INSTRUCTOR’S EDITION Elementary and Intermediate Algebra · 2019-02-20 · 330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013 Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Functions & Authentic Applications

330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

Functions & Authentic ApplicationsThird Edition

Jay LehmannCollege of San Mateo

INSTRUCTOR’S EDITION

A01_JAYL6974_03_SE_IEFM.indd 1 9/28/17 12:31 PM

Sample Preface. Not for Distribution.

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ISBN 13: 978-0-13-478022-1 (Instructor’s Edition)ISBN 10: 0-13-478022-1ISBN 13: 978-0-13-475697-4 (Student Edition)ISBN 10: 0-13-475697-5

1 17

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Lehmann, Jay, author.Title: Elementary and intermediate algebra : functions & authentic applications / Jay Lehmann, College of San Mateo.Description: Third edition. | Boston : Pearson, 2017. | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2017026699 | ISBN 0134756975Subjects: LCSH: Algebra—Textbooks.Classification: LCC QA152.3 .L449 2017 | DDC 512.9—dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017026699

This work is solely for the use of instructors and administrators forthe purpose of teaching courses and assessing student learning. Unau-thorized dissemination, publication or sale of the work, in whole or in part (including posting on the Internet) will destroy the integrity of the work and isstrictly prohibited.



ContentsPREFACE ixACKNOWLEDGMENTS xviiiINDEX OF APPLICATIONS xix

1 INTRODUCTION TO MODELING 11.1 Variables and Constants 11.2 Scatterplots 131.3 Exact Linear Relationships 261.4 Approximate Linear Relationships 37

Taking It to the Lab: Climate Change Lab • Volume Lab • Linear Graphing Lab: Topic of Your Choice 50CHAPTER SUMMARY 53Key Points of Chapter 1 53Chapter 1 Review Exercises 54Chapter 1 Test 56

2 OPERATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS 582.1 Expressions 582.2 Operations with Fractions 662.3 Absolute Value and Adding Real Numbers 772.4 Change in a Quantity and Subtracting Real Numbers 852.5 Ratios, Percents, and Multiplying and Dividing Real

Numbers 942.6 Exponents and Order of Operations 106

Taking It to the Lab: Climate Change Lab (continued from Chapter 1) • Stocks Lab 114CHAPTER SUMMARY 117Key Points of Chapter 2 117Chapter 2 Review Exercises 119Chapter 2 Test 120Cumulative Review of Chapters 1 and 2 121

3 USING SLOPE TO GRAPH LINEAR EQUATIONS 1233.1 Graphing Equations of the Forms y = mx + b and x = a 1233.2 Graphing Linear Models; Unit Analysis 1333.3 Slope of a Line 1413.4 Using Slope to Graph Linear Equations 1513.5 Rate of Change 164

Taking It to the Lab: Climate Change Lab (continued from Chapter 2) • Workout Lab • Balloon Lab 179CHAPTER SUMMARY 181Key Points of Chapter 3 181

Presidential Election Voter Turnout (p. 92)

YearPercent of Eligible Voters Who Voted

1980 59.21984 59.91988 57.41992 61.91996 54.22000 54.72004 63.82008 63.62012 57.52016 60.0

Percentages of Adult Internet Users Who Use Social Networking Sites (p. 175)

Year Percent

2010 602011 652012 672013 732014 742015 76

iii

Years since 2000

Bill

ions

of

dolla

rs

(0, 1.50)

(3, 1.95)(6, 2.37)

1 3 5 72 4 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1.0

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3.5

0.5

t

p

(9, 2.53)(12, 2.53)

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Total Profit for Top-100- Grossing Concert Tours (p. 37)



Chapter 3 Review Exercises 183Chapter 3 Test 185

4 SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS AND SOLVING EQUATIONS 1884.1 Simplifying Expressions 1884.2 Simplifying More Expressions 1994.3 Solving Linear Equations in One Variable 2044.4 Solving More Linear Equations in One Variable 2154.5 Comparing Expressions and Equations 2304.6 Formulas 237

CHAPTER SUMMARY 248Key Points of Chapter 4 248Chapter 4 Review Exercises 250Chapter 4 Test 251Cumulative Review of Chapters 1–4 252

5 LINEAR FUNCTIONS AND LINEAR INEQUALITIES IN ONE VARIABLE 2545.1 Graphing Linear Equations 2545.2 Functions 2635.3 Function Notation 2725.4 Finding Linear Equations 2795.5 Finding Equations of Linear Models 2885.6 Using Function Notation with Linear Models to Make Estimates

and Predictions 2985.7 Solving Linear Inequalities in One Variable 309

Taking It to the Lab: Climate Change Lab (continued from Chapter 3) • Golf Ball Lab • Rope Lab • Shadow Lab • Linear Lab: Topic of Your Choice 322CHAPTER SUMMARY 326Key Points of Chapter 5 326Chapter 5 Review Exercises 328Chapter 5 Test 331

6 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND SYSTEMS OF LINEAR INEQUALITIES 3336.1 Using Graphs and Tables to Solve Systems 3336.2 Using Substitution to Solve Systems 3466.3 Using Elimination to Solve Systems 3526.4 Using Systems to Model Data 3606.5 Perimeter, Value, Interest, and Mixture Problems 3686.6 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables; Systems of Linear

Inequalities in Two Variables 382Taking It to the Lab: Climate Change Lab (continued from Chapter 5) • Sports Lab • Truck Lab 392CHAPTER SUMMARY 394Key Points of Chapter 6 394

Revenues from Social Network Gaming and Mobile Games (pp. 246–247)

YearRevenue

(billions of dollars)

2009 5.42010 7.02011 7.52012 6.72013 9.02014 9.92015 11.2

U.S. Life Expectancies of Women and Men (pp. 337–338)

Year of Birth

Women (years)

Men (years)

1980 77.4 70.01985 78.2 71.11990 78.8 71.81995 78.9 72.52000 79.5 74.12005 79.9 74.92010 81.0 76.22014 81.2 76.4

iv Contents

Not a goodmodel

11 13 15 1610 12 14Years since 2000

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

50

Bill

ions

of

dolla

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(13, 117)

(14, 163)

(15, 203)

(11, 86)

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Total College Student Discre-tionary Spending (pp. 289–291)



Chapter 6 Review Exercises 395Chapter 6 Test 398Cumulative Review of Chapters 1–6 399

7 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS 4027.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomial Expressions and

Functions 4027.2 Multiplying Polynomial Expressions and Functions 4147.3 Powers of Polynomials; Product of Binomial Conjugates 4237.4 Properties of Exponents 4307.5 Dividing Polynomials: Long Division and Synthetic Division 438

Taking It to the Lab: Climate Change Lab (continued from Chapter 6) • Projectile Lab 447CHAPTER SUMMARY 449Key Points of Chapter 7 449Chapter 7 Review Exercises 450Chapter 7 Test 451Making Sure You’re Ready for Intermediate Algebra: A Review of Chapters 1–7 452

8 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS AND SOLVING POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS 4568.1 Factoring Trinomials of the Form x2 + bx + c and Differences

of Two Squares 4568.2 Factoring Out the GCF; Factoring by Grouping 4648.3 Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax2 + bx + c 4718.4 Sums and Differences of Cubes; A Factoring Strategy 4788.5 Using Factoring to Solve Polynomial Equations 4838.6 Using Factoring to Make Predictions with Quadratic Models 494

CHAPTER SUMMARY 502Key Points of Chapter 8 502Chapter 8 Review Exercises 504Chapter 8 Test 505Making Sure You’re Ready for Intermediate Algebra: A Review of Chapters 1–8 506

9 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 5109.1 Graphing Quadratic Functions in Vertex Form 5109.2 Graphing Quadratic Functions in Standard Form 5229.3 Simplifying Radical Expressions 5349.4 Using the Square Root Property to Solve Quadratic

Equations 5439.5 Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square 5539.6 Using the Quadratic Formula to Solve Quadratic Equations 5619.7 Solving Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables; Finding

Quadratic Functions 573

Contents v

Average Monthly Cell Phone Bills and Numbers of Subscribers (p. 422)

Year

Average Bill (dollars

per month)

Number of Subscribers

(millions)

1999 46.39 86.02001 49.79 128.42003 51.55 158.72005 50.65 207.92007 49.26 255.42009 47.97 285.62011 46.11 316.02013 48.79 335.72015 44.65 377.9

Average Per-Person Consumption of Bottled Water (pp. 568–569)

Year

Average Consumption

(gallons per person)

2009 27.62010 28.32011 29.22012 30.82013 32.02014 34.12015 36.5

Worldwide iPhone Sales (p. 500)

Year

Average Consumption

(gallons per person)

2007 1.42009 20.72011 72.32013 150.32015 231.2



9.8 Finding Quadratic Models 5819.9 Modeling with Quadratic Functions 590

Taking It to the Lab: Climate Change Lab (continued from Chapter 7) • Projectile Lab (continued from Chapter 7) • Projectile Lab (Using a CBR or CBL) • Water Flow Lab • Quadratic Lab: Topic of Your Choice 601CHAPTER SUMMARY 604Key Points of Chapter 9 604Chapter 9 Review Exercises 608Chapter 9 Test 610Cumulative Review of Chapters 1–9 611

10 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 61410.1 Integer Exponents 61410.2 Rational Exponents 62710.3 Graphing Exponential Functions 63310.4 Finding Equations of Exponential Functions 64410.5 Using Exponential Functions to Model Data 652

Taking It to the Lab: Stringed Instrument Lab • Cooling Water Lab • Exponential Lab: Topic of Your Choice 668CHAPTER SUMMARY 670Key Points of Chapter 10 670Chapter 10 Review Exercises 672Chapter 10 Test 674

11 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 67511.1 Composite Functions 67511.2 Inverse Functions 68511.3 Logarithmic Functions 69811.4 Properties of Logarithms 70511.5 Using the Power Property with Exponential Models to Make

Predictions 71311.6 More Properties of Logarithms 72411.7 Natural Logarithms 731

Taking It to the Lab: China and India Populations Lab • Folding Paper Lab • Exponential/Logarithmic Lab: Topic of Your Choice 738CHAPTER SUMMARY 739Key Points of Chapter 11 739Chapter 11 Review Exercises 741Chapter 11 Test 744Cumulative Review of Chapters 1–11 745

12 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 74812.1 Finding the Domains of Rational Functions and Simplifying

Rational Expressions 74812.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions; Converting

Units 76112.3 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 771

vi Contents

Average Ticket Prices to Major League Baseball Games (p. 641)

YearAverage Ticket Price

(dollars)

1950 1.541960 1.961970 2.721980 4.451991 8.842000 16.222010 26.742015 28.94

8

2

46

11590 95 100 105 110Sound level (decibels)

Hou

rs

d

T

Safe Exposure Times to Music at Rock Concerts (p. 718)

Numbers of Internet Users in the United States (pp. 756–757)

Year

Number of Internet Users

(millions)

2003 179.52006 206.02009 218.12012 249.62015 283.7



12.4 Simplifying Complex Rational Expressions 78412.5 Solving Rational Equations 79312.6 Modeling with Rational Functions 80512.7 Proportions; Similar Triangles 81712.8 Variation 823

Taking It to the Lab: Climate Change Lab (continued from Chapter 9) • Illumination Lab • Boyle’s Law Lab • Estimating P Lab 838CHAPTER SUMMARY 840Key Points of Chapter 12 840Chapter 12 Review Exercises 843Chapter 12 Test 845

13 RADICAL FUNCTIONS 84713.1 Simplifying Radical Expressions 84713.2 Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Radical Expressions 85713.3 Rationalizing Denominators and Simplifying Quotients of Radical

Expressions 86613.4 Graphing and Combining Square Root Functions 87413.5 Solving Radical Equations 88113.6 Modeling with Square Root Functions 893

