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Integrated Pest Management

Lynda Garvin

Agriculture Agent

Sandoval County Cooperative

Extension

IPM

• Prevention

• Multiple methods

• Management vs eradication

• Looks at the big picture

• minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.

Mother Earth News

Integrated Pest Management

Best Defense:

• Healthy Soil

• Healthy Plants

• Diversity in plants

• Clean tools

• Remove weeds early

• Rotate veggie families

• Create habitat for beneficial insects

Attract Pollinators & Beneficials

• Early and late blooming plants (perennials too)

• Provide water • Provide shelter &

overwintering habitat – leaves, mulch, prunings, nesting boxes…

Flower Borders create Nectaries

Seed2Need Corrales

Small-flowered plants attract adults of many beneficial insects Plant along borders & within landscape

Sage (Salvia spp.)

sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima)

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http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H169.pdf Habitat Enhancements for larger Beneficials

Bird boxes

Barn owl boxes

Kestrel boxes

Bat boxes

Sunflower strips

Dr. Tess Grasswitz

Diseases, Insects, & Weeds

Best Management Tools

Diverse Planting is Key

• Prevents build up of insect, weed, and disease populations

• Confuse insects

• Adds variety to the garden and your plate

• Include nectary plants

Friend or Foe?

• Become familiar with the insects in your garden

• Support the good guys

• Remove the bad guys

• Need help with identification?

– Bring in sample, send a photo, home visit

Pocket Guide to the Beneficial Insects of New Mexico

Tessa R. Grasswitz New Mexico State University

Agricultural Science Center, Los Lunas, NM

David R. Dreesen Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Materials Center, Los Lunas, NM

http://aces.nmsu.edu/ipm/

IPM: Biological control

(NMSU IPM site: ‘IPM for Home Gardeners’ page)

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Insect Management

• Scout for insects

– At least twice a week

– Get down to plant level

– Look under leaves

– Check at dawn & dusk

• Beneficials

– Insects that help keep pest insect populations down

– Attract with flowers and habitat

Ground beetles

Rove beetles

Good Guys: predators

Examples: predatory beetles

Ladybird beetles (“Ladybugs”)

Big-eyed bug

Adult Nymph Adult Nymph Pirate bug

Adultt

Nymph

Nabid or damsel bug

Biological control: predators

• Tend to be ‘generalists’ • May be predatory in adult and/or immature stages

Dr. Tess Grasswitz

Good Guys: Natural enemies

Diseased caterpillar

Parasitic wasp

Predatory stink bug

BT Bacillus thurengiensis

Predator Pathogen

Parasitoid

IPM – Biological control

Can you recognize all the stages?

Green lacewing

Adult Eggs

Larva Pupa

Suck dry aphids and small caterpillars

IPM – Biological control

Don’t forget the parasitic wasps (and flies)!

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IPM – monitoring techniques Symptoms – leaf damage

Chewing damage – check suspect’s mouth parts

Chewing mouth parts

Sucking mouth parts

Dr. Tess Grasswitz

Leaf Damage

Earwig

Leaf Damage

Grasshopper

Leaf Damage

Flea Beetles

Leaf Damage

Leaf Miner

Leaf Damage

Thrips

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Leaf Damage

Spider mites

What to look for? Symptoms – sucking insects

Honeydew

Sooty mould

Dr. Tess Grasswitz

Ants tending aphids

Shutterfly

Aphids Thrips Leaf hopper

Aphids

• Do nothing: let the beneficials find them and establish their own populations

• Wash off with strong jet of water

• Treat with insecticidal soap

Natural Predators

Lady Bugs

Parasitic Wasp

Lacewing

Bad Guys Squash Bugs

Attack all cucurbits, squash preferred

• Eggs laid on underside leaf in characteristic V-shape

• Adults overwinter in crop debris (remove)

• Don’t mulch squash plants, it is a

nice hiding place for them

http://www.vegedge.umn.edu

http://www.ca.uky.edu

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Management

• Destroy eggs • Board traps

under plants • Don’t plant • Row covers • Early planting

summer squash • Late planting

winter squash • Don’t plant both

Beetles

• Weevils, Mexican bean beetles, flea beetles are pests. – Bt specific to

Colorado potato beetle: variety tenebrionis

– Neem, pyrethrum

Joran Viers

Mexican bean beetle damage, adult and larva.

Flea Beetles

• Healthy plants can out grow the damage

• Adults and larvae feed on leaves

• Overwinter in soil, wood crevices, under rocks

Management

• Row covers

• Remove weeds and plant debris at end of harvest

• Dust with diatomaceous earth

Thrips

• Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus • Rasping sucking mouth • Adult lays eggs leaf tissue • Attacked leaves bleached and

dry • Look for poop pellets and

white desiccated material left after feeding

• Like dry, wet up your plants • Insecticidal soap for heavy

infestation (rapid resistance) • Weed removal

Grasshoppers

• 160 species in NM

• Adults lay eggs in soil in fall (rain soften soil)

• Nymphs hatch spring & eat seedlings

• Row covers

• Nolo bait

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Tomato Hornworm

• Larvae burrow into soil to pupate over winter

• Hand remove caterpillars

Hawk moth

White Cabbageworm Moth

• Row covers

• Hand remove eggs and larvae

• Use BT (Bacillus thuringiensis)

• Handpick the big ones and feed to the hens.

