INTEGRATED M/E DESIGN

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INTEGRATED M/E DESIGN

BUILDING SYSTEMS

ENGINEERING

ANIL AHUJA Chief engineer, Building Systems, Mechanical and Electrical, The Austin Company

Des Plains, IL

m SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

in

Copyright © 1997 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1997

AII rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyright hereon maybe reproduced or used any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including phJtocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems -without the written permission of the publisher.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXX 01 00 99 98 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ahuja, Anii. Integrated mechanical/electrical design: building systems engineering I Anii Ahuja.

p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4419-4724-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-5514-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5514-5

1. Buildings--Mechanical equipment. equipment 3. Systems engineering. TH6010.A58 1996 696--dc20

2. Buildings--Electrical 1. Title.

96-26709 CIP

British Library Cataloguing in Pubication Data available "Integrated MIE Design: BUllding Systems Engineering" is intended to present technically accurate and authoritative informatian fram highlyl regarded

sources. The publisher, editors, authors, advisors, and contributors have made every reasonable effort to ensure the accuracy of the information, but

cannot assume responsibility for the accuracy 01 aii informatian or for the unsequences of its use.

Contents

Preface

Building Systems Engineering 1.1 An Introduction to Building Systems Engineering 1.2 The Emergence of Building Systems Engineering­

Historical Perspective 1.3 Basic Vocabulary of Building Systems

2 Atmospheric Radiation Soup and Buildings 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basics of Radiation 2.3 Protective Role of the Atmosphere 2.4 Radiation Balance 2.5 Buildings and Radiation Albedo 2.6 Ozone Layer 2.7 The "Greenhouse" Effect

Xl

4 5

11 11 11 15 16 17 20 21

3 Basic Building Systems 23 3.1 The Lighting System 24

3.1.1 Lighting Terminology and Common Definitions 27 3.1.2 Lamps 28 3.1.3 Ballasts 29 3.1.4 Luminaires 31 3.1.5 Lighting and Energy 33

3.2 Power Systems 33 3.3 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems 42 3.4 Security Systems 52

v

vi I Contents

3.5 Basic Fire Protection Systems (FPS) Used in Buildings 54 54 54 63 66

3.5.1 Fire Alarm, Detection, and Signaling Systems 3.6 MIE Equipment Arrangement 3.7 Building Systems Distribution Tree

3.7.1 Tree Care Cost and Conservation

4 Integration of Mother Nature and Building Systems 68 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 The Atmosphere Surrounding Buildings 69 4.3 Winds Surrounding Buildings 72 4.4 The Building Envelope 73

4.4.1 Passive Environmental Systems 74 4.5 Integration of the Atmosphere and Building Systems 75 4.6 Energy Resources and Buildings 79

5 Integration of Solar Power and Building Systems 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Obstacles 84 5.3 Active Solar System 85

5.3.1 Components 85 5.3.2 Salient Design Features 85

5.4 Building System Applications 87

6 Integration of Day lighting and Building Lighting 89 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Lighting Integration Issues 90 6.3 Daylighting and Shading Materials 91 6.4 Basic Calculations for Day lighting 92 6.5 Design Considerations for Day lighting 95 6.6 Integrated Daylighting System Control 97

7 Earth, Lakes, and Building Systems 98 7.1 Geothermal Energy 98

7 .1.1 Introduction to Geothermal Systems 99 7 .1.2 Applications in Building Systems 99 7.1.3 Components of Geothermal Systems 100

7.2 Thermocline Lakes 102 7.2.1 Introduction 102 7.2.2 Application and Components in Building Systems 103

8 Energy Storage 105 8.1 Introduction 105 8.2 Thermal Storage 106

Contents I vii

8.2.1 Applications and Requirements 106 8.2.2 Sensible Heat Storage 108 8.2.3 Water Thermal Storage 109 8.2.4 Latent Heat Storage 110 8.2.5 Ice Storage 110 8.2.6 System Configurations 112

8.3 Electrochemical Storage 112 8.3.1 Batteries 115 8.3.2 Battery Design and Types 116 8.3.3 Fuel Cells 118 8.3.4 Fuel Cell and System Efficiency 119

8.4 Passive Electrical Power Storage 120 8.4.1 Inductors 121 8.4.2 Capacitors 122

8.5 Active Electrical Power Storage (Solar Cells) 122

9 Integrated Building Systems Engineering 125 9.1 Issues and Problems 125 9.2 Integration Issue or Problem Solution 126 9.3 Building System Project Constraints 127 9.4 Cost Issues and Constraints 129 9.5 Energy Problems and Interpretation of Issues 131

9.5.1 Power Budgets 133 9.6 Load Analysis 134 9.7 Integrated Design Steps 136

9.7.1 Evaluation Stage 139

10 Trends, Recent Shifts, and Some Challenges 140 10.1 Digital Computers as Design Tools 141 10.2 Computers and Integrated System Simulation 142

