Instruction Manual SAA Description & Installation · 2018. 5. 28. · SAA+PVC Installation ..... 33 4.4.1.1 Assembling PVC Conduit for SAA+PVC Installation ..... 34 4.4.1.2 Pulling

Copyright © 2015 by Measurand Inc.

Instruction Manual

SAA Description & Installation

Revision 5

Measurand Inc. 2111 Hanwell Rd.

Fredericton, NB, Canada E3C 1M7

tel: 506-462-9119 fax: 506-462-9095

[email protected] www.measurand.com

http://www.measurand.com/

SAA Description & Installation Manual

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Notices

Measurand shall have no liability for incidental or consequential damages of any kind arising out of the sale, installation, or use of its products. Please read this document and any notes and instructions carefully before proceeding with installation and operation. The information herein is subject to change without prior notification.

ShapeAccelArray (SAA) is covered by patents including: 6127672, 6563107, 7296363, WO 02/055958, WO 98/41815, 5352039, 2427421 and others pending.

Measurand Software is copyrighted. Any unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.

In addition to this manual, a prerequisite to installing and using the SAA is to study the SAA Description & Installation Manual and any other manuals covering hardware or software relevant to use of SAAs in your particular installation. All Measurand manuals are available through our website (http://www.measurandgeotechnical.com/software.html) or through SAASuite.

Important details about proper handling of SAAs are presented in Appendix A. SAAs which are not handled as discussed in the guidelines contained herein and in Appendix A, will not be covered under warranty.

http://www.measurandgeotechnical.com/software.html

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ iii

List of Figures ................................................................................................................. vii

List of Tables .................................................................................................................... x

1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 System Requirements for SAASuite ................................................................................2

1.2 Manual Overview ..........................................................................................................2

2. Background Theory ................................................................................................... 3

2.1 SAA Construction ..........................................................................................................3 SAAF Construction ............................................................................................................................ 4

2.1.1.1 Models ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1.2 Joints ........................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.1.3 Sensorized Segments ............................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1.4 Unsensorized segment ............................................................................................................. 6 2.1.1.5 PEX ........................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1.6 X-marks .................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1.7 On-reel Dots ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1.8 Overall SAAF Length ................................................................................................................. 7

SAAScan Construction ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2.1 Unsensorized Length................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2.2 Sensorized Segments & Joints ............................................................................................... 10 2.1.2.3 Extension Hose ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2.4 Overall SAAScan Length ......................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2.5 X-marks and On-Reel Dots ..................................................................................................... 11

Magnetometers .............................................................................................................................. 12 Eyebolt ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Cable ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Reel ................................................................................................................................................. 13 Reel Labels ...................................................................................................................................... 14

2.2 How SAAs Work .......................................................................................................... 15 Position Determination .................................................................................................................. 15 Accuracy of SAA .............................................................................................................................. 16

3. Checking SAA Performance Prior to Installation ....................................................... 18

3.1 Connecting the SAA to a PC ......................................................................................... 18 Connecting an SAA to the SAA Field Power Unit ............................................................................ 19

3.1.1.1 Connecting an SAA via 4-pin circular connector .................................................................... 19 3.1.1.2 Connecting an SAA via 5-pin terminal block .......................................................................... 19

Connecting the SAA Field Power Unit to a PC ................................................................................ 20

3.2 Using SAARecorder to Complete Diagnostic Tests......................................................... 20 Basic Test ........................................................................................................................................ 23 Voltage / Current Test .................................................................................................................... 23 Diagnostic Tests .............................................................................................................................. 24

4. Installation ............................................................................................................. 25

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4.1 Safety Considerations .................................................................................................. 25

4.2 Proper Handling of SAA ............................................................................................... 25 General Guidelines......................................................................................................................... 26

4.2.1.1 Proper Handling of the SAAScan ........................................................................................... 26 Torsion Control and Joint Care ...................................................................................................... 27

4.2.2.1 SAAScan ................................................................................................................................ 27 Buoyancy Effects during Installation.............................................................................................. 27 Temperatures Effects on SAAs ....................................................................................................... 28

4.3 Supplies Needed for Installing SAA .............................................................................. 28 Tools ............................................................................................................................................... 28 Reel Stand ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Conduit .......................................................................................................................................... 29 Chain .............................................................................................................................................. 31 SAA Install Kit ................................................................................................................................. 32 PEX and PEX Extension Kit ............................................................................................................. 32

4.4 Recommended Installation Methods for Vertical to Sub-vertical Installations ............... 33 SAA+PVC Installation ..................................................................................................................... 33

4.4.1.1 Assembling PVC Conduit for SAA+PVC Installation ............................................................... 34 4.4.1.2 Pulling the SAA into the PVC Conduit ................................................................................... 35 4.4.1.3 Extending PEX for an SAA+PVC Installation .......................................................................... 36 4.4.1.4 Inserting the SAA+PVC Assembly into the Borehole ............................................................. 37

Installing SAA Directly Into a PVC Cased Borehole ........................................................................ 39 4.4.2.1 Assembling PVC Conduit ....................................................................................................... 41 4.4.2.2 Inserting SAA into a Pre-Cased Borehole .............................................................................. 43 4.4.2.3 Extending the PEX for a Pre-Cased Borehole ........................................................................ 43

Finishing the Installation Process Using the SAA Install Kit ........................................................... 44 Backfilling Recommendations ........................................................................................................ 45

4.4.4.1 Tremie Grouting .................................................................................................................... 47 4.4.4.2 Displacement Grouting ......................................................................................................... 48 4.4.4.3 Staged Grouting .................................................................................................................... 48

4.5 Finding Azimuth Offset from the X-mark ...................................................................... 48 SAA X-mark Protractor ................................................................................................................... 48 SAA Reference Segment Alignment ............................................................................................... 50

4.5.2.1 X-marking Visible .................................................................................................................. 50 4.5.2.2 X-marking Not Visible ............................................................................................................ 50

