INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE

Teaching materials for this training include the following:

Instructor preparation tools (in course binder Tab 2) Overall training objectives At-A-Glance Preparing to teach this training What you need to present this training

Curriculum (in course binder Tab 2 and on flash drive)Includes all teaching notes and background information to teach the course. Pairswith Silica in Construction PowerPoint presentation and Laminated slides

PowerPoint presentations (on flash drive) Silica in Construction (110 slides) matches Curriculum Silica Jeopardy Review Game (42 slides)

PowerPoint slides reference hardcopy Silica in Construction handout with space for notes (in course binder Tab 2) Silica Jeopardy Answer Key and Game Board (back pocket of course binder)

Videos (on flash drive) "Silica Exposure" (2 minutes) Worksafe BC "Silica in Construction—from danger to safety" (8 minutes) SBCTC "Eliminate the Hazard—McCarthy Drilling Project" (7 minutes) SBCTC

Audio (on flash drive) Union Bricklayers testimony regarding health effects caused by exposure to

silica dust (3:40 minutes) International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Crafts

10 Laminated Slides (front pocket of course binder) Where is silica found/3 forms of crystalline silica How to know if material contains silica/List of materials that contain silica Operations that create silica dust/List of tasks that create dust Respirable particles/Size matters Diseases caused by silica/Diseases associated with silica exposure Assessing risk/Examples of engineering controls—wet methods Before/After photos—more examples of wet method engineering controls Examples of LEV methods/Before-After photos—examples of LEV controls Worker best practices/Housekeeping rule NIOSH-approved respirators/Medical exam facts

OVERALL TRAINING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

1. Understand what silica is and where it occurs in building materials.

2. Recognize silica hazards and identify tasks/equipment that create exposure to harmfullevels of respirable crystalline silica dust.

3. Describe potential health effects and the signs/symptoms of over-exposure to crystallinesilica dust.

4. Identify engineering and work practice controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE)that protect workers from over-exposure to crystalline silica dust.

5. Understand the basic requirements of the new 2016 OSHA Silica Standard forConstruction.

6. Use best practices when working with and around crystalline silica.

AT-A-GLANCE

Module Slide #s Time Training GoalIntroduction 1-7 6 min -Acknowledge source

-Introduce topic-Course objectives

1. Introduction to Silica 8-18 15 min -Explain what silica is-Where it naturally occurs-Identify type that is hazardous-Learn which constructionmaterials contain silica

2. Silica as a Hazard 19-34 20 min -Learn factors that make silicadangerous-Understand why respirable dustis a hazard-Learn key terms related to PEL

3. Tasks and Tools thatCreate Silica Dust

35-42 35 min -Understand which tasks andequipment put workers at risk forsilica dust exposure-Link these to constructionmaterials

4. Health Effects of SilicaExposure

43-60 45 min -Explain how breathing silica dustdamages the body-Identify diseases associated withsilica dust-Learn signs and symptoms ofoverexposure

5. Controlling Silica Hazards 61-87 45 min -Risk factors for silica exposure-Learn control strategies forpreventing exposure-Types of PPE used for silica dust-Best practices for working withsilica

6. The New OSHA Standard 88-108 30 min -Learn basic components of newstandard for construction-What workers can expect on-the-job as employers comply withthe standard

Total time: Approximately 3.25 hours

Preparing to Teach This Training

The curriculum is designed to guide you through the entire training with key talking points,background information, activities, and prompting questions to engage the class. The goal ofthe training is to educate workers about the risks and hazards involved in working withrespirable crystalline silica. It is important that workers know when they are likely to beexposed to the hazard; the serious, permanent harm silica dust can cause to their health; whatcontrols should be implemented to protect them; and best practices for assuring they areworking safely.

Specialized technical knowledge is not necessary to teach this course. With proper preparation,foremen, union staff, apprenticeship instructors, and others can present the material. TheTrain-the-Trainer (TOT) class is designed to prepare participants to teach the curriculum byexperiencing the training first-hand as well as receiving supplemental technical informationfrom expert guest speakers and teaching tips and adult learning information.

The course is flexible and can be presented in different ways. Feel free to adapt it to your ownsituation. The minimum recommended training session is 30 minutes. You can use specificmodules that are most relevant to your training needs, or present the entire course in one 3.5hour class.

Laminated Slides: We have provided 10 laminated double-sided slides that can be useful forpresenting training at a job site where it is not feasible to use PowerPoint or video. Weselected 20 slides from the course PowerPoint that cover essential information from eachtraining module. Use the curriculum talking points with these slides to present a shorter, basictraining or refresher class. They may be also work well in conjunction with a tailgate training ortoolbox talk.

PRACTICE! However you decide to present this training, it is always essential to study thecurriculum and rehearse your presentation before holding a class. The curriculum provides alevel of detail designed to provide the information you need to competently teach the material.Some of this information is intended to enhance the trainer's understanding of the concepts.You may choose to target only key points in your training as outlined at the beginning of eachsection and as shown on the PowerPoint slides.

If you have any questions or need help using this material, please contact the SBCTC ProjectCoordinator whose contact information is listed in the front of your binder.

What you need to present this training:

Flash drive provided at the TOT class—(PowerPoint files) Computer and LCD projector for PowerPoint presentation Speakers for videos and audio Extension cord and power strip Course curriculum Class sign-in sheet Pre/Post tests Class evaluation forms Copies of handouts Flip chart pad and easel or white board Multi-colored markers Painter's tape for posting flip charts (Optional) Samples of natural silica—pieces of quartz, granite, sandstone, sand (Optional) Samples of construction materials—brick, block, concrete (Optional) Tools of your trade that create silica dust—e.g. drills, saws, grinders,

chippers, jackhammers, etc. Props to illustrate size of cubic meter and items that weigh a gram Samples of NIOSH-approved air-purifying respirators with proper filters for silica dust (Optional) Prizes for playing PowerPoint Jeopardy Review Game Master question list for Jeopardy Review Game

TRAININGCURRICULUM

A trainingto keep construction workers safe on the job

State Building & Construction Trades Councilof California, AFL-CIO

Funded by Federal OSHA, 2017

SILICA INCONSTRUCTION

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Introduction(6minutes)Keypointsinthissection:

• Acknowledgesourceandfundingoftrainingmaterial• Howmaterialmaybeused• Introducetrainingtopic• Courseobjectives

Handouts:N/A

Slide1—Titlepage

Slide2—StateBuildingandConstructionTradesCouncilofCA,AFL-CIOIdentifythatthistrainingprogramwasdevelopedin2016-17bytheStateBuildingandConstructionTradesCouncilofCalifornia,AFL-CIO(SBCTC).ExplainthattheSBCTCisastatewidenon-profitcouncilofbuildingtradesunionsrepresentingunionconstructionworkersthroughoutCalifornia.Inexistenceformorethanahundredyears,theSBCTChasbeenastrongadvocateforworkerhealthandsafety.FormoreinformationabouttheSBCTC,visitourwebsiteatwww.sbctc.org.

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Slide3—FundedbyOSHAExplainthatfundingforthisprogramwasprovidedthroughagrantfromfederalOSHA.Throughthegrantprogramprocess,materialisreviewedandapprovedbyfederalOSHApriortodistribution.TheSusanHarwoodTrainingGrantProgramawardsgrantstononprofitorganizationsonacompetitivebasis.Thefocusoftheprogramistoprovidetrainingandeducationforworkersandemployersontherecognition,avoidance,andpreventionofsafetyandhealthhazardsintheirworkplaces,andtoinformworkersoftheirrightsandemployersoftheirresponsibilitiesundertheOSHAct.Targetaudiencesincludeunderserved,low-literacy,andworkersinhigh-hazardindustries.Since1978,over2.1millionworkershavebeentrainedthroughthisfederalOSHAprogram.Since2000theSBCTChasdevelopedtrainingthroughOSHAgrantsonthesetopics:effectivetailgatetraining;FocusFourhazards;preventingsprainsandstrains;fallpreventionandrescueplanning;toxicsinconstruction;noiseandhearinglossprevention.

Slide4—UseofMaterial/DuplicationandPhotoCreditEmphasizethatthistrainingwasspecificallydesignedtoeducateworkersaboutthehazardsofworkingwithsilica.Itcannotbeusedforcommercialpurposes.WehavemadeeveryefforttogivepropercredittophotosourcesusedinthePowerPointpresentation.

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Slide5—AcknowledgementsWheneverpossible,weuseexistingsourcesofinformationtocompileourtraining.TheSBCTCexpressesthankstotheorganizationslistedonthisslidefortheircooperationinsharingtheirresourcesandexpertiseforthebenefitofourtraining.

Slide6—Silica—AHighPriorityforConstructionOnconstructionsitestherearemanysourcesofdustthatcancontainavarietyofcontaminants.Someofthesecontaminantsareofgreaterconcernthanothersbecausetheyareknowntocauseserioushealtheffectsinworkers.Silicaisoneofthese.Thephotoshowsworkersscarifyingconcretewithoutusingdustcontrols.Youmayhavealreadyseenorheardtheslogan"Ifit'sSilica,it'snotjustDust"whichwerethewatchwordsofanationalpubliceducationcampaignlaunchedinthelate1990'sbyOSHAandotherpartners.Silicaremainsahighpriorityforconstructionhealthandsafetyandisthetopicofthistrainingprogram.OSHAestimatesthat2.3millionU.S.workersareexposedtothishazardeveryyear,andcloseto90%(2million)ofthoseworkinconstruction.Outoftheestimated676,000establishmentsaffected,600,000areconstruction.

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Slide7—CourseObjectivesforSilicaTrainingThepurposeofthistrainingistohelpyouunderstandsilicahazards,riskfactorsandhowtoworksafelywithconstructionmaterialscontainingsilica.Itisnotdesignedtomakeyouanexpert,but,bycompletingthistraining,youshouldaccomplishthese6objectives.ASK:Doyouhaveanyquestionsaboutthistrainingbeforewemoveon?

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Section1:IntroductiontoSilica(15minutes)Keypointsinthissection:

• Understandwhatsilicaisandwhereitnaturallyoccurs• Discussdifferentformsandtypesofsilica• Identifyconstructionmaterialsthatmaycontainsilica• Howtofindoutifmaterialcontainssilica

Activity:BrainstormlistofconstructionmaterialsthatcontainsilicaHandouts:WhatisCrystallineSilica?Props:Samplestopassaroundtheclass:Naturalsourcesofsilica:piecesofquartz,granite,sandstone,ajarofsand.Constructionmaterial:piecesofcementfiber-board,cement,concrete,brick,block,tile.

Slide8—SectiontitlepagePhoto:DemolitionofMorrisMechanictheaterBaltimore,MD,January2015

Slide9—Whatissilica?Wemaynotrealizeit,butsilicaisallarounduseveryday.ASK:Doesanyoneknowwhatwemeanby"mineral?"Answeronnextslide.

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Slide10—"Mineral"means:Thefourpointscoveredontheslidegenerallydefinewhatidentifiesasubstanceasamineral.ASK:What'sthefirstthingthatcomestomindwhenyouthinkofamineral?Possibleanswersare:rock,soil,somethingthatcomesfromtheEarth'scrust.ASK:Whywouldacellphoneappearonthisslide?Mostthingsweuseindailylifearemadefrommineralsorproducedusingmineralproducts.Forexampleittakesdozensofmineralsfromdifferentcountriestomakeacellphone.Theconstructionindustryisthelargestconsumerofmineralcommodities.Crushedstoneisusedforfoundations,roadbase,concrete,anddrainage.Sandandgravelareusedinconcreteandfoundations.Claysareusedtomakecement,bricks,andtile.Ironoreisusedtomakereinforcingrods,steelbeams,nails,andwire.Gypsumisusedtomakedrywall.Dimensionstoneisusedforfacing,curbing,flooring,stairtreads,andotherarchitecturalwork.Thesearejustafewofthemanyusesofmineralcommoditiesinconstruction.ASK:Wheredoyouthinkthemineralsilicaisfoundnaturally?Gotonextslideforanswer

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Slide11—Silicaisfoundinrock,soilandsandSilicaisjustonetypeofmineral.Itisachemicalcompound(silicondioxide)formedfromsiliconandoxygenatoms.Becausethesetwoelementsaresoabundant,formationofsilicaisverycommoninnatureanditoccursallovertheplanet.Formillennia,humanshaveusednaturalbuildingmaterialsthatcontainsilica.ASK:Canyouthinkof3ancientstructuresthatmaybemadefromrawmaterialthatcontainssilica?Possibleanswersinclude:Stonehenge3100BC(sandstoneandbluestone),Egyptianpyramids2600BC(limestoneandlimestoneconcrete),Greektemples6thcenturyBC(marble),Romantemples2000yearsold(brick,concrete,marble,stucco).ManybuildingsinourowncapitolWashingtonDCarebuiltfromgranite,sandstone,andlimestone.

Slide12—Silicanaturallyoccursas:Themineralcompoundsilicaoccursintwodifferentstatescalled"amorphous"and"crystalline."ThesesharethesamechemicalformulaSiO2buthavedifferentproperties.Thisisimportanttousbecauseoneofthesetypespresentsahazardtoconstructionworkersandisthefocusofthistraining.Amorphousdescribesatypethathasnoregularform.Ifyouweretolookatapieceofamorphoussilica,itwouldbehardtofindadefined,repeatingpattern.Crystallinesilicahasathree-dimensionalrepeatingpatternwithawell-definedarrangement,aregularcrystalformlikewhat'sshowninthephotoonthisslide.ASK:Ifweweretocomparetwosolidsthatweallknowwell,butterandice,whichonewouldbecrystalline?It'seasytofindregular,repeating

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patternsofformintheice.Thebutterappearsnon-crystalline.Ofthesetwotypesofsilica,itisexposuretothecrystallinestatethatisofgreatestconcernbecauseitisverycommonandisproventocauseseriouslungdiseases.Crystallinesilicaisfoundinrocksfromeverygeologiceraandfromeverylocationaroundtheglobe,makingitverylikelytoshowupinconstructionmaterialsthatyoumayworkwith.Thereisatypeofamorphoussilicacalled"diatomaceousearth"thatisproducedbytinyorganismsthatextractsilicafromwater.Itisaneffectivefilteringagent,andisusedasafillerandasamildabrasive.Youmayuseitinconstructionandhavetofollowappropriateprotections,butitisnotconsideredcrystallinesilica.

