends must be guaranteed.

2. Tourism should contribute to sustainable development and be integrated with the natural, culturaland human environment; it must respect the fragile balances that characterize many touristdestinations, in particular small islands and environmentally sensitive areas. Tourism should ensure anacceptable evolution as regards its influence on natural resources, biodiversity and the capacity forassimilation of any impacts and residues produced.

3. Tourism must consider its effects on the cultural heritage and traditional elements, activities anddynamics of each local cornmunity. Recognition of these local factors and support for the identity,culture and interests of the local cornmunity must at all times play a central role in the formulation oftourism strategies, particularly in developing countries.

4. The active contribution of tourism to sustainable development necessarily presupposes thesolidarity, mutual respect and participation of all the actors, both public and private, implicated in theprocess, and must be based on efficient cooperation mechanisms at alllevels: local, national, regionaland intemational.

5. The conservation, protection and appreciation of the worth of the natural and cultural heritageafford a privileged area for cooperation. This approach implies that all those responsible must takeupon themselves a true challenge, that of cultural, technological and. professional innovation, andmust also undertake a major effort to create and implement integrated planning and managementinstruments.

6. Quality criteria both for the preservation of the tourist destination and for the capacity to satisfytourists, determined jointly with local communities and informed by the principles of sustainabledevelopment, should represent priority objectives in the formulation of tourism strategies andprojects.

7. To participate in sustainable development, tourism must be based on the diversity of opportunitiesoffered by the local economy. It should be fully integrated into and contribute positively to localeconomic development

8. All options for tourism development must serve effectively to improve the quality of life of al1people and must influence the socio-cultural enrichment of each destination.

9. Governments and the competent authorities, with the participation of NGOs and localcornmunities, shall undertake actions aimed at integrating the planning of tourism as a contribution tosustainable development

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10. In recognition of economic and social cohesion among the peoples of the world as a fundamentalprinciple of sustainable development, it is urgent that measures be promoted to permit a moreequitable distribution of the benefits and burdens of tourism. This implies a change of consumptionpatterns and the introduction of pricing methods which allow environmental costs to be intemalised.Governments and multilateral organizations should prioritize and strengthen direct and indirected aidto tourism projects which contribute to improving the quality of the environment. Within this context,it is necessary to explore thoroughly the application of internationally harmonised economic, legaland fiscal instruments to ensure the sustainable use of resources in tourism.

11. Environmentally and culturally vulnerable spaces, both now and in the future, shall be givenspecial priority in the matter of technical cooperation and financial aid for sustainable tourismdevelopment. Similarly, special treatment should be given to zones that have been degraded byobsolete and high impact tourism models.

12. The promotion of alternative forms of tourism that are compatible with the principles ofsustainable development, together with the encouragement of diversification represent a guarantee ofstability in the medium and the long termo In this respect there is a need, for many small islands andenvironmentally sensitive areas in particular, to actively pursue and strengthen regional cooperation.

13. Governments, industry, authorities, and tourism-related NGOs should promote and participate inthe creation of open networks for research, dissemination of information and transfer of appropriateknowledge on tourism and environmentally sustainable tourism technologies.

14. The establishment of a sustainable tourism policy necessarily requires the support and promotionof environmentally-compatible tourism management systems, feasibility studies for the transformationof the sector, as well as the implementation of demonstration projects and the development ofinternational cooperation programmes.

15. The travel industry, together with bodies and NGQ~ whose activities are related to tourism, shalldraw up specific frameworks for positive and preventive actions to secure sustainable tourismdevelopment and establish prograrnmes to support the implementation of such practices. They shallmonitor achievements, report on results and exchange their experiences.

16. Particular attention should be paid to the role and the environmental repercussions of transport intourism, and to the development of economic instruments designed to reduce the use of non-renewable energy and to encourage recycling and minimization of residues in resorts.

17. The adoption and implementation of codes of conduct conducive to sustainability by the principalactors involved in tourism, particularly industry, are fundamental if tourism is to be sustainable. Suchcodes can be effective instruments for the development of responsible tourism activities.

18. All necessary measures should be implemented in order to inform and promote awareness amongall parties involved in the tourism industry, at local, national, regional and international level, withregard to the contents and objectives of the Lanzarote Conference.

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4.2. Energy and Transport

In the energy and transpon fields is c1ear the need of a strategy to unify efforts and promote newprojects in the following range:• Rational use of the energy in buildings.• Rational use of energy in transporto In islands this topic should be considered as a major one.• To match energy supply and demand• To considr renewable energies as a major and prioritary resource to cover energy needs.• To create a sense of responsibility among the tourists as users of natural resources.• To create an image of environmental quality in tourism servicesin order to achieve at the same

time environmentally friend1y behaviors and more of competitivity.• Patroníse the co-ordination between the various actors in the energy scene and in the touristic

industry, specially between the public administrations.

5. RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE INSULARCONTRffiUTION TO SUSTAINABILITY AND TOTOURIST ACTIVITIES.

ENVIRONMENT.AADAPTATION OF

The importance of the energy issue related to islands and tourism has been emphasised in severalinsular fora. It is worth to highlight the relevance of the conc1usions of the 2nd Conference ofChambers of Commerce and Industry (CCn in the European Uníon Insular Regions. Among themore relevant agreements it should be mentioned:

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a) The CCI of the EU Insular Regions proposes to the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference theadoption of an integrated common policy in favour of the insular regions of the EU. This policy willhave as a major topic the sustainable development as the only way ahead for the islands of Europe, anunique natural resource.

b) Tourism. Some actions should be implemented:- Ensure the balance between tourism development and the capacity of infrastructures and services,preserving the quality of the natural environment as well as the local architecture.- Promote low-season tourism in order to maintain the level of employment and of economic activityin the island throughout the year.

e) Energy . Some actions should be implemented:- Rationalisation of electric energy consumption, particularly through the improvement of theefficiency of the energy system and of the management of energy resources with a improvedqualification of the specialised workers.

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- Promote the conception and enforcement of action programme in short and long term about theuptake of new and renewable energy sources. To achieve this, a programme of co-operation in thefield of exploitation, experimentation should be established and supported.

Energy supply has to overcome many additional difficulties in islands. This situation is stressed inthose destinations where the tourist activity is the most relevant. Besides the constraints imposed bythe geographical isolation, there are some other problems:

- The need to design the energy supply infrastructure in a way that guarantees the supply in allseasons creates problems of inefficiency in highly seasonal destinations. It should be take into accountthe fact that in some regions visitors are twice, three times or even more the native population. In theMediterranean this problem affects more than 30 islands.

- Conventional tourist behavior creates a consumption behaviour that affects the energy supplyscheme even on a daily basis. Figures on energy consumption in many islands indicate clearly howmuch can tourists behavior affect those figures.

- Fast growth, without planning and environmental considerations, which has traditionally beentackles in ways similar to those in mainland. Only few island with relatively recent touristdevelopment have established, through mechanism of planning, specific energy considerations in thefield of tourist facilities and transportation. In general terms, the implementation of energy policies isinadequate.

-The largest tourist destinations are very much influenced by the typology of the facilities offered. Forexample, the accelerated evolutiion from apartment inns to high-category hotels does not take intoaccount the fact that this shift implies to double electric energy consumption.

- The over exploitation of natural resources in islands where tourism is the main activity have somedirect energy repercussions. This is obvious in those islands that must obtain water from the seathrough desalinisati~n devices to supply local needs, and mayas well be applied to the problem ofurban waste production, the average in touristic islands doubling the amount produced in themainland.

Tourism facilities in many insular areas suffer from inappropriate energy models transferred withoutprior adaptation from continental areas. In addition, rapid social and economic change in the regioncreates a need to address in a specific way island-specific problems of energy efficiency, environment,etc. At present, and in most of the cases, this challenge is not been faced as it should be.