4.6 Recommended Installation Method for Horizontal Installations ................................... 53 Preparing the Trench for Horizontal Installation ........................................................................... 53 Assembling SAA Conduit for Horizontal Installation ...................................................................... 55 Pulling the SAA into the Conduit.................................................................................................... 55 Closing the PVC Conduit Using the SAA Install Kit ......................................................................... 56 Backfilling the Trench .................................................................................................................... 56

4.7 Installing an SAA into a Tunnel for Convergence Monitoring ......................................... 57

4.8 Retrieving SAAs for Re-Use .......................................................................................... 58 Retrieving SAAScans ...................................................................................................................... 59

5. Wiring an SAA ......................................................................................................... 60

5.1 Wiring for a 4-pin Circular Connector ........................................................................... 60


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5.2 Wiring for a 5-pin Terminal Block ................................................................................. 60

5.3 Wiring for an SAA232 .................................................................................................. 61

5.4 Wiring for an SAA232-5 ............................................................................................... 65

5.5 Wiring for an SAAUSB .................................................................................................. 68

5.6 Wiring for an SAA Field Power Unit .............................................................................. 69

6. Lightning Protection ................................................................................................ 70

7. Frequently Asked Questions .................................................................................... 73

7.1 What are the Calibration Requirements for an SAA? .................................................... 73

7.2 How do I get calibration files for my SAA? .................................................................... 73

7.3 How do I check for, and get software updates? ............................................................ 74

7.4 I am having problems connecting my SAA to SAARecorder. How do I check the connection? ........................................................................................................................... 74

7.5 How do I diagnose an unresponsive SAA for cable damage? ......................................... 75

7.6 How do I wire the SAA Connector onto the SAA cable? ................................................. 76

7.7 How do I check my magnetometers to make sure they are working properly? .............. 76 Checking magnetometer data collected with SAARecorder ........................................................... 76 Checking magnetometer data collected with a Data Logger using SAACR_raw2data ................... 76

7.8 How do I check my SAA for twist? ................................................................................ 77

7.9 Why is my Data Logger missing samples? ..................................................................... 79

7.10 How do I check data collected using a Data Logger to make sure it is good? .................. 79

7.11 I just saved 3 samples of data. Why does SAAView only show one frame? .................... 79

7.12 Can I shorten my SAA? ................................................................................................ 79

7.13 How do I turn off or ignore segments? ......................................................................... 80 Data collected using SAARecorder ............................................................................................. 80 Data collected using a Data Logger ............................................................................................ 80

A. SAA Life-Extension .................................................................................................. 81

B. Maximum Cable Lengths for SAAFs .......................................................................... 90

B.1 SAAF Model 002 .......................................................................................................... 90

B.2 SAAF Model 003 .......................................................................................................... 91

C. Connecting an SAA to an Android Device using the SAA Field Power Unit ................. 92

D. Connecting an SAA to a PC running SAASuite using an SAA232 ................................ 94

E. Connecting an SAA to a PC running SAA Suite using an SAA232-5 ............................ 96

F. Connecting an SAA to a PC running SAARecorder using the SAAUSB Adapter ........... 98

G. Materials Used in SAA Install Kit............................................................................ 100

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H. How to Use the PEX Extension Kit ........................................................................... 103

I. SAAF-500mm Reel ................................................................................................. 105

J. SAAF-305mm Reel ................................................................................................. 106

K. Sample Calculations for Pipe Ovalization in Horizontal Installations ....................... 107

L. Support (Help) ....................................................................................................... 109

L.1 Online Documents ..................................................................................................... 109

L.2 Online Tutorial Videos ............................................................................................... 109

L.3 Online Software Downloads ...................................................................................... 109

L.4 Sales ......................................................................................................................... 109


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List of Figures

Figure 1.1: ShapeAccelArray (SAA) on a reel. ......................................................................................................... 1 Figure 1.2: Campbell Scientific CR Data Loggers CR1000, CR800 & CR3000. ......................................................... 2 Figure 2.1: Anatomy of an SAAF. (a) Placement of X-mark and SAA label on the PEX tubing at the near end of the SAAF. (b) Placement of the X-mark and Eyebolt at the far end of the SAAF. ................................................... 3 Figure 2.2: Segments and joints. (a) SAAF Model 2 segments joined into octets in Model 2 SAAFs. (b) Joint in compression inside clear conduit. (c) Typical joint dimensions, typically that of the conduit ID. ........................... 5 Figure 2.3: An SAAF bent to display joints and segments. ...................................................................................... 5 Figure 2.4: X-mark label and markings on an SAAF. ............................................................................................... 7 Figure 2.5: On-reel dots on SAAF. (a) On-reel dots placed at factory. (b) Orientation of X-marks versus on-reel dots. ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Figure 2.6: SAAF Dimensions. ................................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 2.7: SAAScan on a reel. ................................................................................................................................ 9 Figure 2.8: SAAScan Near Cable End with the Communication Cable, Cable Terminator Segment and extension hose. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2.9: (a) SAAScan on reel. Note the extension hose located at the far left of the reel. (b) Close-up of SAAScan Segments. (c) SAAScan Joints................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 2.10: SAAScan Dimensions......................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2.11: On-reel dots on SAAScan. (a) On-reel dots placed at factory. (b) Orientation of X-marks versus on-reel dots. ............................................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 2.12: View of SAA with magnetometers in SAARecorder. Magnetometer data is shown with azimuth and magnetic field strength information. ................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 2.13: SAA placed on a reel for storage. ..................................................................................................... 14 Figure 2.14: Example of a reel label with SAAF specifications as per purchase order. ......................................... 14 Figure 2.15: Inside Reel label with directions for PEX and SAAF placement. ........................................................ 15 Figure 2.16: Example of a reel label with SAAScan specifications as per purchase order. ................................... 15 Figure 2.17: (a) Tilt for single segment. (b) Tilts and positions for multiple segments ......................................... 16 Figure 3.1: Options used for connecting the SAAFPU to a PC running SAARecorder. ........................................... 19 Figure 3.2: SAARecorder SAA ‘Startup’ window. .................................................................................................. 21 Figure 3.3: Ensure the ‘Wireless’ checkbox is checked in the ‘Connect’ window in SAARecorder if connecting wirelessly. ............................................................................................................................................................. 21 Figure 3.4: ‘Device Test’ window. ......................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 3.5: ‘Diagnostics Tests’ window in SAARecorder. ...................................................................................... 22 Figure 3.6: Voltage / Current Test in the 'Connect' window. ................................................................................ 23 Figure 3.7: Voltage / Current Check for 7.3 m SAA with 900 m cable length from the Main window ‘Diagnostics’ menu. .................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 3.8: Graph for Total Acceleration Check in SAARecorder. ......................................................................... 24 Table 4.1: Handling Temperatures. ...................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 4.1: Examples of reel stands used in SAA installations. Note that the orientation of the reel on the reel stand depends on the type of installation done. For more information refer to Section 4.4. ............................... 29 Figure 4.2: PVC conduit used as conduit for SAA. (a) 27 mm ID (1" trade dimension Schedule 40 PVC) electrical conduit with bell ends. (b) End cap. (c) Coupling for conduit without bell ends. .................................................. 30 Figure 4.3: The type of chain recommended to weigh down conduit. .................................................................. 31 Figure 4.4: Items required to extend PEX on SAA. (A) extra ¾” PEX tubing obtained at plumbing supply store, (B) Measurand PEX couplers and crimp rings, (C) PEX crimping tool. ........................................................................ 33 Figure 4.5: Work flow for installing SAA using SAA+PVC installation method ..................................................... 34 Figure 4.6: Deburring the PVC. (a) Typical PVC deburring tools. (b) Example of deburring, note that both the inside and outside edges are to be de-burred. ..................................................................................................... 35 Figure 4.7: Pulling SAA into PVC conduit. ............................................................................................................. 36 Figure 4.8: Closing the far end of the PVC conduit. .............................................................................................. 36 Figure 4.9: Extending PEX for SAA+PVC installations ........................................................................................... 37