Slide13—3formsofcrystallinesilicaTherearethreeformsofcrystallinesilicathatareknowntocauseoccupationaldiseaseandevendeath.Quartzisthemostcommonformofthethree.ALLsoilscontainatleasttraceamountsofcrystallinesilicaintheformofquartz.Itisfoundinsand,gravel,clay,granite,sandstone,andotherformsofrock.Becausequartzisveryabundant,workershaveahighchanceofexposure.TeachingTip:Havingsamplesofquartz,granite,sandstone,andbeachsandtopassaroundtheclassisagoodwaytohelpworkersretainthisinformation.CristobaliteandTridymite—arelesscommonformsfoundinvolcanicrocksandsoil.Becausetheseareverystableathightemperatures,theyarealsoproducedinsomeindustrialoperationsthatheatquartzoramorphoussilicatoextremelyhightemperatures,suchasfoundryprocesses,calciningofdiatomaceousearth,brickandceramics

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manufacturing.Whilemorerare,theseformsarebelievedtobemoretoxic.

Slide14—Whereissilicafoundinconstruction?Activity:thepurposeofthisactivityistogettheclasstoapplytheinformationtheyjustlearnedinapracticalwaybyconnectingittothematerialstheycommonlyuseonthejob.Preparation:familiarizeyourselfwiththelistonSlide15thatfollows.Materials:flipchartorwhiteboard,multicolorpens,tape

• Askthegrouptobrainstormalistofbuildingmaterialstheythinkmightcontaincrystallinesilica.

• Recordthegroup'sanswerswhereeveryonecansee.

• Giveeveryoneachancetogiveananswer.Trytoengagethewholeclass.

• Ifanyitemsarelistedthatmaybeincorrect,discussthiswiththeclassandclarifywhytheydon'tfitwiththecorrectexamples.Reviewpreviousinformationifnecessary.

• Whenfinished,goontothenextslide.

Slide15—ThesematerialsmaycontainsilicaHavetheclasscomparetheirlisttotheoneonthisslidewhichcamefromCPWR(CenterforConstructionResearchandTraining).ASK:Doanysurpriseyou?Discussthelistwiththeclass.Itisimportanttoknowhowmuchandwhatkindofcrystallinesilicaiscontainedintheconstructionmaterialsyouareusing.Makethepointthat,whileworkingwithanyofthesematerials,workersneedtobeawarethattheymaybeatriskforcrystallinesilicaexposure.

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Slide16—Howcanyoufindoutifmaterialcontainssilica?Explaintotheclassthattherearewaystheycanchecktoseetheformandconcentrationofcrystallinesilicaamaterialcontains.

• Checktheproductlabelforimmediateinformation.

• ReadtheproductSafetyDataSheet(SDS)whichisrequiredbylawunderHazardCommunicationstandards.Discusswherethismightbefoundatjobsites.Aworkermayneedtoasktheiremployerwheretheircompanykeepsthisinformation.AlsoSDScanoftenbefoundonlinethroughthemanufacturer'swebsite.Note:naturallyoccurringmaterialswillnothaveanSDS.

• Reviewpublisheddataabouttheproductbydoingasearchonline.

• Thedefinitivewaytoknowexactlyhowmuchandwhatformofcrystallinesilicaispresentistoperformmonitoringandtakeabulksampleofairbornecontaminantsforanalysisbyatestinglab.Thereismoreinformationaboutairmonitoringlaterinthistraining.

Slide17—WebsitesthatcanhelpyouProvideresourcesthatworkerscanrelyuponforhelp.Youmayhaveyourownspecifictoyourcraft.

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Slide18—Section1ReviewandQuestionsThisendsSection1"IntroductiontoSilica"ASK:Namethreeimportantthingsyoulearnedinthissection.Makecertaineveryoneunderstandsthesekeypointsbeforemovingtothenextsection:

ü Silicaisacommon,naturallyoccurringmineralfoundinrock,soil,sandinallpartsoftheworld.

ü Crystallinesilicaisthetypethatisofmostconcerntoworkerhealth,andthemostcommonformisquartz.

ü Manycommonconstructionmaterialsareknowntocontaincrystallinesilicaandworkersneedtobeawarethereispotentialriskforexposurewhenworkingwiththesematerials.

Resolveanyquestionsbeforeproceedingtothenextsection.

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Section2:SilicaasaHazard(20minutes)Keypointsinthissection:

• Crystallinesilicabecomesadangerousconstructionhazardwhenittakestheformofrespirabledust.

• Multiplefactorsdeterminethepotentialforasubstancetocauseharm.• Doseanddurationofexposureisacriticalfactorforsilicadust.• Crystallinesilicaisknowntocauseseriouslungdisease,canceranddeath.

Activity:Guesswhatweighs1gram.Handouts:CPWRHazardAlertProps:1grampacketofsweetener;meterstickorconstructedcubicmeter:severalobjectsofvariousweightscloseto1gram.

Slide19—SilicaasaHazardASK:Ifsilicaisallaroundus,whyaren'tmorepeoplesickfromit?Tobetterunderstandthedangerofsilicaexposureweneedtoconsiderthefactorsthatdetermineifasubstancewillcauseharmtoourhealth.Inthissectionofthetraining,youwilllearn5factorsthatapplytosilica.

Slide20—Factorsthatdeterminepotentialtocauseharm:Introducethefivefactorswhichwillbediscussedindividuallyoverthenext13slides.

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Slide21—RouteofExposureASK:Howdoyouthinksilicagetsintoyourbody?Clickontheslidetorevealtheanswer:BreathingASK:Ifthisishowitentersyourbody,whatformofsilicaishazardous?A:Dust---"Dust"isagenerictermforminutesolidparticlesintheair.Larger,solidpiecesofmaterialcontainingcrystallinesilica,likerock,brick,block,quartzcrystals,andevenbeachsandarenothazardousforustobearoundbecausetheyaretoolargetobreathe.Butwhentheselargerpiecesarebrokendownintodust,verytinysolidparticlesofthecrystallinesilicabecomeairborne,andnowweareatriskforbreathingitintoourbody.Sometimestheseparticlesmaynotevenbevisibleintheair.Inconstructionanddemolitionprojects,dustparticlesarecreatedinawiderangeofsizes.Larger,heavierparticlestendtosettleoutoftheair,whilesmaller,lightersolidsmayhangindefinitely.ASK:Whataresomeotherparticulatesthatcometomindwhenyouthinkofconstructiondust?A: Lead

WoodAsbestosFiberglass

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Slide22—Sizematters!Whendealingwithcontaminantsthatwebreathe-infromtheair,particlesizereallymatters.Crystallinesilicadustisconsidered"respirable"meaningthatitissmallenoughtogetpasthumanbodydefensesintherespiratorysystemthatwouldnormallycatchothercontaminantswithlargerparticlesizesanddifferentstructures.Thelargerparticlesintheinhalabledustclassificationaretypicallytrappedinthenose,throatorupperrespiratorytract.Youmaybeabletoexpelthesebycoughing,sneezingorblowingyournose.Butrespirablecrystallinesilicadustpenetratesdeepintoyourlungsbeyondthebody’snaturalcleaningmechanismswhereitbecomespermanentlyretained.Particlesofrespirablecrystallinesilicaareatleast100timessmallerthanordinarybeachsand.

Slide23—RespirableParticlesRespirabledustgenerallyisidentifiedasparticleslessthan10micronsinsize.That'safractionofthethicknessofasinglehumanhair.Note:Studentsmaynotbefamiliarwiththemetricsystemsoyoumaywanttobrieflyexplainsometermsandsymbolsthatareusedwhenreferringtorespirabledustandsilicaexposurelevels.A"micrometer"alsocommonlycalled"micron"isaunitoflengthonthemetricscaleequaltoonemillionthofameter.Forcomparison,ameterisequalto39.37inches.Thesymbolfor"micro"isµandlookssomethingliketheletter"u"withalinedowntheside.Whenthissymbolisusedbeforeaunitofmeasurementlikeameter"m"itisshorthandfor1/1,000,000ofameterandlookslikethis"µm"inprint.

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Laterwewillbeseeingthesymbolµusedinametricunitofweightcalleda"microgram"whichisatermoftenusedinOSHAstandardsandlookslikethis"µg"inprint.

Slide24—RespirableParticlesinConstructionThisslidegivesmorecomparisonstohelpworkersunderstandtherelativesizeofdustparticles.Thetakeawaymessagehereisthatthesedustparticlesareveryverysmallandnotvisibletothenakedeye.

Slide25—ToxicityThisreferstotheabilityofasubstancetocauseharmwhenitgetsintothebody.Ifasubstancehaslowtoxicityitwouldrequireexposuretoaverylargeamountofthatsubstancetocauseharm.Conversely,ifexposuretoatinyamountofasubstancecausesharm,it'sconsideredhighlytoxic.ASK:Whocanrememberwhichtypeofsilicaisconsideredmoretoxic,amorphousorcrystalline?A:Respirablecrystallinesilicaismoretoxicbecauseoverexposuretoitcausesaseriouslungdiseasecalledsilicosis.Ithasalsobeenclassifiedasaknownhumancarcinogen(cancercausingsubstance).HealtheffectsofexposuretosilicawillbecoveredinmoredetailinSection4ofthistraining.

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Slide26—DoseandDurationDosereferstotheamountofasubstancethatentersyourbody.Thephotoshowstheamountofsugarindifferentquantitiesofasoftdrink.Durationreferstotheamountoftimeyouareexposedtothesubstance.Theamountoftimeyouareactuallyexposedtorespirablecrystallinesilicaaveragedovertheentireworkdayisaveryimportantfactorinassessingyourrisk.Thecombinationofdoseanddurationiscalledthe"rateofexposure."Thisisimportantforrespirablecrystallinesilicabecausebothsmallerdosesoveralongperiodoftimeaswellaslargedosesoverashortperiodoftimecancauseseriousharmtoyourbody.

Slide27—Howmuchsilicadustistoomuch?Thenewstandardincludestermsthatmaybeunfamiliartoworkers.ASK:Doesanyoneknowwhatthesetermsmean?Clickonslidetorevealanswers“8-hourtimeweightedaverage”Thisistheaverageemployeeexposuretoaspecificsubstanceoveran8-hourperiod,basedonindustrialhygienemonitoring.ASK:Canyousolvethisexample:Anemployeeisexposedto0.1milligramspercubicmeter(mg/m3)ofrespirablecrystallinesilicafor4hoursandthenisnotexposedtosilicaatallfortherestoftheday.Whatistheemployee’s8-hourTWA?A:[(0.1mg/m3*4hours)+0]/8hours=0.05mg/m3Multiplythedose(0.1mg/m3)bythedurationofexposure(4hours).Dividethatnumberby8togetthe8-hourTWA.0.05mg=50micrograms

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ASK:Here'satougherproblem:Anemployeeisexposedto0.1mg/m3ofrespirablecrystallinesilicafor2hours,exposedto0.05mg/m3for4hours,andthenexposedto0.2mg/m3for2hours.Whatistheemployee’s8-hourTWA?A:[(0.1mg/m3*2hours)+(0.05mg/m3*4hours)+(0.2mg/m3*2hours)]/8hours=0.1mg/m3TWA.0.1mg=100micrograms

“ActionLevel”OSHAusesthistermtoexpresstheconcentrationforaspecificsubstance,calculatedasaneight(8)-hourtime-weightedaverage(TWA),atorabovewhichemployersmustperformcertainactivitiessuchasexposuremonitoringandmedicalsurveillance.

“Permissibleexposurelimit”Thisrepresentsthemaximumamount(concentration)ofasubstancethatcanbepresentintheair;theallowableexposurelimitsetforthbyOSHAregulations.

PELsandstandardsaretheminimumrequirementstoprotectworkers.Theyareestablishedthroughaprocessofinputfromstakeholders,takingintoaccountfeasibilityandcostofcomplianceandarenotbasedsolelyonprotectionofhealth.RecommendedexposurelevelsbasedonresearchmaynotmatchthePELinastandard.InsomecasesPELsforgeneralindustryworkersandconstructionworkersaredifferentforthesamesubstance.

Beforethenew2016standard,silicadustPELsforconstructionandshipyardsallowedexposurestobemorethantwiceashighaslevelsingeneralindustry.AtthispriorPEL,OSHAestimatesthatallworkersintheconstructionindustryexposedatthelimitovera40-yearcareercouldbecomesickordiefromillnessesrelatedtothatexposure.(BACSafety&HealthNewsJournal:Issue2-2016)Thisisoneofthereasonsbuildingtradesunionsandworkers'rightsadvocatespushedforabetter,moreprotectivestandardformanyyears.CalifornialedthewaybyimplementingitsownCal/OSHAsilicastandardin2008thatsetPELsandfocusedonbetterworkpracticesandcontrols.

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Slide28—NewlimitsforsilicaThenewActionLevel(AL)forairbornerespirablecrystallinesilicaisnowaconcentrationof25microgramspercubicmeterofair(25μg/m3),calculatedasan8-hourTWA.Thisiswhattriggersthestandard.IfemployerscanprovethroughairmonitoringorobjectivedatathatworkersarenotexposedtosilicaabovetheAL,theyarenotsubjecttothesilicastandard.Thepermissibleexposurelimit(PEL)is50microgramsofrespirablecrystallinesilicapercubicmeterofair(50µg/m³),averagedoveran8-hourday.Thismeans,tobeincompliancewiththenewstandard,employersmustimplementsilicadustcontrolstolimitworkerexposuretolessthanthisamountofrespirablecrystallinesilicaeachworkday.Thesemeasurementsmaybedifficulttoapplyinpracticalterms.Thenext3slidesexplainwhatthesemeanincomparisontomorefamiliarterms.

