Integrated Urban Mass Transit System for Sustainable Development

8/4/2019 Integrated Urban Mass Transit System for Sustainable Development

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1

Presented by Prof. S.L. Dhingra

Transportation Systems Engineering,Department of Civil Engineering,

IIT Bombay

“First Indo-US Symposium on Advances in Mass

Transit and Travel Behavior Research (MTTBR-

08)”, IIT Guwahati, February 12-15, 2008.

Integrated Urban Mass Transit

System for Sustainable Development



2

Overview

Introduction

Vision Statement

Sustainable Development Concept

Integration of mass Transit modes for Sustainable Development

Parameters Required for Efficient Integration

An Example of Singapore Integration

Case Study – Mumbai (India)

Other Policy measures for Sustainable development

Intelligent Transportation System

Alternative Fuels

Conclusions



3

Introduction

Growth of population

Growth of vehicles

Horizontal Growth of towns and cities (Urban Sprawl)

Limitation of mobility of the vehicular traffic in town

Congestion / Delays

Environmental Pollution

Safety

Parking

Disaster Management – (ITS area)



4

Census Year Number ofUAs/Towns

Urban Population(in million)

Level ofUrbanization %

1901 1827 25.85 10.84

1911 1815 25.20 10.29

1921 1949 28.08 11.18

1931 2072 33.45 11.99

1941 2250 44.15 13.86

1951 2843 62.44 17.29

1961 2365 78.93 17.57

1971 2590 109.11 19.91

1981 3378 159.46 23.34

1991 3368 217.71 25.72

Source: Census of India Report

Urbanisation trends in INDIA



5

Growth of population of 35 largest cities in India

S.No. City 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991

1 Greater Bombay

29.7 41.5 59.7 82.4 125.7

2 Calcutta 46.7 59.8 74.2 91/9 109.23 Delhi 14.4 23.6 36.5 57.3 83.84 Madras 15.4 19.4 31.7 42.7 53.65 Hy

derabad 11.3 12.5 18.0 25.5 42.86 Bang

lore 7.9 12.1 16.6 29.2 40.97 Ahmedabad 8.8 12.1 17.5 25.5 33.18 Pune 6.1 7.9 11.4 16.9 24.8

9 Kanp

ur 7.1 9.7 12.8 16.4 20.310 Lucknow 5.0 6.6 8.1 10.1 16.711 Nag

pur 4.9 6.9 9.3 13.0 16.612 Surat 2.4 3.2 4.9 9.1 15.213 Jaip

ur 3.0 4.1 6.4 10.2 15.214 Kochi 1.8 2.9 5.1 6.9 11.415 Coimbatore 2.9 4.5 7.4 9.2 11.416 Vadodara 2.1 3.1 4.7 7.4 11.317 Indore 3.1 3.9 5.6 8.3 11.118 Patna 3.3 4.1 5.5 9.2 11.019 Madurai 3.7 4.9 7.1 9.1 10.920 Bhop