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Figure 4.10: Inserting SAA+PVC assembly into borehole using various equipment available on site to support the assembly. ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 4.11: Using hanging fixture to provide support to SAA+PVC .................................................................... 39 Figure 4.12: Work flow for installing SAA into a pre-cased borehole. ................................................................. 40 Figure 4.13: Assembling PVC conduit downhole. ................................................................................................. 42 Figure 4.14: Inserting chain into PVC conduit. ..................................................................................................... 42 Figure 4.15: Inserting SAA into a pre-cased borehole. ......................................................................................... 43 Figure 4.16: Using the pre-assembled top stack during SAA installation to complete the installation process. . 44 Figure 4.17: Finishing off SAA installation under a protective well head. (a) Attaching flexible conduit to PVC conduit using zip ties. (b) Attaching SAASPD at top of borehole. ........................................................................ 45 Figure 4.18: Tremie grouting SAA conduit into a borehole. ................................................................................. 47 Figure 4.19: X-mark Protractor square protractor. .............................................................................................. 49 Figure 4.20: X-mark Protractor clear disc marker. ............................................................................................... 49 Figure 4.21: SAARecorder Site Properties window. ............................................................................................. 50 Figure 4.22: Finding Azimuth with some SAA on reel. ......................................................................................... 51 Figure 4.23: SAARecorder Site Properties | Determine Azimuth window. ........................................................... 52 Figure 4.24: Horizontal installation of SAA adjacent to train tracks. (a) SAA+PVC placed in trench containing bedding sand and geotextile to wrap around SAA. (b) Survey marker placed at reference end of SAA. Ensure the marker is associated with a known location along the sensorized portion of the SAA........................................ 53 Figure 4.25: Work flow for installing horizontal SAAs ......................................................................................... 54 Figure 4.26: Trench for installation of horizontal SAA ......................................................................................... 54 Figure 4.27: Typical tunnel installations. ............................................................................................................. 57 Figure 4.28: Sewer installation for tunnel settlement monitoring. ...................................................................... 57 Figure 4.29: Reel positions for SAA. (a) Note location of PEX/SAA direction label. (b) Make sure all the On-reel dots are in the same position............................................................................................................................... 59 Figure 5.1: 4-Pin Circular Connector. ................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 5.2: Wiring for a 4-Pin Circular Connector. ............................................................................................... 60 Figure 5.3: 5-Pin Terminal Block Connector. ........................................................................................................ 60 Figure 5.4: Wiring for a 5-Pin Terminal Block Connector. .................................................................................... 61 Figure 5.5: SAA232. .............................................................................................................................................. 61 Figure 5.6: SAA232 wiring. ................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 5.7: SAA232 wired to an SAAREG, a 12V 7Ahr battery and a SAAMains AC Mains input power supply. . 62 Figure 5.8: SAA232 wired to an SAA and PC through an SAA232-USB cable. ...................................................... 62 Figure 5.9: SAA232 wired to a Campbell Scientific CR800 Data Logger. ............................................................. 63 Figure 5.10: SAA232 wired to a Campbell Scientific CR1000 Data Logger. ......................................................... 64 Figure 5.11: SAA232-5. ........................................................................................................................................ 65 Figure 5.12: SAA232-5 wiring. ............................................................................................................................. 65 Figure 5.13: SAA232-5 wired to a Campbell Scientific CR800 Data Logger. ........................................................ 66 Figure 5.14: SAA232-5 wired to a Campbell Scientific CR1000 Data Logger. ...................................................... 67 Figure 5.15: SAAUSB Model 2. ............................................................................................................................. 68 Figure 5.16: SAAUSB wiring. ................................................................................................................................ 68 Figure 5.17: SAA Field Power Unit (SAAFPU). ...................................................................................................... 69 Figure 5.18: Model 003 SAA Field Power Unit Interface. (A) 4-pin circular connector wiring design, N.B. The physical connector is external (not shown here) located on the left side of the SAAFPU, (B) 5-pin terminal block, (C) Battery charge level meter, (D) Auxiliary 4-pin terminal block. ..................................................................... 69 Figure 6.1: Lightning diversion system and protective ground system. ............................................................... 70 Figure 6.2: Lightning diversion system and protective ground system Optical Fiber or Radio Link. .................... 71 Figure 6.3: Lightning diversion system and protective ground system local only. ............................................... 72 Figure 7.1: ‘Software/Calibration Files Download’ window. ............................................................................... 73 Table 7.1 Typical SAA cable resistance values. .................................................................................................... 75 Figure 7.2: Wiring information for Measurand SAA Amphenol connector. ......................................................... 76


