INTEGRATED STRESS RESPONSE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

Dr. Amel Eassawi

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STRESS

• It’s a generalized, nonspecific response of the body to any factor that overwhelms, or threatens to overwhelm, the body’s compensatory abilities to maintain homeostasis.

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STRESS

Types of Stress:1. Physical (trauma, surgery, intense heat or cold). 2. Chemical (reduced O2 supply, acid-base imbalance). 3. Physiological (heavy exercise hemorrhagic shock, pain).4. Infectious (bacterial invasion). 5. Psychological or Emotional (anxiety, fear, sorrow). 6. Social (personal conflicts, change in lifestyle).

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ACTION OF A STRESSOR ON THE BODY

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STRESS

Eustress comes from good sources; (+) stressIt arises at points of increased physical activity,

enthusiasm, creativity and when motivation and inspiration is needed.

Examples:Winning the lotteryPassing an exam

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STRESS

Distresscomes from bad sources; (-) stressthe stress that the mind and body undergoes

when the normal routine is constantly adjusted and altered.

Ex: being carnapped holdapped and kidnapped all in a day

There are actually two types of distress: acute stress and chronic stress.

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STRESS

Acute stress Usually for short time and may be due to work

pressure, meeting deadlines pressure or minor accident, over exertion, increased physical activity, searching something but you misplaced it, or similar things.

Symptoms of this type of tension are headaches, back pain, stomach problems, rapid heartbeat, muscle aches or body pain.

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STRESS

Chronic Stress Prolonged stress that exists for weeks, months, or

even years. This stress is due to poverty, broken hearts, stressed families and failed marriages, chronic illness and successive failures in life.

People suffering from this type of stress get used to it and may even not realize that they are under chronic stress.

It is very harmful to their health.

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STRESS RESPONSE

General adaptation syndrome, or GAS(FIGHT or FLIGHT system)• Universal response to the stressors • Involved two major systems of the body, the

nervous system and the endocrine (or hormonal) system.

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STRESS RESPONSE

Three distinctive stages :Stage 1: Alarm Reaction (AR)• The immediate reaction to a stressor (physical

or psychological) • The body releases adrenaline and a variety of

other psychological mechanisms to combat the stress and to stay in control that is, to bring about the fight or flight response.

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STRESS RESPONSEFight or Flight Responses:• Increased heart rate• Constriction of blood vessels of most viscera and skin• Dilation of blood vessels of heart, lungs and skeletal

muscles• Contraction of spleen• Conversion of glycogen into glucose in liver• Sweating• Dilation of airways• Decrease in digestive activities• Water retention and elevated blood pressure

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STRESS RESPONSE

Stage 2: Stage of Resistance (SR)• Might also be named the stage of adaptation,

instead of the stage of resistance• During this phase, if the stress continues, the

body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to• Changes at many levels take place in order to

reduce the effect of the stressor

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STRESS RESPONSEResistance Responses:Cortisol• Lypolysis (breakdown of fat stored in fat cells )• Glyconeogenesis (metabolic pathway that results in the

generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids)

• Protein catabolism• Sensitive blood vessels• Reduce inflammationIGF• Lipolysis• Glycogenolysis (the catabolism of glycogen by cleavage of a

glucose monomer through cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce glucose-1-phosphate)

TH• increased use of glucose to produce ATP

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STRESS RESPONSE

Stage 3: Stage of Exhaustion (SE)• The body has run out of its reserve of body energy

and immunity. • Mental, physical and emotional resources suffer

heavily. • Body experiences "adrenal exhaustion". • Blood sugar levels decrease as the adrenals become

depleted, leading to decreased stress tolerance, progressive mental and physical exhaustion, illness and collapse.

• In both cases, your body can not adapt and thus exhaustion follows.

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SUMMARY OF STRESS RESPONSE !?

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Components of Nervous SystemDuring the Stress Response

1. Hypothalamus2. Pituitary gland

-anterior-posterior

3. Adrenal gland-medulla-cortex

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HYPOTHALAMUS

Regulates homeostatic functions:-body temperature-thirst/urine output-food intake

Influences emotional and behavioral patterns-changes physiological responses basedon emotional stimuli (ie: anxiety - heartbeat)

Links the nervous system with the endocrine system-anterior pituitary-posterior pituitary

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ENDOCRINE RESPONSE Start of response: • Hypothalamus – detects stress begins alarm

phase Autonomic Nervous System - provides the rapid

response to stress commonly known as the fight or flight response

- engages sympathetic division of the nervous system

Sympathetic nerves release adrenaline

Adrenaline Rush effects….

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In cases of blood lost from injury, kidneyhelp minimize loss..How?1. Hypothalamus release (1.)antidiuretics hormone

(ADH)Purpose: to make the kidney take water from the urine and put it back into the blood

2. Adrenal glands can also make the kidneys move fluid from the urine back into the blood.

CORRECT WHATEVER IS CAUSING THE STRESS

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CORRECT WHATEVER IS CAUSING THE STRESS

Renin - release by the kidney when their blood supply is reduced during alarm phase.

Renin + other protein in the blood = angiotensin (which means "blood vessel constricting").

Aldosterone – release by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland due to stimulation of angiotensin

- makes the kidneys secrete potassium into the urine and reabsorb sodium and water into the blood.

The hypothalamus and adrenal cortex work together in the resistance phase to replace lost blood volume and send food to damaged cells.

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STRESS CONTINUATION

To heal damaged cell: It uses up its stored glucose. It will need to use its

stored carbohydrates, fat, and proteins Hypothalamus and adrenal glands – serve as instructors A. Hypothalamus releases growth hormone

B. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol *Both of these hormones tell the body to release

stored compounds from body fat, muscles, and the liver.

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References

Human physiology, Lauralee Sherwood, seventh edition.

Text book physiology by Guyton &Hall,11th edition.

Text book of physiology by Linda .S .Costanzo third edition

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