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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN
TECHNOLOGY Volume-5,Issue-5 (May-16)
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585
All rights reserved by www.ijrdt.org
62
Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability
through landscaping:
A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology,
Bangladesh __________________________________________________________________________________________
Audity Biswas1, Jannat Ara Ferdousi
2, Bijoy Dash Gupta
3
123Lecturer,
2Co-author,
3Co-author
123Department of Architecture, PUST
ABSTRACT: Sustainable university campus should be a
healthy campus environment, with a successful economy
through energy and resource conservation, waste reduction
and an efficient environmental management. A balance
between economic, social and environmental aspects can be
provided within sustainable university (Newman, 2006).
Sustainability has become an important issue of global
concern. As Pabna University of Science & Technology is
still under construction phase, we should highly concern
about its sustainable environment from the beginning to
improve human and built environment relationship through
landscaping for its sustainability. For this reason conscious
effort should made to retain the focus of the design to create
natural elements not only for aesthetics but also with its
utility, heat control, waste management & water recycling
system by maintaining a balanced Eco-System through
landscape. Sustainable university campus having a master
plan with sound environmental plan & guideline for its users
are compatible with safe environment, biodiversity &
ecological balance. This paper hopes to shade some light on
the concept of sustainability in campus, a review of the
widely used practices for achieving sustainability and
mapping the directions towards a sustainable campus.
KEY WORDS: Sustainability, Landscape, eco-System,
Ecological balance
1. INTRODUCTION:
―Plan not in terms of meaningless pattern or cold form, Plan,
rather, a human experience .The living, pulsing, vital
experience, if conceived as a diagram of harmonious
relationships, will develop its own expressive
forms.‖(Simonds, landscape Architecture (1961) P.229.The
landscape design plays an indispensable role in campus
planning. It relates aesthetics to visual and physical essences,
study areas, circulation, habitation, social interaction and
recreation.
Unplanned building setup with abandoned and bare land areas,
undefined water bodies and surrounding creates a haphazard
circulation; lack of plantation invites heat and pollution, which
acts horrible effects from the very begging of summer, so
many negative spaces are bared and unused at the Pabna
University of Science & Technology Campus. Therefore,
Impacts caused by human activities negatively influence our
global climate, the resources used and changes in the earth‘s
ecosystems. We have to search for ways to address this issue
and efforts from all levels of need to contribute to the
attainment of a sustainable environment. This study provides
information on elements of landscape, influencing the
environmental pillars of sustainability within Facilities
Management. These elements, including their goals and
initiatives, comprise energy, water, biodiversity, pollution
management, carbon foot printing, green procurement,
green buildings and green maintenance through
landscaping to achieve a sustainable and remarkable
landmark.
2. Basic Elements of Landscaping
The principles of landscape design include the elements of
unity, scale, balance, simplicity, variety, emphasis, and
sequences of spaces as they applied by line, form, texture and
color. Landscape design is a process of developing practical
and pleasing outdoor living space blended with its adjacent
Paper Title:- Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through landscaping : A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 63
buildings. Formulation for an environmentally and
ecologically sustainable campus, the study have focused
largely on existing problems and requirements ,so that the
gaps exist and need further research in order for this to
become a sound and comprehensive environment.
2.1. Unity
Unity is the Quality of Oneness. Unity attracts and holds
attention. It organizes view into orderly groups with emphasis.
Unity develops from the story line. Here in ―Lalbagh Fort‖,
Dhaka (Fig: 01) a story line around "Master plan gardening"
creates unity with the feeling of peace and tranquility.
2.2. Line
Line connects and defines the space, creating outdoor
territory .Linear patterns are used to direct physical movement
and to draw attention to areas in garden. Lines are a powerful
design element that define rooms and connect people to the
landscape. For a professional touch, use sweeping bold lines
and curves rather than small zigzags and small wavy curves.
Lines develop through Steps in the design process; delineate
Soft cape and hard cape area creating outdoor rooms. The path
(primary line) invites you into the Spaces. (Fig : 02)
Fig: 01 (Lalbagh Fort)
Fig: 02 (Lalbagh Fort)
2.3. Form
Form includes the three-dimensional mass. Form can be
expressed through built objects or trees and shrubs of various
shapes and sizes, which create natural patterns. Form is
determined by the line, direction and arrangement of branches
and twigs .The resulting mass influences the scale .For unity,
repeat the topography from in plant forms.
Horizontal and spreading forms emphasis is the lateral
extent and breathes of space. They are comfortable because it
corresponds with the natural direction of eye movement.
Rounded forms are most common in plant materials. They
allow for easy eye movement and create a pleasant undulation
that leads itself to plant groupings. Vase – shaped trees define
a comfortable ―People space‖ beneath the canopy. Weeping
forms lead the eye back to the ground. What is below the
weeping form often becomes a focal point. Pyramidal forms
direct the eyes upward, so use sparingly. Grouping pyramidal
will soften the upward influence. They will look more natural
in the surroundings with foliage to the ground.
2.4. Texture
Texture may be fine/Coarse, Heavy/light, Thin/Shade. Texture
could define the relationship between the foliage and twig size
and the mass of the plants. Close-up, texture comes from the
size and shape of the leaves, the size of twigs, spacing of
leaves and twigs, the colors and shading, the gloss of dullness
of leaves .At a distance, texture comes from the entire mass
effect of plants and the qualities of light and shadows. Texture
changes with distance. Up close, texture comes from the size
and shape of leaves and twigs, plus the coloring and shading.
At a distance, it comes the mass and play of light.
2.5. Color
Color gives greatest appeal, and evokes the greatest response.
Color is powerful in creating mood and feeling. – It is
important to use a complementing color scheme throughout
the yard. Sometimes Contrast can create some interest and
excitement. Color therapy is a popular topic in our rapid paced
modern world. moods and feelings do various colors create for
campus residents or What colors work for the story line or
What moods & feelings do need in the garden of a university
or Is it a room for relaxation and healing or a room for action
Paper Title:- Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through landscaping : A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 64
activities-these question should be understand clearly to
design a sustainable campus landscaping. Color is the most
powerful element of the design elements. So it should be
Chosen carefully to create the mood desire in the story line.
Cool Colors: Less conspicuous, restful, recede, suggest
distance, low scale. Warm colors: Conspicuous, Cheerful,
Stimulating, Come forward, High scale.