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Figure 7.3: X-marks vs. On-reel dots. X-marks are long straight lines normally found at the near and far end of the SAA. On-reel dots are dots found on every 8 or 10 segments on the SAA. ..................................................... 78 Table 7.2: Maximum Cable Lengths for Model 002 SAAFs and SAA232iso at 16.5V. ........................................... 90 Table 7.3: Maximum Cable Lengths for Model 003 SAAs and SAA232iso at 16.5V. ............................................. 91 Figure C. 1: A connected SAA in SAADroid. ........................................................................................................... 93 Figure D. 1: SAA232. The 4-pin green connector connects to the RS232 port of the PC. The 5-pin green connector connects to the SAA. ............................................................................................................................ 94 Figure D. 2: SAA232-USB cable. This is a USB to serial converter for use with SAA232. The red wire shown above should be connected to a +12 volt supply, and the black wire should be connected to GND of the same supply. .............................................................................................................................................................................. 95 Figure D. 3: SAARecorder ‘Connection’ window with the SAA232 selected. ......................................................... 95 Figure E. 1: SAA232-5. 4-pin green connector connects to RS232 port of PC. 5-pin green connectors connect up to five SAAs. .......................................................................................................................................................... 96 Figure E. 2: SAARecorder ‘Connection’ window with the SAA232-5 selected. ...................................................... 97 Figure F. 1: SAAUSB adapter Model 2................................................................................................................... 98 Figure F. 2: SAARecorder ‘Connection’ window with the SAAUSB selected. ......................................................... 99 Figure G. 1: SAA Install Kit with tools. ................................................................................................................ 100 Figure G. 2: Section N of the SAA Install Kit. ....................................................................................................... 100 Figure G. 3: a) Pre-assembled top stack. b) Tapping the hole for the set-screw in an improvised top stack. Make sure to tap the hole through both the coupling and the conduit to have the strongest connection possible. ... 102 Figure H. 1: Step 1............................................................................................................................................... 103 Figure H. 2: Steps 2 & 3. ..................................................................................................................................... 103 Figure H. 3: Step 4............................................................................................................................................... 104 Figure H. 4: Step 5............................................................................................................................................... 104 Figure I. 1: SAAF500 Reel Dimensions. ................................................................................................................ 105 Figure J. 1: SAAF305 Reel Dimensions. ............................................................................................................... 106

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List of Tables

Table 4.1: Handling Temperatures. ..................................................................................................................... 28 Table 4.2. Typical weights for reeled SAAs .......................................................................................................... 29 Table 4.3: Material properties and approximate dimensions for chain used to weigh down PVC conduit ......... 31 Table 4.4 Grout Mix ............................................................................................................................................. 46 Table 7.1 Typical SAA cable resistance values. .................................................................................................... 75 Table 7.2: Maximum Cable Lengths for Model 002 SAAFs and SAA232iso at 16.5V. .......................................... 90 Table 7.3: Maximum Cable Lengths for Model 003 SAAs and SAA232iso at 16.5V. ............................................ 91 Table 7.4: SAA Install Kit #1 (with tools). ........................................................................................................... 101 Table 7.5: SAA Install Kit #2 (without tools)....................................................................................................... 102


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1. Introduction

Figure 1.1: ShapeAccelArray (SAA) on a reel.

Measurand’s ShapeAccelArray (SAA) is a flexible, calibrated 3D measuring system. It measures 2D and 3D shape and 3D vibration using a compact array of MEMs accelerometers and proven ShapeTape / ShapeRope algorithms. Unlike collections of tilt sensors or arrays of sensors that bend in a single direction, SAAs require no other guides or fixturing. They bend freely, without a preferred axis, in 2 degrees of freedom and may be mounted vertically or horizontally. SAAs also roll up for shipping and storage.

SAAs do not significantly extend or compress, and therefore should be oriented perpendicular to the anticipated displacement direction: vertical, horizontal, or in between. Measurements taken with SAAs are taken relative to stable ground, or to a survey point.

Gravity-based tilt measurements by triaxial MEMS accelerometers allow 3D shape to be determined when segments are within 60° of vertical. Otherwise, software must be set to calculate only 2D shape. SAAs can also capture 3D real-time vibrations, such as from earthquakes or pumping of grout.

SAAs have been used in many different applications such as:

In-situ monitoring of unstable slopes (SAAF)

Monitoring of civil engineering structures (SAAF)

Monitoring of mines and excavations (SAAF, SAAScan)

Measuring drill-hole shape (SAAScan)

Laboratory research (SAAF, SAAR)

SAA data are acquired using either Data Loggers or PC’s, and further processed using Measurand and other software.

This manual covers the background theory of how SAAs work, as well as how to install and use SAAs. Discussion herein covers the use of the SAA field (SAAF), which is the most commonly used type of SAA, as well as the other types of SAA. There are some differences which must be considered. These differences between SAAF, SAAScan, and SAAR are discussed throughout this manual.

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1.1 System Requirements for SAASuite

SAASuite is a portal to all Measurand and Campbell Scientific (CS) Data Logger software used in operating SAAs. It provides access to a variety of Measurand and Data Logger applications.

Figure 1.2: Campbell Scientific CR Data Loggers CR1000, CR800 & CR3000.