A remarkable amount of technical information has been produced concerning enery topics for islands,and specifically concerning renewable energy issues. So, there should not be any problem as far asgetting the etechnocal information is concemed. Some bodies having produced this information are:

- European Commission, Directorates General XVII, XII, XIII, XI, XVI, European Parliament- Intemational Chamber of Commerce and Intemational Federation of Consulting Engineers.

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- United Nations Environment Prograrnme, World Tourism Organization, and Foundation forEnvironmental Education in Europe.- International Hotel Association, International Hotels Environment (Action Pack).- Initiative and United Nations Environment Programme.

Despite the barriers and difficulties mentioned above, the adoption of renewable energies in islandtourist destinations is fully justified by the following reasons:

- Very good suitability to final energy uses in the tourism sector, as energy vectors.- Large availability of renewable energy resources, particularly in Mediterranean and ultraperiphericalislands- Better technological adaptarion to seasonality and variability circumstances.- RES strengthen the image of the tourist destination and its environmental qualification, in theframework of the ecotourist quality srategies.

6. ISLANDS AND TOURISM. OBJECTlVES OF THE EU ENERGY POLICY

The Maastricht Treaty sets, in article B, Title 1 and in articles l30 A and 129 B, section 2, a numberof objectives that provide the framework of the energy policy, with special regard to islands regionsand tourist development.

- The sustainability of the economic and social growth anticipated in 'the Treaty needs to integrate theenvironmental dimension with the rest of policies, especially with the tourism policy. The conditionsfor the use of the energy are of the key factors affceting this dimension; energy policy shouldsimultaneously provide economic added value and contribute to the environmental protection.

,- The improvement of the social and economical cohesion and the access of distant regions to thetranseuropean ne~orks implies the adoption of energy policy measures. Energy is one of the factorsthat increase cohesion.

The programme established under the name "Towards Sustainability", has become the maindocument about tourism and energy. This programme contains relevant strategies regarding tourismand energy in insular areas. With regard to energy, the programme lists the following priorities:

- to support the development and application of energy-saving technologies and practices includingrenewable energy sources, by means of funding, awareness-raising and information measures, and todevelop criteria for the screening of subsidy schemes in order to redress incentives which have anadverse effect

- to encourage the implementation demand side management measures and the internalisation ofexternal costs and benefits, through tax incentives and by giving more weight to means other than

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taxation, and to improve the co-ordination of Community initiatives aiming to create consumerawareness on energy saving and diversification.

- to reinforce energy-efficiency standards for appliances within the framework of technical andeconomic possibilities, encouraging energy efficiency labelling initiatives

With regard to transpon, priorities are:

- to develop measures to achieve more internalization of external costs in transport prices as aprerequisite for influencing user choices in order to arrive at a more rational scheme of transpondemand,

- to promote the integration of land-use and transpon planning and demand-side managementmeasures.

- to promote the use of more environmenta1ly friendly modes of transpon (suitable for islands).

- to promote exchanges of experience between local authorities in relation to sustainable transponinitiatives.

7. INTEGRATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY ISSUES IN THE TOURISMINDUSTRY

The integration of the energy issues in the tourism industry can be divided into three main areas:

- "No-cost" management measures. They represent the set of improvements in environmental qualityof the tourist facilities without investment, what implies that the implementation depends on thefacility managementl These measures are mainly based on rationalization and energy saving.- Low and medium upfront -cost measures. They are considered in the range of ordinary maintenancecosts of a business, being a mechanism of reorientation of common investment, In this group arethose solutions based on renewable energies.

- Measures of co-operation. They include actions aimed to increase the co-operation with otheractors in the tourism scene. In this case we refer to renewable energy as a centralized production.

8. SECTORS OF APPLICATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL FEASmILITY

Renewable Energies (RE) begin to be real alternatives to fossil fuels and nuclear fuel, as theirdistinguishing characteristic is that they are virtua1lyinexhaustible and distributed a1lover the world and thetechnology of commercial exploitation in almost every sector has already been achieved.

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There is no question that the new and renewable sources of energy offer a theoretical potential whichexceeds our present needs and any conceivable future energy needs, and something like 76% or 87% ofour energy needs could come from RE's by the end ofthe century in the Ee. But we live in an economicworld and, at today' s prices of conventional energy sources, which are high intensity, RE' s are, for themost pan, costIy, low intensity, variable and in need of some form of accumulating the energy yielded.

Capital costs are often high and institutional barriers are, if anything, more difficult to tackle than thetechnological ones.

On the other hand, the increasing awareness regarding local and above all global environmental issues hasrnade significant use of RE"s particularty attractive for these resources have the advantages of notdepleting reserves, and being low - or non - polluting.

These resources are also less harmful to the global environment as far as the greenhouse effect isconcerned, and carry less political and technological risk than fossil and nuclear fuel

We will study two sectors, BU and 'IR and see what could be done to bring RE's to a stage of sufficientmaturity so that they can contribute significantIyto our energy needs in these two key sectors.

8.1. Buildings

Technological feasibility and R+D ofRE in the residential sector addresses the various components ofthebuilding, such as envelope, furnace lighting, ventilation and water heaters and their interaction and impacton human activities, such as indoor air quality and affordabi1ity.

The energy performance of new construction can be improved to a great deal and the potential for savingsin existing buildings is also quite substantial But the ~+D would not be done in isolation, but rather inconcert with the a~plicable industry groups or with specific manufacturers or utilities.

Particularly important from the standpoint of environmental and energy policy targets is to reduce the useof non-renewable fossil fuels as sources of energy. In this sector, this means, among other things, the moreextensive use of solar energy. Taking generally, the next few decades rnust be seen as a period of transitionfrom fossil fuels to RE' s in the heating and cooling of buildings.

Some figures:Energy demand in the world building sector is projected to increase by an annual average of between 2.0%in a case with rising energy prices and historical trends in energy efficiency (case I) and 2.7% in a case withflat energy prices and the best commercia1ly available technologies are not always used and energyequipment is not used as efficientIy as it could be (case m, over the 1993 - 2010 period, rising from over1500 Mtoe in 1993 to between 2200 Mtoe and 2500 Mtoe by 2010.

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Building sector energy dernand is expected to increase more rapidly in countries outside the OECD.However the omission of non-corrnnercial fuels in these regions, due to data limitations, significantlyunderstates the total demand in this sector and overstates the growth rate of total sectoral demand.

The building sector in the OECD is expected to show modest growth over the outlook period, rising from992 Mtoe in 1993 to just over 1100 Mtoe in the case II, by 2010. This can be attributed to the impact ofrising income 1evels partially compensating fOI rnarket saturation of major appIiances, as well as theefficiency improvements in new building.

In case 1, energy demand in the OECD buildings sector is projected to show very low growth.

Electricity is likely to be the muy fuel gaining share. By 2010 it is expected to reach a share of around 43%in case 1, compared with 36% at present. Fuel share trends in the recent past mi.ghtsuggest that electricityis being substituted directly by oiL Electricity has increased its share through new and specific uses, whilesome replacement of oil heating systems with gas has taken place. Currently, oil has only a small share ofspace heating in new buildings.

Taken together, the fast growth of appIiance penetration, the limited scope for further gas for oilsubstitution in the existing housing stock and the low penetration in new buildings gives the impressionthat electricity is substituting for oil, but this substitution is more apparent than real.

With regard to the EU, the application of RES can make a significant contribution to meeting the buildingsector's energy demand, while at the same time serving the market by providing better buildings with morecomfonable living and working conditions for their users, and also helping protect the environment.

Continuing improvement in design and technological advances are greatlyenhancing opportunities for REutilization. In addition, the socio-economic and eroployroent creation dimensions are all rather favourable.

Construction in the EU now accounts for 11% of Gross Cornmunity Product, and employs 8 millionpeople in 2.5 million flrds. Buildings consume about a third of total final energy consumption (1993),retlecting the activities of residential consumers as well as consumption in the connnercial and publicadministration sectors.