Slide29—Whatisa"microgram(µg)"Inmetricunitsamicrogram(µg)isaunitofweightormassequalto1millionthofagram.Themetrictermmilligram(mg)maybemorefamiliartoyou.It'scommonlyusedinreferencetomedicationsandvitaminsupplements.Forcomparison,amilligram(mg)is1/1000ofagramandamicrogramis1/1000ofamilligram.Earlierwetalkedaboutrespirabledustasbeing10micronsorless.ASK:Doesanyonerememberwhatthatmeasuresandhowitisdifferentfrommicrograms?A:Microgramsisameasurementofweight/mass,microns(ormicrometer)islength.Amicrogramistoosmalltoseewiththenakedeye.Forperspectivewewilllookatsomethingwecansee.

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Activity:Guesswhatweighsclosesttoagram.• Gatherseveralcommonsmallobjectsincluding

thoseshownonthenextslide.Choosesomethatweighmorethanagram.

• Holdeachoneupinfrontoftheclassandhavepeoplevoteonwhethertheyweighapproximatelyagramornot.

Gotothenextslidetorevealwhichonesweighcloseto1gram.

Slide30—(notitle)Theseobjectsweighapproximately1grameach.Thecontentsofonepacketofsweeteneris1gram.TeachingTip:Havesomepacketsofsweetenersavailabletoopenupandpouroutorpassaroundtheclass.50microgramsofsilicadust,thePEL,wouldbe50millionthsofthatmass.Evenwhentheairappearscleartoyou,respirablecrystallinesilicamaybepresentinconcentrationsthatcancauseharm.Ask:TrueorFalse:Respirablecrystallinesilicahasbeendeterminedtobetoxicenoughthatevenverysmalldosescanputworkers'healthatrisk.A:TrueToestablishaneffectivePELthereneedstobeadefinedwaytomeasurethedoseanddurationofexposure.Thedoseisdeterminedbytheamountofrespirablecrystallinesilicapresentintheairandthedurationisaveragedoveran8-hourworkday.Butweneedonemoremeasurementtomakethiswork.

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Slide31—Howbigisacubicmeter?TheothermetricunitreferencedinthePELisacubicmeterwhichdefinesaspacecontainingacertainvolumeofair.TeachingTip:Constructaproptoillustratethevolumeofacubicmeter.Ifthisisnotpossible,findspacesintheroom(e.g.spaceunderatable)thatmayhelpstudentsvisualizethespace.Theaverageworkerbreathesabout16.8cubicmetersofairperday.AtthePEL,anaverageworkerwouldbreathe-in840microgramsofsilicaintotheirlungsinoneday.InayearatthePEL,aworkerwouldbreathe-in218,000micrograms(0.2184grams)ofsilicaintotheirlungs.Comparethisfraction(justover20%)ofthegramofsweetener.That'sthelegallimitforsilicadustaworkercanbreatheinayear!Remember,hazardouslevelsofsilicaarenotalwaysvisible.Theonlywaytopositivelyidentifyandquantifyairbornecontaminantsistomonitortheairworkersarebreathingatthejobsite.

Slide32—Interactions/IndividualCharacteristicsTwodifferentsubstancesmayinteractwithoneanotherand,incombination,createmoreharm.Aperson'sindividualstateofhealthoverallcanaffecthowtheywillrespondtoexposures.ASK:Cananyonethinkofsomeexamplesofeach?A:Anexampleisoccupationalexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilicacoupledwithcigarettesmoking.Thiscombinationputsyouatmuchgreaterriskforgettinglungcancer.Also,smokersexposedtothesamelevelsofsilicaasnon-smokerswillsufferfromsilicosisatagreaterfrequencythannon-smokers.Smokerswillalsosufferfromsilicosisatlowersilicaexposuresthannon-smokers.Ifyouhaveanexistinghealthconditionthatalreadyaffectsyourrespiratorysystem,oracompromisedimmunesystem,breathingsilicadustmayhaveagreatereffectonyou.

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Slide33—Puttingitalltogether

Revieweachitemhighlightedontheslide.Consideringallofthesefactors,constructionworkersareathighrisk.OSHAestimatesthatofallU.S.workersexposedtocrystallinesilicaeachyear,closeto90%workinconstruction.

Slide34—Section2ReviewandQuestionsASK:Namethreeimportantthingsyoulearnedinthissection.Resolveanyquestionsbeforeproceedingtothenextsection.

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Section3:TasksandToolsthatCreateSilicaDust(35minutes)Keypointsinthissection:

• Connectwhatkindofworktasksarecommonlyinvolvedwhenworkingwithmaterialsthatcontainsilica.

• Identifythetoolsthatworkersusewhenperformingthesetasks.• Showthatthesetoolscreateoverexposuretodustifcontrolsarenotused.• Evenifyouarenottheonecreatingthedust,youmaystillbeexposed.

Activity:Smallgroupsthinkoftasks/toolsthatmaycreatesilicadustexposure.Handouts:CPWRSilica-safe.org"Who'sAtRisk?"listoftasksandmaterialsProps:Samplesoftoolsormaterials

Slide35—Section3titleslideThesephotosshowworkersengagedindifferentactivitiesthatseemtobecreatingdust.

Slide36—It'sdustywork…butsomebodyhastodoitTEACHINGACTIVITY:thepurposeofthisactivityistogetparticipantstothinkofconstructiontasksandtoolsthatmayexposethemtosilicadust.Preparation:Havetheclasslistofmaterialsgeneratedinthefirstactivitypostedwhereeveryonecanreadit.MakeenoughcopiesofSlide15togiveonetoeachgroup.Decidehowyouwilldividetheclassintosmallgroups.Makesuregroupshavepaper/pen/pencil.Materials:flipchartorwhiteboard,multicolorpens,tape,handout,paper/pensforgroups

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Activity:• Dividetheclassintosmallbuzzgroupsof3-4

people.• Posttheclassbrainstormlistofmaterialsfrom

Section1andgiveeachgroupacopyofSlide15(listofconstructionmaterials).

• Askthegroupstoreviewthelisttogetherandwritedownthetaskstheyperformandtools/equipmenttheyutilizewhenworkingwiththosematerialsandnoteifthesegeneratedust.Whattypeofworkisbeingdone?Havethemselectonepersonfromthegrouptoreportbacktotheclass.

• Allownolessthan10minutesforthegroupstoworktogether.

• Reconvenetheclassandaskeachgrouptoshareoneortwooftheirresultswiththeclass.Writetheirfindingsonanewflipchartpage.Therewillberepetitionoftasks,soitisgoodtogiveeverygroupachancetolistonetask/tool.

• Discusstheresultsofthegroupexercise.• Savethelistsoftasks/toolsforlater.• Haveeveryonereturntotheirseats.

Slide37—OperationsthatcreatesilicadustComparethetask/toollistjustcreatedbytheclasswiththesegeneralcategoriesoftasksshownontheslide.ThesecategoriescamefromtheCal/OSHASilicaeTOOLforconstruction.DiscussthefollowinginformationfromCal/OSHAforeachcategory:Cutting,drilling,coring:concrete;rooftile;tilebacker;brick;block;granite.Grinding,sanding,sandblasting:Sackandpatch;tuckpointgrinding;scabbling/scarifying;drywallmudsanding;hand-heldsurfacegrinding.Pulverizing:jackandchippinghammers;cementtruckcleaning;concreterecycling;roadmilling;backhoes;excavators;demolition.Mixing:Cement;plaster;grout.

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Cleaningup:Drysweeping;compressedair;hauling.OntheirSilica-Safewebsite,CPWRprovidesasimilarlistofworkactivitiesthatexposeworkerstosilicadust:Abrasive blasting Bushhammering Cutting/sawing Demolishing/disturbing Drilling Earthmoving Grinding Jackhammering Milling Mixing Polishing Roofing Sacking/patching Sanding Scabbling Scarifying Scraping Sweeping/cleaning up Thekeypointisthattherearemanyactivitiesthatmaycreateexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilicadustatconstructionsites.

Slide38—GroupDiscussionHavetheclassdiscussthequestionsontheslide.Keypointstomakehere:

• Exposurecanhappeninallphasesofconstruction.

• Allcraftshavethepotentialforexposureatdifferentlevels.

• Workersneedtobeawarethatiftheywillbeusingcertaintoolstoworkwithmaterialsthatcontainsilica,theymaybeexposedtolevelsofrespirablecrystallinesilicathatcancauseharm.

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Slide39—TaskswithhighchanceofexposureASK:Whatdoyounoticeaboutthischart?ThischartreflectstheresultsofastudycompletedbytheUniversityofWashingtonDepartmentofEnvironmentalandOccupationalHealthSciencesin2006.Itshowsthelikelihoodofbeingoverexposedtosilicadustwhenusingcertaintools.ThepercentagesindicatehowoftensamplesforthattoolexceededtheWashingtonStateallowablelimit(orPEL)whichwasthesameasthatforCaliforniaatthetimeofthestudy11yearsago.Researcherscollecteddatafor12commonconstructiontools,usingover1,300samplesforawiderangeofactivitiesforbothcommercialandroadconstruction.Averagesilicaexposuresfor7(readingdownfromtopofthelist)ofthe12toolswereoverrecommendedexposurelimitsforworkersatthattime.Thehighestexposuresweresurprisinglyhigh.Itisimportanttonotethatthepermissibleexposurelimithasjustbeenloweredtohalfthelevelitwaswhenthisstudycameout,meaningevenmoreofthetoolsonthislistwouldexposeworkerstodangerouslevelsofsilicadustifappropriatecontrolsarenotused.ThereisstillasignificantrisktoworkersevenatthenewPELforlongtermexposures.

Slide40—"Itwasn'tme!"Whatifyouarenotusinganyofthetoolsorperformingtasksthatcreatesilicadustbutyouareworkingnearby?Doyoustillneedtobeprotected?Theanswerisyes.Evenifyouarenotcreatingthedust,therearemulti-employerregulationsinplacetoprotectyou.Youremployerisoneofthefollowing:Creating—employerwhoactuallycreatedthehazard

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Exposing—employerwhoseemployeeswereexposedtothehazardControlling—employerresponsibleforsafetyandhealthconditionsatworksiteandauthorityforensuringhazardousconditioniscorrectedCorrecting—employerresponsibleforactuallycorrectingthehazardInCalifornia,Cal/OSHAregulationsoutline5questionsthatinspectorscanusetodetermineifanemployeriscitableforexposingtheirworkers.

Slide41—The5questiontestIftheanswerstothese5questionsareasfollows:1.No2.No(referstoauthoritytohavethehazardcorrected)3.No4.Yes5.YesThentheemployerisnotcitable.Anyothercombinationofanswersmeanstheyarenotincompliancewithmulti-employerregulations.Itisassumedfeasibletoprovideemployeeswiththeappropriaterespiratoryprotectiontoprotectthemfromrespirablecrystallinesilicahazardsataminimum.Keypoint:Standardsandregulationsaretheminimumthatemployersneedtodotocomplywiththelaw.Ifyoubelievethatyouarebeingexposedtoharmfullevelsofcontaminants,includingsilicadust,tellyourcrewleader,foremanorjobsitesafetymanagerimmediately.WhenyouattendweeklyTailgateTraining/ToolboxTalkson-the-job,askquestionsabouttheworkyouwillbeperformingandthetoolsandmaterialsyouwillbeusing.Preparinginadvanceforhowyouwillbeminimizingyourexposuretosilicadustisthebestwaytoprotectyourhealth.

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Slide42—Section3ReviewandQuestionsASK:Namethreeimportantthingsyoulearnedinthissection.Atthispointinthetrainingworkersshouldbeabletoidentify:

• Whatsilicaisandwhereitcomesfrom• Thatcrystallinesilica,especiallyquartz,isthe

formwearecovering• Whichconstructionmaterialsmaycontain

crystallinesilica• Thatcrystallinesilicabecomesahazardwhen

itisworkedintorespirabledust• Thetasksandtoolscommontoconstruction

thatcreatesilicadust• Thatit'snotjusttheworkersengagedinthe

taskthatareatriskResolveanyquestionsbeforeproceedingtothenextsection.

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Section4:HealthEffectsofSilicaExposure(45minutes)Keypointsinthissection:

• Breathingrespirablecrystallinesilicacanleadtosignificanthealtheffects,evendeath.• Thebodypartmostaffectedisourlungshowever,otherorganscanalsobeaffected.• Learnwhatsilicaactuallydoestothelungsandthesignsandsymptomsofdisease.• Silicosisisthediseasemostcloselyassociatedwithsilicaexposure.• Silicosisispermanent,irreversiblebutpreventable.• Thereare3typesofsilicosis.• SilicadusthasgreathistoricalsignificanceinU.S.workeroccupationalhealth.

Activity:Groupdiscussion;"SilicaExposure"video;Bricklayertestimonyaudio;"SilicainConstruction:Fromdangertosafety"video.Handouts:OSHAFactSheet"CrystallineSilicaExposureHealthHazardInformation"Props:

Slide43—Section4titleslideThissegmentofthetrainingteachesthepotentialhealtheffectsresultingfromsilicadustexposure.

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Slide44—GroupDiscussionBeginthissectionbydeterminingifanyoneintheclasshaspersonalexperiencewithbreathingsilicadustandhavethemdescribewhathappenedandhowitfelt.Alternatively,participantsmayknowofsomeone,perhapsafamilymemberorco-workerwhohasbeenaffected.TeachingTip:Real-life,personalstoriesareveryusefulforengagingeverybody,butasaninstructor,youneedtokeepcontrolofthetimeandassurethatthepointofthestorystaysonthetopicofhealtheffects.