Measurand recommends a PC with the following minimum system requirements:

1. Windows XP or higher OS. 2. 1 Gigabyte RAM 3. 100 MB of hard drive space. 4. 100 MB more for data storage. 5. The system must be running Microsoft .Net 4.0 and .Net 3.5. 6. One available USB 2.0 Port.

Note: If unsure about the Microsoft .NET version, go to Control Panel -> Programs and Features. Scroll through the list of Programs to find the .NET version available. If it is less than 3.5, update to the newest .NET framework from Microsoft.

1.2 Manual Overview

When viewing this manual, there are a few conventions that may help.

‘buttons’ When a word, or string of words, has single quotes AND is underlined then it is the name of a button, a specific mouse action or menu option.

‘folder’ When a word, or string of words, has single quotes then it is a file/folder location or column name in a window.

“file” When a word, or string of words, has double quotes then it is a file name, partial file name or standard use of double quotes.

Sections & Figures When the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’ is bolded in the document then it can be used as a link to its ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’.

Attention When a word, or a string of words, is in bold then it is meant to stand out and be paid attention to.


August 2015 3

2. Background Theory

This Section is broken down into two major sections:

Terminology and what to specify when ordering. How SAA works, and how to maximize repeatability

There are two specific SAAs discussed in this manual, the SAA Field (SAAF) which is the most commonly used SAA and the SAAScan. If SAAF or SAAScan is mentioned then the discussed content is specific to that SAA type. Most concepts and instructions apply to both types of SAAs.

2.1 SAA Construction

An SAA is an array of sensorized rigid segments separated by flexible joints. Each segment contains 3 MEMS accelerometers which measure tilt relative to gravity along X, Y and Z axes. The accelerometers also provide triaxial measurement of vibration at selected segments.

As shown in Figure 2.1, an SAAF has the following major components:

Segments and Joints X-marks

Communication Cable On-reel Markings

PEX tubing A Label

Eyebolt

These are described in more detail below.

Figure 2.1: Anatomy of an SAAF. (a) Placement of X-mark and SAA label on the PEX tubing at the near end of the SAAF. (b) Placement of the X-mark and Eyebolt at the far end of the SAAF.

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SAAF Construction SAAFs segments are separated by flexible joints. Figure 2.2a shows internal joint seals. An SAAF has two layers of stainless steel braid. Both braids provide twist resistance and pull strength. The outer braid also provides primary protection against abrasion.

SAAF also has an overall waterproof covering which is for the most part hidden by the outer braid. Care must be taken to prevent the protective coverings of the SAAF from being punctured or abraded. For more information regarding SAAF handling, see Section 4.2.

2.1.1.1 Models There are currently three Models of the SAAF, they are described as follows:

Model 1

Multiplexed structure having one microprocessor unit with one temperature sensor for every 8 segments, linear temperature correction algorithm.

Model 2

Multiplexed structure having one microprocessor unit with one temperature sensor for every 8 segments, polynomial temperature algorithm.

Model 3

Non-multiplexed structure where every segment has a microprocessor unit and a temperature sensor, polynomial temperature algorithm.

2.1.1.2 Joints The layers of braid and the internal joint construction are designed to minimize twisting of the joints. The joints on an SAAF are designed to expand under axial compression and contract in extension. Note that joints are non-circular due to the reeling and unreeling process. SAAFs are meant to be installed inside a 27 mm +/- 1 mm conduit.

When pulling the SAAF into the conduit, the typical joint width is 22 mm to 24 mm wide. Once the joints have been snugged into the conduit, they take on a width that corresponds to the inside diameter of the conduit. This is shown in Figure 2.2b, where the joint is expanded to touch the inside of the clear conduit.

For horizontal installations, larger diameter conduit can be used. The SAAF will remain at the bottom of the horizontal conduit so long as a low-friction conduit such as PVC or HDPE is used.


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Figure 2.2: Segments and joints. (a) SAAF Model 2 segments joined into octets in Model 2 SAAFs. (b) Joint in compression inside clear conduit. (c) Typical joint dimensions, typically that of the conduit ID.

Figure 2.3: An SAAF bent to display joints and segments.

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2.1.1.3 Sensorized Segments With the exception of the “TOP” mechanical-only segment at the cable end of the SAAF, segments contain accelerometers and are called “Sensorized”. Segments are measured joint center to joint center. In standard SAAFs the segment length is either 305 mm (1’) or 500 mm (1.64’).

SAAF Model 2

In Model 2’s each sensorized segment contains MEMS accelerometers. Sensorized segments are organized in groups of eight called octets, as shown in Figure 2.2a. Each octet has one segment which also contains a microprocessor and digital temperature sensor. SAAFs that have a number of segments not divisible by eight have one partial “octet” with fewer than eight segments, always located at the far (non-cable) end of the SAAF.

SAAF Model 3

In Model 3’s each sensorized segment contains MEMS accelerometers (Figure 2.3), a microprocessor and a digital temperature sensor.

2.1.1.4 Unsensorized segment Every SAAF contains one unsensorized segment at the cable end of the SAAF also known as the “TOP” (see Figure 2.1a). This unsensorized segment is used for cable termination joining the SAAF and water proofing. The length of the unsensorized portion of the SAAF is 130 mm measured from joint center to the PEX.

2.1.1.5 PEX PEX tubing is used in SAAF construction to protect the communication cable from damage, to provide a secure way of retrieving the SAAF, and to set the azimuth of the SAAF if the SAAF itself is not visible from the surface. Each SAAF comes with 1.5 m (5’) of ¾” PEX attached at the top. If this length is not sufficient to reach the surface or end of a borehole, it is possible to extend the PEX using extra PEX and a Measurand PEX Extension Kit.

Clients can either source additional ¾” PEX locally, or buy it directly from Measurand. The PEX couplers provided in the kit are designed to provide a solid mechanical connection to hold the weight of the SAAF, and to resist any twist at the PEX connection; something that traditional PEX couplers cannot do.