Within the residential sector, there are four principal uses of energy heating (of both space and water),cooking, lighting and appliances. Tbe last two uses mainly consume electricity and do not have the samefuel mix as the first two. The fuel mix of the heating and cooking end users varies considerably across theregion.

Climatic effects are important in this sector. Warmer winters and cooler sunnners will, in the absence ofwidespread air conditioning, lead to lower energy demand

Since 1971, total consumption in the building sector has risen by an average annual rate of 1.3%. Over thisperiod, oil and solid fuels have steadily lost share to electricity and gas.

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Climatic effects do not only alter the overa1llevel of energy dernand, they can also change the sectoral fuelmix.

Even without improvements in energy use, energy dernand in the building sector is projected to increase ata slower rate than GDP growth, This is essentially due to the likely development of space heatingrequirements. Some countries could be expected to reach a degree of saturation in space heatingequipment, but not necessarily in residential heat demand. Thus, the less developed European countrieshave the greatest potential for growth in this use, but the southem location of many of those countriesreduces the necessity for space heating and such developments may be small

There may, of course, be increased use of cooling equipment in warmer countries. However, the size andpopulation of the area where the weather is sufficiently and consistently warm enough to justify suchexpenditure is relatively srnal1in Europe. Consequently, the impact of additional air conditioning in Europeas a whole is likely to be small However, the increasing use of air conditioning in new offices in northemEurope is starting to cause concem in some countries as this end use is typically met byelectricity.

Electricity increases its penetration in the building sector from its current level of 31% to around 40% by2010 in both cases. This occurs through the further penetration of new electricity using appliancesthroughout the region. Electricity is also the dominant source for space heating in some countries andmarket segments.

Daylighting design techniques, especially in cormnercial buildings can significally reduce the energyconsumed by electric lighting and can reduce consequent cooling loads to the point where mechanical airconditioning is no longer necessary.

Passive and active solar design represent two of the most important strategies for the replacement ofconventional fuels and reduction of environmental pollution in the building sector.

Depending on the local climate and the predominant Ileoo for heating or cooling, a wide range of passivetechniques is available to the building designer for new and retrofit building applications which can result inbuildings which are both more energy-efficient and offer higher standards of visual and thermal comfort tothe occupants.

Passive solar cooling technologies has been in use in warm countries for centuries but modero buildingsystems combined with the technical availability of active cooling, imply that the traditional techniqueshave been largely forgotten.

Passive solar design is characterised by the use of building elements such as walls, windows and floors, toperform the functions of collection and storage of solar thermal energy. Passive cooling also makes use ofbuilding elements, but in this case to minimise the effect of unwanted solar radiation; use may also be madeof environmental sinks for heat dissipation.

Active solar energy systems may be employed in residential and commerciaJ/ industrial buildings for theprovision of space conditioning (heating and/or cooling) and/or hot water. Another connnon application isthe heating of swirnming pool water.

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Convenúonally distinguíshed by the use of pumps or fans to circulate the heat transfer nedíum between thespecialised collector and heat store, simple water-heatíng are in widespread comnercial production aftersorne two decades of developrnent.

9. TRANSPORT

9.1 - Background for the sector

Transport is a fundamental elernent of today' S economy. It plays an important role both in industry and inour daily lives. The developrnent and use of transport infrastructures accounts for 4% -8% of GDP and2%-4% of jobs in the OECD Member Countries. Moreover, our societies place high expectaúons on theirtransport systems, including efficiency, safety, and cleanliness. The transport sector also has an importantimpact on both energy security and environmental policy. Key figures in this regard include: oil accountíngfor over 99% of all transport energy consumpúon; the growing weight of transport in final OECD oildemand (from about half to more than two thirds in just 16 years); and the preponderance of transportenergy demand in overall energy demand (25%). Clearly, the transport sector plays a key role in theevolution of OECD energy and oil demand

Road transport in particular is a major contributor to air pollutíon at the urban, regional, and globallevels.The includes not only greenhouse gas emissions but also tropospheric ozone formatíon (a complexreaction involving NOx and hydrocarbon ernissions) and increases in atmospheric levels of CO, NOx,VOC, lead and congestíon associated with the transport system pose serious problems.

Policy-makers find the transport sector particularly difficult to address effecúvely. Demand for transportservices and likewise demand for transport fuels is relaúvely inelastic with respect to price or other supplyfactors. Transport energy consumpúon goes up with GDP even with price increases and major efficiencyimprovernents. Furthermore, higher standards of living and more disposable incorne accompanying growthin GPD tend to increase the preference of individual car owners for larger and higher performance cars.

9.2 Trends in energy demand in the road transport sector

Road transport account for over 80% of the energy used by the transport sector as a whole, and 99% ofthe energy used in road vehicles cornes from oil 0i1 use for road transport in the lEA has grown 34%since 1974. Though this is less than GDP growth, the evolution of oil use in road transport is of particularimportance becuse it has been growing faster than both total energy requirernents and consumpúon inother end-use sectors, especially since 1985. In addition, the rate of increase itself is growing: 1.9% in1986, 3.7% in 1978 and 4.5% in 1988. As a result, energy use for road transport is absorbing a growingshare of lEA oil and total lEA energy.

Though increase in the price of oil following the two oil shocks did have an effect on the energy use of theroad transport sector, this demand reductíon was short-lived, In addition, since 1973, there has been little

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substitution in the road transport sector, unlike the rnajor shifts away from oil that took place in electricitygeneration and other end-use sectors. About 1% of road vehicles currentIy use fuels other than gasoline ordiesel fuel, such as CNG, LPG ethanol or biofuels.

The only change in the fuel mix of the road transport sector has been an increase in the use of diesel fuels,from 14.5% of oil consumption for road transport in 1974 to close to 26% in 1988. This is an lEAaverage; actual shares of diesel in road transport in 1988 varied considerably among countries, being 55%for Spain, ltaly, Portugal and Belgium.

So, it seems that in this sector, there have been limited progress in fuel substitution towards less COzemitting sources, such as non-fossil fuels (bioethanol, electricity from renewables, gas, biodiesel,...).

Ethanol stands out today as an interesting alternative to fossil fuels, especially if it can be produced fromwooden raw materials, as this is abundant in the EC. Amongst possible alternative motor fuels ethanol isconsidered to be the most interesting.

Ethanol can be produced by fennentation of simple sugars. This has been done for a long time withcarbohydrates obtained from agricultura! crops. Today ethanol is prirnarily used as a fuel by inner-citybuses and this use is expected to increase.

Biogas is another possible alternative motor fuel for the future. Anaerobic degradation of organic materialproduces biogas, which consists of about 50-60% methane. Today, biogas is produced in a large numberof digesters in municipal waste water treatment plants as well as in a nurnber of plants for waste from thefood industry or industrial waste waters. If the gas is to be used as a motor fuel, it must be purified fromCOz and corrosive compounds. After purification, the gas is considered to be almost identical to naturalgas.

Biofuels, in particular rapeseed oil esthers, seem to have a promising future in the energy supply of trafficand transports in Europe towards the end of the 1990~s.An excise tax relief of as high as 90% is plannedwithin the EC for "biodiesel", Le. rapeseed methyl esther (RME) or rapeseed ethyl esther (REE), and alsoother biofuels, as they present a big potential for the future needs of energy.

An efficient agriculture is potentially able to provide the mankind world with raw rnaterials for food, fiberand also energy.

The properties of esterified vegetable oils are very similar to those of Diesel fuel, which rnakes feasible itsdirect utilization in Diesel engines without causing any substantial change in their behaviour. The lack ofworks contemplating both the efficiency and the emissions in the use of these fuels makes R+D in this fieldquite interesting.

In Europe, the present situation of surplus for most of the agricultural commodities: milk, grain, meat,sugar, oils for hurnan consumption, and others, leads to two options:

. The set-aside of land for cultivation, dedicating the surplus land for forestry, hunting and recreation.