Taking It to the Lab: Pendulum Lab 903CHAPTER SUMMARY 904Key Points of Chapter 13 904Chapter 13 Review Exercises 906Chapter 13 Test 907

14 SEQUENCES AND SERIES 90914.1 Arithmetic Sequences 90914.2 Geometric Sequences 91614.3 Arithmetic Series 92314.4 Geometric Series 928

Taking It to the Lab: Bouncing Ball Lab • Stacked Cups Lab 934CHAPTER SUMMARY 935Key Points of Chapter 14 935Chapter 14 Review Exercises 936Chapter 14 Test 937Cumulative Review of Chapters 1–14 938

15 ADDITIONAL TOPICS 94115.1 Absolute Value: Equations and Inequalities 941 Key Points of Section 15.1 94715.2 Performing Operations with Complex Numbers 949 Key Points of Section 15.2 95315.3 Pythagorean Theorem, Distance Formula, and Circles 954 Key Points of Section 15.3 958

Contents vii

p

Birth order

Perc

ent

100

80

60

40

20

61 2 3 4 5 n

Percentages of Births “Despite Contraception” (p. 900)

Dol

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Numbers of students

100

50

5 10 n

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Rates for Math Tutoring (p. 911)

x

y

(0, b)

(0, �b)

(�a, 0) (a, 0)

Intercepts of an Ellipse (p. 964)



15.4 Ellipses and Hyperbolas 962 Key Points of Section 15.4 96815.5 Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations 970 Key Points of Section 15.5 973

A USING A TI-83 OR TI-84 GRAPHING CALCULATOR 976A.1 Turning a Graphing Calculator On or Off 976A.2 Making the Screen Lighter or Darker 976A.3 Entering an Equation 977A.4 Graphing an Equation 977A.5 Tracing a Curve without a Scatterplot 977A.6 Zooming 977A.7 Setting the Window Format 978A.8 Drawing a Scatterplot 979A.9 Tracing a Scatterplot 979A.10 Graphing Equations with a Scatterplot 980A.11 Tracing a Curve with a Scatterplot 980A.12 Turning a Plotter On or Off 980A.13 Constructing a Table 980A.14 Constructing a Table for Two Equations 981A.15 Using “Ask” in a Table 981A.16 Finding Regression Equations 981A.17 Drawing Two Scatterplots 982A.18 Finding the Intersection Point(s) of Two Curves 983A.19 Finding the Minimum Point(s) or Maximum Point(s) of a

Curve 983A.20 Storing a Value 984A.21 Finding Any x-Intercepts of a Curve 984A.22 Turning an Equation On or Off 984A.23 Finding Coordinates of Points 985A.24 Graphing Equations with Axes “Turned Off” 985A.25 Entering an Equation by Using Yn References 985A.26 Responding to Error Messages 985

B USING STATCRUNCH 988B.1 Entering Data 988B.2 Constructing Scatterplots 988B.3 Finding Linear or Quadratic Regression Equations 989B.4 Finding Exponential Regression Equations 989

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES 991Index I-1

viii Contents

Tracing a Curve (p. A-2)



Preface“The question of common sense is always, ‘What is it good for?’—a question which would abolish the rose and be answered triumphantly by the cabbage.”

—James Russell Lowell

These words seem to suggest that poet and editor James Russell Lowell (1819–1891) took Elementary and Intermediate Algebra. How many times have your students asked, “What is it good for?” After years of responding “You’ll find out in the next course,” I began an ongoing quest to develop a more satisfying and substantial response to my students’ query.

This ongoing quest has led me to author three algebra texts and, most recently, a new stat prep text, A Pathway to Introductory Statistics. I have a passion for using authentic data, centered around a curve-fitting approach to help students learn in context.

Curve-Fitting Approach Although there are many ways to center Elementary and Intermediate Algebra courses around authentic applications, I chose a curve-fitting ap-proach for several reasons. A curve-fitting approach

• allows great flexibility in choosing interesting, authentic, current situations to model.

• emphasizes concepts related to functions in a natural, substantial way.

• deepens students’ understanding of functions because it requires students to describe functions graphically, numerically, symbolically, and verbally.

• unifies the many diverse topics of typical Elementary and Intermediate Algebra courses.There is yet one more reason I chose a curve-fitting approach. Elementary and

Intermediate Algebra courses are meant to prepare some students for a Calculus STEM track and others for Statistics, Liberal Arts Math, and so on (non-STEM tracks). This is a great challenge because Calculus, Statistics, and so on are vastly different courses not only in content but also in the type of problem solving they require. Teaching algebra with curve fitting empowers instructors to prepare students for all types of content and problem solving.

To fit a curve to data, students learn the following four-step modeling process:

1. Examine the data set to determine which type of model, if any, to use.

2. Find an equation of the model.

3. Verify that the model fits the data.

4. Use the model to make estimates and predictions.

This four-step process weaves together topics that are crucial to the course. Students must notice numerical patterns from data displayed in tables, recognize graph-ical patterns in scatterplots, find equations of functions, graph and evaluate functions, and solve equations.

Not only does curve fitting foster cohesiveness within chapters, but it also creates a parallel theme for each chapter that introduces and discusses a new function. This structure enhances students’ abilities to observe similarities and differences among fun-damental functions such as linear functions, quadratic functions, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, rational functions, and radical functions.

Curve fitting serves as a portal for students to see the usefulness of mathematics so they become fully engaged in the class. Once involved, students are more receptive to all aspects of the course.

ix



NEW TO THE THIRD EDITION

Students will benefit from the following changes to the third edition of Elementary and Intermediate Algebra: Functions and Authentic Applications:

• In previous editions, all authentic data sets in the print text were represented by similar, yet generic (inauthentic), data sets in MyLab Math to provide algorithmically-generated similar exercises for students completing homework in MyLab Math. However, in the new edition, where possible, MyLab Math exercises maintain the authenticity of the data. This has been accomplished by sampling from a large data set to generate six authentic data sets that inherit the same trend.

• MyLab Math Exercises: The number of skill, modeling, and conceptual exercises in MyLab Math has been increased to fully capture the spirit of the print textbook. In fact, for the first time ever, Related Review exercises (described later in the preface) will be assignable in MyLab Math.

• Large Data Sets: Many students who use this textbook will not perform regression analysis in their careers, but some will work with large data sets. Such work will also help prepare students to take Statistics. With this in mind, new exercises that involve large data sets have been sprinkled throughout the textbook. They directly follow the heading “Large Data Sets.” The data sets consist of as many as thousands of rows and tens of columns of data.

• Downloadable Data Sets: To support the appropriate use of technology when completing exercises and labs, data sets that consist of 16 or more data values can now be downloaded as Excel files at MyLab Math and at the Pearson Downloadable Student Resources for Math and Statistics website:

http://www.pearsonhighered.com/mathstatsresources. These data sets in MyLab Math can also be opened in StatCrunch. Exercises that involve such data sets are flagged in the print textbook by the icon .

• Augmented Data Sets: To make the data sets as current and relevant as possible, 241 data sets in examples and exercises have been augmented to include values for recent years.

• New Data Sets: 317 data sets in examples and exercises have been replaced with more compelling and contemporary topics such as immigration, national health care, and trust in the mass media.

• Climate Change Labs: All eight Climate Change labs have been updated to address the latest data and political events concerning this incredibly important global issue.

• Graphing Calculator Instructions: Appendix A, which consists of TI-83/TI-84 graph-ing calculator instructions, was available only online in the previous edition. To make the appendix more accessible to students, it is now included in the textbook.

• StatCrunch Instructions: Some departments that require StatCrunch for their Statistics courses introduce StatCrunch in their Elementary and Intermediate Alge-bra courses. To support such departments, Appendix B, which contains StatCrunch instructions, has been added to the textbook.

• Explorations: Research has shown that students learn more when they take part in collaborative activities. To support instructors in facilitating group learning, the number of explorations has been increased.

• Section Opener Explorations: Explorations that can be used at the start of a section have been moved from the preceding section to the current section. The new place-ment will visually remind instructors to assign such explorations and make it easier for students to access them.

• Statistics Terminology: To better support students who will take Statistics, the termi-nology has been improved: The words scattergram, independent variable, and depen-dent variable have been replaced with scatterplot, explanatory variable, and response variable.

x Preface



• Graphing Linear Equations and Linear Models: The technique of graphing equations of the forms x = a and y = b has been moved from Section 3.2 to Section 3.1. This way, all equations of the forms y = mx + b and x = a are now contained within one section (3.1), and Section 3.2 is now devoted to unit analysis and graphing linear models.

• Logarithm Preparation: The technique of converting expressions in exponential form to and from expressions in radical form has been added to Section 10.2 to bet-ter lay a foundation for logarithms in Chapter 11.

• Color: More color has been used to enhance connections between equations, graphs, tables, and coordinates of ordered pairs.

CONTINUED FROM THE SECOND EDITION

Unique Organization Many college students who take Elementary and Intermediate Algebra had significant difficulties with the equivalent courses in high school. These students face a greater challenge in the college courses because they must complete the two courses in two semesters, rather than four. Instead of presenting the material in the “same old way,” this textbook provides a unique organization that will better aid students in succeeding.

Removing the Overlap By combining the material from my Elementary Algebra textbook and my Intermediate Algebra textbook and cutting out the overlap, profes-sors have more time to go into depth when discussing concepts and to assign Taking It to the Lab experiments and Group Exploration activities (both described later in the preface).

Spiraling of Concepts Although removing the overlap offers significant benefits to students, if a concept is never revisited, students may not retain it. Fortunately, curve fitting naturally revisits concepts as students’ tool bag of functions grows. In each modeling section, exercises require students to compare the implications of using the various types of functions to model authentic situations. In addition, students’ retention of key concepts can be enhanced in Chapters 5–15 by complet-ing two special types of exercises, Related Review and Expressions, Equations, Functions, and Graphs. These types of exercises are described in greater detail later in the preface.

Micro Combination of Elementary Algebra and Intermediate Algebra Most textbooks that combine Elementary Algebra and Intermediate Algebra intermingle the two courses’ content at the chapter or, perhaps, section level. For this textbook, I have performed microsurgery to join the material from the two courses at the Example and exercise level. Each section and Homework set begins at the Elementary Algebra level, yet builds to a solid Intermediate Algebra level.

Making Sure You’re Ready for Intermediate Algebra Both Chapters 7 and 8 close with sets of exercises designed to help students who didn’t use the textbook for Elementary Algebra smoothly transition into using it for Intermediate Algebra. The ex-ercises also serve as good review for students who did use the textbook for Elementary Algebra.

Modeling Exercises To give this third edition a current and lively feel, the vast ma-jority of the hundreds of modeling exercises in the text have been updated or replaced. Most of the application exercises contain tables of data, but some describe data in para-graph form to give students practice in picking out relevant information and defining variables. Both types of applications are excellent preparation for subsequent courses (especially Statistics).

Preface xi



Early Graphing In Chapter 3, students learn to graph linear equations only in the forms y = mx + b and x = a. This way, they can focus on the fundamental concepts of slope and y-intercept. As many professors have reported, students do exceedingly well in Chapter 3. This early-graphing organization postpones simplifying expressions and solving equations, buying students a bit more time to find their “sea legs” before moving on to the more challenging symbolic manipulation work in Chapter 4. By the time that students reach Section 5.1, they are ready to graph equations that are not in slope–intercept form, but can be put into it.

The early-graphing approach also enables students to solve equations graphically as well as symbolically. Most of Chapters 4–15 include exercises that reinforce the connec-tion between graphing and solving equations or systems of equations.

Early Functions Although some textbooks introduce functions early in the course, the concept is rarely included in subsequent sections, and when it is included, the treat-ment is light. In this textbook, functions are introduced early (Section 5.2) and are emphasized throughout the book in meaningful ways such as by curve fitting, providing students with a solid foundation for subsequent courses such as Trigonometry, College Algebra, and Precalculus.

