INT 313 1

A Review of Idealist/Realist Debate

Idealism– Wilson, Zimmern– Optimistic/Progressive

Outlook– Collective Security– Institutionalizing peace– İnstitutions transcending

states– Colloboration– International Institutions

Realism– Carr, Morgenthau

– Pessimistic/Stability Outlook

– Structural anarchy

– War & Security

– İndependent states

– National interests, security, power, zero-sum competition

– Balance of Power

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Lecture Outline (17.10.2002)Theories of Political Integration

1. Functionalism

2. Neo-Functionalism

3. Interdependence

4. International Regimes

5. Systems Theory

6. World Federalism

7. Epistemic Communities

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Theories of Political Integration

1. What is political integration?

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Political Integration

The process or the product of efforts to build new political communities and supranational institutions that transcend the state

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The Purposes of Political Integration

To remove states’ incentives for war To engineer reform programs To transform international institutions

from instruments of states to structures over them

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Functionalism

David Mitrany, A Working Peace System, 1966

Ernst Haas, Beyond the Nation-State, 1964

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Functionalism

a gradualist approach to world order with the attainment of political federation by installments– Peace by pieces– A “bottom-up” evolutionary view

Why a gradualist approach?

How a gradualist approach?

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Functionalism Why a gradualist approach?

Because state sovereignty is so firmly for the states and it is very difficult for the states to cease it

The conflicts among states are generally exempted from political issues

Thus, it is very difficult to provide integration between states in political matters

So, how can cooperation be achieved?

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Functionalism How a gradualist approach?

In Political Issues cooperation is unlikely to occur

So what to do?

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Functionalism How a gradualist approach?

In Political Issues cooperation is unlikely to occur

So what to do?

It is relatively easy to attain cooperation in

non-political matters

What are these?

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Functionalism How a gradualist approach?

Cooperation in non-political areas

build

habits of interaction

spill over effect

Cooperation in the political areas

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FunctionalismHow can functionalist theory be criticized?

the distinction between political and non-political

the transition from non-political to political integration may not be possible

state sovereignty is underestimated in functionalist theory

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Neofunctionalism

the supremacy of political factors the political/non-political aspects are

totally different so there is not a way from non-political therough political

Integration should begin by the political issues. Then it would include all other aspects of life

Maastricht Treaty on EU

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NeofunctionalismPreconditions for a proper political Integration

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NeofunctionalismPreconditions for a proper political Integration

geographical proximity steady economic growth similar political systems supportive public opinion cultural homogeneity internal political stabilitySimilar historical experiencesCompatible forms of government and economic

systems

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NeofunctionalismPreconditions for a proper political Integration

Similar level of economic resources a shared perception of common external threatBureaucratic compatibilitiesPrevious corroborative efforts similar level of military preparedness

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Neofunctionalism

Cooperation in Political Matters

Spill Over

Nation-state Spill Round Federation

Spill Back

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Interdependence

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Interdependence

Changes in one nation produce significant changes in one or more others

In emerged as a challenge to the realist analysis of world politics?

In what ways?

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Interdependence

By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism1. States as coherent units are the dominant actors

in world politis

2. Force is a usable and effective instrument of policy

3. There is a hierarchy of issues in world politics

INTEGRATION IS IMPOSSIBLE

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Interdependence

By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism1. States as coherent units are the dominant actors in world politisMultiple Channels Connect Societies

informal ties btw. Govt. Elitesinformal ties btw. Non-govt. Elitestransnational orhanizations

3 types of Channelsinterstatetransgovernmentaltransnational

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Interdependence

By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism2. Force is a usable and effective instrument of

policy

Military Force is not employed btw. Govts that locate in the same region or issue area

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Interdependence

By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism3. There is a hierarchy of issues in world politics

There is not an hierarchy of issues in the agenda of interstate relations

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Interdependence

By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism3. There is a hierarchy of issues in world politicsThere is not an hierarchy of issues in the agenda of interstate

relations Energy resources DefenseEnvironment HealthPopulation EducationUse of Seas WelfareAgriculture JusticeCommerce Labor