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Greentree Group Publishers
Received 20/10/19 Accepted 19/010/19 Published 10/03/19
________________________________________________________________
Kavyashree et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 10 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 35 [e ISSN 2350-0204]
Int J Ayu Pharm Chem RESEARCH ARTICLE www.ijapc.com
e-ISSN 2350-0204
ABSTRACT
Arka kalpana is one among the Panchavidhakasaya kalpana by lankapati Ravna and it is
mentioned in detail in Arka prakasha. It is a classical text written in 16th century by Lankapati
Ravana which deals primarily with different types of Arkas (formulations made by distillation)
in the management of different diseases. There are 16 Arka kalpana mentioned in this book
with Shwasa as one among their indications. Shwasaroga (Asthma) is the chronic conditions
that affects the quality of life of the patient. Its symptoms are similar to Bronchial asthma. This
review attempts to make a comprehensive compilation of Arkas indicated in shwasa and
analyze their actions.
KEYWORDS
Arka Kalpana, Arka Prakasha, Shwasa, Asthma, Ayurveda
A Critical Review on Arka Kalpana (Distillate Formulations) for
Shwasa (Asthma)
M.R. Kavyashree1*, A. Harini2 and S. Vasan Satish3
1,2Department of Dravyaguna,Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital,
Hassan, Karnataka, India
3Department of Panchakarma, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital,
Hassan, Karnataka, India
1D, India
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Kavyashree et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 10 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 36 [e ISSN 2350-0204]
INTRODUCTION
Arka kalpana is described as one of the
panchavidhakasaya kalpana by Lankapati
Ravana1 and Arka is a liquid preparation
obtained by distillation of certain liquids or
of drugs soaked in water using the Arka
Yantra (distillation apparatus)2. The
pharmaceutical aspect of Arka kalpana is
mentioned in Ravana’s Arka Prakasha. It is
a classical text written in 16th century by
Lankapati Ravana. There are 10 Chapters
in the Arka prakasha, which are termed as
Shataka. In the thritiya shataka, 16 Arka
are indicated in Shwasaroga1.
General method of Arka preparation:
The drug is coarsely powdered, if dry and
crushed if wet, to soak it in sufficient
quantity of water and kept overnight. Next
day morning soaked drug is transferred to
the Arka yantra and 10 parts of water added
to it. The mixture is continuously heated till
60% of the distillate is collected. After
cooling, the collected Arka is preserved in
airtight bottles2 or Shwasa means ‘difficulty
in breathing’ – ‘Shwasanaat Shwasaha’3.
Shwasaroga is one of the pranavaha srota
vikara. The causative factors of shwasa
roga are described as raja (Dust),
dhumavata (Smoke-Wind), shita sthana
(Cold water bath), shita ambu (Intake of
cold water), Vyayama (Exercise) 4. It is
broadly divided into five types – Kshudra
Shwasa, Maha Shwasa, Chinna Shwasa,
Urdhva Shwasa and Tamaka Shwasa5.
Asthma is defined as a chronic
inflammatory disease of airway. And it is
characterized by recurring symptoms,
reversible airflow obstruction and
bronchospasm. Symptoms include triad of
dyspnea, Cough and Wheezing6.
Asthma is a very common disease with
immense social impact. It occurs at all ages
but predominantly in early life. According
to the WHO, over 180,000 deaths
worldwide are caused due to asthma
annually. India, as of 2015, is the country
with the highest number of deaths caused
by respiratory causes. There has been an
overall increase of incidence of respiratory
disorders in India, prevalence of Bronchial
Asthma is found around 100-150 millions
of people. In India, it is about 15-20
millions of people that get affected by
Asthma, among them 10- 15 % are noted
for the children of age group 5-11 years old.
The World-wide mortality rate is found to
be increasing by 50 % in every decade7.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Arka Kalpana‘s were enlisted given for
shwasa from the Arka prakasha. Table (1)
shows the list of Arka Kalpna1.
Detailed literature review of Arka kalpana
dravyas were also compiled from
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Kavyashree et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 10 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 37 [e ISSN 2350-0204]
Ayurvedic literature, Journals and Internet
media for the information regarding the
Arka kalpana dravyas.