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· To dedícate the surplus land for new crops such as crops for industrial raw materials and fiber or energycrops. In this repon crops for producing biomass, ethanol, plant oils, methylesters and other gaseousbiofuels such as biogas and producer gas will be investigated.

The last option, -that seerrsto be IDOstfavourable from the point of view of social and environmentalbenefits: farmers can stay in their farms, the land is used for agricultural purposes and there are moredifferent cornmodities to produce that can be interchanged with rapidity according to market conditions,-has as counterpart the low cost of fossíl fuels: at a price of approximately $20.00 the barrel of oil, biofuelscan not be competitive considering only the point of view of the cost of fuel energy. In this respect, it isnecessary to consider that in the use of fossil fuels only the price of exploitation of fossil resources andrefining of the crude oil are considered, and in the case of biofuels it is necessary to add the cost ofagricuhuraI production of the oil itsdf.In some aspects, growing crops to produce energy for the fann is not new: in the farms some decades agoit was necessary to dedicate around 30% of the total rural area for feeding animals for work (horses,mules, cows) and now the area needed would be 10-20% to produce ethanol or oil to IDOvetractors andfarm machines.

The use of vegetable oils as fuel for interna! combustion engines is not new. Rudolph Diesel, the inventorof the diesel engine, used peanut oil to fuel one of bis engines at the París Exhibition of 1900 and he wrotein 1912: "The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils maybecome in the course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time"(Nitske and Wilson, 1965).

"----There are today many reasons for considering the prophecy of R Diesel reásonable:

· The foreseeable increase of price in the near future of the fossil oil, due to the world' s reserves límitationstbat can be depleted in approx. 80-100 years.· The interest in the European Community for diversifying agricultural production including energy crops.· Environmental protection: 1. vegetable oil combustion maintains the equilibrium of C~ in theat:m.osphere;2. vegetable oils have lower sulphur content and are safer to manipulate and store than fossiloils (e.g. sunflower oil's tlashpoint is 215ºC compared with 77ºC for diesel).

The European Comrnunity has established to keep the same level of c~ for the emissions in the years2000 as it was in 1990, in order to control the global greenhouse effect.

The eco-friendly features of vegetable oils and their metbylesters are given by the elimination or significantreduction of major polluting gas emissions typical of traditional diesel fuels. The absence of sulphur in theraw materials makes exhaust gases totally free of S~ emissions. In addition, test for micropollutants haveshown a significant reduction in many other polluting emissions, particularly those relative to aromaticcompounds, whose toxicity is all too well known.

In the Western countries practically all trucks, ttactors and self-propelled fann machines arediesel-powered. Diesel engines last longer, are better adapted to hard conditions and are more reliable thanspark-ignited engines. Diesel fuel is also safer to store than gasoline.

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10. TECHNOLOGIES TO DEAL WITH

CurrentIy renewables account for approximately 6% of energy oonsumption in the commaniry about halfof this coming from the use of wood as a fuel source and most of the rest from hydro-electric generation.

The Connnission wishes this figure to increase by about 2% by the year 2000. Accordingly, the goal ofoomrnunity action is to promote the market penetration of energy technologies and to facilitate the uptakeof renewables in Comrnunity markets.

Most of the technologies which have emerged in recent years (photovoltaics, solar energy applications inbuildings,...) are under-utilised at present in Europe's energy markets. The reasons are:

. Most of the recent past has been a period of energy abundance with cheap oil available until the mid-70sand again in the míd-Süs.. Most of the technology required to develop cost -competitive rnarket products from solar and biomasssources is relatively recent.

Wíth reference to the first reason given, the fact that Europe must now face the prospect of more complexand more expensive energy supply and utilisation schemes - given possible supply prob1ems andenvironmental concerns - mean that it is now time to develop and implement new energy technologies andstrategies.

With reference to the sefund reason, conventional wisdom in the energy field has it that most RES are tooexpensive, due to some issues:

a) Low energy density: Because renewables are not centrally availab1e, it is claimed that they cannotbenefit from economies of scale. On the other hand, it should be recalled that energy utilization isdecentra1ized. ,However, renewables are flexible enough in use to be integrated into existing networks, avoiding large andcostIy distribution ones.

b) Intennittency:A number of RE such as solar heating or PV are intennittent. Hence, on a small scale, energy storage

systems must be provided if continuous power supply is required.

e) The need for large land aTeasfor installation:

d) High cost:A stage of oost-competitiveness with conventional energy sources has now been reached by wind power,biomass and solar energy applications in building, though, at present, photovoltaics is cost-competitive forremote applications only,

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10.1 - Current status of technologies

In the residential and comaercíal building sector active solar heating and cooling technology may besegmented into four basic applications: swimming-pool heating, water heating, space heating and spacecooling.

The residential sector, as considered in this repon, includes energy consumption , related to all buildingused as dwellings (e.g. for heating, lighting, sanitary hot water, etc). In terms ofintemational averages, inthe residential sector most of the energy is consurned for space heating (60%), water heating (18%),dornestic appliances (inc1uding 6% for refrigeration and cooking, 3% for lighting) with other usesaccounting for 13%.

The commercial sector includes stores, business, and public buildings.

10.2 - Active Solar Heating and Cooling:

The basic building block of an active solar energy system is the collector which contains a receiver orabsorber that convens the incident solar radiation into collected energy. Energy collected is transferred to aworking fluid for transpon directIy to the loadusing pumps, pipes and valves or to insulated storage tanksfor later use.

To meet daily loads during yrolonged periods without sunshine, active solar systems can be supplernentedby a back-up conventionaJ/system .

From the outset, heating systems should be considered together with electricity generation, Small-scalecogeneration may be especially suitable for multifamilyhouses or large public and comrnercial buildings.

,Technologies that could improve the efficiency with which structures are heated include the following:· Improvernents in traditional heating systems (like condensing boilers).· Developrnent of local and long-range heating and cooling networks to serve campuses.· Integration of RES directIy into building components.· Large underground systems capable of storing hot water for long periods, providing heat during the coldmonths.· Advanced heat pumps to provide both heating and cooling.

The introduction of such technologies could also be accelerated by a variety of means.· Specific codes for heating systems;· Taking the costs of externalities into account.

10.3 - Active solar heating:

It is a well established technology, being the production of dornestic hot water the main application.

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Efficiencies depend on many factors including the collection temperature. In most solar heating systems,the solar collector either satisfies the fullload, or it can act as a preheater, taking a heat transfer fluid froma storage tank and heating is throughout the day.

10.4 - Active solar cooling

Work is underway on the development of a number of active solar cooling systems, although existing onesare expensive and connnercialization is still a long way off. At present, solar desiccant and solar drivenabsorption systems are thought to have the greatest potential

Although absorption systems are industrially well developed, the efficiency of solar heated evaporatorswith flat-plate collectors, is too low to ensure an economic return even with evacuated collectors. Withsuch a low efficiency, the collector area becomes large and costly.

There could be success with some absorption cooling machines-particularty those which work at lowtemperature (LiBr/H2O systems using a normal flar plate collector to supply the heat, for example).

With regard to developrnent prospects, solid-gas absorption-desorption systems should receiveconsiderable attention.

10.5 - CoUectors and transparent insulation technology(

Solar collectors have becone more reliable and more efficient in recent years.Transparent insulation materials are used to improve conventional techniques of collector construction.FIat plate collectors are the most conn:nercialised at presento Its technology is considered mature. Costreductions may result from improved manufacturing techníques and simplified system design.

High efficiency flat plate collectors use today selectiye coating, a glass cover and a Teflon sheet as aconvection barrier.

Efficiencies of up to 50% can be reached.

Evacuated tubular collectors are also technically mature, but at present they are only made on a batch basisand not on mass production.

Unplaced solar collectors are suitable for heating at low temperatures only. They are made frompolypropylene.