2.6. Scale
Scale evokes emotional connection and is closely related
color. Absolute scale relates to the comparative value of
landscape elements to a structure. The outdoor design should
balance the size of the buildings or established plants it
surrounds, while maintaining a comfortable human
environment for the individuals who will use the area.
Relative scale relates to comparative sizes or ―values‖ of
objects in the landscape .Relative scale is very emotionally
charged and closely linked to color. It may create a feeling of
relaxation and peacefulness or one of energy and action.
Relative scale compares the size or ―value‖ of the landscape
elements. Perception of tree size is based on the relative size
of the person. Being emotionally charges, relative scale can
create feelings of action or relaxation. High Scale promotes
action. It is used around large buildings and in large spaces to
fill the space. Use of high scale in small spaces makes the
space feel smaller. The action feeling of high scale helps move
people through. Low scale is relaxing and calming. It is used
in the home landscape to give a feeling of peace & relaxation.
2.7. Balance
Balance is equilibrium on left and right sides. Formal
balance (Fig: 02-Lalbagh Fort) repeats the same left and right,
giving stability, stateliness, and dignity. Informal balance
differs from left to right giving curiosity, movement, and feels
alive. it gives the ―feeling‖ desired by the story line and
design.
2.8. Simplicity and Variety
Simplicity and variety work together to balance each other.
Simplicity is a degree of repetition rather than constant in
form, texture, and color preventing monotony. For simplicity,
repeat some plant material in sweeps and groupings. For
variety, fill in with other plants. In this park, people enjoyed
talking pictures of the various flowerbeds. However, they did
not take pictures of this zipper planting (same elements
repeated over and over again ) finding it monotonous.
2.9. Emphasis dominance and subordination of elements
If we look at a proper landscape design from any direction, we
find that its dominance and subordination of various elements
make it environment healthy and sound for human being who
belongs to it. If we do not understand the elements of
landscape by proper match, it may withdraw life from the
landscape. Again, suffer with too many dominating elements
screaming to be the focal point. Emphasis can be achieved
thorough different sizes, bold shapes, groupings and the
unusual or unexpected. An ornamental plant often adds
emphasis to a garden spot.
3. Sustainable Landscape
Sustainable Landscape, also known as beneficial landscaping,
harnesses aesthetic, economic and environmental benefits
through a mixture of varying practices. These Practices
include, but are not limited to : using native species instead of
annuals and foreign species when planting , planting shade
trees and wind breaks, limiting the use of power maintenance
equipment, harmful chemicals and fertilizers and recycling
green waste to reduce pollution impacts of landscaping.
Sustainable landscape can be traditional or contemporary.
4. Resources of Sustainable Landscape Design
According to the Santa Barbara County Water Agency,
"sustainable landscaping asks us to examine the input and
output of our landscaping and find ways to minimize
both." .The main goals of sustainable landscape design are to
conserve water and energy, reduce waste and decrease runoff.
In order to achieve these goals it should treat water as a
resource, value soil, preserve existing plants and conserve
material resources.
Paper Title:- Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through landscaping : A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 65
4.1. Energy
With regard to energy, this emphasizes that investment in
renewable and energy-efficient projects is necessary to reduce
the greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the impact on resources
caused by hard surfaces due to its consumption of heat gain.
Goals include a reduction in GHGs and energy consumption,
the expansion of buildings while adhering to the electricity
capacity, have a try to at least 50% energy usage from clean
renewable sources by 2025.
4.2. Water
A sustainable landscaping approach would be to treat water as
a valuable resource. The emphasis on water resources at
fountains, ponds, water bodies, canals, use for irrigation, and
the more efficient and wiser use of water can make a
sustainable landscape architecture. Water supplied may used
for human consumption, sanitation, in heat reducing process
and the cleaning of buildings and equipments. Water-
conservation initiatives are thus inevitable and part of the
efficient use of water resources, Water-conservation initiatives
include water-saving devices, the reuse and recycling of water
and improvement in water quality. As we also know that, a
better landscape environment reduces water-operating costs.
4.3. Biodiversity in landscaping
The part on biodiversity and landscaping includes habitat
fragmentation and green belts, sustainable landscapes and land
conservation and environmental areas. Green belts act as
shelter for and enable the movement of wildlife, purify the air,
protect aquifers, which enable water to be absorbed into the
ground, enable carbon-dioxide sequestration and form
important ecological zones that cool the surrounding
environment. The layout of landscapes needs to change into a
more integrated soft and hard landscape with water wise
species, thus reducing impact on resources. Goals include 80%
indigenous trees, 50% low water-use plants and 20% endemic
veldt types and hard landscaping materials to use in new and
upgraded landscapes. Environmental areas of concern need to
manage in such a way that can meet the advantage of fauna
and flora and that serves the recreational and educational
purposes of the community. Goals include the conservation of
indigenous vegetation in demarcated areas, the zero tolerance
of invasive species, a reduction in erosion encompassing 90%
of the area and the attraction of wildlife. With regard to green
procurement, ecological ignorance drives the unsustainable
exploitation of resources and the non-environmentally friendly
processes, which can effects on social balance. Activities
include sustainable landscaping, natural-area management and
restoration, the introduction of green roofs, storm-water
management, campus farming and carbon sequestration.
4.4. Pollution Management
The issues- air or soil pollution, a reduction in carbon
emissions from vehicles and land dust, includes the
measurement of air quality and the management of waste. The
measurement of carbon dioxide and oxygen ratios, and dust
quantities will provide data that can manage to fall within
legislative and environmental limits for air quality. The part
on waste describes the importance of taking responsibility for
a reduction in biological and for sorting for the recycling and
the safe disposal of such waste, resulting in the minimization
of the volumes destined for landfill sites.
The construction of green buildings is important, as buildings
have influence on resources, use energy and water and
produce waste and carbon emissions. Implementing guidelines
that incorporate some of the principles of the Green Public &
Education Building rating tool in planning and development
phases will provide the opportunity to use resources more
efficiently in the creation of healthier and more productive
landscape environments. In respect of green maintenance,
focusing on methods and materials used for greater
sustainability includes materials that are more energy and
water efficient and more environmentally friendly. A program
for the reduction and recycling of building waste will
contribute to the efforts of a more sustainable campus.