Azimuth control using PEX degrades with length of the PEX. Azimuth control is definitely insufficient beyond 10 m (32’) in length, the PEX will provide only approximate azimuth control. For best results in these cases, it is recommended that the SAA+PVC installation method (see Section 4.4.1) be used, with azimuth control provided by PVC extending to the surface. Another option is integration of magnetometers into the SAAF, if site conditions permit.

2.1.1.6 X-marks X-marks are placed at the top and bottom of the SAAF as shown in Figure 2.4. The software calibrated X axis for each sensor is aligned with the X-marks. Installers often align the X-mark at the top of a vertical SAAF so that it lines up with the expected direction of movement (e.g. downslope for landslide monitoring). The top and bottom X-marks are also used to verify that the SAAF has not been twisted by mishandling. See Section 7.8 for more details.


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Figure 2.4: X-mark label and markings on an SAAF.

2.1.1.7 On-reel Dots When an SAAF is reeled or unreeled without applying any torsional strain, there is a slight change in heading at each joint due to the helical shape of the winding. The same thing occurs in any cable, hose or rope which is reeled or unreeled. The twist incurred during the reeling process is elastic and will be recovered during the unreeling process, if the SAAF is free to rotate about its axis (see Section 4).

When the SAAF is unreeled into a conduit, the outward facing “On-reel state” marks will rotate and no longer be facing at the same azimuth. This is expected and does not indicate that mechanical twist has occurred at the joints. In fact, the joints are resuming their factory-calibrated headings.

It should not be confused with mechanical twist, which can remain in the joints as an error, after unreeling. Mechanical twist is a plastic yielding response arising from the application of additional torsional moment, and is to be avoided.

Figure 2.5: On-reel dots on SAAF. (a) On-reel dots placed at factory. (b) Orientation of X-marks versus on-reel dots.

2.1.1.8 Overall SAAF Length It is important to note that the SAA has both sensorized and unsensorized portions. The overall length of the SAAF is therefore not the same as the sensorized length. This is important when deciding what length SAAF to purchase. The overall length of the SAAF can be determined as shown below:

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Figure 2.6: SAAF Dimensions.

Minimum Capped SAAF Length (A to B) =

Min Cable Bend Radius + Unsensorized Length + Sensorized Length + TIP End – Compression

Sensorized Length = Near Cable End Sensorized Segment through Far Tip End Sensorized Segment

Compression = 1.9 mm per joint at 22 kg force in vertical 27 mm PVC conduit

PVC conduit End Cap and Install Kit Top Stack require additional depth

PEX is field-extendable using Measurand PEX Extension Kit

Standard PEX length is 1500 mm

PEX must be at least 300 mm to accommodate the PEX coupler

PEX can be cut shorter to a 200 mm minimum

Standard tolerance on measurements +/- 2 mm unless stated

Note: If the SAAF is going to be installed entirely underground, take into account the length of the PEX as well when determining the overall length of the SAAF. The shortest PEX length possible is 200 mm. This is the length of hardened cable inside the PEX tubing. This 200 mm section of cable, which cannot be bent, is measured along the PEX starting at the intersection between the top unsensorized segment and the PEX.


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SAAScan Construction

Figure 2.7: SAAScan on a reel.

SAAScan is a special SAA which has special robust joints made from hydraulic hose, stainless steel segment tubes, and steel fittings that are intrinsically watertight. The SAAScan has significantly better torsional stiffness that the SAAF.

In normal use, the steel fittings are the only elements in contact with the casing, so that wear is greatly reduced compared to the SAAF construction. The SAAScan is intended for use when the SAA will be repeatedly inserted and removed from boreholes or drill strings during the course of a project. It can also be used in installations where more robust construction or greater joint range is required (contact Measurand for details).

Similar to the SAAF, the SAAScan can be used in vertical or horizontal installations. It can be used to measure 3D shape within 60° of vertical as X, Y, Z displacements and tilt angles. Near horizontal shapes are measured as 2D projections in a vertical plane. The X, Y and Z accelerations are measured in each segment in order to determine the tilt of the segment.

An “Unsensorized Length” consisting of a Cable Terminator Segment and a Hydraulic Hose Extension, is attached to the “near (cable) end” of the “Sensorized” portion of the SAAScan. This “Unsensorized Length” is twist resistant maintaining the azimuth and is meant to remain attached to the reel in order to help with determining the azimuth of the “Sensorized” portion of the SAAScan, and to help properly align the SAAScan during reeling and unreeling.

2.1.2.1 Unsensorized Length Every SAAScan includes an unsensorized length at the near (cable) end. This length includes both the extension hose and the cable terminator, the standard length is approximately 8.2 m. The purpose of this unsensorized length is to ensure that the SAAScan is never entirely unreeled. When the cable terminator stays on the reel, it helps to ensure that the SAAScan will be reeled or unreeled the same way each time.

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Figure 2.8: SAAScan Near Cable End with the Communication Cable, Cable Terminator Segment and extension hose.

2.1.2.2 Sensorized Segments & Joints SAAScan Sensorized segments are built using rigid heavy wall stainless steel tubes containing triaxial MEMS accelerometers. Joints between segments are built using robust 2-wire hydraulic hose assemblies having superior twist resistance and bend tolerance as compared to SAAF joints.

Figure 2.9: (a) SAAScan on reel. Note the extension hose located at the far left of the reel. (b) Close-up of SAAScan Segments. (c) SAAScan Joints.

2.1.2.3 Extension Hose Every SAAScan has approximately 7.9 m of extension (hydraulic) hose connected at the top part of the SAA between the cable terminator and the first near (cable) end rigid sensorized segment. The extension hose gives length between the cable terminator that is attached to the reel and the rigid sensorized segments in the ground.


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2.1.2.4 Overall SAAScan Length It is important to note that the SAA has both sensorized and unsensorized portions. The overall length of the SAAScan is therefore not the same as the sensorized length. This is important when deciding what length SAAScan to purchase. The overall length of the SAAScan can be determined as shown below:

Figure 2.10: SAAScan Dimensions.