10.6 - Swimming-pool heating:

The simplest application for active solar technology is for heating water to the low temperatures neededfor residential or public swinnning pools. The pool itself acts as the energy storage system, In most cases,the pool water is passed directly through the panels. Heating systems for outdoor pools are usually

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operated only in the swnrner when the arnbient temperature is close to the pool temperature. PaneIs madeof bare metal sheet with tubes or inexpensive molded or extruded polymers or elastomers are typical.

A typical residential swimming-pool system may employ from 15 to 40 m2 of solar collector. Public poolsystems may employ from 30 to 300 m2, ando in some cases, this application use g1azed,medium-temperature collectors.

10.7 - Passive solar heating and cooling:

A passive solar building works as an integrated system incorporating solar energy collection, distributionand storage, together with ventilation and auxiliary heating.

Passive solar heating configurations for the design of the building itself include:

· Direct gain systems: large areas of south-facing glazing.· Indirect gain systems: Combining the collecting, storage and distribution functions within some part ofthe building envelope which endoses the living spaces.· Isolated gain systems: Where solar collection is thermally isolated from the living spaces of the buildingand energy transfer from the colector to the living space or storage and then the living space is effected byconvention or radiation.

Passive solar cooling deals with th following technologies or conditions:- Microclimate, .iting and site layout- Building form- Building envelope- Thermal mass- Airflow

and the main systems under ongoing R+D are:- Ventilation systems- Ground cooling systems- Evaporative cooling systems

10.8 - Transport. Technologies to deal with

We will see the technologies related with the production ofvegetable oils.

We consider two types of plant oils according to the way of obtaining them: by compression andextraction, and by pyrolisis. Plant oils obtained by pyrolisis are more likely for application in turbines forproducing electricity than for intemal combustion engines.

10.9 - Application in combustion engines:

There are two possibilities for the application of vegetable oils to interna! combustion engines:26

-Adaptation ofthe engines to the fuel (vegetable oil engines).- Adaptation of the fuel to the motor (transesterification process).

The major problem when using pure plant oils in direct-injected diesel engines is coke deposition at theinjector and at the combustion chamber, pistón, valves, ... that impedes the engine running in short - or long- term use. The amount of time before power loss and engine deterioration becomes obvious varíes withengine time, loading and condition, and the type of vegetable oil. It may be as brief as 10 hours for linseedoil or more than 100 hours for sunflower oil in direct -injected engines.

Problems with build-up of deposits around injector tips are caused by much higher viscosity and carboncontent of vegetable oils comparison with diesel fuel or oil esters.

The use of oils fuels with high viscosity without suitable injector modification interferes with needle seatingand possibly aggravates post-injection dribble from the nozzle.

Coking leads to power reduction, smoke increase and misfiring in multi-cylinder engines. Unburnt fuelwashes down cylinder walls leading to ring gurnrning and diluted oil in the sump. The results can be pistonring stickiness and lubricant deterioration leading to the engine breakdown.

All these considerations lead to the faet that vegetable oils can not be used without any transformation indirect-diesel engines. They can nevertheless be used indirect-injected (Deutz) or in special plant oil engines(like the swirl-charnber Elsbett engine).

On the other hand, vegetable oil esters have very similar characteristics to diesel fuel and can be used inthe same conditions as this fuel in all types of diesel engines.

However, there are some problems when using bio-diesel in tractor engines, the most important beingengine oil dilution, material compatibility and winter performance.

Of environmental concem are: \

. Fuel transfer from tank to engine: similar to the former problem of winter performance, there canbe clogging of the filter and pipes by glycerine and other bio-diesel residues. Clogging can beprevented whilst retaining the normal filler change interval and by achieving high-qualitytransesterification and very pure bio-diesel As an alternative to high-quality transesterification,unpressurised RME filtering after transeterification can be also a good solution to this problem

. Exhaust gases: there is eaeh time more concem about the emissions, particularly to cancerogenicsubstances in exhaust gases. Carbon monoxíde, hydrocarbons and nitrogen monoxide recur in thesame amount approximately as in diesel fuel There is no suIphur dioxide in the exhaust gases ofbio-diesel powered engines.

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11. RES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF "BEST PRACTICE" IN THE HOTELSECTOR

Due to increased disposable income, and leisure time and improved transport facilities and infrastructure,tourism has grown enormously during the last tbree decades. The nurnber of ovemight stays in the EU in1992 was 840 million, an increase of21.5% on 1980levels.

Tourist has been growing more rapidly than GDP for sometime. Intemational tourism in Europe hasdeveloped more rapidly than domestic tourism RecentIy a EU 12 average annual growth rate of 3.4% forthe year 2000 was forecast.Factors of major influence on tourism in Europe are polítícal/ legal, economical and ecological.

In the light of increasing stability and wealth in Europe, the following major trends are expected:- Growth in all regions will continue- Tourists will tend to avoid areas having major environmental problems.

ConsequentIy, there is a specific interest in analyzing renewable energy in relation to tourism and hotels.

Such relations are nonnally not covered by conventional planning methods.

RE has a very big potential as part of such "green tourism". To be able to market it, the ecological concepthas to be convincing. This means that the % of RE supply of a "eco-tourism" hotel or resort has to behigh, 70% or more of the totalenergy supply.

This "green-tourism" will often be connected to islands, coastal regions, ... Where the potential for REsupply ís good In these areas conventional energy supply many times will be costIy due to small systems,transportation of fossil fuels...

On the other hand, tourism industry is changing into big chains that develop their own technology. There isa trend to the concentration and specialisation joined to a strong technological innovation rateo

The concentration into big chains is done though merges, absorptions and hotel association.

In the specialisation of this business, the hotels are less centred in the real state promotion and more in themanagement of the hotel business and in the developing of technologies.The termBAT ("Best Available Technology") or BPM ("Best Practicable Means") is used in some air andwater emission regulations, with the administrative definition including criteria for cost -effectiveness,However, this BPM standards must be at least al stringent as the uniform national technology standard

The implementation of "best practice" has as a major objective to make tourism familiar with this new andclean technologies, by mean of:

. Supporting the realisation of projects aiming at the integration of solar thermal or photovoltaictechnologies in hotels.

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· Dissemination of information paekages over all the tourist sector in the EU.· Suggestions for financing schemes, advíce to assure technical quality, guarantee of results,

In particular, hotels present highly favourable conditions for the installation of solar equipment for theproduction of sanitary hot water (SHW). However, due to the faet that a detailed analysis is required foreach individual case, such systems have only been deployed on a very low scale,

In order to be able to provide such a service efficientIy, a structure devoted exclusively to carry outfeasibility studies for solar heating facilities for the production of SHW at hotels ís needed, taking intoaecount the characteristics or conditions that hotels present.

· High annual energy consumption of SHW.· Temperature levels required pennit the use of flat plate collectors.· The architectural characteristics of hotels, norma1ly including fiat roofs and terraces, tend to befavourable for the installation of solar energy systems,· The tourist industry' s concern for environmental conservation ís greater than that of rnany othersectors,

These special circumstances connected to the "green-tourism" offer at the same time special technicalchallenges but also perspectives for utilising RE solutions to a greater extent.

12. MARKET ACT~S

Energy technologies and their services may rrade in markets that are not organised in a manner thatfacilitates efficient decisíons. In end-use markets this is .particularly a problem in the housing andcommercial building sector, where the returns to investments in energy efficiency often do not accrue tothose who make the investment decisions. Decisions on energy efficiency in buildings are typically made byreal estate developers and architects, who tend to \apply aecepted practice as embodied in buildingstandards and codeso Beyond these standards neither group has clear incentives to focus on the life cyclecosts of energy- related choices in regard to building design and equipment choice.

New technologies generally have higher initial cost than conventional technologies, though their life-cyclecosts may be mnch lower.