Early Logarithmic Functions Unlike the organization in most textbooks, exponen-tial functions and logarithmic functions are presented before rational functions and radical functions. Professors who have used the preceding editions have commented over and over again how much they value an early-logarithm organization. Although rational functions and radical functions present their own challenges, most students have more difficulties with logarithmic functions, and it pays to have them learning about this concept while they still have energy.

Group Explorations All sections of this text contain one to three explorations that support student investigation of a concept. Instructors can use explorations as collab-orative activities during class time or as part of homework assignments. The “Section Opener” explorations are meant to have students discover the section’s concepts at the start of class. The other explorations are designed to have students apply concepts they have learned in the section in new ways. Both types of explorations can empower stu-dents to become active explorers of mathematics and open the door to the wonder and beauty of the subject.

Taking It to the Lab Sections Laboratory assignments have been included at the end of most chapters to deepen students’ understanding of concepts and the scientific method. These labs reinforce the idea that mathematics is useful. They are also an ex-cellent avenue for more in-depth writing assignments.

Some of the labs are about climate change and have been written at a higher read-ing level than the rest of the text in order to give students a sense of what it is like to perform research. Students will find that by carefully reading (and possibly rereading) the background information, they can comprehend the information and apply concepts they have learned in the course to make estimates and predictions about this compel-ling, current, and authentic situation.

Balanced Extensive Homework Sections Most exercise sets contain a large num-ber of modeling, skill, and conceptual exercises to allow professors maximum flexibility in setting assignments.

Related Review These exercises (in every section of Chapters 5–15) relate current concepts to previously learned concepts. Such exercises assist students in seeing the “big picture” of the course. This exercise type is now also assignable in MyLab Math.

Expressions, Equations, Functions, and Graphs These exercises (in every section of Chapters 5–15) help students gain a solid understanding of those core concepts, including how to distinguish among them.

xii Preface



Technology The text assumes students have access to technology such as the TI-83 or TI-84 graphing calculator, Excel, or StatCrunch. Technology of this sort allows students to construct scatterplots and check the fit of a model quickly and accurately. It also em-powers students to verify their results from Homework exercises and efficiently explore mathematical concepts in the Group Explorations.

The text supports instructors in holding students accountable for all aspects of the course without the aid of technology, including finding equations of models. (Regression equations are included in the Answers section because it can be difficult or impossible to anticipate which points a student will choose in trying to find a reasonable equation.)

Appendix A: Using a TI-83 or TI-84 Graphing Calculator Appendix A contains step-by-step instructions for using the TI-83 and TI-84 graphing calculators. A sub-set of this appendix can serve as a tutorial early in the course. In addition, when the text requires a new calculator skill, students are referred to the appropriate section in Appendix A.

Appendix B: Using StatCrunch Appendix B contains step-by-step instructions for using StatCrunch. The appendix describes how to enter data, construct scatterplots, and find regression equations.

Exposition If students can’t make sense of the prose, it doesn’t matter how precise it is. One of my top goals is to write descriptions that are straightforward, accessible, clear, and rigorous.

Tips for Success Many sections close with tips that are intended to help students suc-ceed in the course. A complete listing of these tips is included in the Index.

Additional Topics Chapter Topics typically taught in Elementary and Intermediate Algebra that cannot be connected with a curve-fitting approach at the appropriate level are assembled in Chapter 15. Each section contains a Section Quiz feature. The union of these quizzes can be used as a set of review exercises for Chapter 15. Instructors who wish to “cut and paste” sections from that chapter into earlier chapters can append these quizzes to the appropriate Chapter Review exercises.

Preface xiii

GETTING IN TOUCH

I would love to hear from you and would greatly appreciate receiving your comments regarding this text. If you have any questions, please ask them, and I will respond.

Thank you for your interest in preserving the rose.

Jay [email protected]



New! StatCrunch is a web-based statistical software available from within the MyLab Math course that students can use to easily analyze data sets from exercises and the text. Through StatCrunch users can access tens of thousands of shared data sets, create and conduct online surveys, perform complex analyses using the powerful statistical software, and generate compelling reports.

Conceptual Understanding and MotivationNew! Large Data Sets in exercises and explorations

get students accustomed to working with as many as thousands of rows of data. Data sets that involve

approximately 10 or more values are available for download to support the appropriate use of technology. Noted with a icon, these exercises are ideal for using technology, like StatCrunch or Excel, to analyze the data and synthesize concepts. In today’s age of “big data,” it’s

important for students to see how technology can efficiently and accurately help when working

with large data sets.

Resources for SuccessGet the Most Out of MyLab Math for Elementary and Intermediate Algebra, Third Edition, by Jay LehmannWhen it comes to developmental math, one size does not fit all. Jay Lehmann’s Elementary and Intermediate Algebra offers market-leading content written by an author-educator, tightly integrated with the #1 choice in digital learning—MyLab Math. MyLab Math courses can be tailored to the needs of instructors and students, while weaving the author’s voice and unique approach into all elements of the course. Learning mathematical concepts through authentic data comes through from the text to the MyLab course seamlessly.

Take advantage of the following resources to get the most out of your MyLab Math course.

pearson.com/mylab/math



New! Select exercises with authentic data have been care-fully revised to retain authentic data values, even when regenerating algorithmically. Oftentimes students sacrifice working with real-world data when they regenerate exercises with new values in MyLab Math. In this revision, the author has taken special care to ensure that many exercises’ algorithmic versions of the question still ask the student to work with actual data pulled from real-world situations.

Updated! Video Lecture Series provides students with extra help for each objective of the textbook. The videos highlight key examples and exercises for every section of the textbook, and a modern interface allows easy navigation. Videos have been greatly updated to reflect changes in the current edition.

Personalized Learning and PreparednessNew! Skill Builder exercises offer just-in-time additional adaptive practice. The adaptive engine tracks student performance and delivers questions to each individual that adapt to his or her level of understanding. This new feature allows instructors to assign fewer questions for homework, allowing students to complete as many or as few questions needed.

Enhanced Sample Assignments make course set-up easier by giving instructors a starting point for each section and chapter. Homework assignments have been carefully curated for this specific text and include a thoughtful mix of question types. Find these sample assignments in the Assignment Manager, under Copy and Assign Sample Assignments.


A01_JAYL6974_03_SE_IEFM.indd 15 9/29/17 12:38 AM


Resources for Success


Instructor ResourcesThe following instructor resources are available to download from the Instructor Resource Center at www.pearson.com, or in your MyLab Math course.

Instructor’s Resource ManualThis manual, written by the author, contains suggestions for pacing the course and creat-ing homework assignments. It discusses how to incorporate technology and how to struc-ture project assignments. The manual also contains section-by-section suggestions for presenting lectures and for undertaking the explorations in the text.

Power PointsThese fully editable lecture slides include definitions, key concepts, and examples for use in a lecture setting and are available for each section of the text.

Instructor’s Solutions ManualThis manual includes complete solutions to the even-numbered exercises in the text.

TestGenTestGen enables instructors to build, edit, print, and administer tests by using a com-puterized bank of questions developed to cover all the objectives of the text. TestGen is algorithmically based, allowing instructors to create multiple, but equivalent, versions of the same question or test with the click of a button. Instructors can also modify test-bank questions or add new questions. Tests can be printed or administered online. The software and test bank are available for download from Pearson’s online catalogue.

Student ResourcesNew! Concepts and Explorations Notebook: Working with Authentic DataThis new compelling resource for students correlates to the text and provides students with opportunities to dig into data and solve problems using pencil and paper. The workbook includes:

• Explorations that offer collaborative activi-ties to support discovery of key concepts.

• Modeling exercises with authentic data that give students more practice on this multi-faceted concept, that can be sometimes hard to fully accomplish through MyLab Math.

• Projects that can be either open-ended or more guided, and ask students to dig deeper into a data set and think critically.

• Graphing exercises that ask students to practice graphing on their own, beyond what they do in MyLab Math.

• Mini-Essay questions that prompt students to think conceptually, also beyond what they do in MyLab Math!

Student’s Solutions ManualThis manual contains the complete solutions to the odd-numbered exercises in the Home-work sections of the text.



Jay has a wide variety of interests. He is pictured here playing with his rock band, The Procrastinistas. (Photo cour-tesy of Rick Gilbert)

To the StudentYou are about to embark on an exciting journey. In this course, you will learn not only more about algebra but also how to apply algebra to describe and make predictions about authentic situations. “Authentic situations” might make you think twice, but this just means situations that are really happening in the world. This text contains data that describe hundreds of these situations. Most of the data have been collected from recent publications, so, the information is current and of interest to the general public. There is data about concert tickets, success in school, climate change, sports, and so on. I hope it interests you too.

Working with authentic data will make mathematics more meaningful. While working with data about authentic situations, you will learn mathematical concepts that will be easier to learn because they will be connected to familiar contexts. And you will see that almost any situation can be viewed mathematically. That vision will help you understand the situation and make estimates and/or predictions.

Many of the problems you will explore in this course involve data collected in a sci-entific experiment, survey, or census. The practical way to deal with such data sets is to use technology. So, a graphing calculator or computer system is required.

Analyzing authentic situations is a lifelong skill. We are living in the “age of data.” In addition to working with data sets in this text, your instructor may assign some of the labs. Here you will collect data through experiment or research. This will give you a more complete picture of how you can use the approaches presented in this text in ev-eryday life, and likely in your lifelong careers. Being able to work with and understand data can lead to higher-paying jobs and success.

Hands-on explorations are rewarding and fun. This text contains explorations with step-by-step instructions that will lead you to discover concepts, rather than hear or read about them. Because discovering a concept is exciting, it is more likely to leave a lasting impression on you. Also, as you progress through the explorations, your abil-ity to make intuitive leaps will improve, as will your confidence in doing mathematics. Over the years, students have remarked to me time and time again that they never dreamed that learning math could be so much fun.

This text contains special features to help you succeed. Many sections contain a Tips for Success feature. These tips are meant to inspire you to try new strategies to help you succeed in this course and future courses. If you browse through all the tips early in the course, you can take advantage of as many of them as you wish. Then, as you progress through the text, you’ll be reminded of your favorite strategies. A com-plete listing of Tips for Success is included in the Subject Index.

Other special features that can support you include Warnings, which can help you avoid common misunderstandings; Key Points summaries, which can help you review and retain concepts and skills addressed in the chapter you have just read; Related Review exercises, which can help you understand current concepts in the context of previously learned concepts; and Expressions, Equations, Functions, and Graphs exer-cises, which can help you understand and distinguish among these four core concepts.

Feel free to contact me. It is my pleasure to read and respond to e-mails from stu-dents who are using my text. If you have any questions or comments about the text, feel free to contact me.

Jay [email protected]

xvii



Writing a modeling text is an endurance run I couldn’t have completed without the dedicated assistance of many people. First, I’m greatly indebted to Keri, my wife, who yet again served as an irreplaceable sounding board for the countless decisions that went into creating this book.

I acknowledge several people at Pearson Education. I’m very grateful to Editor-in-Chief Michael Hirsch, who has shared in my vision for this text and made significant investments to make that vision happen. The book has been greatly enhanced through the support of Senior Acquisitions Editor Rachel Ross, who made a multitude of contribu-tions, including assembling an incredible team to develop and produce this text. The team includes Content Producer Tamela Ambush, who handled countless tasks to support me in preparing the manuscript for production, leading to a significantly better book.

Heartfelt thanks goes to Project Manager Thomas Russell, who orchestrated the many aspects of production.

And thanks to Rick Gilbert for the awesome photograph in the “To the Student” section of the author performing with his band, The Procrastinistas, at the Hotel Utah in San Francisco.