Slide45—(notitle)Silicadustneedstobetakenseriously.Aswelearnedinthelastsection,theriskforoverexposureishighforconstructionworkers.Thisphotoshowsworkerswearingrespiratoryprotectiontoreduceexposuretosilicadust.

Slide46—Whichbodypartismostaffected?Clicktheslidetorevealtheanswer:LungsEverycellinyourbodyneedsoxygeninordertolive.Yourlungsplayavitalroleintheprocessofgettingoxygenintothebloodstreamsoitcanbecarriedthroughyourbodyandinremovingthewastegascarbondioxidefromthebloodstreamandexhalingitfromyourbody.Thisprocess,essentialtolife,isautomaticallyperformedbyyourlungsandrespiratorysystem.

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Chancesareyoudon'tthinkmuchaboutyourlungs.Theyworkhardallthetimeandyoumayonlypayattentiontoyourbreathingwhensomethingiswrong.ASK:Howmanybreathsdoyouthinkwetakeeachyearonaverage?Clickslideagaintorevealtheanswer:Onaverage,webreathe12-15timesperminuteatrest.That'smorethan6millionbreathsperyear!Ifyourlungsarenotabletofunctionproperly,yourwholebodyisaffectedandyourqualityoflifeisdiminished.ASK:Whatwouldhappentoyourlifestyleifyourlungsdidnotworkproperly?Simpleactivitieslike…

WalkingTalking/communicatingCheeringforyourteamLaughingBlowingoutcandlesHoldingyourbreathforswimmingordivingVigorousphysicalactivityandexercise—hiking,sports,PlayingwithyourkidsandfamilyDoingyourjob

…wouldbecomedifficult.Protectingyourlungson-the-jobiscriticalforyouandyourlovedones."Lifeisbetterwhenyoubreatheeasier"ASK:Whatdiseasescanyougetfrombreathingsilicadust?Gotothenextslideforanswer.

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Slide47—Respirablecrystallinesilicacauses:Breathing-incrystallinesilicacancausemultiplediseasesthatcanleadtodisabilityanddeath.

OSHAestimatesthat2millionconstructionworkersareexposedtosilicaeachyearandeachyear,hundredsofworkersdiefromillnessescausedbybreathinginsilicaandthousandsmorebecomeill.

Theprimarydiseaseassociatedwithoccupationalexposuretocrystallinesilicaistheincurablelungdiseasecalledsilicosis.

Otherdiseasesrelatedtosilicaexposuresandsilicosisare:

Lungcancer:In1997theInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC)publishedstudiesconcludingthatcrystallinesilica(quartz,cristobalite)isahumancarcinogen(cancercausing).Datasupportsthatsilicosisincreasesriskforlungcancer.Itislessclearwhethersilicaexposurecauseslungcancerwithoutsilicosis.COPD(Chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease):Thisisachronicairflowlimitationthatisusuallyirreversible.Itincludes4interrelateddiseaseprocesses:chronicbronchitis;emphysema;asthma;peripheralairwaysdisease.

Slide48—Andcontributesto: Theseotherdiseasesontheslide.Whenyourlungsarecompromisedandoverwhelmedbysilicadust,theycannotkillinfectiousorganismsandinfectionslikeTB(tuberculosis)canmakeyouverysick.

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Slide49—Watchvideo:Thisshort2-minutevideofromWorksafeBCCanadademonstratesverywellhowsilicagetsdeepintothelungsandhowourbodyresponds.

Slide50—SilicosisfactsReviewtheseimportantfactsthatwerecoveredinthevideo.

Slide51—3typesofsilicosis:ASK:Doesanybodyknowwhattheterms"chronic"and"acute"mean?A:

Chroniceffects:-Healtheffectsdevelopslowlyovertime,usuallymonthsandyears.-Ofteninvolvelowexposures,smalldosesovertime.-Canbedifficulttorelatethediseasetotheexposurebecauseofthelongtimedelay.-Effectsareusuallynotreversible.Acuteeffects:-Healtheffectsoccurimmediatelyorsoonafterexposure.

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-Ofteninvolvehighexposure,largedoseoverashortperiod.-Canbeminororsevere.-Therelationshipbetweentheexposuretotoxicsubstanceandsymptomsisgenerallyobvious.

Chronicandacutesilicosismayresultindeath.

Slide52—(notitle)Thisslideshowssilicaconcentrationsandthetimeittakesforhealtheffectstodevelopforeachofthethreetypesofsilicosis.Themostimportantfactorinthedevelopmentofsilicosisisthedose.Thedelaybetweentheexposureandappearanceofdiseasecausedbythatexposureiscalled:latencyperiodASK:Whatotherexposurestoconstructionhazardscanyouthinkofthatcausehealtheffectsthatoccurgraduallyovertime?A:Noiseandhearingloss,asbestos,lead.

Thelatencyperiodforchronicsilicosiscanmakeitdifficulttoestablishthecause-and-effectrelationshipbetweentheexposureandtheillness.Sincechronicdiseasesdevelopgradually,youmayhavethediseaseforsometimebeforeitisdetected.Itisimportantforyourphysiciantoknowifyouareexposedtocrystallinesilicaatwork.Manycasesofsilicosisarenotreportedandmanymorearenotproperlydiagnosed.

Silicosiscanworsenevenafterexposureends!

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Slide53—Silicosissignsandsymptoms:Mostofushaveatsometimehadacoldorfluthatcompromisesourrespiratorysystem.Imaginewhatitwouldbeliketolivewiththesymptomsshownhereallthetime.Workerswhohavesilicosisorothersilica-relateddiseaseshavedescribeditasfeelinglikeyouarenotabletotakeadeepbreath,wheezing,breathingwithsomeonesittingonyourchestoraplasticbagtiedoveryourhead.Theyalsotalkaboutfatigueandlossofstamina,beingphysicallynolongerabletodotheirnormalactivitywhichleadstodepression.Eventually,forsomeofthesetradesworkers,symptomsreachthepointwheretheyarenolongerabletoworkintheircraftandmustfindothertypesofemploymenttomakealiving.Resource:AgoodreferenceformoredetailedinformationabouthealtheffectsistheNIOSHHazardReview"HealthEffectsofOccupationalExposuretoRespirableCrystallineSilica"(2002)DHHS(NIOSH)PublicationNo.2002-129

Slide54—WorkersspeakupTheunionmembersyou'reabouttohearintheaudioclipweretestifyingatfederalOSHAhearings,describinghowtheirliveswerechangedbysilicarelateddiseases.Play3:40minuteaudiofileTheaudiofilecanbeaccessedonyourflashdriveorontheSafetyHUBwebsiteathttp://safety.sbctc.org

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Slide55—Silicosis:Oneoftheoldestoccupationaldiseases

Silicadusthasbeenlinkedtohealtheffectsforthousandsofyears.Inthe1700'schronicsilicosiswasdocumentedbyphysicianswhonotedinautopsiesofstonecuttersthattheirlungswerehardenedandfilledwithsand-likesubstances.

ASK:Whywouldnewertoolsincreasesilicosiscases?A:Theyweremorepowerfulandhadgreaterpotentialtocreatedust.AstheUnitedStatesbecamemoreindustrialized,handtoolsgavewaytopoweredtools.Introductionofthepneumatichammerdrillin1897andsandblastingin1904dramaticallyincreasedthenumberofsilicosiscases.

Thephoto,froma1911U.S.BureauofMinestechnicalpaper,showsaworkerwearingaself-containedoxygenbreathingapparatus.Thecaptionontheoriginalphotoread:"Salvuslightapparatus:suppliesoxygenforhalfanhourandweighsabout15pounds."

ASK:DoesanybodyknowofasilicadisasterintheU.S.?Askthemtoexplain,thengotothenextslide.

Slide56—Hawk'sNestTragedy

Inthe1930's,silicadustwasthefocalpointoftheworstindustrialdisasterinUShistory.

Backgroundinformation:Duringthe"GreatDepression"aprojectinWestVirginia,knownastheHawk'sNestGauleyBridgeproject,offeredpayingworktothousands,manyAfrican-American,desperateunemployedwhowerewillingtotraveltogetajobtosupporttheirfamilies.Thejobwastotunnelthroughamountainofrockcontaining96-99%silica.

Thesilicadustexposurewassointensethatworkersquicklygotsickandmanydiedfromsilicosis.Mostofthesevictimsonlyworked6monthsorlessontheproject.Actualnumbersofthedeadarehardtoknowbecausefewrecords

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werekept.Hawk'sNestbecameaninfamoustragedy,leadingtolawsuitsandCongressionalhearingsthatwouldforeverchangeattitudestowardworkerhealthandsafety.

In2017,87yearslater,westillfacechallengesinobtainingaccuratedataforwork-relatedsilicosis,resultinginpossibleunderreporting.

Slide57—(Hawk'sNesttunnelphoto)

Inthisphoto,weseeaworkerwalkingintothetunnelthroughacloudofvisibledust.

Theworkerdeathrateonthejobwassohighthatthecompanyhiredanundertakertodisposeofthebodiesinunmarkedgravesinnearbyfields.

Theemployer'sblatantdisregardforworkers'liveswouldberevealedlater.Respiratoryprotectionwasnotprovidedeventhoughtheemployerknewofthedanger.Whileacutesilicosiswasnotyetdescribed,thelatencyperiodofchronicsilicosiswaswellknown;theemployercountedonworkerscompletingtheprojectandmovingonbeforeillnesswastiedtothejob.

Slide58—ImpactofHawk'sNest

Thenew"acute"formofsilicosispresentedanundeniableconnectionbetweenjobtasksandhealtheffects.Inthelate1930'ssilicosisbecamethefirstchronicdiseaseincorporatedintoworkers'compensationlegislationinseveralstates.

Therewasevenabluessongwrittenin1936called"SilicosisisKillin'Me"byPinewoodTom(JoshWhite).YoucansearchYouTubeandlistentothesong.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gd4H1rAoHkk

Governmentinvolvementinworkerprotectionwasgrowing.Withpeoplelivinglonger,chronicdiseasesbecamemoreconcerningas"retirement"becameanewpossibility.Perceptionswereshiftingaboutcompensation,responsibilityandtheroleoffederalgovernmentinhelpingindividuals.TheSocialSecurityprogramwascreatedin1935.

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Asanindustrialdisease,silicosisbroughtattentiontosociety'sobligationtotheworkforceandensuringdecentqualityoflifeafterretirement.

Resource:ForinformationaboutthehistoryofsilicosisandtheHawk'sNesttragedyreadthesetwobooks:TheHawk'sNestIncidentbyMartinCherniack(1986)DeadlyDustbyDavidRosnerandGeraldMarkowitz(2006)

Slide59—WatchVideoShow8minuteSBCTCvideo"SilicainConstruction:Fromdangertosafety"Thisisagoodreviewandtransitiontothenextsectiononcontrollinghazards.ThevideofilecanbeaccessedonyourflashdriveorontheSafetyHUBwebsiteathttp://safety.sbctc.org

Slide60—ReviewandQuestions

ASK:Promptingquestions:• Whichbodypartisaffected?A:Lungs• Whatdiseaseismostassociatedwith

breathingsilicadust?A:Silicosis• Whatotherdiseasesarerelatedtosilica

dust?A:Lungcancer;COPD;heartdisease;kidneydisease;vasculardisease;autoimmunedisease;tuberculosis

• Name3typesofsilicosis.A:Chronic;acute;accelerated

• Namesymptomsofsilicosis.A:shortnessofbreath;crackles/wheezinginlungs;decreasedlungcapacity;cough;weightloss;fatigue;chestpain;lowbloodoxygenlevels

• TrueorFalse:Silicosisiscurable.A:FALSE,itispermanentandincurable,butpreventable

Resolveanyquestionsbeforemovingtonextsection.

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Section5:ControllingSilicaHazards(45minutes)Keypointsinthissection:

• HowtousetheHierarchyofControls• Whatfactorsshouldbeconsideredinassessingriskforsilicaexposure• Workerslearnengineeringandadministrativecontrols,bestpracticesforworkingsafely

withsilicaandcommonPPEusedforsilica• Examplesofeachtypeofcontrol• Howtoknowifcontrolsareworking• Howairmonitoringworks• WhyPPEislesseffectivethanengineeringcontrols

Activity:Brainstormwaysdustiscontrolledon-the-job.Materials:Flipchart/whiteboard;multi-colormarkers;post-itnotes3colors;flipchartpagewithHierarchyofControlspyramiddrawnonit.Handouts:CPWRTableofBestPractices;NJDept.ofHealthandSeniorServices:WhatPhysiciansNeedtoKnowAboutOccupationalSilicosisandSilicaExposureSourcesProps:Samplesofrespirators;toolswithintegratedwaterorvacuumsystems;airmonitoringequipment

Slide61—Section5titleslideThephotoshowsanunsafeworkpractice,scarifyingconcretewithoutusingappropriatecontrols.Inthissegmentofthetrainingwearegoingtolearnwaystopreventexposuretosilicadust.Thebestwaytoprotectworkersistoeliminatethehazard.

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Slide62—Yourexperienceon-the-jobBrainstormActivity:Asktheclasstothinkofallthewaysthey'veseendustbeingcontrolledattheirjobsites.Whathavetheybeentoldtodobytheiremployers?Writedowntheresponsesonaflipchart/whiteboardandsaveforthenextslide.