10.2.1 Building Energy Simulation 142 10.2.2 System Simulation Techniques 143 10.2.3 Equipment Selection and Simulation 144

10.3 Computer Graphics and Modeling 146 10.4 Communication and Artificial Intelligence 146

10.4.1 Applications of Artificial Intelligence 147

11 Acoustics, Vibrations and Integrated Building Systems 149 11.1 Introduction 149 11.2 Acoustical Environment of Buildings 150 11.3 Noise and Acoustic Planning Issues 151 11.4 Masking Sound 153 11.5 Acoustic Analysis 156

viii I Contents

11.6 Solutions 11.6.1 Static Noise Control 11.6.2 Active Noise Control

11.7 Vibrations and Buildings

158 159 160 162

12 Lightning, Electrostatic Discharge, and Buildings 165 12.1 Introduction 165 12.2 Mechanisms and Characteristics of Lightning 166 12.3 Building System Lightning Exposure and Protection 169 12.4 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)-An Introduction 173 12.5 Electrostatic Charge-Charging Mechanism 174 12.6 ESD Solutions 175

13 Electromagnetic Waves, Noise, and System Susceptibility 177 13.1 Introduction 177 13.2 Geomagnetic Fields and Buildings 178 13.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 179 13.4 Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS) 183 13.5 Electromagnetic Interference and Signal Protection 184 13.6 Grounding Systems of Buildings 186

13.6.1 High-Frequency Interference and Shield Grounding 190 13.6.2 Ground Loops 190

14 The Human Body and Building Synchronization 194 14.1 Introduction 194 14.2 The Body-Building Environment 195 14.3 Electrodynamics of Humans and Buildings 199

14.3.1 Radiofrequency Waves and the Human Body 201 14.4 Human Body Systems versus Building Systems 202

14.4.1 Human Circulatory versus Building Hydraulic System 202 14.4.2 Human Respiratory versus Building Air System 205

14.5 Human Body System Automation versus Building System Automation 207 14.5.1 Human Logic versus Building Control System 212

15 Integrated Building Systems Automation (IBSA) 215 15.1 Introduction 215 15.2 Integrated Automation System Arrangement 217 15.3 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) 224

15.3.1 PLC Programming 227 15.3.2 PLC Communication 228

15.4 From Building Technology to Microelectronic Technology 228 15.4.1 Protocols 229

Contents I ix

15.4.2 Integration of Network Objects 234 15.4.3 Integrate<:! 2ommunication 236

16 From Microelectronic Technology to Information Technology 241 16.1 Intelligent Buildings 241 16.2 Intelligence Communication and Dissonance 243 16.3 Intelligence Source Objects, Quality, and Transmission 244 16.4 Intelligence Availability 247 16.5 Optical Fibers and Intelligent Buildings 248

17 Reliability Requirements, Risk Management, and Associated Building Systems Engineering 252 17.1 Introduction 252 17.2 Basic Reliability Terminology 253 17.3 Building System Reliability Analysis Procedure 255

17 .3.1 Component Analysis 257 17.4 Risk Analysis 261 17.5 Failures and Relationships 263 17.6 Fault Trees 263 17.7 Intelligent Building Automation Reliability 269

17.7.1 Computing Reliability 271 17.7.2 Hardware Redundancy 272 17.7.3 Software Redundancy 273

18 Air, Water, and Power Quality and Building Systems 276 18.1 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Modem Buildings 276

18.1.1 Contaminants and Their Sources 276 18.1.2 Clean Indoor Air Strategies 281 18.1.3 IAQ and Energy Conservation 283

18.2 Water Resources, Quality, and Building Systems 285 18.2.1 Water Reclamation 285 18.2.2 Water Recycling 289 18.2.3 Water Reuse 289

18.3 Power Quality and Intelligent Buildings 18.3.1 Power Impurities 18.3.2 Effects on Building Systems 18.3.3 Pure Power Solutions 18.3.4 Power Quality and Load Synchronization

19 Integrated Building Systems Commissioning 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Integrated Commissioning Design Needs 19.3 Intelligent Building Automation Commissioning

292 293 296 299 303

304 304 307 309

xi Contents

19.4 Personal Computers as Commissioning Diagnostic Tools 311

20 Building System Microeconomic Analysis 313 20.1 Introduction 313 20.2 Integration of Energy Units 313

20.2.1 Common Base Conversions 314 20.2.2 Sample Conversion Calculations 321

20.3 Utilities Rate Structures 323 20.3.1 Billing Calculations 324

20.4 Economics and Management of Energy 326 20.4.1 Energy Management 327 20.4.2 Energy Economization 327 20.4.3 Demand Control 329

20.5 Simplified Economic Analysis 20.6 Sophisticated Economic Analysis 20.7 Microlevel Economic Analysis 20.8 Building System Equipment Service Life and Impact

on Buildings

21 Building System and Construction Documents 21.1 Drawings 21.2 Specifications 21.3 Design Considerations and Coordination 21.4 Integrated Design Integrals 21.5 Preliminary Cost Estimate 21.6 Shop Drawings

Index

331 332 333

342

345 345 345 362 364 367 368

369

Preface

Buildings are constructed to serve the needs of their occupants. Occupants need facilities with a comfortable, safe, healthy environment; utilities, communication and technical equipment to perform their work. Building systems provide and support security, comfort, utilities and technical needs.