This problem is particularly important in the building sector since the initial cost of the building is a primaryfocus of the developer and architect and energy costs are passed on to and paíd for by the owner or rentero

A similar problem may occur in markets for RE technologies; for instance, in relation to the design ofbuildings to aecornmodate solar energy, or in relation to investment in electricity generating technologiesthat would work most productively if electric utilities were to make changes to infrastructure or operatingprocedures.

Let' s see the role than the different aetors may play in this short of market.

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12.1. Institutional Actors

Governments are finding great potential for promoting the use of RES and for slowing the growth inenergy use and C~ emissions of both sectors, buildings and transpon, without compromising productsservices, through carefully targeted efficienc specification programmes.

These progrannnes, if designed to facilitate rather than frustrate competition, can be very effective inencouraging the developrrent, marketing and purchase of RE technologies.

This action can be speed up in two basic ways:. Direct means such as the outright sponsorship of relevant investments in research, development anddemonstration programrnes, the official promotion of information exchanges concerning RE technologies,and dissemination and training once a new technology becomes available;. Indirect means which increase the chances that new or improved technologies can succeed in penetratingthe connnercial marketplace. For instance a govemment might resolve to remove barriers to the marketdeployrnent of new or enhanced technologies, eliminate distortions from current energy prices, makenational investment regimes more stable and transparent, reform obstructive regulations and standards, andprovide incentives at various stages of development and/or use.

As more govemments consider and implement a wide range of progrannnes independently, the potentialadvantages of international co-operation become increasingly apparent.

The main actors in internatio~ technology co-operation initiatives are:

a) United Nations:

The United Nations has several vehicles for international technology co-operation; these are theU.N. Economic Cornmission for Europe, (ECE), the D.N. Development Programme (UNDP),the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), "QNESCO and the International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA).

b) OECDIIEA:

OECD concentrates most of its work on environmental technologies in two Directorates:. The Environmental Directorate, for cleaner production technologies .. The Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, addressing issues to the development of" enabling" technologies.

The lEA has established an energy technology and R+D collaboration programme to facilitateco-operatíon among lEA Member and non-Member countries on energy technologydevelopment and deployrnent (" Implementing Agreements").

e) Cornmission ofEuropean Cormnunities:

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The CEC supports the development and the uptake of RES in the market as one of the major items in theComrmmity energy policy, through a number of programmes, namely Altener, Joule-Thermie and Save.

Altener deals solely with RES, in all topies; Joule-Thermie aims to promote research, development,demonstration and dissemination of energy technologies in the market, including RES as one of the majorfields of activity. Save acts on energy policy, energy planning and stanadardisation and labelling issues.

There is a number of other Conn:nunity prograrnmes which consider RES as a vector for achieving otherobjectives; the Valoren programme ron between 1986 and 1990 and aimed to ancourage economic andsocial cohesion by means of the development of indigenous energy resources (including of course rationaluse of energy) in less developed regions. Other programmes, aiming to technology transfer within the EUor to tbird countries include RES as one of the eligile items.

12.2. Private Actors : Manufactures Dealers.

Market evaluations typical1y examine various market effects that could be attributed to a governmentalenergy efficiency programrne. Market evaluations can be categorized into two types: those using nationalpolicy models and those using rnarket tracking data that can be gathered through aggregate rnarketanalyses such as production data on appliances, stocking practices by dea1ers, and possibly the price ofenergy equipment.

12.3 Market-tracking Evaluations:

Market-tracking evaluations involve more focused studies of individual markets. Such analyses examinechanges in manufactw¡er, distributor, retailer, and contractor/installer behaviour that cold lead to increasedadoption of energy efflcient measures. Examples include: .

12.4 Changes Among Manufacturers: \

· Changes to product lines, Manufacturers may change the features and efficiencies of theirproducts to take advantage of anticipated sales increases due to a government efficiencyprogramme. These prograrnmes could involve labelling, consumer education and informationprogrammes, and efficiency standards. Efficiency standards for energy using equipment mostdirectIy influence product lines by effectively prohibiting the sales of equipment that do not rreetspecified base efficiency levels. The extent to which manufacturers attribute these productchanges to energy efficiency prograrnmes varies, but there is no question that there has beensome influence.

· Pricing and discounting. As demand increases for energy efficiency products, manufacturers maycompete for a larger share of this growing market through price competition.

· Standardízatíon and labeling. As consumers demand energy efficiency products, manufacturersmay respond by better labeling and advertising the saving that can be achieved by their mostefficient products.

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12.5 Changes Among Dealers, Distributors and Contractors

· Stocking practices. Evaluations of some RE progrannnes, as well as some industrial progrannneshave found that dealers and distributors have increased stocks of efficient equipment inanticipation of increased sales due to energy efficiency programmes.

· Pricing. Evaluations of some RE programmes in places where rebates were distributed throughmass mailings to consumers or provided on-site at retailers have shown that retailers have usedthe availability of rebates to lower prices and increase sales volume.

· Promotion. Retailers who have participated in energy efficiency information or rebate progrannnesrepon that they have used point-of-purchase or other forms of advertising to leverage the effectof the programrre to their advantage and sellmore high efficiencyproducts.

Enhanced services. Evaluators have found that some contractors have adopted improvedinstallation practices and equipment corrnnissioning practices due to the emphasis given energyefficiency through various progrannnes.

Assessing the impact of an energy effi.ciencyprogramrne on a market requires that judgments be maderegarding how the market would have evolved in the absence of the progrannne. Such judgments can bebased on the following kinds of infonnation:· Self-reported perceptions of the programrnes impact on the behaviour of market actors such asmanufacturers, dealers, distributors and contractors.· An anaIysis of the recent history and trends within the industry pertaining to the energy features ofproducts and pricing.· An understanding of the structure of the industry and the roles of manufacturers, dealers, distributors, andcontractors in influencing consumer purchase behaviour.· Analyses of other non-programme related effects that might influence product lines, pricing andpromotion decisions. "

These could include the overall health of the economy. technical innovations, and other market trendsstennning from changes in the consumer population and consumer needs.

Methods for collecting and assessing this king of information include:

12.6 Market baseline studíes. These studies attempt to develop a comprehensive portrait of a givenmarket at a point in time. Sources of information for market baseline studies include interviews with keymarket actors, reviews of industry literature, primary and secondary industry statistics, and baselinesurveys of consumers' homes or businesses to assess the current stock of energy using equipment. Thernarket baseline is one important component of an energy efficiency programme evaluation, It provides thebaseline from which changes in the market due to the progrannne can be observed.

·12.7 Annual interviews or focus groups with key market actors. These methods elicit information onthe structure and dynamics of a market, as well as on the effects of energy efficiency programmes fromsamples of manufacturers or trade allies. Since an energy efficiency progrannne will influence a market

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over a period of time, it is important that these interviews be conducted at specified intervals andconsistently gather information on market indicators to develop a time series of indicators of marketchanges that can be attributed to the programme.

12.8 Sales tracking and other market Statístíes, Tracking over time the sales of the efficiency ratings ofenergy using equipment, inventory information, retail display information (e.g., feet of shelf

The value of this information can be enhanced if it can be collected over time as well as across geographicregions (e.g. by country). This will allow for comparisons of areas where energy efficiency progrannneshave been heavily emphasized and areas where pro grarnmes either were not in place at the same time orwhere the emphasis of energy efficient effortshas been different. Cross-sectional analyses of changes inmarkets are important for attributing market effects to energy efficiencyprogran:n:nes.

13. END USERS

13.1 TRANSPORT SECTOR:13.2 Sub-sectorsThe main sub-sectors are road transpon, mil, air and water (shipping). All of these categories can befurther subdivided. Road transport includes passenger cars and srnall trucks (both for business andpersonal use), trucks for freight hauIage, buses for public transport, and two-wheel vehicles (motorcycles,mopeds). Raíl, air and water can be divided between passenger and freight. There can also be funhersubdivisions concerning the average distance of the means of transport (e.g. long-distance haulage versusurban) or by size (e.g. large cars versus compacts).