4.5. Soil- Earth Materials
/Carbon Foot Printing
Its definition can be defined
as-total amount of greenhouse
gasses produced directly and
Paper Title:- Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through landscaping : A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 66
indirectly from different human activities. The concept name
of the carbon footprint originates from ecological footprint,
discussion, which was developed by Rees and Wackernagel in
the 1990s which estimates the number of "earths" that would
theoretically be required if everyone on the planet consumed
resources at the same level as the person calculating their
ecological footprint. However, given that ecological footprints
are a measure of failure, Anindita Mitra (CREA, Seattle)
chose the more easily calculated "carbon footprint" to easily
measure use of carbon, as an indicator of unsustainable energy
use Carbon footprints are much more specific than ecological
footprints since they measure direct emissions of gases that
cause climate change into the atmosphere.
4.6. Green procurement
While using the Products used in landscape design those may
have a wide variety of potential human health and
environmental impacts including: Toxic ,Air pollution ,Water
pollution ,Climate change ,Natural resource use (e.g., energy,
water, materials),Waste disposal, damages. Environmentally
preferable means "products or services that have a lesser or
reduced effect on human health and the environment when
compared with competing products or services that serve the
same purpose,"- this comparison applies to raw materials,
manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation,
maintenance, and disposal.
4.7. Green maintenance
Maintaining plant health will eliminate most pest problems. It
is best to start with pest-free plant materials and supplies and
close inspection of the plants upon purchase are also
recommended. Establishing diversity within the area of plant
species will encourage beneficial organism populations (e.g.
birds, insects), which feed on potential plant pests. Because
plant pests vary from plant to plant, assessing the problem
correctly is half the battle. The owner must consider whether
the plant can tolerate the damage caused by the pest. If not,
then does the plant value justify some sort of treatment: While
pesticides are often chosen to solve the problem, physical
barriers and repellents may help. If pesticides are the chosen
method, selective organic or natural pesticide is often better
because it has less impact on non-target species.Proper
pruning will increase air circulation and decrease the
likelihood of plant diseases. However, improper pruning is
detrimental to shrubs and trees. Hedging, topping and shearing
of landscape plants cause excessive plant growth. In addition,
topping is a hazardous practice which creates a hazardous tree
which is highly susceptible to wind damage. Natural pruning
techniques during the proper season, on the other hand
promotes healthier, more stable plants. In temperate areas,
deciduous plants should be pruned during dormancy. Plants
should never be pruned at the end of a growing season because
growth is stimulated and such new growth will be too tender
to survive winter freezing temperatures.
5.EXISTING MASTER PLAN STUDY
5.1. ACCESSIBILITY (Pedestrian access & Vehicular
access)
Paper Title:- Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through landscaping : A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 67
In the master plan, Vehicular access & pedestrian access are
not defined. Heavy vehicles especially university buses have
no distinguish loop, even there is no provision for parking. As
there is no parking defined space for buses, motor bikes, and
cycles, during schedule time of buses it causes a haphazard
situation from main entrance to academic building entrance.
The roads connectivity has no significant relationship with the
adjacent open spaces. Pedestrian and vehicular roots are not
organized and not well defined.
5.2. OPEN SPACE & GREEN AREA
According to the master plan the open spaces can be divided
in two types – Defined open space & undefined open spaces.
But in spite of having these open spaces, the user can‘t be
utilized in a proper way because lack of the relationship
between the built form & open spaces. The play ground which
located at the right side of the main entrance, have no buffer
from main road which causes disturbance. Lack of
connectivity with building internal courtyard & built form as
well as the outer open spaces, which can make relationship
between roads & build form.
5.3. WATER BODY
Existing water bodies have no significant territory and acting
as negative spaces. There is no connectivity between the water
bodies and adjacent built form.
5.4. Plantation & Vegetation
In the master plan the ratio of vegetation & plantation in
according to building structures is not sufficient which causes
the huge temperature in the campus during day time. The lack
of vegetation & hard surface of the pathway also increasing
the heat.
5.5. GATHERING SPACES
As university is a place for sharing ideology and learning
ideas, there should be significant areas for gathering; this is
also breathing space for a university. In PUST campus these
Paper Title:- Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through landscaping : A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 68
absence of gathering spaces can affect psychological
development of students as a result, they might be unsocial.
5.6. SITE SORROUNDINGS
Surroundings are open and vast green fields with rural
settlements. By the main road - Dhaka pabna road, the
urbanization is increasing through the roadside .nearest
buildings are technical training institute, Cadet College, calico
cotton mills and so on.
6. Contemporary case study
The character of the landscaping elements has carefully
chosen. There is a dream garden created in the park-like
setting of the Research Centre. At the Illinois institute of
technology, the seating arrangements are an invitation to have
a lunch break. The landscape brings life to the built
environment and there is a constant change associated with the
growth of and the seasonal change of plants. The water pools
with the fountains introduce the element of motion to the
otherwise static environment. Sculptures can act as accents in
courtyards. Sometimes the seats look like sculptures and
sometimes the sculpture poses like a human .The material sed
include stone, reinforced concrete , timber, alloys and steel.
6.1. CASE STUDY: 01
THE MUREDHA PARK PROJECT
It has been a great source of satisfaction to have created such a
natural space in the crowded city, which the public can enjoy,‘
says landscape architect Suunil Sundrani. Inspired and created
by the Southern Command Community and developed b the
pune Cantonment Board (PCB) , Suunil‘s design has realized
the full beauty of the site.
The 350 meter long stretch that spreads across 150,000 square
feet on either side of a canal running through the length of this
part unfolds like a surprise package, Spreading Banyan trees
with aerial roots long embedded in the earth, a variety of water
bodies, colorful landscape banks of the canal and variety of
birds and butterflies create a pocket of nature rarely seen in the
midst of growing cities. And to engage & invite people to
enjoy the quite green spaces, jogging paths, a gazebo, tree
house, and benches. An architect by training Sundrani a nature
aficionado found his true calling lay in landscape designing, as
he realized he preferred working with nature rather than
concrete, And when the PCV approached him to transform a
wasteland into a clean & green zone. He was only too happy
to involve himself in the project. The Muredha Park project
encompasses four distinct zones and sketches across almost
two kilometers and 25 acres of Pune cantonment. At present,
only one zone of about 150,000 square feet is already and
opens to the public.―Conscious efforts have been made to
retain the original green cover as well as enhance it with
extensive planting. We selected plants that would blend into
the scheme, add color in the ground, as well as be easy to
maintain. Moreover, while the focus of the design is to
recreate nature, we have added elements for aesthetics, utility
and canal purification while maintaining the balance
ecosystem. Once again care has been taken to blend these
amenities into the landscape, use eco-friendly materials and
leave nature undisturbed. The irrigation system has been
designed for optimum watering, ‗explain Sunnil. Walking &
jogging path have been designed around trees, ensuring that
the trees roots were left untouched. Bridges to connect the two
banks of the canal , benches for relaxing , a tree house for
children to lose themselves in the canopy , and a gazebo to
practice yoga have been made in ferrocrete with a wood finish
to save on the use of wood.