I thank these reviewers, whose thoughtful, detailed comments helped me sculpt this text into its current form:

Acknowledgments

xviii

Scott Adamson, Chandler-Gilbert Community CollegeThomas Adamson, Phoenix CollegeKen Anderson, Chemeketa Community CollegeGwen Autin, Southeastern Louisiana UniversityMona Baarson, Jackson Community CollegeSam Bazzi, Henry Ford Community CollegeJoel Berman, Valencia Community College—EastNancy Brien, Middle Tennessee State UniversityRonnie Brown, University of BaltimoreBarbara Burke, Hawaii Pacific UniversityLaurie Burton, Western Oregon UniversityPaula Castagna, Fresno City CollegeJames Cohen, Los Medanos CollegeJeff Cohen, El Camino CollegeJoseph DeGuzman, Norco CollegeCynthia Ellis, Purdue University, Fort WayneJunko Forbes, El Camino CollegeWilliam P. Fox, Francis Marion UniversityCathy Gardner, Grand Valley State UniversityJames Gray, Tacoma Community CollegeKathryn M. Gundersen, Three Rivers Community CollegeMiriam Harris-Botzum, Lehigh Carbon Community CollegeStephanie Haynes, Davis & Elkins CollegeRick Hough, Skyline CollegeTracey Hoy, College of Lake CountyDenise Hum, Cañada CollegeEvan Innerst, Cañada CollegeJudy Kasabian, El Camino CollegePeter Kay, Western Illinois UniversityCharles Klein, De Anza CollegeJulianne M. Labbiento, Lehigh Carbon Community CollegeJason Malozzi, Lehigh Carbon Community CollegeDebra Martin, Purdue University, Fort WayneDiane Mathios, De Anza CollegeJim Matovina, Community College of Southern Nevada

Jane E. Mays, Grand Valley State UniversityScott McDaniel, Middle Tennessee State UniversityTim Merzenich, Chemeketa Community CollegeC. R. Messer, American River CollegeJason L. Miner, Santa Barbara City CollegeNolan Mitchell, Chemeketa Community CollegeCamille Moreno, Cosumnes River CollegeLisa Mosser, Jackson Community CollegeEllen Musen, Brookdale Community CollegeCharlie Naffziger, Central Oregon Community CollegeChris Nord, Chemeketa Community CollegeDonna Marie Norman, Jefferson Community CollegeDenise Nunley, Glendale Community CollegeKaren D. Pain, Palm Beach State CollegeErnest Palmer, Grand Valley State UniversityEllen Rebold, Brookdale Community CollegeJody Rooney, Jackson Community CollegeJames Ryan, State Center Community College District, ClovisBarbara Savage, Roxbury Community CollegeNed Schillow, Lehigh Carbon Community CollegeIngrid Scott, Montgomery CollegeKathy Self, Georgia Military College—MilledgevilleDavid Shellabarger, Lane Community CollegeLaura Smallwood, Chandler-Gilbert Community CollegeJohn Szeto, Southeastern Louisiana UniversityJanet Teeguarden, Ivy Tech Community CollegeLorna TenEyck, Chemeketa Community CollegeCindy Vanderlaan, Purdue University, Fort WayneLenove Vest, Lower Columbia CollegeOllie Vignes, Southeastern Louisiana UniversityLinda Wagner, Purdue University, Fort WayneKaren Wiechelman, University of Louisiana at LafayetteRobin Williams, Palomar CollegeLisa Winch, Kalamazoo Valley Community CollegeCathy Zucco-Teveloff, Rider University



xix

Index of ApplicationsAacoustics. See also physics

examples of sound levels, 47–48, 703–704, 718

faintest sound humans can hear, 625

frequency of notes on a piano, 641–642

guitar sound level, 452, 625loudness of foghorn, 15

aeronautics and astronomycalcium loss in weightless

environment, 718distance to Alpha Centauri, 625distance to moon, 625escape velocity, 872–873mass and radius of Earth, Moon,

and Jupiter, 872–873planet periods, 865space debris, numbers of, 57U.S. employees who manufacture

aerospace products and parts, number of, 298

weightof astronaut at distance from

Earth’s surface, 830, 835of objects on Moon and

Earth, 831age. See also demographics and

populationapproval of single men raising

children on their own by, 24–25

automobile accidents by, 24of automobile and its value, 35of college and college enroll-

ment, 23of computer owners, 22credit scores by, 696diabetes, percentages of

Americans diagnosed with, 295, 683

dog years compared to human years, 294, 306

drivers who admit to running red lights by, 586

of Harley-Davidson riders, 609height and, 21, 837home ownership and, 17–18,

54, 506ideal age chosen by age

groups, 307life expectancy, 19

at birth, 295–296, 304–305, 390of dogs, 177health spending and, 902of women and men, 337, 360

of life on earth, 625median age at first marriage, 598median height for boys by, 908median of immigrants, 588, 598memory impairment and,

720–721mental functioning and, 364–365movie attendance, 502, 696percentage of Americans who are

obese by, 56, 519percentage of Americans who

feel they are taking a risk

by entering information into a pop-up ad by, 610–611

percentage of American workers by, 452

percentage of people working at age 65 or older, 586

percentages of Americans ordering takeout food by, 24

percentages of Americans who say they volunteer by, 588, 596

percentages of Americans without health insurance and, 56–57

percentages of Hispanics ages 18-24 who are college students, 589

of speeding male drivers in fatal crashes, 612

Valentine’s Day celebration, 597workers who use computers on

the job, 591–592agriculture. See also food and

nutritionacres of U.S. farmland, 422broiler chicken weight gain,

658–659cheese consumption, average

per-person annual, 228farm injuries, 161genetically modified crops, acres

of, 901levels of oat production, 297–298milk yield of cow in United

Kingdom, 770orange production in United

States, 247percentages of populations

involved in versus GNP, 665–666

tobacco farms, number of, 662value per acre of U.S. farmland,

422air travel

airborne times and distances of Delta airlines flights, 178

altitude of airplaneduring descent, 31–32, 35,

139, 612rate of change, 164, 173

altitude of hot-air balloon, 26–28, 30, 35–36

Americans flying to Europe, number of, 120

bird species involved in airline bird strikes, number of, 175

charter flights, 594–595, 599distance from airplane to hori-

zon, 542distance to horizon from

airplane, 872domestic airline fuel prices,

586–587firearm discoveries at U.S. airports,

numbers of, 23, 659flights delayed, percentages of, 36flights on time, percentages of, 12

incline of climbing airplane, 149laser incidents, 898–899price per barrel of crude oil and

total fuel cost for airline industry, average, 23

times and distances traveled, 176, 178

animals and petsaverage weight of a turkey, 227bachelor’s degrees in

biology, 366bald eagle nests in New Jersey,

625–626bird species involved in airline

bird strikes, number of, 175

deer population, 93dog years compared to human

years, 294, 306dusky gopher frog, 660herbicide use and number of bee

colonies, 177mako sharks, weights of, 517milk yield of cow in United

Kingdom, 770Pacific albacore tuna weight and

mercury contamination, 294

rates of cricket chirping and temperature, 306, 684

striped bass, average length of, 294

threatened species, number of, 46

total U.S. revenue of pet industry, 453

weight of dogs and their average life expectancy, 177

wolf population, 92area. See geometryart and architecture

classroom size in school building design, 237–238

dimensions of frame for photograph, 244

Nayland Blake sculpture, 914automobiles. See also energy; motor

vehicles; transportation and travel

accidentsby age group, 24crash deaths, 160–161,

401, 612force of car impact, 821at highway-railroad

crossings, 46speeding and, 612

Acura MDX, 362Acura RLX value over time, 508ages and values of, 35all-electric registered in United

Kingdom, number of, 662battery-electric vehicle sales, 661braking distance, 542, 834, 856Cadillac CTS, 365Chevrolet Impala value over

time, 508depreciation, 228, 362,

365–366, 508

driving from Cleveland to Pittsburgh, 816

driving from Indianapolis to Champaign, 816

driving from Minneapolis to Dickinson, North Dakota, 816

driving from Oklahoma City to Little Rock, 816

driving from San Francisco to Salt Lake City, 846

driving from Seattle to Eugene, 810–812, 816

driving from Torrance, California to Sun Lakes, Arizona, 783

driving speed, 15, 65, 66, 138–139electric cars, 56force of impact, 821Ford Fusion®, 365fuel efficiencies of domestic and

imported cars, 364gas consumption of 2017 Jaguar

XF 20d, 683gas mileage of car, 50, 54–55, 66,

137, 613, 770gasoline consumption and time

traveled, 139, 298GM and Ford employees,

number of, 451–452GMC Acadia, 362Honda Accord®, 366Honda CR-V®, 507hybrid electric SUVs, average gas

mileage of, 613IRS standard mileage rate, 330Jaguar XF 20d (2017) gas con-

sumption, 683Kia® sales, 247manufacturing costs, 813market share of crossover

SUVs, 551market shares of automakers, 367miles traveled and gallons of

gasoline, 35money owed greater than value

of, 902–903Nissan Altima® average sales

price, 176plug-in electric registered in

United Kingdom, number of, 662

Porsche 911 Carera Turbo fuel tank capacity, 10

reaction and breaking distances, 413

sales of, 12seat belt usage, 305speed of, 2temperature rise in enclosed, 855times and distances traveled,

34, 176Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE® gas

consumption, 137Toyota Prius® gas consumption,

174, 846Toyota Prius® sales, 92traveling speed and stopping

distance, 15



automobiles (continued)value decline, 186, 508vehicle problems, average

number of, 499volume of gasoline in tank

after road trip, 174, 176, 298, 507

aviation. See air travel

Bbanking. See finance and bankingbiology

bacteria on a peach, 652–653, 718faintest sound humans can

hear, 625hydrogen ion concentration in

human blood, 625leaves on a tree, 742–743leaves on a tree, number of, 674life on earth, age of, 625nerve conduction and height, 834number of threatened species, 46rate of change in ti plant

height, 173timber harvest, 718

business. See also consumer behav-ior; employment; revenue and profits; sales

advertisingads blocked by Google, 22costs of television ad slots

during Super Bowl, 614, 667

couch sales and, 682digital ad spending, 718Internet revenues from, 499percentage of Americans who

feel they are taking a risk by entering information into a pop-up ad by age, 610–611

spending for NCAA basket-ball tournament, 186

Amazon shipping revenues and outbound shipping costs, 673

annual revenue of U.S. electronics and appliance stores compared to rare earth mining, 36

AT&T, 808–810bankruptcy filings, 48–49bicycle manufacturing, 846bike rental, 139, 822board member compensation,