13.3 Energy-users

The energy users are divided between those who own their own means of transport and thus pay forenergy use directly and those who operate a vehicle en behalf of an owner. There can be individuals orfleets (which can be owned and operated by individuals or companies). For fleets, the policies andstrategies are generally detennined and monitored centrally.

Driving behaviour has a large influence on energy use in road transport.

13.4 Intennediaries

There are several intermediaries influencing energy use in the transport sector. They include:- Maintenance mechanics. The maintenance of a vehicle is very important to its fuel efficiency and thusmechanics playa very important roleo- Retailers and distributors.- Vehicle and parts manufacturers.- Energy supply industry.

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13.5 Capital stock and technologies

There is a diverse range of energy-using technologies in the transport sector. The propulsion system in allsub-sectors is made up of many individual parts. There are also other parts such as drive-trains, bodydesign, tires, materials (because of weight and strength) which influence total fuel consumption.

14. RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

14.1 Sub-sectors

The main sub-sectors are single-family and multiple-family dwellings. They can be owner-occupied orrented accommodation.

14.2 Energy-users

There is a wide variety of energy users. These include owners and renters. But not all energy users reactthe same way.

There are different ways of using appliances or lights. Age is considered an important factor because olderpeople, for example, often need warmer homes.

14.3 Intermediaries

There are many intennediaries which affect energy use, including:- Energy supply companies which often maintain boilers, do energy audits, provide information and otherenergy efficiency services. ,- Retailers of combustíon equipment, appliances and energy-efficient technologies such as insulation andweather-stripping.- Developers and builders of dwellings. Builders sometimes install equipment in residences before sellingthem- Architects who can incorporate energy-efficient features into the design of a dwelling.- Urban designers who can influence the configuration of a neighbourhood to maximize, for example,passive solar characteristics.- Manufacturers of equipment and appliances.- Maintenance staff in mnlrifamilydwellings.

14.4 Capital Stock and technologies

There are obvious technologies such as houses, heating systems and lighting that all residents are awareuse energy. However, all electrical appliances, televisions, stereos and computers, to name but a few, useenergy and the penetration of such equipment has increased greatIy over the past few decades. Focus,

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however, has been on the appliances using the greatest quantities of energy: refrigerators, washingmachines, dish washers, freezers,etc.

15. COMMERCIAL SECTOR:

15.1 Sub-sectors

Not all countries sub-divide the commercial sector the same way, but the main categories are:- Office buildings (varying sizes)- Individual shops and large retail complexes- Hotels- Restaurants.

15.2 Energy-users

Because of range of sub-sectors, there is no pattern of the users: they can be owner-occupied or rented Ahigh percentage commercial space is leased.

15.3 Intennediaries

There is a wide range of intermediaries:- Energy supply companies, particularly electric utilities, because of the high share of electricity in totaldemand- Energy service companies who do retrofits, boiler maintenance, energy audits, etc.- Retailers and distributors of equiprnent- Developers, builders and managernent companies- Equiprnent and appliance manufacturers.

While the buildings themselves are important, the other energy-using technologis that are important in thissector are: lighting, HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems), computers andother office equipment.

16. LABELLING AND CO-OPERATION SCHEMES:

"Standards" is a somewhat ambiguous term that refers to two distinct concepts:a) Test protocols for measuring products' energy use and efficiency, andb) Legal requirements stipulating maximum or mi.nimum acceptable levels of that energy use or

efficiency.

In both cases, labelling will be complementary.

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Tenninologyly, labels are product makings with supporting promotion and advertising, tbat informcustomers about the relative energy use or efficiency of different models of products. Compared withratings listings - "product listings that allow direct comparison of the energy use or efficiency of manydifferent models of products" - they generally convey less information, but in a more visible manner.

Information labels, affixed on all product models, indicate the energy efficiency of a particular modelrelative to similar models meeting or exceeding a certain efficiency level, indicate by their presence thosemodels of superior energy efficiency, and are, by definition, voluntary.

Ecolabels, often rate products according lo multiple environmental parameters - such as water use, energyuse, noise, ..- at multiple points in products' lifecycle:manufacture, use and disposal.

Labels inform consumers about the energy cost consequences of their purchase decisions.

They are meant to alert custoroers to the energy cost of products, which are far less apparent than thesticker price.

The hope is tbat the information will encourage customers to factor energy cost into their decisions, andthen to choose products that have lower overall costs than they would have otherwise.

Labels also provide an information foundation for other energy efficiency measures, such as utilityefficiency incentive programmes and government procurement directives.

The influences on consumer buying decisions, in turn, signal to manufacturers the need to develop,produce and market more efficient products.

16.1 Co-operation schemes:

The market signals sent. when each country implements ~s own particular set of labels and standards arequite often inconsistent.

Co-operation could help increase energy savings by marking the signals clearer and most consistent.

International co-operation would improve information comparability from market to market or markettransparency.

This would enable consumers, producers, retailers, government, and utilities to better inform themselvesabout a wider range of a particular product and its component technologies.

Co-operation would assist governmentt: in their effort to design, implement and monitor efficiencyprogrammes related to labels, reducing the cost of developing test protocols and analysing potentialefficiency specification programmes.The strength and clarity of market signals obviously depends on the level of co-operation tbat is attained.

In order of increasing level of co-operation are:36

Collaboration in the design of labels,Coordination of the programrne implementarion and monitoring efforts,Harmonisation of the energy specification levels used in the various programmes.

Of the three 1evelsof co-operation, this last one has received the most attention from po1icymarkers.

In order to harmonize efficiency specificarion programmes, countries' differing, and sorretimes firmlyestablished, product test protocols would need to be reconciled. If parties cannot agree on connnon test,they will find it nearly impossible to harmonize their systems of labels.

Regarding harmonisation of efficiency specification progrannnes, there are additional hurd1es to connnonslabels.

First, differing socio-polítical attitudes towards voluntary versus mandatory measures would need to beaccornmodated.

Second, differing cost effectiveness of labels would need to be resolved.

In shon, harmonisation of test protocols and energy specifications on labels makes most sense forproducts.

In which product characteristics and usage patters do not vary great1y from country to country and wherethe level of efficiency that is economica1ly justifiable is rather insensitive to energy prices.

17. FINANCING

It will cover actions like: ...a) Third party financing mechanism plan.b) Financial instrurrents,e) Pre- feasibility studies and training.

a) Third party financing: A lack of capital for investment in active/passive solar heating/cooling systems islisted as a key barrier to growth of the market.

Prospects for market development are also held back by a lack of awareness on the past of financialinstitutions, energy distribution companies and building organisations as to the potential contribution thatcan be made by sorre technologies.

It is therefore proposed to develop methods wich will encourage the availability of new capital to fund REinstallations.

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In particular, the availability and application of third party financing (1PF) capital for investment in REtechnologies would help to achieve general market acceptance.

Third party financing is the funding of improvements to the energy efficiency of a building or process by anoutside energy service cornpany, usíng the energy savings produced to pay for that investment.

There are many different approaches to TPF but they all share these common elements: that the energyefficiency investment is made by an outside energy service company with no up-front capital required bythe energy user, and that the cost saving produced are viewed as a stream of income wbich will support abusiness.

17.1 TPF has great advantages:

· The facility owner does not have to raise capital to finance conservation measures.· The third party assurnes all the risk that energy savings will occur.· The facility owner does not have to determine which equipment ís most appropriate for this facility.·The facility owner can still make other investments while reaping the benefits of energy savings.· It ís usual for the facility owner to own the equipment at the end of the contract.

On the other hand, several factors are influential in restricting widespread use of TPF:

· Lack of finance on the side of the existing Energy Service Companies.·Lack of knowledge of technical options.· CompIexity of the contracts.· Administration problems.