al 1.0 2.2 3.8 6.7 10.621 Vishakhap

attnam 1.1 2.1 3.6 6.0 10.522 Ludhiy

ana 1.5 2.4 4.0 6.1 10.423 Varanasi 3.7 5.1 6.4 8.0 10.3

All figures are in lakhsSource: Census of India



6

S No. Cities 2001

24 Agra 13.21

25 Meerat 11.7

26 Nashik 11.5

27 Jabalpur 11.2

28 Jamshedpur 11.029 Asansol 11.0

30 Dhanbad 10.6

31 Faridabad 10.5

32 Allahabad 10.133 Amritsar 10.5

34 Vijayawada 10.1

35 Rajkot 10.0

All figures are in Lakhs

Growth of population of 35 largest cities in India



7Total Registered Motor Vehicles In India: 1951-98

Year All vehicles Twowheelers

Cars,Jeepand Taxis

Buses GoodsVehicles

Others

1951 306 27 159 34 82 4

1956 426 41 203 47 119 16

1961 665 88 310 57 168 42

1966 1099 226 456 73 259 85

1971 1865 576 682 94 343 170

1976 2700 1057 779 15 351 398

1981 5391 268 1160 162 554 8971986 10577 6245 1780 227 863 1462

1991 21374 14200 2954 331 1356 2533

1992 23507 15661 3205 358 1514 2769

1993 25505 17183 3361 364 1603 2994

1994 27660 18899 3569 392 1691 3109

1995 30295 20831 3841 423 1794 3406

1996 33783 23252 4204 449 2031 3847**

1997 3731 25693 4662 488 2260 4128**

1998 40939 28342 5056 535@ 2529 4477

Others include tractors, trailors, three wheelers(passenger vehicles) and other miscellaneous vehicles which arenot separately classified.

** Excludes light motor vehicles (three wheelers and four wheelers) which have been shown under goods vehicles.@ Includes omni buses.



8Total Registered Motor Vehicles InMetropolitan Cities of India (1992-98)

Metro Cities 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Ahmedabad 419 449 478 510 572 631 686

Banglore 605 654 716 796 900 972 1130

Bhopal 144 154 165 179 223 242 237

Calcutta 497 517 545 561 588 588 664

Chennai 604 641 689 768 812 890 975

Cochin 32 36 42 52 197 226 NA

Coimbatore 74 93 115 172 241 256 310

Delhi 1963 2097 2239 2432 2630 2848 3033

Hayderabad 485 520 543 557 764 769 887Indore 238 253 267 289 325 361 399

Jaipur 292 314 339 368 405 449 492

Kanpur 186 196 209 223 247 247 282

Lucknow 235 249 266 282 303 331 360

Ludhiyana 220 238 258 291 321 359 NA

Madurai 42 50 57 81 117 122 156

Mumbai 647 546 608 667 724 797 860Nagpur 168 176 185 198 213 239 270

Patna 191 197 201 209 220 220 245

Pune 296 313 331 358 412 468 527

Surat 223 243 271 301 331 362 399

Badodara 179 193 212 235 275 332 361

Varanasi 126 135 146 157 169 184 199

Vishakhapatnam

163 163 165 183 201 207 219Data relates to distict N.A: Not Available



9

Introduction (Contd.)

Developing countries like India, where urbanization and motorisation trends are on

the increase, mass transit systems like commuter rails and bus transportation are

mostly unavoidable

An integrated transportation strategy is most needed so that these modes oftransport are integrated efficiently to facilitate the sustainable transportation



10

Vision Statement

To ensure easily accessible, safe, affordable,

quick, comfortable, reliable and sustainable

mobility for all in our towns and cities



11

Proposed Policies Approaches

Attempts to take care of prolonged energy crisis (depletion of oil reserves)

Attending to the problems of Increased number and sizes of towns & cities

and constant increase/explosion in motorized cities

Augment the urban circulation space leading to constant decrease in

congestion/delays and pollution levels

Use of alternate fuels will accelerate the development of further-

generations of vehicular technologies using hybrid/fuel cell powered eco-

friendly vehicles (30%-40%)

To encourage High capacity Transit vehicles.



12

Transportation of rural India through provision of total connectivity along withplanned job creation ,will arrest migration to cities (20-30%).

Exploitation of communication and information technologies, will help to work

from houses (30-40%) leading to reduction in travel demand in cities.

