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Edited by Ian K. Jennions Integrated Vehicle Health Management The Technology

Integrated Vehicle Health Management Integrated Vehicle ...Edited by Ian K. Jennions R-429 Jennions The third volume in the Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) series, this

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Page 1: Integrated Vehicle Health Management Integrated Vehicle ...Edited by Ian K. Jennions R-429 Jennions The third volume in the Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) series, this

Edited by Ian K. Jennions

R-429

Jennions

The third volume in the Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) series, this book focuses on the technology that actually supports the implementation of IVHM in real-life situations.

It follows two bestsellers, also published by SAE International, Integrated Vehicle Health Management: Perspectives on an Emerging Field, and Integrated Vehicle Health Management: Business Case Theory and Practice.

Written collaboratively by twenty-seven authors of various backgrounds, Integrated Vehicle Health Management: The Technology addresses in depth the following areas:

• Sensors,instrumentationandsignalprocessing• Faultdetectionanddiagnostics• Prognosticsandmetrics• Architecture• Datamanagement• Vehicle-levelreasoningsystems• System’sdesign• Applicationsanddisruptivetechnologies

Directedatindustryprofessionalsaswellasresearchersandstudents,Integrated Vehicle Health Management: The Technology is a must-have for those interested in this new, exciting field.

About the EditorIanK.JennionsisProfessorofIVHMandDirectoroftheIVHMCentre, Cranfield University, UK. His impressive career spans over 30 years. Having held senior positions at Rolls-Royce, ABB, and GE, his extensivebackgroundinvolvesworkonaerodynamics(CFD),heattransfer, combustion, mechanical design, and IVHM specifically related to gas turbine applications. In July of 2008, he joined Cranfield University to lead the newly formed IVHM Centre, contributing to both its educational and industrially focused research aspirations.

Integrated Vehicle Health Management The TechnologyEdited by Ian K. Jennions

Integrated Vehicle Health Management The Technology

Integrated Vehicle Health Management The Technology

Page 2: Integrated Vehicle Health Management Integrated Vehicle ...Edited by Ian K. Jennions R-429 Jennions The third volume in the Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) series, this

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix

Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.3 Book Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.4 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Chapter 2 Sensors, Instrumentation, and Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62.2 Overview of Measurement Systems and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62.3 Sensors and Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72.4 Analog-to-Digital Conversion and Associated Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.5 Instrumentation Choice for an IVHM System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162.6 Feature Extraction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192.7 Case Study—Machine Fault Simulator Unbalance Localization . . . . . . .212.8 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Chapter 3 Data-Driven Anomaly Detection and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283.2 System Modeling and Residuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283.3 Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293.4 Putting It All Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453.5 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Chapter 4 Prognostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504.2 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514.3 Damage Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514.4 Prognostic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514.5 Damage Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514.6 Prognosis and Uncertainty Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514.7 Prognostic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534.8 Measuring Prognostics Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574.9 Electro-Mechanical Actuator Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

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4.10 Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Chapter 5 IVHM Assessment Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.1 Measuring IVHM Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .725.2 IVHM Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735.3 The Challenge of Data Availability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .855.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865.5 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Chapter 6 IVHM Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .906.2 Background on IVHM and Avionics Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .916.3 Design Guidelines for OCBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946.4 IVHM Functional Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .966.5 The Avionics Architecture That Includes IVHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .976.6 Hardware Technologies That Enable OCBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .986.7 Software Architecture That Enables OCBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1026.8 On-Ground Network Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1096.9 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116.10 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Chapter 7 Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167.2 System Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177.3 Data Processing and Fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197.4 Data Reduction and Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1267.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1367.6 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Chapter 8 Vehicle-Level Reasoning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1398.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1408.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1408.3 Defining VLRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1428.4 VLRS Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1478.5 Standards for VLRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1488.6 Example: Emerging VLRS Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1488.7 Economic and Safety Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1528.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1538.9 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

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Chapter 9 IVHM System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1579.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1589.2 Requirements and Specification Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1589.3 Development of Prognostics Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1619.4 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1629.5 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1709.6 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1749.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1759.8 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Chapter 10 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17710.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17810.2 SHM for Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17810.3 Rotating Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19310.4 The Application of IVHM in Motorsport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20110.5 Prognostics and Health Management for Wind Turbines. . . . . . . . . . .208

Chapter 11 Disruptive Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23511.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23611.2 Sensor Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23611.3 Wireless Data Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24211.4 Subsystem Application Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24611.5 System-Level Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25111.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255

Chapter 12 Summary and Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Appendix: Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

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