The slopping water canal has been stepped so that it will not
run dry completely in summer and is easier to clean. A
waterfall gurgling across boulders runs into a large pool filled
with fish, which help to keep the water clean even as they add
a touch of life to the soothing water body. The canal bed has
also been left untouched and not been cemented – so that
natural life can flourish. Plans are underway for working on
the other zones of the Muredha Nallah Park. A butterfly park,
an open space for cultural activities, an open air amphitheatre,
a Japanese style garden, an acupressure zone ( the floor of
which will be laid with materials of different textures to offer
acupressure benefits when walked on bare foot), and a cycle
track are planned for one area. Another area will allow one to
experience ‗Rutu Charka‘ the mood of the year will be planted
so that visitors can enjoy the natural beauty of each season.
‗We could say that this park along the nallah is one of its kind
– it could be called a complete health park as it includes
Paper Title:- Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through landscaping : A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 69
facilities for walking, jogging, meditation, acupressure and
aromatherapy with a variety of green spaces and natural life
blending together aesthetically. Visitors feel at peace here as
they experience nature in its pure form. These natural
elements have been missing from our lives in recent years and
the park offers an opportunity to enjoy them‘. The natural
green environs of the Muredha Nalla Park truly offer a treat to
city residents and reflect the generosity of the in opening up
this natural space to the public. It also conveys that the vision
and dedication of committed people can transform space and
the quality of life of the city dwellers.
6.2. CASE STUDY: 02
Western Washington University
Western Washigton University is also located in Bellingham
and thus provides a good example of landscaping practices
that are working towards becoming more sustainable at a
location near NWIC.WWU has decreased its reliance on
chemicals in recent years. Grounds staff study ways to control
pests without pesticides at WWU during annual integrated
Pest Management training from the Washington State
Department of Agriculture (WSDA). Insecticide is not used,
with the exception of the rose garden, and herbicide is used
sparingly. Organic fertilizers are used on all areas except
athletic fields , which are treated with conventional fertilizers.
Vinegar is used in warmer weather for weed control.
Cardboard from Western‘s recycling center and wood chips
are used as mulch, while compost is made from leaves ,
branches , and like. Water conservation is also encouraged
through the usage of drought tolerant vegetation. Drip
irrigation is installed in the rose gardens. The grounds crew is
currently converting from two-stroke to four-stroke engines to
increase the fuel efficiency of their equipment as well as
changing to low decimal blowers to reduce noise pollution.
Some signage is used, such as that in front of the Viking
Union building, which states ―Pesticide free‖.Western has a
farm on campus called the outback Outdoor Exceptional
learning program. This farm has been in existence science the
1970s, and is composed of four main areas, the community ,
members work in the gardens as volunteers or through work-
study. Classes such as ethno botany and restoration ecology
take place in these gardens class II wetland is located on site.
The Wetland is in the process of being restored by groups such
as learning environment Action Discovery (LEAD).LEAD is a
Western based program through which students can received
extra credit through experiential restoration work.
Case study analysis: Western Washington University
Western‘s outback farm provides a good example of local
sustainable landscaping programs. This program allows
students the freedom to work in the gardens in classes or on
their own time, while providing peer mentors for gardening
and restoration projects .Program like this could enable
students at NWIC to participate in hands-on learning, while
improving their campus landscape. Work parties are an
important tool of the Outback program, as they provide the
chance for a diverse section of the student population to
participate in projects. Yet, it will likely also be useful to have
a coordinator for such programs in order to organize people
and materials for work parties. In either Winter quarter or
spring quarter , students from both classes may take a tour of
the Outback in order to get a hands-on perspective with some
of the projects offered through such sites.
6.3. CASE STUDY:3
A sustainable campus (Princeton)
Campus plan recommends strategic to decrease Princeton‘s
‗carbon footprint ‘during this period. Famous for its science
greenery, Princeton‘s walk able campus will soon become
even ―greener‖ through greater emphasis on transportation
initiatives, recycling, conservation education, and better water
management.
Sustainability at Princeton: Becoming a dynamic working
laboratory to help inspire exemplary global citizenship.
Princeton has declared the persuit of sustainability an
institutional priority in its campus plan.The University has
developed a comprehensive framework to bring that priority
into focus on areas that represent its major sustainability
challenges. The framework is organized into three themes that
complement the existing operational and academic structure:
1) Greenhouse gas emission, 2) resource conservation, and 3)
Education, research, and civic engagement.
Principles
Paper Title:- Integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability through landscaping : A case study on Pabna University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh
ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 70
Reduce campus greenhouse gas emission by implementing
alternative energy technologies , energy conservation
programs, green building techniques, transportation demand
management strategies, and commuter alternatives , while
increasing the size of the campus by two million square feet.
Improve natural resource conservation by taking an eco-
systems approach to development, integrating landscape and
storm water management strategies.
Foster civic engagement by representing sustainability
principles in the built environment, as well as the social,
academic, and research environments on campus.
Addressing greenhouse gas emission
Scientific consensus indicates that developed nations must
control emissions within the next decade and reduce emissions
dramatically by 2050 to avoid the worst consequences of
climate disruption. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions on
campus involves all areas of campus operations, but is
primarily focused on heating cooling, electricity, and
transportation. The goal sustainability efforts in this arena are
to reduce emission to 1990 levels while the campus expands
dramatically.