Slide63—HierarchyofControlsASK:Raiseyourhandifyouhaveheardofthisbefore?Clickslidetorevealpyramidandasksomeoneintheclasstoexplain.Occupationalhealthprofessionalsuseasystemcalledthe"HierarchyofControls"tocategorizehazardcontrolmethodsintothreegroupsinorderofeffectiveness:EngineeringControlsAdministrativeControlsPersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)Engineeringcontrolsaredesignedtoremovethehazardatthesource,beforeitcomesincontactwiththeworker.Thiscouldincludedesignchangesandmodifications,equipment,systemsandprocessesthatreducethesourceofexposure.Well-designedengineeringcontrolscanbehighlyeffectiveinprotectingworkersandwilltypicallybeindependentofworkerinteractionstoprovidethishighlevelofprotection.Administrativecontrolsalterthewaytheworkisdone,includingtimingofwork,policiesandotherrules,andworkpracticessuchasstandardsandoperatingprocedures(includingtraining,housekeeping,andequipmentmaintenance,andpersonalhygienepractices).Thesecontrolsdon't

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actuallyremoveorreducethehazardandcanbemoredifficulttoimplement.ASK:Whatdoes"PPE"standfor?A:PersonalprotectiveequipmentPPEiswornbyindividualworkerstoreduceexposuresuchascontactwithhazardoussubstancesorexposuretonoise.PPEincludesitemssuchasrespirators,protectiveclothingsuchasgloves,faceshields,eyeprotection,andfootwear.Inthepyramidshownhere,thetopsectionisdividedintotwocategories.Oftenthesearecombinedintooneumbrellatermof"engineeringcontrols"butthisonehighlightsthatitisalwaysbesttoeliminatethehazardaltogether.Activity:Returntothelisttheclassjustbrainstormed.Asktheclasstocategorizeeachentryonthehierarchyofcontrols.

Slide64—Assessingrisk—factorstoconsiderThesearesomeofthethingstoconsiderwhenassessingriskforsilicadustexposuresanddeterminingthemosteffectivecontrols.ASK:Wouldyouaddanythingelsetothislist?Discuss

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Slide65—EngineeringcontrolsThesearethecontrolscommonlyusedforsilica.ASK:Howdotheseeliminatethehazard?Whatisthehazard?A:silicadustA:Allofthesemethodseithersuppressthedustatitssourcebeforeitcanbecomerespirableortheyeliminatethehazardbyusinganon-silicamaterialorconfiningthedusttoanenclosedareaawayfromworkers.

Slide66—ExamplesofwetmethodsWaterhasbeenusedasaneffectivedustsuppressantfordecades.Itisimportanttobesurethatwaterisappliedatflowratessufficienttominimizereleaseofvisibledust.Photoshowsastationarysawwithnocontrolandwithwatercontrol.

Slide67—(Watercontrolphotos)Topphotos:Handheldgrinderwithnocontrolandwithwatercontrol.Bottomphotos:Handheldsawwithnocontrolandwithwatercontrol.

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Slide68—(Watercontrolphotos)Topphotos:Walk-behindconcretesawwithnocontrolandwithwatercontrol.Bottomphotos:Jackhammerwithnocontrolandwithwatercontrol.

Slide69—ExamplesofLEVmethodsPhotos:Handheldgrinderfortuckpointingwithnocontrolandvacuumcontrol.Vacuumsystemscapturedustatthesourcebeforeitbecomesrespirable.Oftenthesesystemsareequippedwithhigh-efficiencyparticulateair(HEPA)filters.OSHAdefinesHEPAfilterasafilterthatisatleast99.97%efficientinremovingmono-dispersedparticlesof0.3micrometersindiameter.Systemsmustbemaintainedaccordingtomanufacturersspecificationstoassuretheyarefunctioningatfullefficiency.

Slide70—(Vacuumcontrolphotos)Topphotos:Right-anglegrinderwithnocontrolandvacuumcontrol.Bottomphotos:Handhelddrillwithnocontrolandvacuumcontrol.

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Slide71—ExamplesofcontrolcombinationsSomeequipmentutilizesbothwetandLEVcontrolsincombinationasinthisexample.

Slide72—(Controlcombophoto)Photos:Vehicle-mounteddrillingrigwithnocontrolsandwithwaterandvacuumcontrols.

Slide73—Arecontrolsworking?Ifthereisanyvisibledustwhileusingwaterorvacuumcontrols,thecontrolsystemmaynotbeworkingproperly.Itiscriticaltomaintainadequatewaterflowandairflowtoassurethesystemsarefunctioningattherequiredefficiencytoprotectworkersfromrespirabledust.Theonlywaytoknowthetypeandactualconcentrationofcontaminantsintheairatagivenpointintimeistoperformairmonitoring.

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Slide74—AirmonitoringMonitoringisdonebytrainedprofessionalssuchasindustrialhygienistsusingspecializedinstrumentsthatareproperlycalibrated.Theymayperformgeneralon-sitemonitoringofambientairorpersonalmonitoringofworkerswhoareengagedinthetasksthatarecreatingthesilicadust.Generalareamonitoringisdonetoestimatepossibleexposureofagroupofworkersinaparticulararea.Adefinedvolumeofairisneededtoaccuratelycalculatetheconcentrationofsilicainthesamplecollected.Inthiscasethatvolumeisacubicmeterofair.Aconcentrationofrespirablecrystallinesilicagreaterthan50µg/m³averagedoveran8-hourworkdayexceedsthenewlegallimit.

Slide75—AirsamplingequipmentIfyouremployerisgoingtomonitortheairyouarebreathingwhileyouwork,theprofessionaldoingthesamplingwillfityouwithsomeequipmentlikethatshowninthephoto.Itisimportantthatthesamplingisperformedwhileyouaredoingworkthathasthegreatestpotentialtoexposeyoutosilicadust.Otherwisetheresultsmaynotaccuratelyrepresentyourexposurelevels.Tocollectasamplerepresentationalofyourday’sexposureyouneedtouseapersonalair-samplingpumpwithacyclone.Thewaythecycloneworksisthatthereisasmallinletontheside,airwhirlsaround,dustgetscaught.Thelarge/heavyparticlesfalltothebottom,theonesgreaterthan10micronsindiameter.Theparticleslessthanorequalto10micronscollectonthefilter.Personalsamplinghastohavethecycloneonittobecorrect.

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Slide76—PersonalMonitoringAirmonitoringmaybedoneinanumberofways.Sometoxinsaremeasuredbyplacingasmallpumponyourbeltandafiltercassetteortubeclippedonyourcollarwithaflexibletuberunningbetweenthem.Thefilterortubeshouldbelocatedascloseaspossibletoyourbreathingzone(theairinfrontofyournoseandmouthwhichyoubreathe).Thepumppullsairthroughthefilterortube,whichtrapsthedustortoxin.Afterthesamplehasbeentaken,thefilterortubeissenttoalaboratory.Thelaboratoryusesscientificmethodstomeasuretheamountofcontaminantonthefilterortube.Itmaytakeseveraldaysorlongerbeforetheresultsarereadyfromthelaboratory.

Slide77—ExamplesofsubstitutionSubstitutionmeansreplacingamorehazardousmaterialwithalesshazardousmaterial(silica-free)todoaproject.Whilethisoptionisnotfeasibleforcertainconstructionmaterials,itisgoodtocheckforsilica-freeoptionsinpaintsandcoatingsandforabrasiveblasting.Thephotosshow4alternativestosilicasandforabrasiveblasting:coalslag;steelshot;corncob;garnet.TheOSHAwebsitehasamoreextensivelistofalternatives.

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Slide78—ExamplesofisolationDiscusstheexamplesontheslide.ASK:Whatprecautionsdoyouhavetotakeforworkersinsideacontainmentarea?A:Whilethismethodprotectsworkersnotinvolvedinthedust-generatingtask,bystanders,andtheenvironmentoutsidethecontainmentstructure,itmaysubstantiallyincreasesilicaexposuresoftheworkersdoingtheworkinsidethestructure.Propercontrolmethodsneedtobeusedtoprotectthemsuchaswetmethods,ventilationandPPE.

Slide79—AdministrativecontrolsThesecontrolssetpoliciesandproceduresandworkpractices.Theyinclude:

Workschedules/jobrotationStaffinglevelsMaintenanceSupervisionInspectionsJobhazardanalysisHousekeepingProvidingshower/washing/eatingfacilitiesSignage

Thenext2slidesgiveexamplesofbestpracticesforcontractorsandworkersforsilicadust.

Slide80—BestpracticesforcontractorsContractorscan:1.Assignanindividualtocontrolandmonitorforsilicaonthejob,suchasacompetentperson–someoneknowledgeableofapplicablestandards,iscapableofidentifyingworkplacehazardsrelatingtothespecificoperation,andhastheauthoritytocorrectthem.2.Usevacuums,water,substitutes,ordifferentworkpracticestoreduceoreliminatethedust.

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3.Provideworkerswithrespiratoryprotectionwhenothercontrolsarenotenough,whichareproperlyfittedandappropriatefortheexposure.4.Useasubstitutematerialinsteadofsandwhenabrasiveblasting.Foralistofsubstitutes,visittheOSHAwebsiteat:https://www.osha.gov/dsg/etools/silica/protect_against/protect_against.html#Substitute5.Createaplanforworkingsafelywithsilica.The“Create-A-Plan”sectionoftheSilica-Safewebsitehttp://plan.silica-safe.org/walksusersthroughsimplestepstoidentifysilicahazards,waystocontrolthedust,andactionstoworksafelywithsilica.

Slide81—BestpracticesforworkersItispossibletoworksafelywithsilicaandenjoyalong,healthycareerintheconstructiontradesbyfollowingthesesimplebestpractices.Workerscan:1.Useallequipmentandfollowworkpracticesprovidedtothembytheiremployertocontrolthedust.Thecontrolswon’tworkifthey’renotused.2.Beawareoftheoperationsandthejobtasksthatcancreatecrystallinesilicaexposuresandknowthestepsthatshouldbetakentopreventexposures.Reportsilicaexposures/concernstotheiremployer,unionrepresentative,fellowemployees.Iftheproblemdoesnotgetresolved,employeescanreporttheproblemtoOSHAorCal/OSHA.3.Participateintraining,exposuremonitoring,andhealthscreeningandsurveillanceprogramstomonitoranyadversehealtheffectscausedbycrystallinesilicaexposures.Raisesilicaawarenesswithco-workers.

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4.Weardisposableorwashableworkclothesandshoweriffacilitiesareavailable.Vacuumthedustfromyourclothesandchangeintocleanclothingbeforeleavingtheworksite.Donotbrushorblowthedustoff!Contaminatedclothinghasbeenfoundtobeasignificantcontributortosilicaexposures.Donotbringdusthome!5.Beawareofthehealthhazardsrelatedtoexposurestocrystallinesilica.Smokingmultipliesthelungdamagecausedbysilicaexposures.6.Avoideating,drinking,smoking,orapplyingcosmeticsinareaswherecrystallinesilicadustispresent.Washyourhandsandfaceoutsideofdustyareasbeforeperforminganyoftheseactivities.7.ProvideyourdoctorwithacopyoftheCPWRPhysician’sAlertforSilicosis(givethisasahandouttotheclass)toensurethatyouareproperlydiagnosedandtreated.Manycasesofsilicosisandsilica-relatedillnessesaremisdiagnosedbecausephysiciansareunawareoftheirpatient’sworkhistoryandunfamiliarwiththesignsassociatedwiththisoccupationalillness.Withoutproperdiagnosisandreporting,workerscannotreceivesuitablemedicaltreatmentandadvice.

Slide82—PersonalprotectiveequipmentThisisnotarespiratortrainingprogram.Thenextfewslidesareintendedtofamiliarizeworkerswiththetypesofrespiratoryprotectiontheymaybeaskedtowearwhenworkingaroundsilicadust.Workerswhoarerequiredtowearrespiratorsmustbeappropriatelytrainedincompliancewithcurrentrespiratoryprotectionstandards.InsomecasesworkerswillberequiredtowearPPEwhenengineeringandadministrativecontrolsdonotkeepexposuresbelowthePEL.Employersmustprovideemployeeswithappropriaterespiratorswhererequiredbythesilica

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standard.TherespiratorsmustcomplywithrequirementsofthesilicastandardandwithOSHA’sRespiratoryProtectionstandard(29CFR1910.134).ASK:WhatisNIOSH?A:TheNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealthTheOccupationalSafetyandHealthActof1970establishedNIOSHasaresearchagencyfocusedonthestudyofworkersafetyandhealth,andempoweringemployersandworkerstocreatesafeandhealthyworkplaces.NIOSHispartoftheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,intheU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.

Slide83—NIOSH-ApprovedRespiratorsAir-purifyingrespiratorshavefilters,cartridgesorcanistersthatremovespecificcontaminantsfromtheairbypurifyingtheairthroughthecartridgebeforeitreachestheworker.Theycanbefull-faceorhalf-face.Therearefourrespiratorstylesthatwouldbegoodchoicesforcontrollingsilicadustonconstructionsites.Theyare:--adisposableN95respirator--ahalffaceelastomericrespiratorwithP100filter--fullfaceelastomericrespiratorwithP100filter--poweredair-purifyingrespirator(PAPR)withP100orHEPAfilter.ASK:What'sthemostcommontypeofrespiratorusedinconstructionforsilica?Respiratorselectiondependsontheamountofexposure.AllrespiratorsusedshouldbeNIOSHapproved.Commonlyusedrespiratoryprotectionforsilicaisahalf-faceairpurifyingrespiratorwith100seriesfilter.Forsomecrystallinesilicageneratingtasks–forexamplejackhammeringandwetsawcutting–ahalf-facerespiratorwithP-100filterswillordinarilyprovideadequateprotection.Forothertasks,like

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drysawcutting,drillinginenclosedspaces,andgrinding,amoreprotectiverespiratormaybeneeded.ASK:Somestandardsrequireuseofrespiratorswithaspecific"AssignedProtectionFactor"(APF).Whatdoesthismean?A:AssignedProtectionFactorisanumberassignedbyNIOSHrepresentingtheminimumanticipatedprotectionprovidedbyaparticulartyperespiratorthatisfunctioningproperlyandbeingusedcorrectly.AnAPFof10indicatesthataworkerusingthatrespiratorproperlycouldexpecttoinhalenomorethanone-tenthoftheairbornecontaminantpresent.