All the future small and big cities will need eco-friendly mass transportation

facilities (PRT,LRT,IPT,MRT)

For all these, an efficient institutional set-up constitutionally empowered to do

the neighbourhood planning along the integrated demand -oriented well plannedmass transit systems corridors to make the future cities better places to live,

work and invest in

Proposed Policies Approaches



13

Common-carrier Urban Passenger Transport with fixed routes & schedules

Available for use by all persons who pay the established fares

They are described as fixed route and fixed schedule service

Mass Transit



14

Street

Transit

Semi rapid

Transit

Rapid Transit

Mass Transit Modes

Special

Transit

Mini Bus

Regular Bus

Double-DeckerBus

Articulated Bus

Express Bus

Trolley Bus

Tramways

Guided Bus

Battery Operated Bus

Semi rapid Bus

Light Rail Transit Maglev

Monorails

Water BorneTransport

AGT

RTR

RRT

RGR



15

Sustainable Development Concept

Sustainability achieved for both social & physical systems by satisfying

present needs without compromising need of future generations

Our transportation decisions and investments today should expand, and not

limit to the economic, ecological, and social choices available to future

generations

Sustainable TransportSupportive system of conveying people & goods which has ability to bear

the traffic volume for long time both quantitatively & qualitatively



16

Air Pollution in Mumbai

Sectorwise distribution of Pollution:

Transport 64%

Power 04%

Domestic 15%

Industrial 17%

Ambient Air Quality at Mahim Junction

8090 – 107Nox

2001144 – 3170SPM

8043 – 120SO2

Limits(µgm/Nm3)

Observed(µgm/Nm3)

Item



17

Moving Towards Sustainability

Smoother traffic flow and reduced congestion

Reduced fuel consumption

Reduced emissions

Encourage use of public transport

Improve highway safety

Reduced delays and increased efficiency



18

Main Components of Sustainable Development

Land use Planning and Transportation Infrastructure is the

central idea of sustainable development Concept

Environ-mental

EnvironEnviron--

mentalmental

EconomicEconomicEconomic SocialSocialSocial

PoliticalPoliticalPolitical Demogra-

phic

DemograDemogra--

phicphic

Regulation

Laws

RegulationLaws

Technology

FuelsTechnology

Fuels

EquityEquity

Air PollutionAir Pollution

Health

Implications

Health

Implications

Investment

in Transp.

Infrastructure

Investment

in Transp.

Infrastructure

Land Use

PlanningPolicies

Land Use

PlanningPolicies

Pricing & Policies tosupport Transp.

Pricing & Policies to

support Transp.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : MAIN COMPONENTS & INDICATIVE ISSUESSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : MAIN COMPONENTS & INDICATIVE ISSUESSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : MAIN COMPONENTS & INDICATIVE ISSUES



19

One of the great uncertainties of EIA

Taken as 1 % of the project cost

May vary as per size of the projects

For small projects it may be 5 -10 % of the project cost

Large projects it may go down to 0.1 – 0.5 %

Cost of EIA



20

SPARTACUS System

SPARTACUS – System for Planning &

Research in Towns and Cities for Urban

Sustainability

Funded by European Commission

Tested in : Helsinki (Finland), Bilbao

(Spain), Naples (Italy)

Essentially adds Environmental &

societal parameters in old system

(Source: http:// www.ltcon.fi/spartacus/ )

Old System

SPARTACUS System

Environment Society



21

Spartacus System

1000 m2/1000 inh./aERCM

Consumptions of

construction material

%pointsERLCLand coverage

1000 t/1000 inh./aERMO

Consumption of

mineral oil productsConsumption of

natural resources

t/1000inh./aEAOC

Emissions of organic

Compounds from

transport

Meq/1000inh./aEAAT

Emissions of acidifying

cases from transport

t/1000 in h/aEAGTEmissions of greenhouse gases from

transport

Air Pollution

Environmental indicators



22

%pointsSESSegregation

-SEJNJustice of exposure to

noise

-SEJDJustice of exposure to

CO

-SEJPJustice of exposure to

particular

Equity

#1000inh./aSHTITraffic injuries

#1000inh./aSHTDTraffic deaths

%pointsSHENExposure to noise in theliving environment

%pointsSHENExposure to carbon

monoxide in the living

environment

%pointsSHEDExposure to nitrogendioxide in the living

environment

%points

SHEPExposure to particulate

matter in the living

environment

Health

Social indicators



23

Economic indicatorsECU/capita/aTotal benefit

t/1000inh./a

EAOCEmissions of

organic

Compounds from

transport

Meq/1000inh./a

EAATEmissions of

acidifying cases

from transport

t/1000 inh/aEAGTEmissions of

greenhouse gases

from transport

Opportunities

Social indicators



24

Methodology for EIA: Intra-city Projects

During

• Construction

• Operation

Impacts

Travel

Economic

Social

Environmental / Ecological

Sectoral Level

Programmatic Level (Replicable projects)