17.2 Financial incentives:

Financial incentives were very popular in the late 1970s. primarily in the forms of grants and tax incentives.After severe budget restraínts in the early 1980s. many governments abandoned large grant progrannnes,although they have made a comeback in several countries.

Financial incentives can have a valuabIe role in more than simpIy providing financial aid to improve theattractiveness of investments in RE plants, as the following table shows:

b) Pre-feasibility studies and training: Training should be addressed, in general, to all parties having adetemñnant role on the building design construction and use and should has as objetives:

· To focus on the building physic's phenomena, byanalysing the main performance characteristicsof the main thermal and visual processes.

· To propose clearly and in a practical way all the scientific and technical alternatives based on theprincipIes of the bioclimatic architecture and to educate the trainees appropriately on theirapplication.

· To present in a global way all design and construction problems related to buildings and not toisolate the energy sector from the all other design and construction parameters.

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· To sensibilize all parties on the important environmental topics related to the building designconstruction and operation.

· To ínform a1lparties on the availableEuropean energy technology and the market possibilities and·To establish the necessary contacts for immediate and future collaboration.

More precisely, any program of training should deal mainly with all the topics related to comfort:1. Sitting and microclimate design2. Solar control3. Thermal mass4. Ventilation5. Heatinglcooling

Each topic wi1lbe treated following the same steps:- Objetives-Typologies of solution- Techniques/availability- Assessment{mteractions- Design guidelines.

18. PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INSMALL ISLANDS.

18.1 Energy ResourcesBasis for action- Small island are currently heavily dependent on imported petroleum products, largely fortransport and electricity generation, energy often accounting for more than 12 per cent of imports. Theyare also heavily dependent on indigenous biomass fuels for cooking and crop drying.- Srnall island wi1lcontinue to be heavily dependent 00 petroleum fuels and biomass both in the short and medium term.However, the current uses of those fuels tend to be highly inefficient. Increased efficiency throughappropriate technology and national energy policies and managerrent measures wi1lreap both financial andenvíronmenral benefits for srnall islands.

The renewable energy resources endowrrents of srnall islands vary greatly. A1l have substantial solarresources, which have still not been developed to their full potential Wind potential is highly variable withlocation, both within and between countries. Hydroelectric power is a possibility only for sorre islands.Biomass endowment is common but unequal Studies of the potential for geothermal, ocean thermalenergy conversion and wave energy are continuing.- Several constraints to the large-scale conmercíal useof renewable energy resources rernain, including technology development, investment costs, availableindigenous skills and management capabilities. Srnall-scale application for rural electrification has beensporadic. The use of renewable energy resources as substantial commercíal fuels by srnall island isdependent on the developmenr and con:nnercialproduction of appropriate technologies.

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A. NATIONAL ACflON, POLICIES AND MEASURES

1. Implerrent appropriate public education and awareness programmes, including consumer incentives topromote energy conservation.

2. Promete the efficient use of energy and the development of envíronrrentally sound sources of energyand energy-efficient technologies, paying special attention to the possibilities of using, where appropriate,economic instruments and incentive structures and the increasing economic possibilities of renewabIesources of energy.

3. Establish and/or strengthen, where appropriate, research capabilities in the deveIopment and promotionof new and renewabIe sources of energy, including wind, solar, geothermal, hydroeIectric, wave andbiomass energy, and ocean thermal energy conversion.

4. Strengthen research capabilities and develop technologies to encourage the efficient utilization ofnon-renewable sources of energy.

B. REGIONAL ACTION

1. Establish or strengthen research and policy capabilities in the development of new and renewablesources of energy, including wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave and biomass energy.

2. Assist, where appropriate, in the formularion of energy policies, standards and guidelines for the energysector that are applicabIe to srnall islands, and enhance national capacity to effectiveIy plan, manage andmonitor their energy sectors.

3. Gather and disseminate information, and promete regional cooperation and technical exchanges amongsrnall islands on energy-sector issues, including new and renewable sources of energy.

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C. INTERNATIONAL ACTION

1. Support the research, development and utilization of renewable sources of energy and relatedtechnologies and improve the efficiency of existing technologies and end-use equipment based onconventional energy sources.

2. Formulate and ratify international agreements on energy-sector issues in relation to sustainabledeveloprrent in such areas as carbon emissions and the transportation of petroleum (for exampIe, the useof double-hulled tankers).

3. Develop effective mechanisms for the transfer of energy technology and establish databases todisseminate information on experience in the use of new and renewable sources of energy as well as on theefficient use of non-renewable energy sources.

4. Encourage international institutions and agencies, including public international financial institutions, toincorpora te environrrental efficiency and conservation principIes into energy-sector-related projects,

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training and technical assistance, and, where appropríate, to provide concessionary financing facilities forenergy-sector reforms.5. Develop effective and efficient ways of utilizing, disposing of, recycling and reducing the by-productsand waste of energy production.

19. TOURISM RESOURCES

19.1 Basis for action

1. Tourism has contributed much to the development of small islands and will continue to be veryimportant for their future growth. It could also stimulate the development of other sectors. However, ifnot properly planned and managed, tourism could significantly degrade the environment on which it is sodependent. The fragility and interdependence of coastal zones and the unspoilt areas on which eco-tourismdepends calls for careful management. One of the specia1 tourist attractions of small island is thedistinctiveness of their cultures. The diversity and fragility of their environments are reflected in thediversity and fragility of their cultures. The protection of the former is an important condition for theprotection of the lanero

2. Capital investment in tourism, particularly for the necessary infrastructure, is costly. There is usuallygreat competition for land resources among tourism, agriculture and other land uses. Large increases intourism and the overdevelopment of tourism in particular areas or in whole islands could beenvironmentalIy and culturally disruptive and detrimental to other valuable sectors, such as agriculture. It isimperative, therefore, that the development of tourism be carefully planned, particularly in relation tocompatible land uses, water management, coastal zone management and the development of parks andprotected areas. Tourism, like a11forms of development in the coastal zone, needs to be carefully integratedwithin the existing cultural and environmental constraints and opportunities present within srnall islandEco-tourism, linking areas of high ecological value to low-impact tourism, may present important andenvironmentalIy sustainable opportunitíes for tourism development in small island .

A. NATIONAL ACTION, POLICIES AND MEASURES

1. Ensure that tourism development and environmental management are mutually supportive.

2. Adopt integrated planning and policies to ensure sustainable tourism development, with particularattentíon to land-use planning and coastal zone management, requiring environmental impact assessmentsfor a11tourism projects; the continuous monitoring of the environmental mpact of all tourism activities; andthe development of guidelines and standards for design and construction taking into account energy andwater production and consumption, the generation and disposal of wastes and land degradation, the propermanagement and protection of eco-tourism attractions, and the carrying capacity of areas for tourism.

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3. Identify and develop facilities to meet specific niche markets, particularly in eco-tourism, nature andcultural tourism, and involve local populations in the identification and management of natural protectedareas set aside for eco-tourism,

4. Adopt measures to protect the cultural integrity of small islands.

B. REGIONAL ACTION

1. Ensure that tourism and the envíronnent are mutuaIly supportive in cooperation schemes at the regionallevel including, where appropriate, tlrrough harrnonizing standards and regulations.

2. Encourage the assessrrent and development of potential complementarities among small islands,including the development of packaged options covering several islands and joint marketing and trainingprogrannnes.

3. Establish or strengthen regional mechanisms for the exchange of information on the development of asafe and sustainable tourism sector, using, as appropriate, the capacities of regional tourism organizations.

C. INTERNATIONAL ACTION

1. Promote the recognition by the international corrnnunity of both the value of tourism in small island andthe fragility of the resources on which it depends, and of the resulting need for international support toencourage its sustainable development.

2. Facilitate efforts, at the national and regionallevels, to assess the overall impact of the economic, socialand ecological aspects of tourism, plan sustainable tourism and to develop eco- and cultural tourism

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