INTEGRATING MOBILE NETWORKS, SMART GRID … /17 1 TITRE DE LA PRÉSENTATION - MENU « INSERTION / EN-TÊTE ET PIED DE PAGE » INTEGRATING MOBILE NETWORKS, SMART GRID AND RENEWABLE

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TITRE DE LA PRÉSENTATION - MENU « INSERTION / EN-TÊTE ET PIED DE PAGE »

INTEGRATING MOBILE NETWORKS, SMART

GRID AND RENEWABLE ENERGY: ANALYSIS,

ARCHITECTURE AND RESEARCH

CHALLENGES 28 APRIL 2017

OUR GROUP (DEPARTMENT) : TOWARD A SECURE AMBIANT INTERNET AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

Activities of SRCD* Department of IMT Atlantique, located in Rennes •  Systèmes réseaux, cybersécurité et droit du numérique

A Mobile world ►  Radio resource management ►  Seamless mobility : cross layer optimization, multihoming, handover

management ►  Spontaneous and opportunistic networking, Network in motion An IP world ►  IP for sensor networks ►  QoS and Routing, IPv6 issues A secure world ►  Security and services ►  Resilience, Privacy Application to ITS, Home Networking, Sensor Network, Mobile network infrastructure Law and economics of digital Systems

Domain •  Internet of Things (Home) •  Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) •  Operated networks •  Energy efficiency

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1.  INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

2.  ENERGY IN MOBILE NETWORKS AND RESEARCH ISSUES

3.  SMART GRID-MOBILE NETWORK INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE

4.  RESEARCH ISSUES, COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS

SOMMAIRE

INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

Exponential increase of the traffic - Mobile networks and terminals Energy demand is increasing Among the consequences: - Environment issues (telecom = 2-3 % of GHG) - Increase of the electric bill of the operator - (In some areas) Energy availability Base station is the main energy consumer è use renewable energy sources to power them Thousands different devices spread out geographically. Many more coming: machines, clothes, cars, animals, …

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOBILE NETWORK Loutfi Nuaymi

INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT ENERGY IN MOBILE NETWORKS

Fast variation of many parameters: - On-grid Electricity price and availability, - Data traffic and number of users per cell (there are thousands of them, per country) - Level and availability of energy storage - Renewable energy availability, Use of renewable energy : Many definitions of renewable energy utilization and efficiency


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SOMMAIRE

ENERGY IN MOBILE NETWORKS AND RESEARCH ISSUES SYSTEM MODEL: BS POWER MODEL

BS power model developed as a part of the EARTH (Energy Aware Radio and Network Technologies ) Project Traffic volume and power consumption do not follow the same variations (see Figure)

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ENERGY IN MOBILE NETWORKS AND RESEARCH ISSUES SYSTEM MODEL: ELECTRICITY PRICE

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Example of electricity price variation in France RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOBILE NETWORK Loutfi Nuaymi

The smart grid can send the on-grid energy price to the network.

ENERGY IN MOBILE NETWORKS

Techniques for increasing renewable energy utilization are based on the amelioration of the following algorithms: - Allocation of renewable energy - Energy sharing - Radio resource allocation and management Adjusting the transmitting power switching-off base stations For more information see our survey1.

1H. A. Hassan et al., “Renewable energy in cellular networks: a survey,” IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications, 2013.


EVOLUTION OF ENERGY-MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS IN MOBILE NETWORKS

With the use of renewable energy (RE) in Base Stations (BSs), the new concept of Energy Sustainability is introduced. Need for the definition of common policies between Mobile Networks and the Smart Grid to increase their mutual benefits. A new concept: the Smart Grid-Aware Green Mobile Networks. RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID IN THE CONTEXT OF

ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOBILE NETWORK Loutfi Nuaymi

SYSTEM MODEL: RENEWABLE ENERGY PATTERN

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Renewable energy pattern variation RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOBILE NETWORK Loutfi Nuaymi

The amount of RE, solar and/or wind, generation changes depending on the area and source size. Example of sun energy (for a given area/period of year)

MULTI-CELL SCENARIO

•  We study Cost-Efficient Radio Resource Allocation in Hybrid Energy Cellular Networks

•  New definition of the problem: spatial and time •  Networks model depending on the energy sources

Network of connected base stations powered by local renewable energy

and power-grid

Network of base stations powered by external renewable energy sources

and power-grid RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOBILE NETWORK

PROPOSED BS MODEL

Renewable energy base station model.

•  Different elements should be modeled in order to correctly analyze renewable energy base station (REBS) systems.

More details in: H. AlHajHassan, L. Nuaymi, and A. Pelov, “Renewable energy in cellular networks: a survey,” in submission to IEEE OnlineGreenComm, 2013.

•  Types of REBS: Off-grid (stand-alone). On-grid (hybrid).

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOBILE NETWORK

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SOMMAIRE

THE SMART GRID

And what if the electric grid network is a Smart Grid (SG)? The Real-time tariff contributes to the profit of both the customer and the grid Demand side management aims at guiding the customers to consume less energy during high consumption hours (peak hours) or shifting their consumption (off-peak). Two strategies can be considered: - Direct-load control : peak shaving approach, - Demand-response.