Minimum Capped SAA Length (A to B) =

Min Cable Bend Radius + Unsensorized Length + Sensorized Length + Eyebolt

Standard Unsensorized Length = 8.2 m

Sensorized Length = Near Cable End Sensorized Segment through Far Tip End Sensorized Segment

PVC conduit End Cap and Install Kit Top Stack require additional depth

Standard tolerance on measurements +/- mm unless stated

2.1.2.5 X-marks and On-Reel Dots X-marks are placed at the top, bottom and every foot of each SAAScan as shown in Figure 2.11. The software calibrated X axis for each sensor is aligned with the X-marks. Installers often align the X-mark at the top of a vertical SAA so that it lines up with a specific azimuth. The top and bottom X-marks are also used to verify that the SAA has not been twisted by mishandling.

When on the reel the SAA markings should be as follows:

On-reel dots should all face uniformly outward

X-marks should face at gradually increasing angles

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When properly unreeled (allow SAA to rotate freely about long axes of the segments):

On-reel dots should face at gradually increasing angles

X-marks should all face the same way

None of these states should be attained by applying torque. If the states are not achievable, the SAA has been mishandled and Measurand should be contacted.

On-reel dots for the SAAScan are marked at the factory.

Figure 2.11: On-reel dots on SAAScan. (a) On-reel dots placed at factory. (b) Orientation of X-marks versus on-reel dots.

Magnetometers Any SAA can be ordered with magnetometers installed in selected segments. Magnetometers are electronic compasses that provide accurate X-mark heading (azimuth) data relative to magnetic north. Magnetometers should not be used if the site is not magnetically “clean” (i.e. free of ferrous material or magnetic sources such as strong electrical currents).

Magnetometers do not increase the diameter or increase the number of segments in the SAA. The magnetometers are placed in the same segments as MEMS accelerometers. Typically magnetometers are installed near the top, middle, and bottom of the SAA. This is done to provide overall azimuth and relative azimuth along the SAA.

Data from the magnetometers are used by Measurand Software to reference the SAA data to magnetic north. These data are also used to verify and if necessary correct any twist that might have inadvertently been introduced. This is useful when SAAs are very long (>30 m). Magnetometers are also useful on short SAAs suspended at depth, such as at the end of a long length of PEX.


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Figure 2.12: View of SAA with magnetometers in SAARecorder. Magnetometer data is shown with azimuth and magnetic field strength information.

Eyebolt In addition to the unsensorized segment at the top of the SAA, there is a short piece of PEX tubing at the bottom of the SAA to which an eyebolt is connected (Figure 2.1b). The eyebolt end is used to pull the SAA into PVC conduit as discussed in Section 4.4.1. The overall length of this attachment is 60 mm, measured from the far end of the last segment to the far end of the eyebolt.

Cable The cable attached to the SAA is used to provide power to the instrument and to allow for communications between the SAA and a Data Logger or PC. Cable length can be quite long due to the digital communication protocol used by SAA. The maximum cable length for a given SAA is determined by the number of segments, the number of magnetometers, if any, and any additional equipment sharing the cable, such as SAAPZ piezometers. Maximum cable length tables for SAAs with no magnetometers or piezometers are presented in Appendix B.

Reel SAAs are shipped on a wooden reel designed to help make installation and storage of the SAA easier. A typical SAA on its reel is shown in Figure 2.13. The SAA should only be off the reel when it is being used to measure shape. When not in use, it should be placed on its reel for storage, with the joints bent the same way as at the factory. Other treatment can affect the mechanical integrity of the joints.

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Figure 2.13: SAA placed on a reel for storage.

Reel Labels Each reel is labeled using a standard label as shown in Figure 2.14. The label contains the specifications for the SAA from the customer Purchase Order. Information included are:

SAA Type QA Date

Serial Number Cable Length

Segment Length PEX Length

Sensorized Length Connector Type

Unsensorized Length Special Notes

Eyebolt

Total Length

Figure 2.14: Example of a reel label with SAAF specifications as per purchase order.


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Figure 2.15: Inside Reel label with directions for PEX and SAAF placement.

Figure 2.16: Example of a reel label with SAAScan specifications as per purchase order.

2.2 How SAAs Work

Position Determination The SAA uses MEMS accelerometers to determine the tilt of individual segments with respect to gravity, as shown in Figure 2.17. MEMS accelerometer axes are aligned in software, according to calibration files created during manufacture, to form a consistent orthogonal set for each of X, Y, and Z.

For vertical SAAs, chain-wise 3D calculations are made in software to determine the 3D position and orientation of each segment of the SAA. Horizontal SAAs cannot sense movement within the horizontal plane, so calculations are 2D. In either case, data are obtained over a large angular range not possible with conventional inclinometers.

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Data calculations are relative to a starting point, usually taken to be stable ground. Data sets for SAA are represented as a polyline in 2D or 3D space, with vertices representing the positions of the joint centers.

Figure 2.17: (a) Tilt for single segment. (b) Tilts and positions for multiple segments

Accuracy of SAA MEMS accelerometers used in SAAs measure tilt over a 360 degree range. Accelerometers like these have sinusoidal response curves, so they are not equally sensitive at all angles. However when these accelerometers are mounted properly and used in combination with suitable automated math, they can accurately sense tilt throughout all angles of a sphere. When horizontal or near-horizontal, SAA provides data within a vertical plane. When vertical, SAA provides true 3D data for the polyline shown in Figure 2.17. The SAA does not extend or compress significantly.

Statements of accuracy should specify whether it applies to the absolute shape (i.e. the polyline specified above), or to deformation of the shape (i.e. the change in the polyline to another polyline). Sometimes “accuracy” is used to mean “accuracy of absolute shape”, and “precision” (sometimes referred to as “repeatability”) is used to mean “accuracy of deformation”.

Precision is a measure of the repeatability of a measurement and should include a long time scale. For example, in the case of an inclinometer or SAA precision can be thought of as follows: “How well do my measurements repeat if taken for the same stable object day after day, or year after year?”