854, 889car manufacture, 813CEOs that are women,

perecentage of, 44, 155–156

changes in number of clients for financial planner, 90–91

companies with B2 rating that default on bonds, 499–500

conference room rental, 845cost of mail, 915craft beer breweries, numbers of,

12, 586creativity, 834department stores and off-price

stores, revenues of, 454dollar stores, households that

shop at, 321drive-in movie sites, number

of, 174

e-commerce spending, 814gift cards promotion, 721holiday shoppers shopping

on Thanksgiving weekend, 718

independent CD and record stores, 140

IRS standard mileage rate, 330Kmart stores, number of, 113losses for various years, 12market shares

of automakers, 367of crossover SUVs, 551of Sparkling Ice and Diet

Pepsi, 367Verizon and AT&T, 808–810

number of years until invention reaches mass use, 24

patent applications per year, number of U.S., 252

rate of change in PC shipments, 165

restaurant annual revenues, 494Samsung’s and LG Electronic’s

global market share of LCDTV shipments, 413

satisfaction with size and influence of major corporations, 22

7-eleven stores, number of worldwide, 160

shopping trips to grocery stores, average weekly number of, 295

solar installations, 588, 599specialty bicycle stores, numbers

of, 583–584Starbucks stores, number of, 663Subway® restaurants, number

of, 25Uber, 12, 673value of 3D-printing

market, 718Verizon, 808–810

Cchemistry. See also physics

acid solutions, 377–378, 381, 401, 704, 821, 939

alcohol solutions, 376–377, 381antifreeze solutions, 375–376,

381, 397butterfat in 2% milk, 381half-life of radioactive elements,

654–655, 661–662, 666, 673, 716–717, 722, 743, 745, 793

half-life of substances in bloodstream, 662, 722

lemon juice, 821lime juice, 375oil solutions, 381

communication. See also computers and Internet

average daily number of texts, 120

Blackberry devices shipped, number of, 662

cell phonesaverage monthly bills,

402, 422average time taken to upgrade,

301–302iPhone sales, 456, 498, 500

monthly data traffic per smart-phone, 661

Nokia/Microsoft worldwide sales, 508

number of subscribers, 402, 422

percentage of users who send or receive text messages multiple times per day, 41–43

worldwide subscription rates, 593–594, 595

cost of mail, 915e-mails, numbers of worldwide

daily, 689–690Internet advertising, revenues

from, 499iPad® sales, 10landlines versus wireless phones,

households with, 396–397

mobile wireless service, revenues from, 808–810

number of phone calls by stu-dent, 805

percentages of Americans who get their news every day from the Internet and from newspapers, 610

phone service cost, 821prank e-mail, 667rumor spread, 660, 718, 922, 932Samsung smartphone average

selling price, 228smartphone, number of

Americans with, 10smartphone subscriptions,

worldwide, 246social networking sites

percentage of adults who use, 247

percentage of Internet users who use, 22, 123, 175

percentages of Americans with personal profile page on, 47

talk radio, 667telephone subscription rates

worldwide, 593–594, 595text messages, percentage of cell

phone users who send or receive multiple times per day, 41–43

T-Mobile charges, 245U.S. Postal Service first-class mail

volume, 121computers and Internet. See

also communication; entertainment, leisure, and recreation

age of ownership, 22Apple revenue, 12Apps on the App Store worldwide,

numbers of, 585complaints of Internet crime,

500–501computer use on the job, 591–592digital ad revenue, 113digital music, annual revenues

from, 759downloaded album sales, 598downloaded songs, 12e-commerce spending on Cyber

Monday, 814

e-mails, numbers of worldwide daily, 689–690

gambling online and at traditional casinos, 365

Google’s index size, 660Google’s worldwide revenues,

172–173Internet access, households

with, 586Internet users, numbers/

percentages of, 47, 342–343, 756–757, 800, 880, 891

microchip DRAM half pitch, 723Microsoft revenue, 590–591new scripted TV shows aired

online, 502number of Internet users

worldwide, 47online crime, number of

complaints about, 252online trading sites, 747PC shipments, rate of change in,

165, 453percentage of Americans who

feel they are taking a risk by entering information into a pop-up ad, 610–611

percentage of Americans who get their news every day from the Internet, 610

percentages of children who say their parents know where they go online, 48

podcast listeners, 508prank e-mail, 667rate of change in PC shipments, 165social network gaming and

mobile games, revenue from, 246–247

social networking sitespercentage of adults who

use, 247percentage of Internet users

who use, 22, 123, 175percentages of Americans with

personal profile page on, 47

spending by advertisers on online newspaper ads and print newspaper ads, 366

table computers, 880, 891tax returns filed online, 501–502Twitter, 65Wikipedia, 940YouTube visitors, average

number of unique monthly, 252

consumer behavior. See also business

cash and debit card purchases, percentages of, 342

consumer confidence index, 570–571

debit card purchases, 228fraud complaints, 674single-cup coffee brewing system

ownership, 332spending on Father’s Day,

174, 185spending on Halloween, 303

crime. See also law and law enforcement

apprehension of undocumented migrants, 921, 933

arrest of ex-convicts, 900

xx Index of Applications



assault rates in New York City, 589

chain letters, 932complaints about online crime,

number of, 252cost per inmate in New York city

prisons, 418–420crime index, 297death sentences and executions

per year, 398–399drivers who admit to running red

lights by age, 586fraud complaints by consumers,

674inmates younger than 18 in state

prisons, number of, 293Internet, complaints of, 500–501medical identity theft, 600percentages of Americans who

favor ban on handgun possession, 46

sexual-harassment charges filed, number of, 294

violent-crime rates, 331

Ddemographics and population. See

also age; societyadoption of children after foster

care, 899–900adoption of foreign-born

children, 719ancestors, number of, 921, 932bachelor’s degrees earned by

men and women, 815billionaires, 54, 104birth order and sex ratio at

birth, 502births despite contraception,

900–901births outside of marriage in U.S.,

295, 303–304, 683, 695China’s population, 601–602,

738–739deer, 93dusky gopher frog, 660female members of

Congress, 293Gary, Indiana, 113gray hair in men, 22height and weight of basketball

teams in 2014 draft, 178home ownership, 17–18, 54, 506immigrants living in the United

States, percentages of, 519

India’s population, 738–739Latino voter registration and

voting, 759, 802–803life expectancy, 19, 295–296,

304–305, 337–338, 360, 902

of Manhattan, 812marijuana use, 120marriage

married-couple households, 320

married persons “very happy” with their marriages, percentages of, 254, 305

median age at first marriage, 598

percentage of Americans who are married, 343, 363–364

percentages of Americans 18 years or older who are married, 304

percentages of 30-34-year-old adults who are married, 367

median ages of immigrants, 588, 598

multigenerational households, percentages of American living in, 501

number of Americans affected by plastic-bag bans, 113

number of households, 421–422number of nuns in United

States, 184number of people living in

two-bedroom house, 2obesity, 56osteopathic doctors who are

women, percentages of, 320, 695

percentages of Americans who use wearable devices, 47

percentages of CEOs that are women, 44, 155–156


percentages of populations involved in agriculture versus GNP, 665–666

police officers who are women, 571

populations and land areas for various states, 105

pregnancy rates for American Women, 519

teenage birthrate, 321U.S. population over time, 323,

448, 452, 587–588, 597, 664–665, 838

wealth of richest and poorest people, 401

wolf, 92women ages 16 and over who

work, percentage of, 516–517

women and men living alone, numbers of, 815

world population over time, 323, 448, 660, 663, 720

distance. See also transportation and travel

across a lake, 955–956, 959to Alpha Centauri, 625braking, 542, 834, 856of falling object, 834fret positions on a bass guitar, 668gasoline consumption and

distance traveled, 137gasoline taxes per 1000 miles

driven, 305–306, 684home to school, 959to horizon, 542, 872intensity of television signal at a

distance, 620–621light amount at, 625Los Angeles to Reno to

Albuquerque to Los Angeles, 959

to moon, 625number line use, 76reaction and braking, 413rise in elevator over time, 66

rubber band stretch, 743Salt Lake City to Omaha to

Helena to Salt Lake City, 960

of skidding car, 542speed and, 66, 138–139, 247,

783, 810–812, 815–816, 832–833, 845–846

steepness and vertical to horizon-tal distance

comparing guy wires from ground to telephone pole, 141

grade of road, 141, 149, 252incline of climbing airplane,

149, 183–184ski run decline, 149, 185, 611

television signal intensity and, 835time traveled and, 34, 60, 166–167,

176, 178, 187, 247, 625, 783, 818, 834

Torrance, California to Sun Lakes, Arizona, 783

truck rental and distance driven, 298, 746

Eeconomics. See also finance and

bankingconsumer confidence index,

570–571federal debt

amount over time, 665doubling time, 715–716owed to foreigners, 552

GDP and happiness ratings, 901–902

GDPs of United States and China, 508

inflation, 723national spending on health, 743September long-term jobless

rates, 596transaction demand, 834

education. See also tests and testingcalculating total course points, 75charter schools, 8college

acceptance, 98average salaries of professors

at public colleges and universities, 299–300

bachelor’s degrees, number earned, 213

bachelor’s degrees earned by men and women, 815

bachelor’s degrees in biology, 366

bachelor’s degrees in parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies, 366

core GPAs/SAT scores needed to qualify to play sports, 175–176

credit or hours, 10, 12discretionary spending by

students, 139, 289–291faculty salaries, average, 421full-time equivalent faculty,

104–105grade point average and

acceptance, 21interest rates for subsidized

student loans, 44law school applicants, 502

life insurance for non- smoking faculty, 664

new textbook sales, 661number of colleges, 814number of faculty

members, 421number of men’s

colleges, 663number of students, 821part-time work by

students, 34percentage of Boise State

freshman whose high school GPA was at least 3.5, 188, 227

percentage of full-time students, 54

percentage of Intermediate Algebra students who succeeded, 297, 307

percentages of adults completing four or more years of college, 343, 363


room and board cost, 502student-to-faculty ratio, 294,

821–822textbook rental, 139undergraduates living on

campus, 103college enrollment

age of college and, 34, 287changes in, 86–87, 89, 93DeVry University, 122early decision, 721in elementary algebra course,

294–295female students, 409–410female undergraduates, 103full-time equivalent, 104–105Iraqi students in U.S.

institutions, 718male students, 409–410,

760, 803rate of change in, 168

college tuitionaverage annual, 666average annual at public

four-year vs. public two-year colleges, 95

credits (hours) and, 22, 65, 137, 139, 173–174, 834

fees and, 139, 174total costs and, 64, 65, 137,

736–737floor area of a classroom, 22,

237–238graduation party, 599high school dropouts, 454importance of degree or profes-

sional certificate beyond high school, 22

karate class cost, 165math instructor hours worked

and number of students, 914

math tutor charges, 909–911median income and level

of, 598notebook cost, 820number of students in algebra

class, 11

Index of Applications xxi



education (continued)nursing degrees awarded,

110–111public school per-student

expenditures, 307salaries

average starting salary for em-ployees with bachelor’s degree, 25

public school teachers, average of, 251

years of education and, 54school photos, 838student debt, households with

outstanding, 510, 531, 596student loans, 320teacher’s years of

experience, 720time student prepares for exam, 11tutoring costs, 76, 177

electricityall-electric cars registered in


battery-electric vehicle sales, 661current and resistance, 834electric cars, 56light amount at a distance, 625from natural gas, 366from nuclear power, 55plug-in electric cars registered in


electronicsannual revenue of U.S.

electronics and appliance stores compared to rare earth mining, 36

circuits, 799iPad® sales, 10Samsung’s and LG Electronic’s


Xbox One S console, time needed to purchase, 228

elevationboiling points of water, 47, 169,

680–681change from Dead Sea to

Mt. Everest, 92change from Death Valley to

Denali, 92height of Golden Gate Bridge

towers, 89employment. See also business

board member compensation, 854, 889

commute time to work, average U.S., 293

computer use on the job, 591–592employee contribution required

to cover family in employer-sponsored health plan, 160

female boss over male boss, per-centage of workers who prefer, 308

hours worked, 9–10money earned and, 63, 66, 198in week, 11

math instructor hours worked, 914number of employees, 64, 139number of GM and Ford

employees, 451–452number of nuns in United

States, 184

number of U.S. employees who manufacture aerospace products and parts, 298

office space per worker, 228osteopathic doctors who are


paid vacation days and holidays, 585

percentage of Americans who are confident they will retire ahead of their schedule, 185

percentage of American workers by age, 452

percentage of people working at age 65 or older, 586

salaryannual, 11author earnings from book

agent, 213average for NHL hockey

player, 227average of professors at public

colleges and universities, 299–300

average starting salary for em-ployees with bachelor’s degree, 25

average U.S. hourly pay, 23–24

bonuses, 58–59, 60–61CEO pay at tech

companies, 901college faculty, average, 421Congressional pay, 112–113hourly wages of Caucasians

and African Americans, average, 450

hours worked and money earned, 63, 66, 302–303, 822, 833

of Joe Mauer, 56minimum wage workers, 173number of years worked

and, 21, 34, 57, 134–135, 137–138, 912–914, 919, 921, 923, 927

part-time work by students, 34public school teachers, 251savings deposit and, 210total earnings, 923, 925,