Project Level (Micro level)



25

Concept of Integrated City Growth

Multi-Focus Growth/ Multi Central Business District

Availability of Mass Public Transit at walking distances

Intelligent Transport system for increased efficiency of Public Transport

Well-planned Land use Policies favoring Clustered development

Use of Alternative fuels and electric vehicles for improved environmental

Implications

Planning of enough natural landscapes within the city area

Provisions of walk ways and bicycle lanes



26

Integration of Transportation Modes

(Essential Input in Integrated City Growth)



27

an integrated transportation strategy is most needed so that these modes oftransport work together efficiently to facilitate the sustainable transportation

by supporting the system of conveying people & goods which has ability to

bear the traffic volume for long time both quantitatively & qualitatively

Integration for Sustainable Development



28

Demand is sliced in each mode with route integration

Proposed integrated systems can

• drastically reduce the time of travel for the cross railway stations

• increase the accessibility of the system

• increase the safety of users

• reduce the fuel consumption and emissions

• reduce operation cost and user cost

• be proved environmentally, economically and socially viable

Similar approach can be implemented to other growing or mega cities of

India

Advantages of the Integration



29

Types of Public Transit Integration

Physical integration, in terms of integrating transport modes like rails, BEST buses and

Para transit etc. at the intermediate points or at the terminals with interchange facilities

so that different modes can be switched over as per requirements & convenience

Institutional integration is an arrangement which can be established among policies of

different operating agencies like railways, BEST authorities, local transport unions etc.

so that they can work in unison

Operational integration is related in terms of scheduling and routing of different modes



30

Parameters Required for Efficient Integration

Information

Local Transport Forums

Routing and Scheduling of Transit Network

Availability of comprehensive and real time information before the journey, at the

start of the journey and during it to increase attractiveness of multi-modal journeys

Benefits of integration of varying transport modes can be recognized by theseforums which may also provide a very effective mechanism to focus spending of

funds and also enable effective consultation among the different transport groups

Planning of route network and operational planning of schedules is done by

modelling which is most important phase of integrated urban mass transit network

planning in a large urban area



31

Efficient Co-ordination at Transfer Points

Passengers can transfer freely and conveniently between transport modes

Demarcation of service areas for each mode, thereby minimizing duplication

Adjustments & interrelationships of schedules leading to operational integration

Joint fare structure.

Co-ordination implies presence of following attributes.

32



32Singapore

(Best Ex. of Integrated city Growth)

http://www.smrt.com.sg/

33



33

Example- Singapore

Supporting public transport and restricting the car usage altogether by providing

excellent customer care services, terminal & intermediate facilities

High quality, customer-oriented Bus transit that delivers fast, comfortable and low-

cost urban mobility & also space-efficient, eco- friendly mode of motorized travel

Enhanced Integrated Fare System

Bus shelters upgraded to enhance the safety, comfort and capacity

Bus interchanges integrated with the MRT station and commercial buildings

Covered link ways have been built to link MRT stations to buildings

Para-transit services are improved to supplement major public transport modes

34



34

Case Study

Proposed Integration in Mumbai

35



35

Brief Description of Study Area

Basic information on

MMR

Greater

Mumbai

Rest of

MMRAREA (Sq. Km.) 468 3,887

Population (inmillion) (Census 2001Provisional )

11.91 5.90

Villages (1991) Nil 982

MunicipalCorporations(December 2001)

1 6

Municipal Councils(December 2001)