Slide84—Cal/OSHARespiratoryRegulationReviewwhatiscoveredunderthestandard.ASK:Whydoyouthinkmedicalevaluationsandfittestingarerequired?A:Wearingarespiratorputsextrastrainonyourheartandlungs.Workersneedtobeclearedbyaphysiciantoassuretheyarehealthyenoughtousethem.Theeffectivenessofarespiratordependsuponhavingagoodseal/fitsothatairispassingthroughthefilter.Leaksallowairwithrespirablecontaminantstobypassthefilter,renderingtherespiratorineffectiveinprotectingtheworker.

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Slide85—WhyisPPElesseffectivethanengineeringcontrols?ASK:WhydoyouthinkPPEissolowonthehierarchyofcontrolsandconsideredthelastlineofprotection?Clickslidetorevealanswers.

Slide86—Watchvideo:Showthe7minuteSBCTCvideo"EliminatetheHazard:McCarthyDrillingProject"Thisvideoshowsalargegeneralcontractorsuccessfullyusingvacuumcontrolsfordrillingconcrete.ThevideocanbeaccessedonyourflashdriveorontheSafetyHUBwebsiteathttp://safety.sbctc.org

Slide87—ReviewandQuestions

ASK:Namethreeimportantthingsyoulearnedinthissection.

Promptingquestions:• Whatare2engineeringcontrolsforsilica

dust?A:wetmethodsandLocalexhaustventilation/vacuumsystems.

• WhatkindofPPEisusedforsilicadust?A:NIOSH-approvedairpurifyingrespirator.

• Whyisitimportanttofittestrespirators?A:aleakyrespiratorprovidesnoprotectiontotheworkerwearingit

• Whatarethingsyoucandotoprotectyourselfandyourfamilyfromsilicadust?A:Beawareofhazards,usecontrolsproperly,clean-upbeforeleavingwork,washhands/faceanddon'teat/drink/smokenearsilicadust,informyourdoctorthatyouworkwithsilica,participateintrainingandbeinvolvedatwork.

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Section6:TheNewOSHAStandard(30minutes)Keypointsinthissection:

• Understandingbasiccomponentsofthenew2016federalsilicastandard• Keycompliancedates• ActionlevelandPEL• Twocontrolstrategyoptions• Whatiscoveredin"Table1"• WhattheAlternativeControloptioninvolves• Requirementsforallemployers• Resourcesforcreatingawrittenplanandthenewsmallentitycomplianceguide

Activity:N/AMaterials:Flipchart/whiteboard;multi-colormarkers;JeopardyGamePowerPoint;timer;prizesHandouts:OSHAFactSheet"OSHA'sCrystallineSilicaRule:Construction;copyofFederalOSHA2016Silicastandard;SampleMedicalEvaluationForm;Post-Test;CourseEvaluationformProps:N/A

Slide88—Section6:TheNewOSHAStandardThisfinalsectionofthetrainingdiscussesbasiccomponentsofthe2016federalOSHASilicaStandardforConstruction.

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Slide89—NewFederalSilicaStandardOnMarch25,2016federalOSHApublishedalongawaitedfinalrule"§1926.1153Respirablecrystallinesilica"forconstruction.ThetimelineshownherewassharedbytheInternationalUnionofBricklayersandAlliedCrafts.Itshowsthelong45yeareffortbyunionsandotherworkeradvocatestomakethecaseforanenforceablefederalstandardtoprotectconstructionworkersfromsilicadust.OSHAestimatesthatthenewrulewillsavemorethan600livesandpreventover900newcasesofsilicosiseachyear.Keydates:June23,2016newstandardeffectivenationallySeptember15,2016CaliforniaOSHStandardsBoardadoptedthefederalstandardOctober17,2016federalstandardbecameeffectiveinCA,replacingexistingstandardCA—Title8,CACodeofRegulations,ConstructionSafetyOrders,Section1532.3Whydidweneedanewfederalstandard?Thefirstmandatoryexposurelimitsfromtheearly1970'swereinconsistentandbasedonoutdatedstudiesusingoldmethodsofmeasuringexposures.Researchersatthetimeknewthosefirstlimitswereoutofdateevenwhentheywereputinplace.Federalstandardshavebeenslowtoevolveandhavenotkeptpacewithpowertooltechnologyorresearchaboutsilicaexposuresandhealtheffects.

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Slide90—ScopeofCoverageThestandarddefinesrespirablecrystallinesilicaasquartz,cristobalite,and/ortridymitecontainedinairborneparticlesthataredeterminedtoberespirablebyasamplingdevicethatmeetsspecifiedstandards.All3typesofcrystallinesilicawetalkedaboutinSection1onSlide13ofthistrainingarecovered.Itappliestoalloccupationalexposurestorespirablecrystallinesilicainconstructionwork,exceptwhereemployeeexposurewillremainbelowtheActionLevelunderanyforeseeableconditions.

Slide91—ComplianceDateStateswithOSHA-approvedstateplans,suchasCalifornia(Cal/OSHA),hadsixmonthstoadoptastandardthatisatleastaseffectiveastheFederalOSHAstandard.In2008Californiaadoptedasilicastandardforconstructionthathasbeenineffectuntilnow,butwasnotequalorbetterthanthenewfederalstandard.OnSeptember15,2016theStateOccupationalHealthandSafetyStandardsBoardvotedtoadoptthefederalstandardanditbecameeffectiveinCaliforniaonOctober17,2016.Theconstructioncompliancedate(June23,2017)setforthinthefederalstandardwillalsoapplytoCaliforniaemployers.

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Slide92—Whatdoesthenewstandarddo?LoweredthePELtosignificantlyreducetheamountofsilicadustthatworkerscanbeexposedtoonthejob.EstablishesanActionLevelthattriggersthestandard.RequiresemployerstoimplementfeasibleengineeringcontrolsandworkpracticesthatlimitworkerexposurestorespirablecrystallinesilicabelowaPELandtotakeotherstepstoprotectworkers.Providesflexibilitytoemployersbygivingtheconstructionindustrytwodifferentwaystocomply.

Slide93—Requiresemployersto:Thistrainingisintendedtoinformworkersaboutthebasicsofthestandard.Forspecificcompliancequestions,employersshouldconsultwiththeirlocalOSHAprograms.Therearemanyonlineresourcesavailabletohelpemployers.TheResourceSectionoftheTrain-the-Trainercoursebinderhasanumberoflinks.Thenewstandardiswrittentoallowemployersflexibilitytochoosebetweentwopossiblecompliancestrategiesasshownontheslide.Tobetterunderstandthecomponentsofeachoption,wewilllookatthemindividuallyinmoredetail.WewillalsolookatwhatALLemployersmustdounderthenewstandardinlaterslides.

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Slide94—Whatis"Table1"DistributecopiesofTable1toclassparticipants.For18commonconstructionoperationsknowntocausehighexposurestosilica,OSHAhasspelledoutexactengineeringandworkpracticecontrolsandrespiratoryprotectionknowntobeeffectivetoreducedustandbestprotectworkers.EmployerswhochoosetofollowTable1arenotrequiredtoconductsamplingtomeasureworkers'exposuretosilica.TheyareeffectivelyexemptfromthePEL.ASK:Whydoyouthinkemployersdon'thavetocomplywiththePELunderthisoption?A:AstheOSHAstandardiswritten,correctlyimplementingallcontrolsspecifiedinTable1willadequatelysuppressthedusttoreduceworkerrespirablecrystallinesilicaexposurestothePEL.EmployersarenotrequiredtoprovideanyadditionalprotectioniftheyfollowTable1.

Slide95—Table1Tasks/EquipmentThisslideandthenextshowthecompletelistoftheTable1entries.OSHAanticipatesthatthiswillcoverthevastmajorityofconstructiontasksthatinvolveexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilica.ReviewthelistwiththeclassandcomparetothelistoftoolstheycreatedinSection3ofthetraining.

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Slide96—Table1Tasks/Equipmentcon't

Slide97—Mustfully/properlyimplementcontrolsWhenimplementingthecontrolsinTable1,theterm“fullyandproperlyimplementingthecontrols”meansthatthecontrolsneedtobeusedinamannerthatmakesthemeffective.Forexample,ifyou’reusingavacuumwithadustcollectionsystemonagrinder,youneedtohavetheshroudintactsothatit’scapturingthedust.Youneedtoemptythevacuumandchangefiltersasnecessary,inordertoensureitseffective.Youneedtomakesurethatthehoseismaintained,sinceitcandeteriorateovertimebecausesilicaisanabrasive.Youwouldneedtoalsomakesurethatthehoseisn’ttiedinknots,blockingtheairflow,etc.ClickontheslidetoactivateboxthathighlightsexampleofinstructionsinTable1.

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Slide98—Option2:AlternativeExposureControlIfemployerschosenottofollowthecontrolmethodsinTable1,theymustfollowsection(d)"AlternativeExposureControlMethods"ofthestandard.Thismeansemployersmustmeasureworkers'exposuretosilicaandindependentlydecidewhichdustcontrolsworkbesttolimitexposurestosilicaintheirworkplaces.Thereare3partstousingthisoptionthatcoverPEL,monitoring,andmethodsofcompliance.

Slide99—Section(d)requires:Underthisoptionthefollowingrequirementsapply:1.PEL—theemployershallensurethatnoemployeeisexposedtoanairborneconcentrationofrespirablecrystallinesilicainexcessof50µg/m³,calculatedasan8-hourTWA.2.ExposureAssessment—Theemployersthatfollowthealternativearerequiredtoassesstheiremployees’exposurestorespirablecrystallinesilicaanytimethoseexposuresmayreasonablybeexpectedtobeatoraboveactionlevelof25microgrampercubicmeter.Thismeanstheywillneedtodoairmonitoringatworksites.Tomeetthisrequirementtheymustchooseoneofthetwofollowingoptions:PerformanceoptionORScheduledMonitoringoptionPerformanceoption:Exposuresareassessedusinganycombinationofairmonitoringdataorobjectivedatasufficienttoaccuratelycharacterizeemployeeexposurestorespirablecrystallinesilica.Whatdoes"objectivedata"mean?Itisdefinedbythestandardasinformationsuchasairmonitoringdatafromindustry-widesurveysorcalculationsbasedonthecompositionofasubstance,demonstratingemployeeassociatedwithaparticularproductormaterialoraspecificprocess,task,oractivity.Thedatamustreflectworkplaceconditionscloselyresemblingorwithahigherexposurepotentialthan

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theprocesses,typesofmaterial,controlmethods,workpractices,andenvironmentalconditionsintheemployer'scurrentoperations.Thechallengeisthattheremaynotbesufficientdataavailableatthistime.Scheduledmonitoringoption:Employersmustperforminitialandperiodicpersonalmonitoringtoassessthe8-hourTWAexposureforeachemployeeonthebasisofoneormorepersonalbreathingzoneairsamplesthatreflecttheexposuresofemployeesoneachshift,foreachjobclassification,ineachworkareaunderaprescribedscheduleasfollows.Ifmonitoringindicates:InitialbelowtheAL:noadditionalmonitoringMostrecentatorabovetheAL:repeatwithin6monthsMostrecentabovethePEL:repeatwithin3monthsWhentwoconsecutivenon-initialresults,taken7ormoredaysapart,arebelowtheAL,monitoringcanbediscontinued.Reassessifcircumstanceschange

Slide100—OSHASmallEntityComplianceGuideOSHAhascreatedthis103pageguidetohelpemployerscomplywiththenewsilicastandard.ItisaccessibleonlineasaPDForyoucanordercopiesfromOSHA.Thisgivesdetailedinformationabouteachsectionofthestandard.

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Slide101—Allemployersmustcomplywiththesesectionsofthenewstandard:TheserequirementsofthestandardapplytoALLemployersregardlessofwhichcomplianceoptiontheychoosetousewhenthesilicastandardisineffect.Thenext6slidescoversomeoftherequirements.Forrecordkeeping,employersmustmaintainrecordsforthefollowing:

• Airmonitoringdata—includesexposuremeasurements,informationaboutsamplestakenandmethodsused,andemployeeinformationsuchasname,socialsecuritynumber*,jobclassificationofallemployeesrepresentedbythemonitoring,PPEused.*ThismightchangeinCAduetoidentitytheftconcerns.

• Objectivedata--accuraterecordofallobjectivedatareliedupontocomplywiththerequirementsofthestandard.

• Medicalsurveillancerecords--Theemployershallmakeandmaintainanaccuraterecordforeachemployeecoveredbymedicalsurveillance

Slide102—Housekeeping:WhatworkersneedtoknowHousekeepingrequirementsareincludedinthestandardbecausecertainhousekeepingmethodscancontributesubstantiallytoworkerexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilica,suchasdrysweeping/drybrushing,anduseofcompressedair.ThestandardrequiresuseofmethodssuchasHEPAvacuums,wetsweeping,oruseofventilationsystemtocapturethedust.Drysweeping/drybrushingoruseofcompressedairwouldonlybepermittedifnootheralternativemethodisfeasible.

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Slide103—EmployersmusthavewrittenplanformanagingsilicaexposureEmployersmustestablishandimplementawrittenplanforrespirablecrystallinesilicathatincludesthefollowing:

• Descriptionoftasksthatinvolveexposure.• Descriptionofengineeringcontrols,work

practicesandrespiratoryprotectionusedtolimitexposuresforeachtask.

• Descriptionofhousekeepingmeasuresusedtolimitexposures.

• Adescriptionoftheproceduresusedtorestrictaccesstoworkareas,whennecessary,tominimizethenumberofemployeesexposedtorespirablecrystallinesilicaandtheirlevelofexposure,includingexposuresgeneratedbyotheremployersorsoleproprietors.

Theemployershall:

• Reviewandevaluatetheeffectivenessofthewrittenexposurecontrolplanatleastannuallyandupdateitasnecessary.