Energy efficiency
The Campus Plan recognizes that the first step toward curbing
emission is conserving the energy resources the University
currently uses. Examples include: lighting retrofits featuring
specialized sensors and more efficient bulbs , research into
advanced technologies such as solar concentrator skylights,
window upgrades , replacement of leaking steam traps , steam
and chilled water pipe insulation , installation of low-flow
bathroom fixtures , and upgrades metering .Princeton‘s
conservation programs benefit from additional programmatic
support provided by many student educational initiatives such
as ―Pull the plug‖ a program encouraging students to turn off
all sources of power in their rooms when leaving for breaks.
Alternative energy
The campus will soon benefit from aggressive research into
zero-or low-carbon energy sources such as geothermal ,
biodiesel from sustainable sources, and solar electric power. In
addition to the geothermal system at Lawrence Apartments,
Princeton has already committed to a 400- kilowatt solar panel
array on one of its Forrestal Campus ware-houses. Consultants
are conducting a ground source heat pump (geothermal) study
for the main campus to assess its potential for increasing
heating and cooling capacity without burning additional fossil
fuels. The University is also testing the feasibility of including
biodiesel as a fueling option for the central plant.
Transport
Commitment to a sustainable transportation infrastructure
will impact not only the quality of the campus environment,
but also that of the region. Commuter miles, all University-
related travel, and the on-campus fleet are included in
Princeton‘s transportation emissions inventory as well as
small motors used in vehicles caring for the grounds. Cars
and delivery vehicles contribute pollutants, require large
amounts of impervious paved surfaces, infringe on
pedestrians, and cause expensive deterioration of
roadways. However, vehicles are also essential, especially
for emergency needs, so careful transportation planning is
critical as the campus becomes denser. To this end, the
Campus Plan has recommended ways to discourage single-
occupant diving, enhance links to public
transportation , support carpools and emergency ride
home programs, and implement transportation demand
management strategies.
Conservation
Green construction and renovation
The University requires sustainability performance in its
new buildings and major renovations as outlined in the
Sustainable Buildings Guidelines. These guidelines require,
among other things, a minimum level of energy
performance in the building design that is 50 percent better
than national code requirements (ASHRAE 90.1). The
benefits of an efficient building include downsizing all
mechanical systems, reducing the energy demands of the
building, and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. The
guidelines also require life cycle cost analysis of major
proposed building systems and innovative green design
options as well as evaluation of all aspects of building
design and performance, from storm water management
to materials choices. The University currently uses the
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U.S. Green Building Council‘s Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) checklist to help guide that
process, with the goal that every building and major
renovation achieve, at minimum, the equivalent of LEED
Silver.
Creating high-quality pedestrian and
cyclist environments
Promoting quality pedestrian and cyclist environments
across the campus not only reduces dependency on vehicles
and pollution in the air and on the ground, but also
encourages increased physical activity for better health. To
achieve these improvements the Campus Plan proposes:
extending the existing pedestrian and cyclist circulation
network to new areas of campus and employee residential
clusters near campus; improving the network in areas
where it is deficient; enhancing existing pathways; and
instituting an extensive program of landscape design and
way finding improvements.
Growing vibrant landscapes
Natural and cultivated landscapes across campus play a
critical role in maintaining a healthy ecosystem. While
plantings and vegetation keep soils healthy, they also
contribute to cleaner air and water, provide shading and
improve energy efficiency for buildings, and provide habitat
for New Jersey wildlife. The Campus Plan embraces the
opportunity to integrate the campus more fully into the local
natural landscape through restoration efforts and additional
plantings. Robust natural landscapes provide pervious
surfaces, thereby improving groundwater recharge,
preventing soil and stream bank erosion, and protecting
nearby surface waters. The Campus Plan proposes an
extensive series of design improvements that include
strategic woodland plantings in degraded areas and stream
restoration. Historically, Princeton has irrigated minimally
on campus, instead relying on robust plantings that require
little maintenance, chemical input, and watering. This
approach is a historically sustainable one, requiring far less
fossil fuel input than extensive annual or sensitive specialty
plantings. While limited specialty plantings are an integral
part of the campus character, Princeton will maintain its
traditional approach to general landscaping. Goals will
emphasize preserving native soils, increasing pervious
surfaces, installing plantings adapted to the local climate
and soil types that require minimal maintenance, favoring
organic approaches, and irrigating as an exception rather
than a rule. The result is a campus landscape resilient to
most weather fluctuations and therefore more sustainable,
efficient, and cost-effective. In keeping with these goals,
new buildings on campus are being strategically placed over
existing parking lots to enhance green spaces and minimize
impervious surface area.
Improving water quality and ecological balance
The Campus Plan identifies storm water management as
one of the most critical and strategic means to promote
campus sustainability. Although the campus looks and
feels very ―green,‖ large areas of impervious parking lots,
roadways, and roofs contribute to increasingly overtaxed
storm water basins, eroded stream banks, polluted water,
puddles on campus pathways, and flooding. The proposed
landscape-based approach to storm water management
relies on bio-engineered techniques rather than hard
infrastructure that disturb the landscape. Dining services
and sustainable food systems Dining Services has set
specific targets for purchasing improvements. Current
initiatives include buying: ecologically friendly seafood in
partnership with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood
Watch program; traded and socially responsible coffee;
expanded organic produce selections; hormone-free and
grass-fed meat options; and more local Jersey Fresh
produce. Dining Services also intends to minimize landfill
waste by diverting food scraps to a local pig farm, using
Green Seal Certified cleaners, and installing high-
efficiency dishwashing equipment. The department has
also been a key partner, working closely with students and
the Office of Sustainability, in the launching of Princeton‘s
first student- run organic garden. Students were
instrumental in creating the campus‘ first farmers market,
initiated in 2007.
Green purchasing
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Procurement of goods for the campus is a vital part of
operations. It is also a source of influence on the consumer
market. One of Princeton‘s most aggressive green
purchasing initiatives is its 100 percent post-consumer
chlorine-free recycled paper policy for all standard printing
and copying on campus. The goal is to reach 90 percent
campus compliance in 2008 with this policy, up from a
2007-compliance rate of about 72 percent. In 2007, this
program resulted in an emissions savings equivalent to
keeping 40 cars off the road per year.
Conservation of potable water resources
Drinking-quality water is typically used for a wide range of
functions on campus, from irrigation and toilet flushing to
water fountains and showers. As the campus grows, unless
the University conserves, the campus will increase its
demands on local resources. The goal of the Campus Plan is
to conserve potable water and test alternatives. At the new
Chemistry and Butler College building projects, Princeton is
installing rainwater capture and reuse systems for, in the
case of Butler, irrigation, and in Chemistry, for flushing
toilets. Other conservation efforts in all new construction
and renovations include installation of low-flow
showerheads, toilets, and faucet fixtures, as well as water-
free and ultra-low-flow urinals. Students in Water Watch
and Greening Princeton are actively involved in water
conservation education in the residence halls and in the
larger campus community.