THE SMART GRID

The power demand of a base station and a washing machine during a day are shown in the Figure The power demand of a washing machine depends on the number of usages and the phase of the cycle. The power demand of a base station is dependent on the traffic and users’ demand and varies much more through time. A temporary unavailability of washing service is much more tolerated. It is used by only a few group of persons (most of the time)


SMART GRID-MOBILE NETWORK INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE

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We then introduce the Grid and Renewable Energy-Aware Base Station model, which is used in the proposed integration architecture. The model is an extension to the renewable energy base station model already proposed. The base stations are aware of the grid’s conditions and would contribute to the cooperation with the Smart Grid.


ONGOING WORK


For a given area and based on the probability distribution of solar energy generation (during a day), and electricity availability we try to propose Base Station and Renewable Energy Models. For Example: probability of depletion Then Energy management policy is proposed and analysed (see example)

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SOMMAIRE

RESEARCH ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Renewable energy and storage usages Design and planning of Mobile Networks. Redundancy is proposed to allow BSs to support each other, i.e. BSs are placed closer than their maximum coverage. Heterogeneous cellular networks offer also many options Dimensioning renewable energy sources and storage. Zero-grid network in some areas? What about QoS and other requirements? Radio resource allocation and management Renewable Energy-base station in the context of Smart Grid opens the way to many new research issues


[FINISHED] PROJECT OPERA NET 2 (2011-2015)

Project OperaNet 2 (2011-2015) Subject: Energy efficiency of wireless networks with comprehensive approach The project brings together several approaches for green cellular networks : LCA (Life Cycle Analysis ), effect of wind turbines on radio transmitters , experiments, power amplifiers in base stations, radio resource allocation ... One of the topics is radio resource allocation for Efficient use of renewable energies (solar, wind ). This includes Base Station models and algorithms for the proposed topic.


ONGOING, CELTIC PROJECT SOOGREEN (2015-2018)

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Network Performance Optimisation • Models and KPI for services energy consumption, for the different network architectures and content delivery solutions • Radio Access Network and Content Delivery solutions => Energy efficient service delivery • Energy Efficient Virtualized Radio Access Network

Network Cost Optimization •  Dynamic adaptation of the network to the traffic and

services to minimize energy consumption •  Efficient Energy conversion and cooling techniques

for base stations and central officies •  Innovative back-up power systems based on lithium

batteries with a new Battery Management system and fuel cell with hydrogen in-situ production and storage

Smart Grid • bi-directional interaction with the energy grid with an intelligent design of mobile network energy storage • adaptation to the network engineering to the grid


Backup slides



In the recent years, Energy Efficiency has been one of the major concepts for the research, design and operation of a wireless network Radio resource management (cell breathing, cell switch off), Cell layout and heterogeneous deployment, Cognitive Radio



Powering mobile networks with renewable energy brings the need for new strategies and/or updating old ones. From a network point of view, one of the most effective techniques for reducing the energy consumption is the radio network reconfiguration using cell breathing and cell sleep mode In previous work, we investigated the adjustment of the configuration of a mobile network for decreasing the electric bill. This is done by taking the decision of using or storing renewable energy, switching-off BSs and allocating radio resources based on renewable energy generation, storage state and on-grid power price.


RESEARCH ISSUES AND CHALLENGES PAGE 27

Many objectives can be considered when using renewable energy in the context of the Smart Grid and MNOs. Correlations exist between some objectives in certain conditions. For example, reducing on-grid energy results in reducing the electric bill and may decrease the GHG footprint of the mobile operator. However, it is not the same to reduce the energy consumption at low-price time and high-price time in term of cost reduction.



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The Smart grid would have some special inclusions in their services to realize the BSs of mobile networks as special consumers. This can be applied through a special algorithm embedded in the management system. The key elements of the proposed architecture are :

- Smart meters ; - Renewable energy sources ; - Energy storages. Energy generated from renewable sources or

from the grid can be stored for later use. - Local energy controller ; - MNO energy controller


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PAGE 29

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Traffic and capacity for a site before and after load sharing RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOBILE NETWORK Loutfi Nuaymi

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PAGE 30

•  Traffic and capacity for a site (receiving traffic) before and after load sharing Algorithm

•  The capacity increase is due to interference reduction. RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRID IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOBILE NETWORK Loutfi Nuaymi

PAGE 31 PROPOSED ALGORITHM

•  Proposed algorithm: RE allocation à Switch-off BSs •  RE allocation is based on

electricity price and state of the storage

•  Efficiency switch-off: Candidate BSs are chosen for highest energy reduction •  Cost switch-off: Candidates BSs are chosen based on renewable energy allocation


CHAPITRE 2 : LOREM IPSUM

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INTEGRATING MOBILE NETWORKS, SMART GRID … /17 1 TITRE DE LA PRÉSENTATION - MENU « INSERTION / EN-TÊTE ET PIED DE PAGE » INTEGRATING MOBILE NETWORKS, SMART GRID AND RENEWABLE