• Makethewrittenexposurecontrolplanreadilyavailableforexaminationandcopying,uponrequest,toeachemployeecoveredbythissection,theirdesignatedrepresentatives,theAssistantSecretary(OSHA)andtheDirector(NIOSH).

• Designateacompetentpersontomakefrequentandregularinspectionsofjobsites,materials,andequipmenttoimplementthewrittenexposurecontrolplan.

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Slide104—DutiesofcompetentpersonTheemployermustinformemployeesofwhothecompetentpersonis.Workersneedtoknowwhocantakeaction.ThecompetentpersonmusthavetheabilitytoidentifythehazardsANDtheauthoritytotakeaction.

Slide105—MedicalexamavailableatnocostEmployersarerequiredtomakemedicalsurveillanceavailableatnocosttotheemployee,andatareasonabletimeandplace,foreachemployeewhowillberequiredunderthissectiontousearespiratorfor30ormoredaysperyear.Theexammustbeperformedbyaphysicianorotherlicensedhealthcareprofessional.Whattypeofexamcanaworkerexpecttohaveaspartoftherequiredmedicalsurveillance?Attheinitialexam:-Medicalandworkhistory-Physicalexamwithemphasisonrespiratorysystem-Chestx-ray-Pulmonaryfunctiontest-TuberculosistestPeriodicexams--Theemployershallmakeavailablemedicalexaminationsatleasteverythreeyears,ormorefrequentlyifrecommended.Employersarealsorequiredtomakesurethephysicianhasacopyofthesilicastandardandprovidethefollowinginformation:

• Descriptionoftheemployee’sformer,current,andanticipateddutiesastheyrelatetotheemployee’soccupationalexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilica

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• Employee’sformer,current,andanticipatedlevelsofoccupationalexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilica

• Descriptionofanypersonalprotectiveequipmentusedortobeusedbytheemployee,includingwhenandforhowlongtheemployeehasusedorwillusethatequipment

• Informationfromrecordsofemployment-relatedmedicalexaminationspreviouslyprovidedtotheemployeeandcurrentlywithinthecontroloftheemployer

Slide106—Examresultswithin30daysWhathappenswiththeresultsofthemedicalexam?Workershavetherighttogetacopy.TrainingTip:PassoutcopiesoftheMedicalEvaluationformfromyourcoursebinderThestandardspecifiesthefollowing:Employees—Within30daysoftheexam,thephysicianmustprovidetheemployeewithawrittenmedicalreportandexplaintheresultstotheemployee.Thereportmustcontainthefollowinginformation:

• Statementindicatingtheresultsofthemedicalexamination,includinganymedicalcondition(s)thatwouldplacetheemployeeatincreasedriskofmaterialimpairmenttohealthfromexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilicaandanymedicalconditionsthatrequirefurtherevaluationortreatment;

• Anyrecommendedlimitationsontheemployee’suseofrespirators;

• Anyrecommendedlimitationsontheemployee’sexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilica;and

• AstatementthattheemployeeshouldbeexaminedbyaspecialistifthechestX-ray

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meetscertaincriteria,orifreferraltoaspecialistisrecommendedbythephysician.

Employers—Getawrittenmedicalopinionfromthephysicianwithin30daysoftheexam.Thiswrittenopinionwillcontainthefollowinginformation:

• Dateoftheexamination;• Statementthattheexaminationhasmetthe

requirements• Anyrecommendedlimitationsonthe

employee’suseofrespirators.• Withwrittenauthorizationfromthe

employee,theemployermayalsoreceivethefollowingmedicalexaminformation:

• Anyrecommendedlimitationsontheemployee’sexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilica;

• Astatementthattheemployeeshouldbeexaminedbyaspecialist

Theemployermustprovidetheemployeewithacopyofthemedicalopinionwithin30daysofthemedicalexam.

Slide107—HazardcommunicationandtrainingEmployersarerequiredtocomplywiththehazardcommunicationstandard(HCS)(29CFR1910.1200).Theemployershallensurethateachemployeehasaccesstolabelsoncontainersofcrystallinesilicaandsafetydatasheets,andistrainedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofHCS.Theymustalsoensurethatatleastthefollowinghazardsareaddressed:Cancer,lungeffects,immunesystemeffects,andkidneyeffects.TRAINING:Thestandardrequiresemployerstoprovidetrainingtoemployeessotheycandemonstrateknowledgeandunderstandingofatleastthefollowing:

• Thehealthhazardsassociatedwithexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilica;

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• Specifictasksintheworkplacethatcouldresultinexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilica;

• Specificmeasurestheemployerhasimplementedtoprotectemployeesfromexposuretorespirablecrystallinesilica,includingengineeringcontrols,workpractices,andrespiratorstobeused;

• Theidentityofthecompetentpersondesignatedbytheemployer;and

• Thepurposeandadescriptionoftherequiredmedicalsurveillanceprogram

Slide108—ReviewandQuestionsASK:Namethreeimportantthingsyoulearnedinthissection.Promptingquestions:

• Nametwocomplianceoptions.A:FollowTable1oruseAlternativeexposurecontrolanddoairmonitoring

• WhatisthenewPELforsilica?A:50µg/m3averagedover8-hourday

• Whatmustacompetentpersondo?A:Identifyhazards;beauthorizedtotakeaction;frequentlyinspectjobsites,materialandequipment

• Name4thingsadoctormustperformatamedicalexam.A:physicalexam,chestx-ray,pulmonaryfunctiontest,tuberculosistest

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CourseWrap-UpandReview(30minutes)Activity:JeopardyreviewgameMaterials:Flipchart/whiteboard;multi-colormarkers;JeopardyGamePowerPoint;timer;prizesHandouts:Post-Test;CourseEvaluationformProps:N/A

Slide109—ReviewgameActivity:Playthereviewgame—teamscompeteinJeopardyMaterials:JeopardyPPTfileonflashdrive;flipchart/whiteboardtokeeptrackofscores;multi-coloredmarkers;timer;prizesforwinningteam

• Divideclassintoteams;eachteamchoosesafunname

• Decidehowteamswillselectcategories• Teamsselectcategoryanddollarvalue• Moderatorclicks$xxxonthatsquareto

revealtheclueandgivesteam30secondstoanswer.Iftheiranswerisincorrect,anotherteamcantry.

• Click"Answer"buttontorevealcorrectanswer

• Click"Home"buttontoreturntomainboard• Eachcorrectanswerearnsthatdollar

amountfortheteam;trackscoresonflipchart/whiteboard

• Finishallcategoriesandgiveprizestothemembersofwinningteam

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Slide110—WorksafelywithsilicaandenjoyahealthycareerinthetradesThankeveryonefortheirparticipationinthetraining.ASK:Doyouhaveanyquestionsorcommentsaboutanythingwe'vecoveredtoday?Besureeveryoneknowswheretheycangetmoreinformationifneeded.Havestudentscompletetheirpost-testsandcourseevaluationform.

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A training tokeep construction

workers safe on the job

State Building & ConstructionTrades Council of California,

AFL-CIOFunded by Federal OSHA, 2017

State Building and ConstructionTrades Council of CA, AFL-CIO (SBCTC)• Umbrella organization for 160 unions• Represents approximately 400,000 skilled

construction workers in California

Funded by OSHAThis material was produced under grantSH29642SH6 from the Occupational Safety andHealth Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. Itdoes not necessarily reflect the views or policies ofthe U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention oftrade names, commercial products, or organizationsimply endorsement by the U.S. Government

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Use of MaterialDuplication and Photo Credit

• Material is only to be used for non-commercial,instructional, educational purposes

• Fees may not be charged for this material• Photo credits are given on each slide• While every effort has been made to ensure

information is current and accurate, the SBCTCdoes not assume any liability for errors oromissions

AcknowledgementsWe thank the following organizations for:

Providing technical assistance with developing this training:– Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR)– UC Berkeley Labor Occupational Health Program (LOHP)– Cal/OSHA– Federal OSHA

Sharing: photos, video, training material– BAC –International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Crafts– CA Dept. of Industrial Relations—Commission on Health and

Safety and Workers’ Compensation (WOSHTEP program)– West Virginia Archives– Worksafe BC (Canada)

Silica—A High Priority for Construction

2 million U.S.constructionworkersexposed tosilica everyyear

eLCOSH images

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Course Objectives for Silica TrainingBy the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand what it is• Recognize hazards• Describe health effects• Identify controls:

Engineering/work practice/PPE• Understand new OSHA Standard• Work safely around silica

Section 1Introduction to Silica

eLCOSH images

What is silica?

One of the mostcommon minerals

on EarthPhotos courtesyPDPhoto.org

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Mineral means:• Naturally occurring• Inorganic—not plant or

animal• Solid form• Definite chemical

composition

Silica is found in rock, soil and sand• Silica is composed of the elements

Silicon + Oxygen = SiO2

Photo: CPWR

Photo courtesy PDPhoto.org

eLCOSHim

ages

Silica naturally occurs as:• Amorphous: no regular form• Crystalline: well-defined arrangement,

regular crystal form

Photo: CPWR

Which is hazardous?

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3 forms of crystalline silicaQuartz—common,found in sand, gravel, clay,granite, sandstone andother rock

Cristobalite and Tridymite—less common, but more toxic to workers

Photo: CPWR

Where is silica found in construction?

BRAINSTORM ACTIVITYBased on what you just learned aboutwhere silica naturally occurs, list thebuilding materials you think might containcrystalline silica?

These materials may contain silica• Asphalt• Brick• Cement• Concrete• Concrete block• Drywall• Fiber cement products

(siding, cladding panels)• Grout• Gunite/Shotcrete• Mortar• Paints• Plaster

• Refractory Mortar/Castables• Refractory units• Rock• Roof tile (concrete)• Sand• Soil (fill dirt, top soil, soil w/fly

ash added)• Stone (granite, limestone,

quartzite, sandstone, shale,slate, cultured, etc.)

• Stucco/EIFS• Terrazzo• Tile (clay and ceramic)

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How can you find out if materialcontains silica?

• Product label• Safety Data Sheet

• Published data—online• Analyze a sample of

the materialwikimedia

Websites that can help you• CPWR (Center for Construction Research and

Training) Work Safely With Silicawww.silica-safe.org

• Federal OSHA Silica eToolhttp://www.osha.gov/dsg/etools/silica

• Cal/OSHA Silica in Construction eToolhttp://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-019/index.htm

Section 1 Review and Questions

Name three importantthings you learned in thissection.

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Section 2Silica As a Hazard

How does silica become aconstruction hazard?

Factors that determine potentialto cause harm:Route of exposureToxicityDose and durationInteractionIndividual characteristics

Route of ExposureHow does silica get into your body?

Breathing

eLCOSH images

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Size matters!“Respirable” silica is smallenough to penetrate body’snatural defenses and get deepinto your lungs

Crystalline SilicaPhoto source: CDC

It’s 100 timessmaller thanordinary beach sand

wikimedia

23

Respirable Particles

A single human hair is between80 – 120 microns (µm) in

diameter

Respirable dust is less than10 microns (µm) in diameter

Slide courtesy of Construction Safety Council, Illinois

Respirable Particles in Construction

0 1Meter (m)

0.01.001.000001Millimeter (mm) Centimeter (cm)Micron (µm)

Human Hair(80 – 120 µm)

Respirable Dust,e.g., Lead, Silica &Asbestos (<10 µm) A lower case 'o' when

printed in Times NewRoman size 10 (1mm).

o

1 cm1 m

Large Dog

Slide courtesy of Construction Safety Council, Illinois

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ToxicityAbility of a substance to cause harm

Takes a tiny amountto causes harm

Takes a large amount ofsubstance to cause harm

LOWtoxicity

HIGHtoxicity

Dose and Duration

Amount of substanceentering body

Amount of time youare exposed

How much silica dust is too much?3 Important terms:

• TWA

• AL

• PEL

Time weighted average

Action Level

Permissible exposurelimit

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New limits for silica

AL = 25 micrograms per cubic meter of air(25 µg/m3) calculated as 8-hour TWA

PEL = 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air(50 µg/m3) averaged over an 8-hour day

What is a “microgram (µg) ”

A metric unit of weight or mass equal to1 millionth of a gram

0.000001 g

Too small to see with the naked eye

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How big is a cubic meter?1 meter =39.3701 inches

50 µg of silicadust is so small itmay be not bevisible to workerswhen suspendedin the air

InteractionsSome substances, in combination,will increase the chance a workerwill get sick.

Individual CharacteristicsAge, gender, diet, state of health,

pregnancy, use of medication, drugsand alcohol can change toxic effects

Putting it all togetherSilica is hazardous because:

Causes lungdisease, cancer,

even death

Causes lungdisease, cancer,

even death

Silica dust travelsdeep into your

lungs

Short-timeexposure to

large amountscauses harm

Short-timeexposure to

large amountscauses harm

Airborneparticles toosmall to see

Airborneparticles toosmall to see

Long-time exposureto small amounts

causes harm

Long-time exposureto small amounts

causes harm

Found in manyconstruction

materials

Found in manyconstruction

materials

Effects worse ifyou also smokeEffects worse ifyou also smoke

eLCOSH images

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Section 2 Review and Questions

Name three importantthings you learned in thissection.

Section 3Tasks and Tools that Create Silica Dust

Top photos: Cal/OSHAPhoto: OSHA

Photo source: elcosh

It’s dusty work…but somebody has to do it

SMALL GROUP ACTIVITYLook at the list of construction materialsthat contain silica.What kind of work do you do with thesematerials that may create dust?

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Operations that create silica dust

• Cutting, drilling, coring• Grinding, sanding, sandblasting• Pulverizing• Mixing (dry)• Cleaning up

eLCOSH Images

Group Discussion

Which phases ofconstruction

create the highestexposure to silica

dust?

Which phases ofconstruction

create the highestexposure to silica

dust?

Can you thinkof any crafts

that are neverexposed tosilica dust?