Recycling and reuse
Princeton currently recycles approximately 38 percent of all
household items, including bottles, cans, cardboard, paper;
scrap metal, and food scraps. The goal is to reach at least
50 percent by 2012. Strategies to increase recycling rates
include introducing more uniform and visible labeling for all
containers, expanding receptacle locations, and augmenting
year-end recycling services for student move-out. With a
38 percent recycling rate, the University consistently
performs better than any other Ivy League school in total
recycling and per capita recycling. Contributing to these
efforts, Forbes and Mathey colleges recently chose to
refinish rather than replace most of their dining hall
furniture. Student ecology representatives (―Eco-Reps‖)
also help in the effort through active leadership in the
residential colleges.
COMMUNICATING SUSTAINABILIT Y
Sustainability initiatives are never fully successful until local
and national communities learn about them and what they
can achieve. In an effort to engage the student body in
communicating its experiences in sustainability, the Office
of Sustainability began the Princeton Student
Environmental Communication Network (SECN) in the fall
of 2006. Students learned how to produce professional-
level radio programs that were subsequently aired
nationally and on regional radio networks. The program is
being developed into a spring 2008 student-initiated
course that will cover radio and video production as well as
academic study of ethics in journalism and the
development of the environmental communication field.
The long-term SECN goal is to establish a true network,
engaging institutions of higher education across the nation.
The ―Sustainability at Princeton‖ website was launched in
2007 and can be found at
www.princeton.edu/sustainability.
7. DESIGN GUIDELINES TO CREATE A VIBRANT
LANDSCAPE
The design goal for the sustainable campus is for its visitors
and campus family to feel they have entered a built
environment, which is eco friendly, and user friendly. Where
people come to learn about wondrous built environment and
landscape to enjoy breathing spaces not only for this
university but also for Pabna city. This area is made up of
several neighborhoods like ―villages‖, each village—may be
mentioned like - academic, residential, administration, sports
or other—should be an image of its own which fits
comfortably within the total visual fabric of the Pabna
University of Science & Technology in the context of
Bangladesh.
A beautiful sustainable campus can teach. It can inspire those
who have learned in it to seek the same goals of beauty, grace,
preservation of the environment and much more in the settings
within which they work, play, worship and live. This is a
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ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org 73
matter of practicality as well as of principle. On a mature
campus, the landscape acts to unify the variety of buildings
and other campus elements into a beautiful and seamless
environment. Thus, it is important that the landscape at Pabna
University of Science & Technology should be given strong
and adequate emphasis.We should very consciously build our
campus to reflect the natural environment. This means leaving
as much native vegetation as possible intact and even
deliberately adding more species that are native. While we
clearly need some formal gathering quads like on a traditional
campus. We also need some resting and gathering places that
intermingle with the green, the water body, and the built
environment. We can design great pathways.
To achieve an attractive, sustainable and cost effective
landscape at PUST, a more detailed LANDSCAPE
MASTER PLAN must be prepared.
7.1. Native landscape
The native vegetation is both beautiful and sustainable. Where
appropriate, use of the native landscape must be continued.
Where vehicular or pedestrian ways cross water body, bridges
must be utilized; their design will harmonize with the
landscape setting and they will permit uninterrupted passage
of water and species life below them as well as continuation of
the natural landscape.
7.2. Man made and urban landscape
The landscape will be treated with as much respect as the
buildings. Landscape is thus elements of a mature campus
which creates visual impact and continuity; not the buildings.
In heavy use areas of the campus where a formal landscape is
desired, it must be man-made or urban. The urban landscape
must take every possible advantage of the tree and shrub
species that nature has already determined will survive on the
PUST campus. Ground covers may be hardy but they must
also be site related and suitable for their purpose.The urban
landscape must consider how the land is used. There must be
tranquil areas for reflection and quiet activities, large open flat
lawns for recreation and social uses, sidewalks, entry
landscape features and more. Select planting materials to
provide year-around color on the campus. Use native drought-
tolerant plantings where appropriate. Arrange trees and other
Plantings to frame and enhance distant and nearby views,
courtyards, building entrances, and other campus features.
Enliven campus spaces with flowers, specialty gardens and
where environmentally feasible water features, Use grass,
herbs and other landscape elements to control erosion.
7.3. Campus Edges
Campus edge landscape design must maintain a sense of
continuity, soften views of perimeter parking lots, frame long
views into the campus and improve safety for all modes of
movement along the interconnections with the community. As
with the rest of the campus, edge landscaping must mix the
native and urban landscapes, as appropriate, to the adjoining
land uses within the campus.
7.4. Campus Entrances
Entrances to the campus, like the campus edges, play a major
role in the creation of a favorable early impression to visitors.
Entrances to the campus must be planned to work well and to
look inviting. The vehicular/pedestrian entrances to the
campus are the ―front door‖ of the University. Exceptional
inviting landscape, understandable and tasteful signing and
attractive paving will create positive responses. Signage at
campus entrances must follow guidelines to be set in a
professionally designed SIGNAGE MASTER PLAN.
Primary entrance streets with landscaped entry features and
signage to establish gateways and reinforce the sense of
arrival. Street design should include center islands and
protected turning lanes. Do not allow parking along these
streets. Provide sidewalks on each side of the primary
entrances and a landscaped buffer between the sidewalk and
street edge. May develop one or more secondary entrance as
undivided, two-lane streets to reflect their secondary
importance. The entry feature and signage should be smaller
in scale than the primary entrances. Provide sidewalks, if
appropriate, parallel to the entrance streets.
7.5. Campus Circulation Ways
Roadways, pedestrian ways and bicycle trails are the
―circulation systems‖ that permit people to move about the
campus. As PUST campus grows, they will become more
important than ever. Order and safety on campus will be
achieved by establishing clearly separated intercampus
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circulation systems for vehicles and pedestrians. Pedestrian
crossings of vehicular ways will be minimized and where they
are necessary, they will be carefully designed. Building zones
will become the domain of the pedestrian and vehicular ways
will be excluded as far as possible.
i. Roadways
Campus roadways provide circulation routes for automobiles,
service and emergency vehicles and bicycles. Where there are
roadways crossings, pedestrians must be given the right of
way over all traffic other than emergency vehicles.