The Arka kalpana having shwasaghna
karma are listed below with their Reference
and Botanical source, Family, Part used,
Rasa panchaka, Doshangnata along with
Research studies done on these Arka
kalpana dravyas. Table (2) and (3) shows
the Drug description and Rasapanchaka of
Arka kalpana dravyas8.
OBSERVATION
In Arka prakasha, totally 10 chapters are
mentioned. In thritiya shataka 16 Arka
kalpana mentioned as Shwasagna karma.
All Arka dravyas contain mainly volatile
principles which possess antioxidant,
antiasthmatic, antitussive, anti-
inflammatory, anthelmintic, anti-microbial,
and anti-fungal activity. Among 16 Arka
kalpana dravyas, 13 drugs are have been
proved as antiasthmatic activity on animal
model and clinical trial.
Table1 List of Arka Kalpana
S.N Arka kalpana Chapter/Shloka
no
01 Shunti Arka 3/3
02 Pippali Arka ¾
03 Maricha Arka ¾
04 Dhanyaka Arka 3/10
05 Thumburu Arka 3/18
06 Pushkaramula Arka 3/25
07 Bharangi Arka 3/29
08 Prsna parni Arka 3/30
09 Aragwadha Arka 3/32
10 Guduchi Arka 3/41
11 Jivanti Arka 3/45
12 Hapusha Arka 3/47
13 Gunja Arka 3/49
14 Mesha shrungi
Arka
3/62
15 Drona pushpi Arka 3/82
16 Katphala Arka 3/92
Table 2 Drug description of Arka kalpana dravyas
S. N Drug Botanical name Family name Part used
01 Shunti Zingiberofficinale Roscoe. Zingiberaceae Kanda
02 Pippali Piper longum Linn. Piperaceae Phala
03 Maricha Piper nigrum Linn. Piperaceae Phala
04 Dhanyaka Coriandrum sativum Linn. Apiaceae Phala
05 Thumburu Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. Rutaceaea Phala
06 Pushkaramula Inula racemosa Hook.f. Asteraceae Mula
07 Bharangi Clerodendron serratum Linn. Verbenaceae Mula
08 Prsna Parni Uraria picta Desv. Papillionaceae Mula
09 Aragwadha Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpinaceae Phala
10 Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Linn. Menispermaceae Kanda
11 Jivanti Leptadenia reticulate Retz. Ascalepidaceae Patra
12 Hapusha Juniperus communis Linn. Pinaceae Twak
13 Gunja Abrus precatorius Linn.
Leguminoseae Beeja
14 Mesha Shrungi Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Ascalepidaceae Patra
15 Drona Pushpin Leucas aspera Willd. Lamiaceae Pancanga
16 Katphala Myrica nagi Linn. Myricaceae Kanda twak
Table 3 Rasapanchaka of Arka kalpana dravyas
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Kavyashree et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 10 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 38 [e ISSN 2350-0204]
S.N Dravya Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Doshagnata
01 Shunti Katu Guru, Ruksha ,
Tiksha
Usna Katu Kaphavatasamaka
02 Pippali Katu Tikshna,Laghu,
Snigdha
Anusna Madhura Kaphavatasamaka
03 Maricha Katu Tikshna, Laghu Usna Katu Kaphavatasamaka
04 Dhanyaka Katu,Tikta,K asaya,
Madhura
Snigdha,Laghu Usna Madhura Tridoshasamaka
05 Thumburu Katu, Tikta Laghu,
Ruksa,Tiksna
Usna Katu Vatakaphasamaka
06 Pushkaramula Katu,Tikta Tikshna,Laghu Usna Katu Vatakaphasamaka
07 Bharangi Katu,Tikta, Kasaya Ruksha,Laghu Usna Katu Kaphavatasamaka
08 Prsnaparni Madhura,Katu Laghu,Sara Usna Madhura Tridosasamaka
09 Aragwadha Madhura,Tikta Guru,Snigdha Sita Madhura Vatapittasamaka
10 Guduchi Tikta,Kasaya Laghu,Guru,
Snigdha
Ushna Madhura Tridosasamaka
11 Jivanti Madhura Snigdha,Laghu Sita Madhura Tridosasamaka
12 Hapusha Katu,Tikta Laghu,Ruksha,
Tikshna
Ushna Katu Kaphavatsamka
13 Gunja Tikta, Kashaya
Tikshna, Laghu,
Ruksha
Usna Katu Kaphavatashamaka
14 Meshashrungi Tikta,Kasaya Laghu,Ruksa Usna Katu Kaphavatasamaka
15 Dronapushpi Katu,Lavana Guru,Ruksa
Tiksna
Usna Madhura Vatakaphasamaka
16 Katphala Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Tikshna Ushna Katu Vatapittasamaka
Enumeration of Drugs with their
Experimental /clinical study
Shunthi: (Zingiber officinalec Roscoe.)