931–932, 937–938yearly raises, 228, 914, 919, 927,

931–932, 937–938years of education and, 54

September long-term jobless rates, 596

traditional benefit plans offered by companies, 113

unemployment rates, 122, 309union workers, 10, 228union workers in manufacturing,

percentages of, 612–613vacation days used, 507volunteer firefighter deaths while

on duty, 175waiter’s tips, 213women ages 16 and over who

work, percentage of, 516–517

workers saving for retirement, percentages of, 506

working from home, 2energy. See also automobiles; motor

vehicles

average price per barrel of crude oil and total fuel cost for airline industry, 23

BP oil disaster, 625consumption by propane-gas

barbecue grill, 174electric cars, 56electricity generated by nuclear

power, 55electricity generated from natural

gas, 366fuel consumption of 3000-TEU

ship, 816fuel efficiencies of domestic and

imported cars, 364gas mileage of car, 50, 54–55, 66,

137, 615gasoline consumed after filling

tank, 82gasoline consumption and

distance traveled, 846gasoline consumption and time

traveled, 139gasoline taxes, 305–306, 684power from windmill, 437released by earthquakes, 701–702solar capacity, 509solar installations, 588, 599wind energy capacities in the

United States, 297entertainment, leisure, and

recreation. See also music; sports; television

amusement park ride-related injuries, 49–50

annual revenues from music, 759arts-and-crafts fair, 138Atlantic City casino revenues,

921–922auditorium/theater seating

and revenue, 370–371, 378–379, 381, 397, 399, 454, 927

author earnings from book agent, 213

average time American adult spends daily with digital media, 293

bachelor’s degrees in parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies, 366

beach house rental, 760–761bicycles

cyclists younger than 20 hit by motor vehicles, 401

manufacturing, 846rental, 139, 822riders, number of, 113sales, 111specialty stores, numbers of,

583–584tire pressure, 139

boats and accessories, annual revenues from, 570–571

box office gross from movie theaters, 54

Broadway-based movie musicals, revenue of, 20

cable TV cost, 821contest winnings, 933drive-in movie sites, number

of, 174e-books, revenues from, 695e-sports, prize money from, 675,

736fireworks, height of, 528

Gold’s Gym® payment options, 366

graduation party, 599Harry Potter series, number

of pages in books of, 22–23

high school reunion, 812–813karate class cost, 165legal capacity of a club, 10lottery winnings, 63, 931magazine subscriptions, 22marijuana use, 120movie attendance, 502, 696movie box office sales and

revenue, 500, 748, 814movie ticket price, average, 86new scripted TV shows aired

online, 502Nintendo handheld games, 138Nintendo net sales, 632novels owned, number of, 139paid vacation days and

holidays, 585party boat charter, 599, 611party costs, 813percentage of adults who exercise

and percentage of adults who are obese, 229

percentage of children ages 5-18 participating in organized physical activity, 10

percentages of Americans who vacation by month, 587

podcast listeners, 508recreational vessels, numbers of

registered, 532Sea World attendance, 251skier/snowboarder visits to U.S.

slopes, number of, 173ski rental packages, prices of

demo, 295, 304ski trip, 66, 812slot machines, 939social network gaming and

mobile games, revenue from, 246–247

sound levels and hearing loss, 718ticket sales, 251, 746vacation days used, 507video-game-title releases,

551–552walking/running speed, 180Walt Disney World ticket

prices, 744wooden roller coasters, 308World Series of Poker prize

money, 718Xbox One S console, time

needed to purchase, 228environment. See also global

warmingBP oil disaster, 625Chernobyl nuclear accident,

654–655clarity of Lake Tahoe, 587, 600deaths from lightning, 665earthquakes, 701–703, 856fires, number of, 227herbicide use and number of bee

colonies, 177leaves on a tree, 742–743lightning and thunder

relationship, 834number of Americans affected by

plastic-bag bans, 113numbers of space debris, 57

xxii Index of Applications



ozone levels and temperature, 722–723

Pacific albacore tuna weight and mercury contamination, 294

snow melt, 844timber harvest, 718tsunami, 856, 899wind speed, 855–856worldwide cost of natural

disasters, 213

Ffinance and banking. See also eco-

nomics; investment; taxesaccount value over time, 437annual expenditures, American’s

average, 531–532ATM fees, 243average life span of

denominations of bills, 23bank failures, number of, 662bike rental, 139, 822board member compensation,

854, 889changes in number of clients

for financial planner, 90–91

checking account balance, 3, 9, 33, 66, 81–82, 83–84, 122, 184

cost of buying pens, 22credit card balance, 79, 84, 100,

101–102, 105, 119–120, 122

credit scores, 696debit card purchases, 228debt lowering, 79exchange of money, 79income

annual household, 813cable television viewership

and, 896–897education and median income,

598median household, 95–96median sales prices of existing

homes and, 95–96remaining after mortgage and

food expense, 75tax on, 682voting percentages by income

group, 892interest from bank account, 246interest rates for subsidized

student loans, 44lottery winnings, 931overdraft fees, 169–170person’s saving at various

years, 287savings account balance, 174,

252–252savings deposits and weekly pay,

210spending on Father’s Day, 174,

185student debt, households with

outstanding, 510, 531, 596

student loans, 320value of unused gift cards, 140

food and nutrition. See also agriculture; health

baking time for brownie mix, 138

bottled water, consumption of, 340, 451, 569–570

bread loaves, price of, 66butterfat in 2% milk, 381carbohydrates and calories for

pizzas, 45–46casual restaurants, revenues

from, 937cereal, U.S. revenue from, 186cheese consumption, average

per-person annual, 228cheese sales, 807–808Chef Boyardee Mini Ravioli®,

fat in, 821chicken, annual consumption of,

342, 363, 412–413, 455, 845coffee temperature, 737cooking times of a turkey, 186cooling of a potato, 22cost of eating out, 812craft beer breweries, numbers of,

12, 586dividing pizza into slices, 66–67,

68, 71, 72, 74Five Guys hamburgers, 120french fries consumption, 682graduation party dinner, 599groceries, spending on, 821herbal dietary supplements,

revenue from, 309Hormel Turkey Chili with Beans,

sodium in, 846hot dogs, 59, 60–61Irish Whiskey sales, 940Krispy Kreme revenues, 412meat consumption, 342, 363,

412–413, 767, 845milk consumption, 364, 815milk yield of cow in United

Kingdom, 770Nutrisystem® weight-loss pro-

gram, 366orange production in United

States, 247organic foods, revenue from, 367peach, number of bacteria on,

652–653, 718pizza, cost per person for, 76pizza prices, 836pizza weight and diameter, 437Post Grape-Nuts Flakes®, sugar

in, 821potassium in cereal, 770prices of hot dogs and soft drinks

at MLB stadiums, 45recipe

beef stroganoff, 104chicken cacciatore, 844roasted red-pepper pasta, 104

red meat, annual consumption of, 342, 363, 412–413, 845

restaurants, annual revenues of, 494

revenue from gluten-free products, 138

shopping trips to grocery stores, average weekly number of, 295, 304

snacking, percentage of people who say they try to avoid, 247

soda (soft drink) consumption, 340, 364

Sparkling Ice and Diet Pepsi, market shares of, 367

sports drink consumption, 12Starbucks stores, number of,

251, 663

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, number of people in, 113, 759

takeout food, percentages of Americans ordering more by age, 24

tea temperature, 737vending machines, 675–676vendor charges for hamburgers

and hot dogs, 369–370

waiter’s tips, 213water consumption, 844weight before and after diet, 84Weight Watcher subscribers, 113

Ggames. See entertainment, leisure,

and recreationgarden

area of, 65, 245, 528–530, 532border width, 497–498, 501dimensions, 252, 378, 496, 501,

528–530, 532fencing around, 245, 252,

528–530, 532geometry

circle, area of, 837floor area of a classroom,

22, 237height of water in a cylinder,

52, 603knot number and rope length

relationship, 325–326polygon perimeter, 238,

244, 251rectangle, 11, 54, 56, 497–498

area, 2, 11, 65, 75, 244–245, 528–530, 532–533, 599, 609, 872

diagonal length, 542, 959dimensions, 252, 378, 397,

496, 501, 505–506, 509, 528–530, 532–533, 599, 609, 959

golden, 368–369, 378ISO paper-size system, 872length, 252, 378perimeter, 11, 75, 119, 121, 238,

241–242, 244–245, 247, 252, 368–369, 378

vertices, 25square, 151thickness of folded paper, 739trapezoid, area of, 245vertices, 25, 151volume

of cylinder, 437of rectangular box, 245, 437of sphere, 834unit conversions, 770

global warming. See also environment

average surface temperature of Earth, 51, 115, 179–180, 322

carbon emissionsamount Earth can withstand

each year, 448burning fossil fuels, 115, 322China, 601–602developed and developing

countries, 392–393per-person, 322–324, 393, 448,

601–602

United States, 324, 601–602, 838

worldwide, 448Global Climate Change

Initiative, 115–116Kyoto Protocol, 115–116, 322–323population and, 322–324

government. See politics and government

Hhealth. See also food and nutrition;

insurance; medicinebreast cancer diagnosis, risk

of, 586calcium loss in weightless

environment, 718cancer cases, number of

new, 213cholesterol, percentages of adults

ever diagnosed with high, 581–582

cigarette smoking by high school students, 367

community health center organizations, 846

deathsfrom adverse reactions to

drugs, 253from AIDS, 58, 90cremation of bodies, 695–696from heart disease, 452infant mortality rate, 714–715from lightning, 665from malaria, 505from motor vehicle crash,

160–161, 401from opioid overdose, 173radiation sickness, 654speeding male drivers in fatal

crashes, 612of volunteer firefighters, 175

diabetes, percentages of Americans diagnosed with, 295, 307, 683

disability payments to veterans, 735

exercise, 229farm injuries, 161flu epidemic, 660flu shots, 865Gold’s Gym® payment

options, 366half-life of substances in

bloodstream, 662, 772head sizes and brain weights, 367health insurance

average cost for single- person coverage, 56–57, 531

employee contribution required to cover family in employer-sponsored health plan, 160

maximum income level to qualify for NY Child Health Plus program, 174

Mississippi Children’s Health Insurance Program income limits, 308

percentages of Americans without, 56–57, 531

hearing loss and sound levels, 718

heart attack risk, 664heart rates and lactate

concentration, 666

Index of Applications xxiii



xxiv

health (continued)ideal weight of men with medium

frame, 397life expectancy, 19, 295–296,

304–305, 337–338, 360, 390, 902

marijuana use, 120memory impairment in seniors,

720–721national spending on, 743nursing degrees awarded,

110–111obesity

percentage of Americans who are, 56, 519

percentage of obese adults and percentage of adults who exercise, 229

osteopathic doctors who are women, percentages of, 320, 695

percentage of American adults who smoke, 292, 300–301

percentage of Americans saying they would like to lose weight, 173, 288–289

picture warnings on cigarette packages, 113

polio cases, 719pregnancy rates for American

Women, 519psychiatric patients, number

of available beds for, 744–745

spendingon health care, average

per-person, 662life expectancy and, 902on prescription drugs, 228

target heart-rate zone, 387–388thyroid cancer treatment, 662tuberculosis cases, 747wearable devices, percentages of