The STRATEGIC PLAN is to establish and describe roadway
categories as a perimeter loop streets for the Campus. Take
measures for fire service department regulations in the design
of roadways to provide emergency access to buildings. On
campus bus routes, provide a bus stop lane and attractive
shelters to protect waiting passengers from the weather.
Provide pick-up lanes as required by heavy building use.
Design of roads, bicycle ways and pedestrian walks will be a
real challenge.
ii. Pedestrian Ways
A. Primary Walks
Sidewalks must be exciting places for the pedestrian. Consider
the viability of sidewalk cafes and even shops. Remember this
will be an urban campus soon and the customer base may be
students. Sidewalks should be designed for use by a variety of
vehicles including wheelchairs, bicycles, service and delivery
trucks (which can be scheduled for times when pedestrian
traffic is light. Safety, day and night, must be planned.
Attractive lighting of walks is essential; building entrances
and other destinations should be highlighted. Walkway widths
should be appropriate for the anticipated volume of the traffic.
The surface should be concrete. Areas of colored or patterned
concrete will be considered. Provide attractive way-finding
signs along the route.
B. Secondary Walks
These walks connect primary walks to such destinations as
parking lots.
C. Plazas
Provide small plazas at scenic locations with appropriate
seating and lighting.
D. Bicycle Ways
An increasing population of students living on campus and
longer on-campus travel distances design of bike lanes on
selected roads, bicycle paths, and bike rack locations
throughout the campus. Routes for convenient and safe use of
bicycles should be provided.
7.6. Surface Parking
01. Vehicles
While surface parking will increase, as building density will
increases on the campus, economic necessity will dictate that
much surface parking needed. Views of surface parking lots
should be minimized by landscaping and earth beams at their
perimeter. Areas should be planted in grass to minimize
erosion and trees should soften the visual impact of asphalt.
Landscaped islands should be provided at ends of parking
rows and small planters for trees should occur within rows. In
designing surface parking lots, consideration should be given
to the possibility they will be built over by multi-level parking
structures in the future.
02. Bicycles
As the use of bicycles on the campus increases, there will be a
growing need to provide convenient bicycle parking areas.
Provide properly sized bicycle ―parking lots‖ at destination
points such as academic, administrative, residential and for
sports buildings or spaces. Provide bicycle racks having large
capacity in the smallest possible area.
7.7. Signage, Site Furnishing, Lighting
Regulatory and way-finding signs contribute to the imageof
the PUST campus should be created for safety. Furnishings
used along pedestrian walks, in building courtyards and plazas
and elsewhere on the campus including benches, tables,
umbrellas, trash receptacles, planters, etc. Lighting fixture
types include those used to illuminate entrances, streets,
parking facilities, pedestrian ways and other areas. Design
guidelines for these items are in Appendix B. They shall be
used campus wide.
7.8. The indigenous Village Concept
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The Village Concept should be extended from the Central
independence square as thinking a core begins from there.
Independence square, it relates our culture, community and the
values of nationality. Whereas the Independence square built
not only to remember suddenly on a day related to our national
important days, but also designed as a gathering place for
sharing ideas and ideology, using planter boxes to have places
of different native plantation areas like krisnochuras,
kathgolap and so on. From this essence, the land use plans of
PUST campus have to be compiled with land use pattern of
our rural settlements for sustainable environments also to
compete with our climate and regionalism. There should be
touch of water body, plantation and circulation which merges
the concepts of our village environments, because they are
examples of the most sustainable form and environments.
7.9. Buildings / Sustainable Design
There are many definitions of the characteristics a building
must have to become ―sustainable.‖ One area of agreement is
that sustainability differs from one region to another. A
building that is green in India will certainly be different from
another in Bangladesh as the values of climate, culture, living
pattern, lifestyle and customs have a great impact on this. As
The Committee on the Environment of the American Institute
of Architects (AIACOTE) uses TEN criteria which to measure
the sustainability of buildings, we must comply with these
goals of sustainability as the buildings are the parts of our
landscape:
Land use, Site ecology, Community design and
connections,
Water use, Energy performance, Energy security,
Materials and construction,
Light and air,
Bioclimatic design, long-life/loose-fit
7.10. Buildings / Architecture
The following general guidelines should be applied to
buildings campus-wide:
1. Each building must contribute to the ideas of Sustainability
is be a special place to avoid negative places.
2. Each building must relate to the philosophic hierarchy of
buildings on the PUST campus so as to visually present the
goals of the University.
3. Each building must relate to the educational needs of a
dynamic society. These needs will change as the years go by
and the buildings that serve them must be capable of changing
as they do. This means designs must allow for possible
horizontal or vertical building expansion.
4. Each building and its related site development must connect
effectively with the fabric of the campus within which it is
located. Often, this involves the preparation of a Micro Master
Plan for that portion of the campus, including study of
circulation ways, parking needs, storm drainage, utility
locations, locations of other buildings, and much more.
5. Growing enrollments will require a more urban campus.
Individual buildings must use less land and increased heights
are likely. Building density should be increased within an
environmentally sustainable framework.
6. The design of each building must incorporate the standards
of architectural continuity, materials and colors presented in.
Design vitality, so necessary to an attractive campus, must
come from the way materials and colors are used on each
building and from its massing, form and detailing. Each
building must relate to the human scale. This is especially
important at the sidewalk or ground floor level of the building.
Building entrances should be inviting and clearly identifiable.
There might be colonnades, arcades, cloisters, and galleries
along portions of buildings at or near sidewalks. Signage and
landscaping add interest. Courtyards and ―out of the way‖
seating areas can be integrated into the building design.
Spaces between building wings should often become ―people
places‖. Moreover, there should be a sense of delight.
7. Orientation of buildings must control solar gain though this
is somewhat mitigated by recent technology of high
performance glazing such as neutral color solar control glass.
The preferred building orientation places the long dimension
on an east/west axis.
8. Select the most appropriate material for windows based
upon interior space use. Using high performance and low-
emissary coated glass or wooden materials. Place glass to
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provide for day-lighting to minimize energy use and cost of
artificial illumination.