Shunthi is perennial herb with elongated
leafy stems and leaves sessile, linear-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Rhizome is
stout and tuberous9. Gingerol,
Zingrberenes, Zingeberol, Shogaol,
isoproterenol, Essential oils are those which
act on respiratory system.
A clinical study reveals that 5ml of Ardraka
arka nebulizatization reduces the chest
tightness along with good expectoration
and a reduction the intensity of ronchi and
good broncho dilatation effect was found
less than 20 minutes in reduction of
symptoms and increase of PEFR whereas
the changes were seen after 40 minutes
when one pala (48ml) of Arka administered
internally 10.
Pippali: (Piper longum Linn.)
Pippali is a slender aromatic Perennial
climber with woody roots and creeping
stem with ovate, cordate leaves. Fruits are
ovoid, Yellowish orange, sunk in fleshy
spike11. The essential oil of the fruit P.
longum is a complex mixture, the three
major components of which are
caryophyllene, pentadecane and bisaboline,
others include thujine, terpinoline,
zingiberine, p-cymene and p-methoxy
acetophenone which act on Respiratory
system12. The extract of P. longum in milk
reduced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in
rats and protected gunea pigs against
antigen-induced bronchospasm13.
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Kavyashree et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 10 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 39 [e ISSN 2350-0204]
Maricha: (Piper nigrum Linn.)
It is a branched climbing shrub, rooting at
the nodes, leaves are simple, alternate,
cordate, fruits are ovoid or globose.
Essential oil found to be thujene, dl-
limonene, terpinene, dihydrocarveol,
pinene, sabinene, myrcene, cymene,
caryophyllene, and used as anti-pyretic,
anti-oxidant, cough and asthma14.
The aqueous extract of Piper nigrum fruits
significantly inhibited acetylcholine
induced bronchoconstriction of isolated
goat trachea which revealed anti-asthmatic
potential15.
Dhanyaka: (Coriandrum sativum Linn.)
It is an aromatic, herbaceous annual, leaves
pinnately or ternately decompound, Fruits
yellowish brown, globose, separating in to
two halves and seeds compressed. And anti-
bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-microbial,
insecticidal activity, anti-oxidant activity
reported from essential oil16.
The essential oil from seed is linalool
(60%Y80%) followed by other alcohols,
ketones and esters such as >-pinene
(0.2%Y8%), F-terpinene (1%Y8%),
geranyl acetate (0.1%Y4.7%) and
camphor17.
Tumburu: (Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.)
A Small tree, flattened prickles on trunk,
bark pale brown, furrowed, leaves
unequally pinnate, lanceolate, flowers
small yellow in colour18.
The major essential oil constituents such as
3-borneol, isobornyl acetate,
dihydrocarveol, linalool, α-limonene
diepoxide, α-pinene and geraniol. And
anticonvulsive, antinociceptive, anti –
bacterial, antifungal and antispasmodic
activity reported from essential oil.
The essential oil of Z. armatum provides
evidence as bronchodilator and
antiasthmatic properties in histamine and
OVA-induced allergens in guinea pigs and
mice19.
Pushkaramoola: (Inula racemosa Hook.f.)
A stout herb with rough grooved stem,
leaves simple, alternate, radicle or cauline,
root is brownish externally and white
internally, on drying it becomes greyish and
it is aromatic and irregularly wrinkled20.
Root contains inulin (10%) and an essential
oil (1.3%) containing alantolactone. And
essential was found anti-microbial, anti-
fungal and anthelmintic activity21.
Extract of dried roots of Inula racemosa
revealed antiasthmatic activity as noticed
by antagonistic effect on histamine induced
contraction, milk- induced eosinophilia and
leukocytosis, and protection against mast
cell degranulation22.
Bharangi: (Clerodendron serratum Linn.)