Americans who use, 47Weight Watcher subscribers, 113

heightage and, 21, 837apparent of car garage, 836of baseball hit upward, 22,

495, 501, 505, 531, 571, 609–610, 837

of basketball hoop, 767of basketball teams in 2014 draft,

178bounce

of golf ball, 324, 823–824, 826, 831

maximum height, 934–935of racquetball, 826, 835–836of rubber ball, 921of tennis ball, 826

of cliff, 834distance to horizon and, 542falling time of dropped objects,

872, 900of fireworks shell launch, 528of Golden Gate Bridge towers, 89grass heights on golf putting

surfaces, 76growth of a child, 63of hanging cable, 737median for boys by age, 908nerve conduction and, 834of objects and their shadow

length, 325–326

of person in inches, 11rate of change in ti plant

height, 173ratio of One World Trade Center

to John Hancock Tower, 104

reached by a ladder, 959of stacked cups, 174, 935of stone thrown, 531, 571of tennis ball tossed, 596thickness of folded paper, 739of thrown ball, 448, 501, 602–603unit conversions, 767, 769of water in a cylinder, 52, 603

Iinsurance

healthaverage cost for single- person

coverage, 56–57, 531employee contribution

required to cover family in employer-sponsored health plan, 160

maximum income level to qualify for NY Child Health Plus program, 174

Mississippi Children’s Health Insurance Program income limits, 308

percentages of Americans without, 56–57, 531

life insurancefor non-smoking college

faculty, 664quarterly rates, 722

Internet. See computers and Internet

investment. See also economics; finance and banking

default on bonds, 499–500Dow Jones Industrial Average

closing value, 891–892interest, 372–375, 667

annual, 373–375, 379–382, 397, 399, 508

compounded annually, 437, 653, 661, 667, 673, 713, 717, 723, 742

total, 373–375, 379–382, 397, 399, 508, 612

online trading sites, 747retirement saving, 506stock values, 85

after bad publicity, 139change over time, 34, 35, 136,

227, 298, 661collecting data, 116current values and changes in

values, 93daily change in Microsoft, 121of Martha Stewart Living

Omnimedia, 227number of shares and total

value, 65percent change in, 117, 122

Llaw and law enforcement. See also

crime; militaryapprehension of undocumented

migrants, 921, 933cost per inmate in New York city

prisons, 418–420

death sentences and executions per year, 398–399

FBI background checks for firearms purchases, 742

fraud complaints by consumers, 674

gun seizures by New York Police Department, 250

inmates younger than 18 in state prisons, number of, 293

marijuana legalization, percentages of American’s who favor, 532

police officers who are women, 571

prisoners and releases from prison, 803

prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, 656sexual-harassment charges filed,

number of, 294length. See also geometry

diagonal of television screen, 542

of 1974 Fender® Jazz Bass®, 767knot number and rope length

relationship, 325–326of shadow, 325–326of skis, 390–391of striped bass, 294weight of mako sharks by, 517

Mmathematics

translating from English into mathematics, 62, 63, 81, 110

translating from mathematics into English, 62

media and news. See also televisionaverage number of magazine

subscriptions sold, 22average time American adult

spends daily with digital media, 293

cable TV cost, 821newspapers

circulations, 365number of daily, 814percentages of Americans who

buy, 532percentages of Americans who

get their news every day from newspapers, 610

spending by advertisers on online newspaper ads and print newspaper ads, 366

percentages of Americans who get their news every day from the Internet, 610

revenues of CNN and Fox News Channel, 939–940

trust in mass media, 320–321medicine. See also health

acne, 399breast cancer diagnosis, risk of,

586community health center

organizations, 846deaths from adverse reactions to

drugs, 253diabetes, percentages of

Americans diagnosed with, 295, 307, 683

EpiPen list prices, 586flu shots, 865

infant mortality rate, 714–715medical identity theft, 600osteopathic doctors who are


overdose deaths from opioids, 173percentages of adults ever

diagnosed with high cholesterol, 581–582

psychiatric patients, number of available beds for, 744–745

radiationfor fracture detection, 722therapy, 662, 722, 793, 834

revenue from ADHD drugs, 54spending on prescription

drugs, 228military. See also law and law

enforcement; politics and government

annual defense spending, 22defense spending for various

years, 518disability payments to

veterans, 735nuclear bomb tests, 104prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, 656

miscellaneousaverage release times for balloon

inflated with a single breath, 180–181

emptying of glass cleaner bottle, 914

fires, number of, 227terrorist attacks in United States,

113motor vehicles. See also

automobiles; energy; transportation and travel

accidentsby age group, 24crash deaths, 160–161, 401, 612force of car impact, 821at highway-railroad

crossings, 46speeding and, 612

average annual lost time due to traffic congestion, 12

bicyclists younger than 20 hit by, 401

braking distance, 542, 834, 856delivery truck, 393diesel-powered light-vehicle

sales, 899drivers who admit to running red

lights, 586gasoline consumed after filling

tank, 82gasoline taxes, 305–306, 684leases, 915light vehicle sales, 293–294, 899new supply of used for sale,

547–548number of GM and Ford

employees, 451–452reaction and breaking

distances, 413Rent-A-Wreck® truck rental, 397speeding male drivers in fatal

crashes, 612temperature rise in enclosed, 855truck rental, 298, 397, 746vehicle problems, average

number of, 499

xxiv Index of Applications



xxv

music. See also entertainment, leisure, and recreation

album purchases, 64album sales, 139, 228

J. Cole, 837Kendrick Lamar, 378Kills No Wow, 682Radiohead, 378

annual revenues from, 759change in quantity of CDs, 85concert

Alicia Keys, 379Blonde Redhead, 399Blood Red Shoes, 379Bruno Mars, 379CD sales at, 31drink cost and total cost, 137Foo Fighters, 371–372number of fans at Kendrick

Lamar, 10profit of top grossing concert

tours, 1, 37–40seating and revenue, 379, 399ticket prices, 56Vince Staples, 379

cost of recording time, 821downloaded album sales, 598downloaded songs, 12eight-track cartridges, 933frequency

guitar strings, 834–835of notes on a piano, 641–642

fret positions on a bass guitar, 668guitar purchase, 98length of 1974 Fender® Jazz

Bass®, 767Melted Zipper CD costs,

806–807, 813number of independent CD and

record stores, 140revenue from digital, 213songs learned by garage band, 174sound level of music played by a

stereo, 48sound levels and hearing loss, 718Sponge Magic rock band cover

charges, 914subscription and streaming

services, revenues from, 318, 938

worldwide vinyl record revenues, 499

Nnews. See media and news

Pphysics. See also acoustics;

chemistryair needed to inflate beach ball,

834altitude of hot-air balloon, 26–28,

30, 35–36average release times for balloon

inflated with a single breath, 180–181

ball bearings, mass and radius of, 844–845

bike tire pressure, 139boiling points of water and

elevation, 47, 169, 680–681Boyle’s law, 829, 839–840flow rates of solid bore

nozzles, 865

forceof car impact, 821gunpowder amount and,

719–720to lift object, 246to loosen bolt, 625to push sofa, 834tension on a string, 834on wrench handle,

834–835frequency

of guitar strings, 834–835of notes on a piano, 641–642of tuning fork, 846

height of water in a cylinder, 52, 840

illumination from lights, 625, 783, 837–839

intensity of television signal at a distance, 620–621

light amount at a distance, 625loudness of foghorn, 15pendulum motion, 836, 903radiation intensity and

distance, 834rubber band stretch, 743sound levels

examples of, 47–48, 703–704, 718

guitar, 452, 625hearing loss and, 718

television signal intensity and distance, 835

traveling speed and stopping distance, 15

volume and pressure in a syringe, 828–829, 832, 839–840

volume of gasoline in tank after road trip, 174, 176

volume of water in a cylinder, 840

volume of water in bathtub after plug is pulled, 121

volume of water in swimming pool, rate of increase in, 173

volume of water pumped out of flooded basement, 33, 120

volume of water remaining in flooded basement, 308

wavelength of violet light, 625windchill, 49, 390

politics and government. See also law and law enforcement; military; taxes

background checks for gun purchases, 121

Congressional pay, 112–113contributions in presidential

elections, 119–120countries requiring picture

warnings on cigarette packages, 113

Cuban-Americans who favor trade embargo with Cuba, 309

defense spending for various years, 518

federal debtamount over time, 665doubling time, 715–716owed to foreigners, 552

federal election costs, 907female members of

Congress, 293filibusters, 597

First Amendment, percentages of Americans who think it goes to far, 330

IRS budget, 184IRS standard mileage rate, 330Latino voter registration and

voting, 759, 802–803marijuana legalization,

percentages of American’s who favor, 532

Patriot Groups, 92–93percentage of American adults

who say they have given “quite a lot” of thought to the election, 331

presidential election voter turn-out, 92

tax returns filed online, 501–502vote-counting systems, 598–599voting percentages by income

group, 892War on Terror, annual costs of, 500words in federal tax code and

regulations, number of, 307

population. See demographics and population

profit. See revenue and profits

Rreal estate

average selling price of home in San Bruno, California, 227

home ownershipage and, 17–18, 54, 506by Millennials, 331percentage of adults owning

homes, 17–18rate among people age 35 and

under, change in, 253median home price in San Fran-

cisco, 173median sales prices of homes, 253new-home annual sales rates in

July, 551, 570–571new home value, 11number of people living in two-

bedroom house, 2saving for downpayment, 397solar installations, 588, 599square footage and sales

prices, 308revenue and profits. See also

business; salesfrom ADHD drugs, 54from airline charter flights,

594–595Alaska Air Group, 49from album sales, 682Alicia Keys concert, 379Amazon, 626, 673, 718–719annual company, 2, 34, 35, 54, 55,

174, 501, 673, 693Apple, 12of Atlantic City casinos, 921–922auditorium/theater seating and,

370–371, 378–379, 381, 397, 399, 927

average Super Bowl ticket prices, 16–17

Bank of America, 228Blood Red Shoes concert, 379from boats and accessories,

570–571BP’s annual profit, 11

Broadway-based movie musicals, 20

Bruno Mars concert, 379from casual restaurants, 937from cereal, 186of CNN and Fox News Channel,

939–940from computer sales, 66from concert tours, 1from couches sales, 682of department stores, 454from digital ads, 113from digital music, 213from division I-A athletic

departments, 927from e-books, 695from e-cigarettes, 662, 719ExxonMobile, 121Foo Fighters concert, 371–372from gift cards, 186, 683–684from gluten-free products, 138Google’s worldwide, 172–173from graduation party, 599from herbal dietary supplements,

309from Internet advertising, 499iRobot® Corporation, 309from Ivory bar soap, 138Kodak, 308Krispy Kreme, 412Microsoft, 590–591from mobile wireless service,

808–810movie box office, 500, 748, 814from music, 759from music subscription and

streaming services, 318, 938Nike

from North American, 113percentages from footwear, 332

of off-price stores, 454from organic foods, 367Paramount Pictures annual, 683from party boat charter, 599, 611of pet industry, total U.S., 453Priceline, 746profit over time, 509of restaurants, 494shipping revenues and

outbound shipping costs of Amazon, 673

from ski club charter, 599of social network gaming and

mobile games, 246–247of Sponge Magic rock band from

cover charges, 914for stocks, 116–117from three-dimensional (3D)

printers, 660–661U.S. versus worldwide, 176of U.S. electronics and appliance

stores compared to rare earth mining, 36

from used clothing, 902Viacom, 228Vince Staples concert, 379Wikipedia, 940worldwide vinyl record, 499

Ssales. See also business; revenue

and profitsAlicia Keys concert, 379of albums, 139, 228, 378,

598, 682

Index of Applications xxv



xxvi

sales (continued)of automobiles, 12background checks for gun

purchases, 121of battery-electric vehicles, 661bicycle, 111Blackberry devices shipped,

number of, 662box office gross from movie

theaters, 54of bread loaves, 66cash and debit card purchases,

percentages of, 342of CDs at concerts, 31of cheese, 807–808of couches, 682of diesel-powered light-vehicles,