9. As it is a mixture of facilities like learning, technology,
performing arts, social, dining, retail boutique shops and
residential living. It is the kind of high building density
capable of generating the population mass and mix that makes
for an exhilarating sidewalk experience …a true ―people
place‖ - Living in University Village will give students a more
urban experience. Sidewalks should be close to the streets and
buildings close to sidewalks. Interior courtyards should
provide an outdoor living environment. Thus the way we can
blend landscape to the building, which already built, or to be
build, to have a sustainable environment and by this way, we
can provide zero negative space.
10. University Village perimeter buildings must have two
―front doors,‖ one to the Village Center side and the other
toward the campus it serves. The landscape at University
Village will be more formal than at other campus locations.
There will be grass, flowers and deciduous and coniferous
trees. A micro-master plan should be prepared for University
Village before designs for any individual building are
prepared.
11. During the summer, the ground has a higher temperature
than ambient. Thus, the excess heat of a building can be
dissipated to it, providing passive cooling of the spaces. The
opposite heat flow can occur during the winter period as
ground may be warmer than the ambient air and thus may
supply heat to the building or contribute to decrease its
thermal losses. Heat can be dissipated to the ground either by
direct contact or by means of earth-to-air heat exchangers. In
the first configuration, a high part of the building envelope is
in contact with the ground.
12. Landscaping can have a big impact on the overall climatic
quality of a site, and the performance of buildings within it.
Plants can provide wind shelter, shade and evaporative cooling
on hot days. Water features can give additional cooling, while
use of high reflectance materials can reduce heat absorption.
Trees, bushes, walls, fences and ground profiling mounds can
all contribute to wind shelter, in addition to their value in
providing summer shade For maximum benefit, landscape
elements need to be designed in conjunction with the
arrangement of buildings, following many of the same
principles, avoiding channeling or funneling of ground-level
winds. Vegetation, being permeable to the wind, is less
inclined to generate downdraughts than buildings, solid fences
or earth banks; tall trees, suitably placed, can therefore offer
substantial wind protection.
13. Ponds and fountains are the effective air-conditioning
systems in open spaces because of their ability to keep water
temperatures lower than air temperature and their low
reflectivity. Ponds have a reflectivity of approximately 3% at
times of maximum solar radiation, and therefore reflect little
solar radiation towards occupied zones. They absorb a lot of
solar radiation: up to 80% depending on the depth of pond.
Not all this solar radiation however produces a significant
increase of water temperature because of the pond‘s thermal
inertia and evaporation at its surface. The water pond inertia is
directly proportional to water mass and therefore to its depth.
With increasing water pond inertia, the water temperature
decreases. The daily range of water temperature (difference
between maximum and minimum) is reduced and there is a
phase shift between air and water temperatures.
When the pond is in shadow, the incoming solar radiation is
reduced, with a reduction in water temperature. This
temperature reduction increases with increased shading of the
pond. As water evaporates from a drop its temperature
decreases. Evaporation is proportional to the air-water contact
surface area, so incorporating fountains and sprayers produces
a large decrease in water temperature. The smaller drops are,
the greater the air–water contact surface is, increasing
evaporation. With a constant flow rate, the contact surface
produced by a nozzle is 100 times greater than from a sprayer.
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Figure 03: Variation in pond temperature with air
temperature. © University of Seville
14. Guiding campuses to restore clean water and healthy
habitats, by managing storm water and nutrient pollution,
restoration, and conservation, focused campuses will greatly
benefit its ecosystems. In addition to creating sustainable
environments in which both humans, plants and wildlife can
thrive, by landscaping the campus as a whole it may provides
several other advantages educational opportunities, economic
value, public recognition and sustainability certifications.
15. Sustainable landscape reduces long-term maintenance
costs. Choosing a sustainable landscaping plan will reduce
fertilizer, pesticide, and water consumption. Planting native
perennials that survive from year to year and require less
maintenance avoids the costs of planting short-lived, care-
intensive annuals. Native plants use less water because they
are adapted to climate conditions, reducing the need for
irrigation systems. Their extensive root systems filter toxins
and sediments before they reach lakes, rivers, and creeks.
These strong root systems can effectively hold soil and reduce
erosion, important in keeping natural habitats intact.
Proposed design suggestion for internal court (prototype)
Concentrate the gathering at four-corner point 2. Generate
Piezoelectricity through seating and soft paves 3. Control the
pruning of tree for shading to avoid excessive heat.
*It is needed to design with professionals to prepare a detailed
LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN.
8. Conclusion
One important part of sustainable landscaping is plant
selection. A local plant, which has adapted to local climate
conditions, will require less work on the part of some other
agent to flourish. In addition, by choosing native plants, one
can avoid certain problems with insects and pests because
these plants will also be adapted to deal with any local
invader. The bottom line is that by choosing the right kind of
local plants, a great deal of money can be saved on
amendment costs, pest control and watering. If the
surrounding trees are chosen to produce edible fruit, they can
provide a sustainable food source for the occupants. Plants
used as windbreaks can save up to 30% on heating costs in
winter. The larger and more leafy the plant, the most water
vapor it produces. Additionally, the presence of trees is crucial
in the creation of stable, healthy and productive ecosystems.
An intelligent choice for direct energy conservation would be
the placement of broadleaf deciduous trees near the east, west
and optionally north-facing walls of the campus buildings.
Such selection provides shading in the summer while
permitting large amounts of heat-carrying solar radiation to
strike the campus in the winter.
Another intelligent choice would be that of a dense vegetative
fence composed of evergreens near that side from which cold
continental winds blow and that side from which the
prevailing winds blow. Since north winds are most cold and
water moist air blow most often, such choice creates an
effective winter wind barrier that prevents very low
temperatures. Calculations show that placing the wind brake at
a distance twice the height of the trees can reduce the wind
velocity by 75%. It then follows that, with some planning,
both arrangements (deciduous and evergreen) can be applied
simultaneously.
9. Acknowledgement
We like to express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. Al-Nakib
Chowdhury who has generously and most kindly helped us
during the different phases of this study. Then valuable advice,
thoughtful suggestions and went a long way in achieving our
goal. For this article, we would like to acknowledge the local
people who helped me a lot by providing different types of
information. We are also thankful to some of my students who
helped me at the time of site survey. Finally, I would like to
thanks my parents whom I owe the most.
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