• Trichogramma wasps parasitize eggs

(lots of different hosts)

• Bacillus thurengiensis (Bt) Apply at first sign of activity, re-apply as needed.

Joran Viers

Trichogramma wasp

Organic Pesticides

Broad spectrum organic

pesticides will kill

beneficial insects as well

as pests.

Organic ≠ Harmless

Before you treat

• Positively ID the pest

• Chose the most selective product

• Broad spectrum will kill pests and beneficials

• Use as a last resort

• Read and follow the label

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Diseases

• Dry climate

• Good garden sanitation

• Positive ID needed.

• Crop rotation and proper watering reduces fungal diseases

• Soil solarization

Diagnosing Plant Disorders

• Diagnosis is a team effort – Grower

– Submitting Agent

– Diagnostic Lab

• NMSU Plant Diagnostic Clinic: – http://plantclinic.nmsu.edu

– Forms and information for

submitting samples.

Free if submitted by Agent

– Publications, links, etc.

Soil Borne Diseases

Keep leaves and fruit from touching the soil

• Mulching

• Trellis

Beet Curly Top Virus Management Strategies

• Weed removal

• Kaolin Clay

• Leafhopper

exclusion

• Shading

Dr. Stephanie Walker

Root Knot Nematode

• Serious problem in sandy soil

• Usually reduces plant vigor /

yield

• May kill seedlings outright

• Limited control strategies:

Solarization

Crop rotation

Fallow rotation

http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/nematode/rootknot.aspx

Tomato roots: Healthy vs. RKN infected

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-knot_nematode

Dr. Stephanie Walker

Disorders: Poor Fruit Set

• Insect or disease pressure

• Temps below 50° pollinators not around

• Temps above 95° F will prevent pollination and cause blossom abortion

• Excessive nitrogen fertility can cause vigorous foliage but low fruit set

(all leaves, no fruit) Purdue extension

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Soil Solarization

• Non-chemical method to manage soil borne diseases,

pests, and weeds

• Perform during summer months, 4-6 weeks duration

• Moisten, cultivate, remove weeds in area to be

solarized

• Cover area with a clear

plastic and seal edges with soil

• Soil temperature under plastic

should reach a 130ºF minimum

http://polkmastergardener.ifas.ufl.edu/images/soil_solarized.jpg

Dr. Stephanie Walker

Integrated Weed Management

Use of more than one control option to manage weeds:

Cultural

Mechanical

Biological

Chemical

Best Management Tools

Get them young

Intensive Planting

• Dense vegetable canopy suppresses weeds

• Weeds invade open space

Farmer Krubo Siaza harvesting sweet potato greens

Remove Existing Weeds

• London Rocket harbors leaf hoppers over the winter that carry CTV

• Cut and mulch before they go to seed

• Put in garbage if they have seed heads

Mulching beds walkways

• Suppresses weed growth

• Easy to pull new weeds

• Cardboard, wood chips, pavers etc. in walkways

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Mechanical Practices

• Mowing

• Burning

• Hoeing

• Hand pulling

• Smothering/solarization

Biological Practices

• Use of livestock

• Insects – Gall mites for bindweed

• Pathogens

Perennial Weeds

• Harder to control

• Mulching can help;

• Repeated cultivation and/or flaming can help;

• Crop rotation

• Cover crops

• For bindweed: bindweed gall mite

Crop Rotation

• Helps maintain soil fertility

• Improves soil structure

• Manage soil borne diseases

• Reduces pests & weed populations

• Nutrient cycling

• Broccoli

• Kale

• Chard

• Cabbage

• Cauliflower

• Cucumbers

• Melons

• Squash & Gourds

• Tomato

• Potato

• Eggplant

• Chilies & peppers

• Peas

• Beans

Legumes Night-shade

Brassica Curcurbit

Rotation by Plant Family Varmints

Best garden insurance is a tight poultry wire fence with buried lip

• 1-inch-mesh wire 24 to 36 inches high

• Cut tall grass, weeds, and brush near the garden

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PUBLICATIONS INDEX

• What is Sustainable Agriculture? • Pest Management

• Horticultural Crops • Organic Farming

• Field Crops • Livestock & Pasture

• Soils & Compost • Marketing, Business & Risk Management

• Local Food Systems • Education

• Farm Start-Up • Illustrated Publications

• Energy Alternatives • Other Resources

• Water Management • Publicaciones en Español

Master Publication List

WWW.ATTRA.ORG

Rodale Institute Thank You

Lynda Garvin 867-2582 lgarvin@nmsu.edu