Bharnagi is a shrub with Leaves opposite,
acute and usually coarsely and sharply
serrate. The roots are used as Anti-
inflammatory, Anti-spasmodic, Cough and
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Asthma etc 23. Essential oil was found
serratin and lupeol21.
A clinical study reveals that 5ml of
Bharangi arka nebulization was effective in
vegaavastha of Tamaka shwasa
immediately after administration24.
The anaphylactic bronchoconstrictor
response in sensitized isolated guinea pig
lung was found to be inhibited after
continuous perfusion of the alcoholic
fraction of aqueous extract of the root of
Clerodendrum serratum suggesting
antiasthmatic potential25.
Prisnaparni: (Uraria picta Desv.)
A suffruticose herb or undershrub, woody
with leaves imparipinnate, lanceolate, acute
and blotched with white. Flowers are pink
or purple and seed ovate light brown,
reniform26. Alkaloids, triterpenes, Saponin,
flavonoids and steroids were isolated from
the root of Uraria picta, shows anti-
microbial and analgesic activity27.
Aragvadha: (Cassia fistula Linn.)
Aragvadha is a moderate sized deciduous
tree, Leaves pinnately compound, ovate,
acute, bright green glabrous above and
slightly –pubescent beneath and said to be
antitussive, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory
and analgesic etc 28. Essential oils found to
be aldehydes, eugenol and pinene29.
saponins and sapogenins was found to be
effective against asthma and its Cf-3 active
fraction at 150 mg/kg body weight with
Acacia gum showed 78.35±1.29% intact
mast cells and 21.65±1.34 % disrupted mast
cells during mast cells de-granulation
process30.
Guduchi: (Tinospora cordifolia Linn.)
Guduchi is a Climbing Shrub, Leaves
Cordate, Flowers are Greenish- yellow and
said to be anti-allergic, anti-oxidant, anti-
pyretic31. It contains alkaloids, diterpenoid,
glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid and
polysaccharides32.
Tinospora extract shows therapeutic
potential for management of asthmatic
inflammation and other lung inflammatory
conditions against oxidative stress, pro-
inflammatory mediator release and redox
signaling in the murine model of asthma33.
Jivanti: (Leptadenia reticulate Retz.)
Jivanti is a branched twining shrub, leaves
thinly coriaceous, ovate and cordate.
Flower greenish-yellow and seeds narrowly
ovate-oblong. And it is an antibacterial,
antimicrobial, respiratory stimulant and
depressant34.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS) analysis of the ethanolic extract
of whole plant of L. reticulata revealed the
presence of 32 phytocomponents35.
Anti-asthmatic activity experiment was
done on a Guinea pig, and rat. A result of
the experiment was histamine (10 μg/ ml)
produced dose-dependent contraction of
guinea pig ileum. Pre-treatment with hydro
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Kavyashree et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 10 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 41 [e ISSN 2350-0204]
alcoholic extract of L. reticulata (0.8
mg/ml) significantly inhibited (p<0.01) the
contractile effect of histamine36.
Hapusha: (Juniperus communis Linn.)
An evergreen dense diffuse shrub leaves
sharply pointed, linear, flowers axillary,
fruit globose berries, blue-black and seed
usually 3 and ovoid. It is said to be Anti-
microbial, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, and
Anti-hypercholesterolemic activity37.
Essential oil is largely comprised of
monoterpene hydrocarbons such as β-
pinene (5.0%), α-pinene (51.4%), sabinene
(5.8%) and limonene (5.1%) 38.
Juniper oil is useful to inhale the steam for
respiratory infections, colds,
asthma, bronchitis, etc39.
Gunja: (Abrus precatorius Linn.)
Gunja is a deciduous wiry climber, leaves
abruptly pinnate with many pairs of leaflets,
Seeds ovoid, scarlet with a black spot round
the hilum and glossy40. The volatile oil
found in shell oil limonene (19.08%),
ocimene (8.94%) and myrcene (8.60%)
and zingiberene (6.02%). In seed oil the
dominant monoterpenes are sabinene
(10.93%) and camphene (6.45%), while
were zingiberene (10.75%), farnesene
(5.30%), sesquiphelladrene (4.47%) and
curcumene (4.41%) were the prominent
sesquiterpenes, and good ant-oxidantal
property41.