Nil 13

Motor vehicles in

March 2000 (in '000)

970 N A

Mass transport dailyone way trips (inmillions):

Bus (1998 - 99)Rail (1998 - 99)

4.85.4

N AN A

36



36

Greater Bombay

Island City

Western Suburbs Eastern Suburbs

37



37

Suburbs

38



38

Island City

39



39

Urban transport in Mumbai is based on suburban trains, BEST, taxis, three

wheelers & private vehicles

Bombay Suburban Train Service (BSTS) accounts for more than 20% of

passengers’ traffic carried by entire Indian Railway system

In peak hours, there are about 4500 to 5400 passengers on a train against the

capacity 1750 (load factor=3.5)

Limited road space and heavy growth in traffic has resulted into traffic congestion,

reduced travel speed and poor level of service

Large no of commuters are forced to walk for longer distances also from railway

stations to their destinations

Lack of co-ordination between public transit modes has led to very high

individuals’ travel time and out of vehicle time which further leads to commuter

dissatisfaction

Why Proposed Integration in Mumbai?

40



40

Transport Modes for Integration

Passenger water Transport

Twin railway corridor (WR & CR)

Proposed Master Plan for Mumbai Metro

Existing BEST bus routes

Proposed High Tech Bus Transit system

New concept of A-G-V MRTS /Sky Bus / LRT

Environment friendly Battery Powered Electrical Vehicles

Electric Trolley Bus

Integration of existing /proposed rail and bus transport along with a

sustainable solution

41



41

Advantages of the Integration

Integration as an experiment basis is proposed such that the pollution and

travel cost can be minimized and comfort and convenience can be maximized

coordination between BEST buses & suburban railway system will ensure a

well-integrated system which will take care of entire journey of commuters

The transfer time at railway stations will be reduced

A shift of passenger from private & intermediate transport to public transport

Reduction in congestion & delay, energy saving and better level of service.

Hence the fantasy of sustainable transport could be realized

42



42

Proposed Integration ofAndheri-Ghatkopar route

Andheri

Ghatkopar

43



43

Integration on the proposed Versova-Andheri-Ghatkoper LRT Metro with other

existing and proposed public modes of transport

Influence area of each railway station will be free from presence of any other

railway station, and then feeder routes should be developed so that duplication of

travel by train and bus will be avoided

If a node appears in influence area of one station, its connection from other railwaystation should be discouraged

The battery-powered emission-free mini buses are proposed to be used, to bring

the passengers from their homes to the nearest metro or suburban railway stations

within the influence area of the station

Every railway station should have a bus depot in its vicinity so that buses can start

from railway stations to the selected destinations and are not interfered by autos

will lead to easily transfer of passengers and reduction in environmental pollution

Details of the Integration

44



44

Proposed

Integration

in Mumbai

Andheri

Ghatkopar

45S



45Sub urban rail network

Metro railnetwork

Road network

Composite Network Layer

46

S S



SKY BUS View

47

Ad f Sk B



Integration of Sky Bus & Battery powered vehicle with existing system• Leading to sustainability

– reduce the vehicular dependence, pollution, fuel consumption

– economic

– no social problems

Advantages of Sky Bus Fast transportation and good capacity

No land acquisition problems

No vandalism

Fire protection and no capsizing

No run over accidents

Deep penetration and no interference with normal road traffic

Low capital cost: 50% of elevated rail system & 25% of

underground metro for same performance standards

No air or noise pollution

48



High Tech Bus Transit System

49

Hi h t h B T it S t



It incorporates most of the high-quality aspects of metro

systems without the high investments

It uses available space on arterial roads of cities with

dedicated bus-ways

It utilizes modern technologies for optimizing flow, passenger

movement, ticketing, bus scheduling, and traffic signal priority

High-tech Bus Transit System

50

The High tech Bus Transit System (HBTS)



Exclusive Travel-Ways for buses ??

Modern Buses

Rapid boarding and alighting

Efficient fare collection

Comfortable and efficient shelters and stations

??

Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS)

?? Automatic tracking of buses

Efficient fleet management

Optimized schedules and routes

The High-tech Bus Transit System (HBTS)

51

Th HCBS P ll ti Ch t i ti



The HCBS Pollution Characteristics

Emissions:

Modern LPG buses have lesser air and noise emission than the

traditional diesel buses

Electronic Trolley Buses (ETB) have no emission from the tailpipe

and are the quietest transit mode

52

The HBTS Services



The HBTS Services

Dedicated bus service

Runs along the main line, with all stops & provides frequentservice over the entire day

Express bus service

Runs in residential area, & then enters the main line at a

convenient point with fewer stops on the main line, may be

operated only in peak hours

Local bus service

The most common bus service, halts at all the stops

53



Delhi Metro

Bangalore Metro

Hyderabad Metro

Mumbai Metro

Chennai Metro

Kolkata Metro

54

Delhi Metro



Delhi Metro

55

Modal Utility Functions



EM Metro

Metro

V V

V

ee

e EM Metro ) / Pr(

VMetro = WTMetro + TTMetro + TCMetro + DCMetro + CONST

VEM = WTEM + TTEM + TCEM + DCEM

Pr(Metro / EM ) = probability of shifting to Metro mode conditioned onexisting mode (EM ),VMetro = deterministic component of utility of Metro mode,VEM = deterministic component of utility of Existing Mode,

WT = waiting time,TT = travel time,TC = travel cost,DC = discomfort,

, , , = parameters to be estimated using SP data, and CONST = constant that explains the unobserved effects.

Modal Utility Functions

56Metro Salient Features



Metro Salient Features

1. Average Journey Speed 33Kmph2. Cost of Travel will be comparable to BEST

Fare3. Trains will be provided at a convenient

headway of 3 min.4. Comfortable Standing in A/c environment is

assured5. State-of-art computerized ticketing system

State-of-art safety systems1. Automatic door closing

with safety precaution2. Power Back-up Facility3. Fire-resistant Coaches4. Emergency Wireless

passenger and drivercommunication system

57EIA Related Issues During Construction



e ated ssues u g Co st uct o

Cutting of Trees

Drainage of waste water from construction

activities.

Disposal of soil coming out of Tunneling &

other excavations..

Noise pollution caused by const.

machinery

Handling of traffic around the site

Air & noise Pollution by vehicles

used in construction activities

Water, telephone and electricity lines

Effort has been taken to avoid all above issues in Const. & Operation of Delhi Metro

58

EIA Issues During Operation



EIA Issues During OperationRegular and emergency air- exhaust facilities.

Fire protection.

Easy and efficient mob-dispersal facilities. Safety of passengers including emergency evacuation etc.

Ventilation and illumination in case of power failure.

59

Delhi Metro An Eco friendly Project



For every tree cut, 10 trees are planted as compensatory afforestation

Around 26000 trees have been planted

A detailed EIA in 1994 to minimize negative impacts of project during construction

Storm water drains identified for drainage of wastewater from construction

Sites earmarked at convenient locations for disposal of soil

Close check on air & noise pollution during construction

Rehabilitation & fire protection measures

Sites covered by the boundaries

Delhi Metro – An Eco- friendly Project

60

Other Policy Measures for Sustainable



Other Policy Measures for SustainableDevelopment

SPARTACUS System of Planning

Intelligent Transportation System

Alternative Fuels & Electric Vehicles

Environmental Impact Assessment

Institutional Capacity Building

61



Intelligent Transportation Systems

(Important Input for Efficient Transportation Planning)

62ITS



Combines telecommunications, computers, sensing, and electronicstechnology

Provides real-time data and traffic information

ITS is the application of modern computer and communication

technologies to improve

safety

mobility

air quality and productivity of personal and commercial travel

ITS(Intelligent Transportation Systems)

63

ITS



Geographical Information System (GIS)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Mobile Communications (MC)