899digital ad revenue, 113of digital cameras, 175, 220of downloaded albums, 598of eight-track cartridges, 933of fair-trade coffee, 139gasoline sales price, 177gift cards value by expenditure

amount, 721of gluten-free products, 138guitar, 98, 245of hard-copy Encyclopedia

Britannica, 662holiday shoppers shopping on

Thanksgiving weekend, 718

iPad®, 10iPhone, 456, 498, 500of Irish Whiskey, 940Kia® automobiles, 247of light vehicles, 293–294, 899of magazine subscriptions by

telemarketer, 22median prices for existing homes,

95–96of movie tickets, 748, 814new-home annual sales rates in

July, 551, 570–571new supply of used vehicles for

sale, 547–548of new textbooks, 661of Nintendo handheld

games, 138Nintendo net sales, 632Nissan Altima® average sales

price, 176of Nokia/Microsoft cell

phones, 508refrigerator, 103retail and sale prices of televi-

sions, 76retail price and net price of

shaver, 137Samsung smartphone average

selling price, 228of socks, 65taxes, 98, 103, 213, 742ticket sales, 251, 746, 748, 814TI-84 Plus® graphing calculator

retail price, 185total gasoline, 245Toyota Prius®, 92video game price, 11

society. See also demographics and population

approval of single men raising children on their own by age, 24–25

births outside of marriage in U.S., 295, 303–304, 683, 695

children younger than 18 living with two married parents, percentage of, 293

cremation of bodies, 695–696First Amendment, percentages of

Americans who think it goes to far, 330

gambling online and at tradi-tional casinos, 365

GDP and happiness ratings, 901–902

Halloween party attendance, 663–664

holiday shoppers shopping on Thanksgiving week end, 718

immigrants living in the United States, percentages of, 519

marijuana legalization, percent-ages of American’s who favor, 532

marriagemarried-couple households,

320married persons “very happy”

with their marriages, per-centages of, 254, 305

median age at first marriage, 598

percentage of Americans who are married, 343, 363–364

percentages of Americans 18 years or older who are married, 304

percentages of 30-34-year-old adults who are married, 367

median ages of immigrants, 588, 598

multigenerational households, percentages of American living in, 501

number of Americans who live alone, 308, 815

percentage of Americans who are confident they will retire ahead of their schedule, 185

percentage of Americans who be-lieve gay/lesbian relations are morally acceptable, 219, 276

percentages of Americans who favor ban on handgun possession, 46

percentages of Americans who favor taxes on the rich, 821

percentages of Americans who say they volunteer by age, 588, 596

poverty, people worldwide living in extreme, 307

Protestants, percentages of Americans who are, 454

rumor spread, 660, 718, 922, 932

satisfaction with life, 901stolen wallet/purse return with

money, 847, 899teenage birthrate, 321Valentine’s Day celebration, 597wealth of richest people, 401

speedbraking distance and, 542,

834, 856force of car impact and, 821fuel consumption of 3000-TEU

ship and, 816land speed records, 816–817men’s 200-meter run record

times, 401men’s 400-meter run record

times, 296, 333, 361, 3931500-meter run record

times, 365Olympic 500-meter speed- skating

times, 341–342, 363

reaction and breaking distances, 413

runner’s pulse rate and, 15runner’s stride rate, 296–297running, 180speed limit in miles

per hour, 65stopping distance and, 15time, speed, and distance trav-

eled, 34, 60, 138–139, 166–167, 176, 187, 247, 625, 783, 810–812, 815–816, 818, 832–834, 845–846

typing words per minute, 838unit conversions, 767,

769–770walking, 180wind, 855–856women’s 200-meter run record

times, 401women’s 400-meter run record

times, 296, 333, 361, 393sports. See also entertainment,

leisure, and recreationbaseball

height baseball hit upward, 22, 495, 501, 505, 531, 571, 609–610, 837

height of thrown ball, 501home runs hit by Barry Bonds,

career, 597home runs hit by Chris Davis

in a season, 10minimum salaries of MLB

players, 720most career grand slams, 25number of bats broken in

MLB games, 121opinions on steroid use, 819prices of hot dogs and soft

drinks at MLB stadiums, 45

salary of Joe Mauer, 56stolen bases by Willie

Mays, 30ticket cost at Wrigley Field, 239ticket cost at Yankee Stadium,

245ticket price at Major League

Baseball games, 641viewers of MLB All-Star

Game, 656–657basketball

ad spending for NCAA tour-nament, 186

height and weight of basketball teams in 2014 draft, 178

height of hoop, 767

collegecore GPAs/SAT scores needed

to qualify to play, 175–176

revenues from division I-A athletic departments, 927

shot put, 600cycling

bicyclists younger than 20 hit by motor vehicles, 401

specialty bicycle stores, numbers of, 583–584

e-sports, prize money from, 675, 736

footballages and levels of

experience of NFL players, 229

average attendance at college bowl games, 298

average Super Bowl ticket prices, 16–17

costs of television ad slots dur-ing Super Bowl, 614, 667

field dimensions, 959little-league field

dimensions, 378season ticket costs at Univer-

sity of Illinois, 245Ford Ironman World Champion-

ship, number of partici-pants in, 498–499

golfdrop and bounce heights of

golf ball, 324grass heights on putting

surfaces, 76Tiger Wood’s tournament

earnings and number of wins, 23

hockeyaverage salary for player, 227

Olympics500-meter speed-skating times,

341–342, 363restricted to amateur athletes,

821running, 15, 187

Boston Marathon finishers, number of, 909, 915

men’s 200-meter run record times, 401

men’s 400-meter run record times, 296, 333, 361, 393

1500-meter run record times, 365

New York City Marathon women finishers, 747

pulse rate and speed, 15stride rate, 296–297women’s 200-meter run record


times, 296, 333, 361, 393women who have run the NYC

Marathon, numbers of, 600–601

skiingnumber of skier/snowboarder

visits to U.S. slopes, 173prices of demo ski rental

packages, 295, 304ski club charter, 599

xxvi Index of Applications



xxvii

ski lengths, 390–391ski run decline, 149, 185, 611ski trip costs, 66, 812

soccerfield dimensions, 959

softballcost to join league, 120height of thrown ball, 602–603

swimmingtraining, 834winning times for men’s Olym-

pic 100-meter freestyle, 293

table tennis dimensions, 378tennis court dimensions, 379weight lifting, 600

Ttaxes

chances of audit by IRS, 121cigarette, 571gasoline, 305–306, 684grocery, 103income, 682IRS budget, 184IRS standard mileage rate, 330returns filed online, 501–502on rich individuals, 821sales, 98, 103

in Chicago, 213in Michigan, 742

words in federal tax code and regulations, number of, 307

telecommunications. See communication; computers and Internet

television. See also media and newsaverage daily viewing time, 399average weekly viewing time, 220cable TV cost, 821cable TV viewership, 895–897costs of television ad slots during

Super Bowl, 614, 667diagonal length of screen, 542dimensions of, 959intensity of television signal at a

distance, 620–621new scripted TV shows aired

online, 502number of viewers for

Today vs. CBS This Morn-ing, 104

pay TV, percentages of U.S. households with, 422

percentage of people who binge watch, 22

postponed viewing of programs, 864–865

ratings of prime-time shows, 397

retail and sale prices, 76Samsung’s and LG Electronic’s


signal intensity and distance, 835viewership for American Idol by

year, 48

viewers of MLB All-Star Game, 656–657

temperature, 12. See also environ-ment

average surface temperature of Earth, 51, 115, 179–180, 322

boiling points of water and eleva-tion, 47, 169

change over time, 452, 611, 669, 737, 821

of coffee, 837cooling of a potato, 22, 735decrease, 84, 92, 119–120Fahrenheit versus Celsius,

175, 239–240, 242, 306, 669, 680–681, 684–686, 691–692

increase, 81–82, 84, 87–88, 89, 92, 94, 821

low, 11in Chicago, 11, 122in Indianapolis, 56in New York, 399

oven, 11ozone levels and, 722–723rate of change, 164, 173, 176, 184rates of cricket chirping and,

306, 684rise in enclosed vehicle, 855windchill, 49, 390

tests and testing. See also educationAP tests administered, number

of, 632average response time, 63mental functioning with age,

364–365scores

adding points to, 60, 63average, 13, 64, 246average math SAT, 308average National Assessment

of Educational Progress test, 308

average SAT, 66calculus Test 2 versus Test 3, 21change between tests, 252early decision and SAT score,

721of fourth-graders who study

history, 308on placement tests, 307quiz scores, 7, 13–14, 21on second exam and changes

in scores, 93time student prepares for

exam, 11time

average taken to upgrade cell phones, 301–302

broiler chicken 1 pound weight gain, 658–659

commute time to work, average U.S., 293

distance traveled and, 34, 60, 166–167, 176, 187, 247, 625, 783, 810–812, 815–816, 818, 834

doubling time of federal debt, 715–716

falling time of dropped objects, 542, 872, 900

gasoline consumption and time traveled, 139

ice cream consumption and, 308lightning and thunder relation-

ship, 834men’s 200-meter run record

times, 401men’s 400-meter run record

times, 296, 333, 361, 3931500-meter run record times, 365Olympic 500-meter speed-skating

times, 341–342, 363rumor spread, 660, 718, 922, 932supply and demand

relationship, 834time, speed, and distance trav-

eled, 34, 60, 138–139, 166–167, 176, 187, 247, 625, 783, 810–812, 815–816, 818, 832–834, 845–846

typing words per minute, 838winning times for men’s Olympic

100-meter freestyle, 293women’s 200-meter run record


times, 296, 333, 361, 393years since specific date, 2, 11,

18, 54transportation and travel

accidents at highway-railroad crossings, 46

beach house rental, 760–761cities where Uber operates, 12commute time to work, average

U.S., 293cruise ship size and crew, 50driving speed, 65, 66, 138–139,

247, 760, 783, 810–812fuel consumption of 3000-TEU

ship, 816gasoline consumption

distance traveled and, 35, 137time traveled and, 139, 298volume of gasoline in tank

after road trip, 174, 176, 298, 507

gasoline taxes per 1000 miles driven, 305–306

hotels, average daily price at, 64IRS standard mileage rate, 330maps, 821number of U.S. passports issued,

36parking costs, 138percentages of Americans who

vacation by month, 587public transportation, number of

trips by Americans on, 228recreational vessels, numbers of

registered, 532seat belt usage, 305ski club charter, 599ski trip, 66, 812

spring break road trip, 805taxi charges, 184, 228time, speed, and distance

traveled, 34, 60, 166–167, 176, 187, 247, 625, 783, 810–812, 815–816, 818, 832–834, 845–846.138–139

times and distances traveled, 34, 60, 138–139, 176, 178, 247, 783

traffic congestion, average annual lost time due to, 12

Uber, 673vacation days used, 507volume of gasoline in tank after

road trip, 174, 176, 298, 507

Wweight

before and after diet, 84, 135–136

of astronaut at distance from Earth’s surface, 830, 835

baby at birth, 2bar soap, 723basketball teams in 2014

draft, 178broiler chicken weight gain,

658–659cooking times of a turkey

and, 186of dogs and their average life

expectancy, 177head sizes and brain

weights, 367ideal of men with medium frame,

397of mako sharks by length, 571Nutrisystem® weight-loss pro-

gram, 366obesity

percentage of Americans who are, 56, 519


of objects on Moon and Earth, 821

Pacific albacore tuna weight and mercury contamination, 294

percentage of Americans saying they would like to lose, 173, 288–289


pizza, weight and diameter, 437unit conversions, 844

Index of Applications xxvii





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INSTRUCTOR’S EDITION Elementary and Intermediate Algebra · 2019-02-20 · 330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013 Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Functions & Authentic Applications