A building system may be defined as a group of electro-mechanical compo­nents connected by suitable pathways for the transmission of energy, materials or information and directed to a specific purpose. Energy may take any form, from the old fashioned air, water and steam to gas and electricity. If a system is to pro­vide optimum performance, it's individual components should be well matched, and their contributions to overall system performance should be clearly defined by the designer and understood by the operator. The integrated systems approach gives consideration to the overall objectives rather than the individual elements, components and subsystems.

Traditionally, mechanical and electrical engineering coordination in buildings is primarily between mechanical and electrical systems. In the past two decades the integration of diverse technologies such as: mechanical, electrical, bio­climatology, geophysics, optics, electronics and computer engineering play im­portant role in the design of building systems and the environment they control. Building systems is not a curriculum discipline in its own and in detail engineer­ing of an individual discipline cannot be covered like in a single discipline text­book, but in each discipline essential points can be discussed in a basic form. Until now, there has been no single, consolidated source for the general informa­tion of all building system elements and issues provided in this book, though the need for it has been evident.

The computerization and integration of building system technologies and the information age we live in have changed the way humans perceive their habitat. Illustration of all business, health, energy, atmosphere, ground and engineering

xi

xii I Preface

issues related to buildings and it's environment is one of the distinguishing fea­tures of this book. The systems approach is addressed in a language that non­engineers can understand and comfortable analogies are provided throughout to reduce it's complexity and the specialized impression. This is important because today's information oriented society and business internationalization demand quarterly profits, and also in tum, demands optimum efficiency and maximum reliability of building support systems at minimal cost to the owner. The design of integrated reliable building system is important because of high costs associ­ated with system shutdown.

As with so many of the subjects in this book, the complexity of the building systems contrasts sharply with the relative simplicity of the basic mechanisms. This book provides an initial look at underlying mechanisms that keeps the reader from getting lost in specific intricacies. Another objective of this book is to pre­sent the fundamentals of integrated system reliability as it applies to planning and design of building systems. The text material is primarily directed toward facility managers and building architects, engineers, owners, investors and financiers.

The book provides a unique look into how humans, who are made of about 70 percent water and 30 percent solids, respond to the ways air and water moves in their electrified living habitats and compares that to the movement inside their body. The body is not isolated from the outside world and has a dynamic system openly exchanging with the outside environment. The body's functions, like buildings, are directed at maintaining correct temperature and humidity, receiv­ing adequate mix of clean air and water molecules and relieving waste hygieni­cally to render reliable performance up to seventy-five plus years.

This cross currents approach to understanding synergy of body and building systems is shaped by concepts of human bio-technology and building technol­ogy. Not only does this new way to vision buildings and its systems broaden our understanding of our own internal system operations , but it also relates to the factors of electricity and magnetism in our electrodynamic environment. After all, we build structures on Earth that operate on Earth's radiation fields, use Earth's gravity fields, survive in Earth's magnetic field and communicate through network of man-made electromagnetic fields. This can be visioned as Humans seeking buildings to shield themselves from human made fields within natural fields within cosmic fields.

Most American companies face tremendous pressure to reduce facility operat­ing cost, improve efficiency, provide safe and healthy atmosphere for their work­ers and meet environmental protection agency requirements. To achieve all this, a systems approach to integrate a buildings isolated operation is very effective. Highly integrated systems share information through networks, reduce system size and complexity, and allow the system to intemperate at peak performance. The book shows how standard protocols enables easy information exchange and create buildings that use micro technology for complete environmental control, illumination and sound control, energy demand reduction and safety.

Preface I xiii

Building systems reliable operation is directly linked to reliable production and minimum downtime. Reliability is usually measured in terms of time be­tween failures for old systems and time of failure for new systems. This book helps managers and engineers to focus on real issues of risks, reliability, avail­ability, and failure probability of a building system.

In the world of limited economic resources building owners , financiers and designers are seeking the most effective life cycle cost design solutions. The em­phasis of this book is to provide owners a guideline to understand utility billing, integrate energy units and resources, include all system elements to avoid eco­nomic analysis errors, spot problem areas and reduce costs.

Current building system issues such as dirty air, power and water, their causes and solutions are discussed in detail. Topics like solar power, geothermal, ther­mal and electro-chemical storage are explained in simple language and help owners design buildings that are nature propelled and pays marketplace divi­dends.

The most important purpose of this book is to make the intelligent building systems engineering challenge more inviting.