ITS

Information Technology

64

Media and Systems

ITS



Digital Maps

Smart Cards

Radio Frequency Identifiers

Computers & Sensors

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)

Media and SystemsITS

Media and System

65

Benefits of ITS



Improved Safety/Accident

Better Traffic Flow

Lower Travel Cost

Better Environment Quality

Increased Business Activity

Faster Construction Cost Recovery

Greater User Acceptance

Better Travel Information

Better Planning Information

Benefits of ITS

ITS in Transit (Conceptual Layout)



$RTA

OR

ITS in Transit (Conceptual Layout)

Advanced Public Transit Systems

Vehicle

Diagnostics

Automated

Vehicle Location

and Vehicle

IdentificationAutomated Fare

Collection and

Passenger

Counting

Driver

Information Display

Silent Alarm

Adaptive Signal Timing andCommunication Control

RouteDestination

Display

Smart Card Reader

67

Surveillance System



Inductive Loops Detection System

Close Circuit Television (CCTV)

Wide Area Video Detection System

Traffic Detection

Infrared Laser Detection System

Surveillance System

Traffic Signal Control



Traffic Signal Control

Incident Management



Incident Management

Emergency Management



Emergency Management

Electronic Toll Collection



Electronic Toll Collection

Real Time Traveler information



Real Time Traveler information

73

ITS enable key Route Bus



ITS enable key Route Bus

74

Fare collection system



Fare collection system

75

Automatic Vehicle Location



Automatic Vehicle Location

76

Automatic Ticketing Gates (Sky Bus)



Automatic Ticketing Gates (Sky Bus)

77

Incident Command Centre



Incident Command Centre

Traffic Incident 1 Traffic Incident 2

Control Room

IncidentCommand

Law & TrafficPolice

EmergencyMedical Services

Fire & RescueServices

Control Rescue &Maintenance Services

78

Examples of ITS



a p es o S

Smart Road Project (VTI)

Smart Vehicles (Germany)

Rail-cum-road service coordination (Toronto / Asiad ’82 )

Smart network reliability information system

Intelligent parking system (Ex. Yokohama)

Intelligent route guidance ( Ex. Tokyo)

79

Examples of ITS (India)



Intelligent bridge (BWSL)

Mumbai- Pune Expressway

Smart registration (RTO – Mumbai)

GIS/GPS based traveler info. System (Ex. Reliance trucking,

Germany, Australia.)

Signal Coordination using TRANSYT (Ex. Mantralaya & Bandra in

Mumbai), SCAT/SCOOT

SCOOT (New Delhi) but should be with bus priority

Sky Bus

p ( )

80

Mumbai BEST Buses & City Cabs



- GPS System soon

Source: TOI dated 14/09/2004 & 11/09/2004

Vision Mumbai Project:

are planning to introduce a modernized taxi service

by introducing

GPS and two-way radio communication to help them navigate

Collaboration with Japanese firm and Indian companies is under process

for purchase the vehicles and lease them out to drivers

81

Mumbai City Cabs - GPS System soon



Source: TOI dated 14/09/2004

Source: TOI dated 11/09/2004

82



Alternative Fuels for Integrated &

Sustainable city Growth

83

Alternative Fuels



Definition

Fuels derived from non – crude oil resources

e. g. All vehicular fuel other than petrol and diesel

Example includes CNG, methanol, biodiesel, hydrogen and electricity

Why alternative fuels are important

Cost effective reduction in harmful emissions

Better environment

Reduced health risks

84

Compressed Natural Gas



p

As a transportation fuel, natural gas, a fossil fuel, is compressed

Compression decreases storage vol. to obtain operating range

High octane rating hence good spark ignition engine fuel

Storage at sub zero temp. needs high insulation materials

Contributes to Global Warming when released in

atmosphere

Decreased specific power output of vehicles

Hurts vehicle acceleration due to heavy weight

Disadvantages

85

CNG may be Polluting !!



y g

86

Mutagenicity via Modified Ames Assay



g y y

87

Bio-Diesel



Transesterfied vegetable oil derived from oils of plants & animals

Plant sources – Mahua, Jatropha, Neem, Castor etc.