The ethanol extract of A. precatorius leaves
significantly decreased milk induced
leukocytosis and eosinophilia in mice in a
dose dependent manner42.
Meshashrungi: (Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.)
A large woody climber leaves simple,
opposite and root bark light brown cracking
horizontally 43. Alkaloids, terpenoids,
tannin, saponin, flavonoid, phenol and
anthraquinones found in G.Sylvestre, and it
shows antioxidant and antimicrobial
activity44.
Ethanol ext. of G. sylvestre leaves was
evaluated for antiasthmatic activity using
histamine andacetylcholine-induced
bronchospasm, mast cell degranulation and
histamine induced constriction on isolated
guinea pig tracheal chain at different dose
levels and concludes that the antiasthmatic
activity of ethanolic ext. of G. Sylvestre
leaves may be due to the presence of
flavonoids or steroids45.
Dronpushpi: (Leucas aspera Willd.) is an
annual erect, stout, hairy, aromatic herb
having quadrangular stem, leaves simple,
opposite, ovate-lanceolate, flowers white,
terminal or axillary whorls, and it shows
Anti-microbial activity46. The essential oil
identified from the leaf is α-farnesene
(26.4%), α-thujene (12.6%) and menthol
(11.3%) were the major constituents and
among the 10 compounds identified from
the flower volatiles, amyl propionate
(15.2%) and isoamyl propionate (14.4%)
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Kavyashree et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 10 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 42 [e ISSN 2350-0204]
were dominant47. Methanolic extract of
dried whole plant of Leucas aspera
reported antiasthmatic activity in-vivo
models like histamine induced
bronchospasm in guinea pigs, passive paw
anaphylaxis in rats and milk induced
eosinophilia mice and in vitro model like
mesentric mast cell degranulation by egg
albumin etc48.
Katphala: (Myrica nagi Linn.)
An evergreen dioecious tree, bark rough
with deep vertical wrinkles, grey or
brownish grey, leaves simple, lanceolate,
acute or obtuse49. The volatile compounds
found to be Nerolidol, α-pinene, α-
selinene, β- caryophyllene, β-selinen, α-
caryophyllene, α-cadinol, linalool in the
leaves and in the bark n-Hexadecanol;
eudesmol acetate; palmitic acid; cis-β-
caryophyllene; n-pentadecanol; n-
octadecanol. Volatile oil reported to anti-
microbial activity.
The antiasthmatic potential of ethanol
extract of the bark (75 mg/kg and 150
mg/kg, p.o.) was further supported by
exhibiting antiallergic activity due to
marked inhibition of eosinophil
accumulation (p<0.05) in allergic pleurisy
test as well as significant inhibition in the
rise in plasma exudation (p<0.05) in acetic
acid-induced vascular permeability50.
DISCUSSION
Arka Kalpana from the Arka prakasha was
screened for Shwasagna karma. Total 16
arka kalpana are mentioned for Shwasa
roga mainly caused by KaphaVatadosha.
Arka indicated for shwasa are
Kaphavatahara dravyas with Shwasaghna
karma. Kaphahara because of Usna veerya,
Katu Vipaka and Katu, Tikta,Kasaya Rasa.
Vatahara because of its Usna Virya. So the
drugs having these properties help in the
management of Shwasa roga.
Among 16 drugs, 13 drugs are proven as
antiasthmatic as per studies done on animal
models and human. Studies upon
Dhanyaka, Hapusha and Prisnaparni
aren’t proved as anti-asthmatic activity but
in classical text mentioned as expectorant.
A clinical study revealed that Ardraka and
Bharangi arka Nebulization was effective
in vegavastha of tamaka shwasa. Essential
oil or Volatile oil is generally extracted by
distillation process. The volatile oil when
administered orally or inhalation increases
the respiratory secretions probably by direct
stimulation. They act like expectorant and
liquefy by increasing the secretions, expel
out and relax the irritated mucosa.
CONCLUSION
In the present review on Shwasaghna
dravyas of Arka prakasha, 16 Arka kalpana
are mentioned, the dravyas were indicated
for Shwasa. Recent experimental and
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Kavyashree et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 10 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 43 [e ISSN 2350-0204]
clinical studies reveal the effect of these
herbs on respiratory system and hence open
an avenue for clinical research on these
Arka kalapana.
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Kavyashree et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 10 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 44 [e ISSN 2350-0204]
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