Can you thinkof any crafts

that are neverexposed tosilica dust?

Tasks with high chance of exposure

The probability (in %) of being overexposedBased on PEL of 0.1 mg/m3

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“It wasn’t me!”• Workers who are not “engaged” in the task but

are working nearby may be exposed to silicahazards.

• May be covered by Multi-Employer Worksiteregulations (OSHA &Cal/OSHA)

“Creating”“Exposing”

“Controlling”“Correcting”

The 5 question testDid your employer:

1. Create the hazard?2. Have responsibility or authority to correct hazard?3. Have ability to correct or remove the hazard?4. Demonstrate that creating, controlling and/orcorrecting employers were notified/aware of hazards?5. Take appropriate feasible steps to protect theiremployees from the hazard, instruct them to recognizethe hazard and inform how to avoid associated dangers?

Section 3 Review and Questions

Name three importantthings you learned in thissection.

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Section 4Health Effects of Silica Exposure

Courtesy of: CPWR SmartMark

Group Discussion

Do you knowsomeone who has?

Do you knowsomeone who has?

Have you personally experiencedhealth effects from breathing

silica dust?

Have you personally experiencedhealth effects from breathing

silica dust?

Breathing crystalline silica puts you atrisk for serious, life-threatening disease

Photo: elCOSH images

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Which body part is most affected?

Lungs

More than6 millionbreaths peryear

Respirable crystalline silica causes:

• Silicosis—a serious lung disease• Lung cancer–classified as a carcinogen• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

And contributes to:Heartdisease

Kidney disease

Vasculardisease

Autoimmunedisease

Tuberculosis (TB)and other infections

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Watch video:

Silica Exposureby Worksafe BChttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_sC2wX9Uwc

Silicosis FactsPermanentIrreversibleNo cureWorsens after exposure endsDeadly

Preventing exposure is your best defense

3 types of silicosis:

• Chronic• Acute• Accelerated

Normal LungSilicotic Lung

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Acute Accelerated ChronicAirborneconcentrationof silica

HIGH HIGH RelativelyLOW

Time ofoccurrenceafter initialexposure

Few weeks-5 years 5-10 years 10 or more

years

Many cases of silicosis are not reported andmany more are not properly diagnosed

Acute Accelerated Chronic

CoughWeight lossFatigueChest painShortness of breathLow blood oxygenlevels

Similar to chronicbut symptoms occurfaster, rapidlyprogress

Shortness of breathCrackles or wheezingin lungsLung capacitydecreases over timeMay need oxygen tohelp breath

Silicosis signs and symptoms:

Workers speak up

Bricklayer storiesof what it’s liketo live withsilicosis.

Play audio

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Silicosis:One of oldest occupational diseases

• Documented in 1700’s• Chronic effects tied to crafts• Increased with use of new

power tools

Photo: wikimedia

Hawk’s Nest Tragedy1930’s Tunneling projectthrough rock containing96-99% silica

Few records kept buthistorians now believe2000-2500 workerscontracted silicosis andover 700 died.

Photo: Google images

Photo courtesy of: Elkem Metals Collection, West Virginia State Archives

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Impact of Hawk’s Nest

• Revealed “Acute” silicosis• Directly connected exposure and illness• Spurred public outcry and increased

demands for worker protection

Watch video:

“Silica in Construction:From danger to safety”SBCTC

Section 4 Review and Questions

Name three importantthings you learned in thissection.

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Section 5Controlling Silica Hazards

Photo source: elcosh

Your experience on-the-job

BRAINSTORM ACTIVITYList all actions you’ve used to control silica.

Hierarchy of Controls

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Assessing risk—factors to consider

• What tool is being used?• What is silica content of material?• How enclosed is work area?• Is dusty work constant or intermittent?• Does the job take the whole shift?• Which control methods most effective <PEL?• Will PPE also be needed to meet the PEL?

Engineering controls• Wet methods• Local exhaust ventilation (LEV)• Substitution• Isolation

Examples of wet methods

• Concrete/masonry sawsthat provide water toblade

• Water hose to wetdown dust at point ofgeneration

• During rock drilling,flow water through drillstem

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Examples of LEV methods

• Vacuum systemcaptures dust closeto source

• Integrate systemsonto equipment thatgenerates dust

• Use HEPA (high-efficiency particulateair) filter

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Examples of control combinationsAsphalt pavement milling machines use ventilationand water-spray controls

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Are controls working?

• Follow manufacturer’sinstructions/specifications

• Use tools properly• Do required maintenance

and cleaning regularly• Test the air for

contaminants

Air monitoring

Done byprofessionals

Done byprofessionals

Identifies/quantifies

contaminants

Identifies/quantifies

contaminants Specialized,calibratedequipment

Specialized,calibratedequipment

Personalmonitoring of

workers

Personalmonitoring of

workers

Generalambient airmonitoring

Generalambient airmonitoring

Air sampling equipment

PersonalAir PumpwithCyclone

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76

Personal Monitoring

• Determines individualworker exposure

• Done during a specifictime period

Pump pulls air through a filter ortube, which traps the dust or toxin.

Slide courtesy of Construction Safety Council, Illinois

Examples of substitution

• Eliminate the hazard• Use silica-free materials

when feasible• Paints/coatings• Abrasive blasting

Steel shot

Corn cob

Coal slag

Garnet

Examples of isolation

• Separate the workerfrom the dust

• Enclosed cab withventilation/filtered air

• Separate dustyoperations from non-dusty areas Abrasive blasting containment

Photo: eLCOSH Images

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Administrative controls

• OSHA standard• Written plan• Job/task planning• Air monitoring• Training• Best work practices

Best practices for contractors• Use controls to eliminate dust• Assign competent person• Provide proper respirators

when needed• Substitute materials• Create a plan

Photo source: elcosh

Best practices for workers• Use equipment and

controls properly• Be aware• Participate• Don’t bring dust home• Give your doctor silica info• Don’t eat, drink, smoke, or apply cosmetics

while near silica dust—wash hands/face

Photo source: elcosh

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Personal protective equipment• Only if engineering and work

practice controls aren’tenough

• Must be NIOSH approved

• Employers must comply withOSHA silica and respiratoryprotection standards

• Medical evaluations

NIOSH-Approved Respirators

PAPR

N 95½ face APRSlide Courtesy of CPWR

Full Face APR

Cal/OSHA Respiratory Regulation(Title 8, CCR, Section 5144)• Respirator selection - based on exposure assessment• Change out schedule• Medical evaluations• Fit testing• Use of respirators• Maintenance and care of respirators• Breathing air quality and use (when atmosphere-supplying

respirators are used)• Training and information• Program evaluation

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Why is PPE less effective thanengineering controls?• Doesn’t eliminate hazard• Can be uncomfortable• Hard to communicate• Limited vision/movement• Workers must know how

to use properly• Difficult to maintain

Photo source: elcosh

Watch video:

Eliminate the Hazard:McCarthy Drilling ProjectBy: SBCTC

DISCLAIMER: This is a case study that illustrates the implementation ofengineering controls for silica dust and is for educational purposesonly. References to a specific employer or brand of equipment do notimply endorsement by either OSHA or the SBCTC and its affiliates.

Section 5 Review and Questions

Name three importantthings you learned in thissection.

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Section 6The New OSHA Standard

New Federal Silica Standard

Final rule published by OSHA—March 25, 2016

Timeline courtesy of the International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

Scope of Coverage

• Quartz, cristobalite andtridymite

• All occupationalexposures to respirablecrystalline silica inconstruction work unlessbelow Action Level

Photo source: elcosh

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Compliance Date

Construction employers must comply withall requirements by June 23, 2017

(except requirements for laboratory evaluation ofexposure samples, which begin June 23, 2018)

What does the new standard do?

• AL trigger

• Lower PEL

• Engineering controlsand work practices tolimit exposure

• 25 µg/m3 (8-hr TWA)

• 50 µg/m3 (8-hr TWA)

Requires employers to:Control exposures <PEL Comply with these

Specified ControlsFollow OSHA “Table 1”Specified ControlsFollow OSHA “Table 1”

Alternative ControlsAir monitoring/Objective data

Alternative ControlsAir monitoring/Objective data

AND

OR

1. Housekeeping2. Written exposure

control plan3. Medical

surveillance4. Communication of

hazards/training5. Keep records

1. Housekeeping2. Written exposure

control plan3. Medical

surveillance4. Communication of

hazards/training5. Keep records

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What is “Table 1”Matches 18 tasks with effective dust controlmethods and respirator requirements

Table 1 Tasks/Equipment• Stationary masonry saws• Handheld power saws• Handheld power saws for fiber cement board• Walk-behind saws• Drivable saws• Rig-mounted core saws or drills• Handheld and stand-mounted drills• Dowel drilling rigs for concrete• Vehicle-mounted drilling rigs for rock and concrete• Jackhammers and handheld powered chipping tools

Table 1 Tasks/Equipment con’t• Handheld grinders for mortar removal (tuckpointing)• Handheld grinders for other than mortar removal• Walk-behind milling machines and floor grinders• Small drivable milling machines• Large drivable milling machines• Crushing machines• Heavy equipment and utility vehicles to abrade or

fracture silica materials• Heavy equipment and utility vehicles for grading and

excavating

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Must fully/properly implement controls• Presence of controls not sufficient• Employers required to ensure:Controls present and maintainedEmployees understand/use properly

Option 2: Alternative Exposure ControlIf employers do not follow Table 1, they mustcomply with section (d) of the standard

Section (d) requires:

• Action Level and PEL apply• Must do exposure assessment using either:

– Performance option– Scheduled monitoring option

• Use engineering and work practice controls

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Available from OSHAwebsite

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3902.pdf

All employers must comply with thesesections of new standard:

HousekeepingHousekeeping

Medicalsurveillance

MedicalsurveillanceRecordkeepingRecordkeeping

Haz Comm &training

Haz Comm &training

Createwritten plan

Createwritten plan

Housekeeping: workers need to know

If contributes to silica exposure:

--Dry sweeping or brushing--Use of compressed air forcleaning surfaces or clothing

NOT allowed unless used withventilation

Photo source: elcosh

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Employers must have written planfor managing silica exposure

• Available to each employee• Describes tasks, controls,

PPE, procedures,housekeeping, restrictedaccess to work areas

• Designates a CompetentPerson

Duties of competent person• Identify existing and

foreseeable hazards• Authority to take prompt

corrective measures• Frequently/regularly

inspect job sites,material and equipment

Photo source: elcosh

Medical exam available at no cost• If you wear a respirator 30

or more days/year forsilica exposure

• Exam includes:-Medical/work history-Physical exam-Chest x-ray-Pulmonary function test-Tuberculosis test

Photo: wikimedia

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Exam results within 30 days

Physician provides thefollowing writtenreports:

To employee—medicalreport

To employer—medicalopinion

Hazard communication and trainingWorkers must have:

Access to:• Labels on material

containers• Safety Data Sheets

And receive:• Hazard information• TrainingPhoto source: elcosh

Section 6 Review and Questions

Name three importantthings you learned in thissection.

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Review Game

Work safely with silica and enjoy ahealthy career in the trades

Photo source: elcosh

Thank you forattending this SBCTCtraining.

3/8/2017

1

This material was produced under grant SH29642SH6 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect theviews or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

SiO2 Hazard DustyWork

MyHealth

InControl

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$400$400 $400$400 $400$400 $400$400 $400$400

$600$600 $600$600$600$600$600$600$600$600

$800$800 $800$800$800$800$800$800$800$800

Answer

This commonmineral is found inrock, soil and sand

HOME

What is SILICA

Answer

This type of silicacauses harm to

workers

HOME

What is Crystalline

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Answer

Most common formof crystalline silica

HOME

Answer

While more rare,these forms of

crystalline silica aremore toxic

HOME

What areCristobalite and

Tridymite

Answer

Crystalline silica is ahazard when itbecomes this

HOME

What isrespirable dust

3/8/2017

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Answer

According to OSHA,workers should not be

exposed to more than thisconcentration of silica

HOME

What is the PermissibleExposure Limit:

50 micrograms/cubic meter ofair averaged over 8-hour day.

Answer

The metric symbol“µg” means this

fraction of a measureof weight

HOME

What is a microgram,one millionth of a

gram

Answer

This combinationputs you at much

greater risk forgetting lung cancer

HOME

What is exposure torespirable crystalline

silica and smoking

3/8/2017

4

Answer

Doing this toconcrete may createhazardous silica dust

HOME

What is cutting,drilling, coring,

grinding, pulverizing

Answer

Using silica to dothis job creates very

high exposures toharmful dust

HOME

What is abrasiveblasting or

sandblasting

Answer

A U of W study foundthis task >80% likely tooverexpose workers tohazardous silica dust

HOME

What is tuckpointgrinding

3/8/2017

5

Answer

Four categories ofresponsibility onmulti-employer

worksitesHOME

What are:Creating

ExposingControlling

Correcting

Answer

Silica seriouslydamages this

body part

HOME

What are your lungs

Answer

In 1997 crystallinesilica was listed as

this in humans

HOME

What is acarcinogen

(cancer causing)

3/8/2017

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Answer

These 3 forms of thisdisease are most

associated with silicadust exposures

HOME

What are acute,accelerated andchronic silicosis

Answer

Shortness of breath,wheezing, anddecreased lung

capacity are symptomsof this disease

HOME

What is Chronicsilicosis

Answer

This pyramid helpsdefine control

strategies

HOME

What is theHierarchy of Controls

3/8/2017

7

Answer

These are preferredbecause they

eliminate the hazard

HOME

What areEngineering

controls

Answer

These two methodsare the primary waysto control silica dust

HOME

What are wetmethods and localexhaust ventilation

Answer

This says employers mustcontrol exposure to silica,

create a plan, trainworkers, and offer

medical surveillanceHOME

What is the 2016federal OSHA Silica

Standard forConstruction