Similar to diesel fuels with same physical characteristics

Biodegradable fuel, devoid of sulphur and low in emissions

India’s oil import bill is expected to be Rs. 217,000 crores this year

as compared to Rs. 97,000 crores last year

Over 2 lakhs families in Chattisgarh will cultivate 20 million tonnes

of bio-diesel by 2005

The state has produced 30,000 tonnes of jatropha seeds last year

which were distributed throughout the country

88Methanol



Produced from coal & natural gas

Made either by steam formation of Natural gas or municipal waste

Much higher octane rating than typical gasoline

Higher compression ratio & increased thermal efficiency

Hydrogen can be generated which is used for fuel cell

Lower energy density

Contact with metals & alloys may cause corrosion Fuel hoses made of elastomers get hardened & cracked

Disadvantages

Source: Indian Journal of Transport Management (2004)

89

Ethanol



Produced from fermentation technology

Sugarcane can be a good manufacturing source

Reduced emission of NOx, CO, smoke & SPM

High octane rating

Either blended with petrol or used as complete replacement

Soluble in water hence storage & handling problem

Production of Acetaldehyde leads to ground level ozone formation

Disadvantages

Source: Indian Journal of Transport Management (2004)

90

Battery Powered Electric Vehicle



smokeless, noiseless, oil free

low maintenance vehicle with recurring savings of petrol or diesel

keep environment clean

ideally suited as public transport in congested areas, hospitals,

schools, places of historic importance

91

IIT Bombay’s Electric Vehicle



IIT Bombay’s Beloved Tum Tum …

Times of India (24th March, 2002)

92Summary



Definition & Elements of Sustainable Transport are discussed

Tried to achieve the goal of Sustainable development

Various policy measures for sustainable transport planning have

been considered and discussed

Methodology for EIA have been developed in the light of sustainabledevelopment

Master Planning for Mumbai was discussed

Prioritization of Metro Corridors for detailed engineering and Execution

Integration of the Mass Transit systems is stressed

Minimization of the negative impacts and Maximisation of positive Benefits

93

Summary



Intelligent transport systems can add to the efficiency of transportationfacilities

Integration of transportation systems is indispensable for sustainabledevelopment

Environmental Impact assessment and alternative fuels can take care of theenvironmental implications of the transportation systems

Target through MUTP-II Load Factor on Sub-urban Trains from 3.5 to 2.5Additionally integrated with Metro Load Factor on Sub-urban Trains to 1.5All these measures resulting into a sustainable development making cities

better places to work, live and invest .

94

Conclusions



Awareness of sustainable development issues has resulted in a trend towards

planned & integrated multimodal transport development

An efficient integrated system will reduce private & intermediate transport and

reduce delay due to congestion & a better level of service can be maintained

Improving performance of different modes will achieve goals of sustainable

development

Integrated city growth favours the idea of Smart growth & adopts concepts like

Integration of modes, ITS, integrated land use transportation planning, alternative

fuels etc.

A suitably designed integrated urban mass transit network with state-of-the-art

interchange facility will ensure safe, convenient, comfortable & less time

consuming travel with no extra pressure on one transport mode

95

Conclusions (contd.)



Planned horizontal expansion of cities but to a limited extent

Transformation of rural India through provision of total connectivity along

with planned job creation ,will prevent migration to cities (20-30%)

Exploitation of communication and information technologies, will help

to work from houses (30-40%) will reduce in travel demand in cities

Integrated demand – oriented, well- planned and eco-

friendly mass transit systems corridors supported by ITS to

make future cities better places to live, work & invest in

96



Transportation Systems EngineeringDepartment of Civil Engineering

IIT Bombay

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Documents

Integrated Urban Mass Transit System for Sustainable Development