It is also of interest to know how small a change can be detected when measuring a change (such as the tilt of a borehole). This is referred to as the “resolution” of the instrument. Normally it implies a short measurement timescale, e.g. 24 hours versus a year, a year being more relevant to “precision”.

Based on this definition of precision given above, it can be seen that precision can properly be applied to either the shape or the deformation, so we prefer speaking of “accuracy of absolute shape” and “accuracy of deformation”.

In almost all geotechnical applications, it is important to track the deformation. In most cases knowledge of an absolute shape is only needed to understand the borehole or installation variables which can affect deformation monitoring. In these cases the “accuracy of deformation” is more important.


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The typical accuracy of deformation value given for a 32 m long SAA is 1.5 mm. Although the accuracy degrades for longer SAAs, it does so in relation with the square root of the length of the SAA rather than degrading linearly. For example, a 64 m SAA will have an accuracy of deformation of 2.1 mm, rather than 3.0 mm.

Accuracy of deformation can be improved by averaging multiple samples together into a single reading. The accuracy improves in relation to the square root of the number of samples averaged together to produce a single reading. The number of SAA samples used to compute an average reading can range from 100 to 25500. The larger the number of samples the better the accuracy, but computational time also increases. It is recommended for most applications that the averaging interval be set to 1000.

SAAs manufactured since March 2010 have “Averaging in Array” capabilities. With AIA technology, the SAA is prompted to take a set number of samples and calculate the average. This results in a much more precise reading. Prior to the emergence of AIA, data were collected from the SAAs and the averaging was done either in the Data Logger or the PC.

Before AIA, Data Loggers could take over 30 minutes to collect readings. AIA allows data samples to be collected much faster than previously available. For example, taking the average of 1000 readings (standard averaging level) will take less than 10 s to complete a reading from the SAA.

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3. Checking SAA Performance Prior to Installation

Prior to installing the SAA, it is desirable to check the performance of the SAA to verify that no damage occurred during shipping. This is done by completing diagnostics checks using the SAARecorder application. The SAARecorder application is a free application accessible through the SAASuite software package. The SAASuite is free and available for download from the Measurand website at the following address: http://www.measurandgeotechnical.com/Software.html.

3.1 Connecting the SAA to a PC

The most frequently used connection solutions for connecting an SAA to SAARecorder are as follows:

1) Connecting through an SAA232 or SAA232-5 interface unit,

2) Connecting through an SAA Field Power Unit (SAAFPU), Or

3) Connecting through an SAAUSB adapter.

Note: If logging data, ensure SAAUSB Model 2 is used as it includes control of power to the SAA.

Note: The SAA232-5 functions as a multiplexor, it saves power by connecting to each SAA one at a time in sequence. It is recommended to use Averaging-in-Array (AIA) mode (Section 2.2.2) for all data acquisition except in rare circumstances where individual samples must be acquired. If individual samples are sought, SAA232-5 would not be an ideal interface to use because of the delays due to multiplexing.

For clarity, the discussion below only deals with connecting using an SAAFPU which is connected to the PC. Instructions for connecting to an Android device through the SAAFPU or to a PC via other interfaces are given in the appendices (Appendices C through F and the SAA Software Manual Section 6).

Note: The SAAFPU must be grounded to minimize the risk of damage by voltage transients associated with power surges and lightning induced transients. Earth grounding is required to form a complete circuit for voltage clamping devices internal to the device.

For safe operation of the SAA and SAAFPU, it is recommended that the following connection and disconnection sequences be followed:

To Connect:

Connect the SAA to the SAAFPU (See Section 3.1.1);

Connect the SAAFPU to a PC (See Section 3.1.2);

Open SAARecorder; then

Search for SAAs in SAARecorder. To Disconnect:

http://www.measurandgeotechnical.com/Software.html


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Turn off SAARecorder to power down the SAA;

Disconnect the SAAFPU USB cable from the PC;

Disconnect the SAA from the SAAFPU

Note that the sequences are reversed. For ease of use, connection instructions are printed on the SAAFPU panel.

Connecting an SAA to the SAA Field Power Unit Two separate methods have been provided for connecting SAAs to the SAAFPU. The method selected will depend on whether or not a circular connector is attached to the SAA (determined at the time of SAA purchase).

Figure 3.1: Options used for connecting the SAAFPU to a PC running SAARecorder.

3.1.1.1 Connecting an SAA via 4-pin circular connector For SAAs with a circular connector, connect the SAA directly via the 4-pin circular connector shown in Figure 5.18 A. In order to ensure a good connection, turn the connector locking ring until it is finger tight, and make sure that the gap between the connectors does not exceed 1 mm (0.04”). This may require turning, then pushing, then turning again.

3.1.1.2 Connecting an SAA via 5-pin terminal block SAAs without a circular connector connect to the SAAFPU via the 5-pin terminal block shown in Figure 5.18 B. An SAA cable contains five different wires which are used for:

Power (red and black)

Communications (white and blue)

Shielding (bare wire).

These are connected to the terminal block in the order shown on the face plate of the SAAFPU (Figure 5.18 B). To open and close the terminal blocks, use a small flathead screwdriver. Prior to connecting the SAAFPU to the PC, make sure that each wire is securely fastened into the block.

The SAA wiring is in Section 5.2.

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Connecting the SAA Field Power Unit to a PC There are two different methods which can be used to connect a PC running SAARecorder to the SAAFPU. Communication between the SAAFPU can be done either via a wireless pair included with the SAAFPU (Appendix C), or via direct connection via a USB port on the PC (Figure 3.1 right side).

Note: Only one SAA can be connected to the SAAFPU at one time.

There are two methods to connect the SAAFPU to a PC running SAARecorder:

Connecting the SAAFPU directly to a PC: o Connect the serial to USB cable provided with the SAAFPU (shown on the

right in Figure 3.1) to the 9-pin connector on the front facing plate of the SAAFPU.

o Once this is done, plug the USB connector into a USB port on the PC. o The serial connection does not have any screws because it is meant to act as

a quick release point in case the cable is snagged or the SAAFPU falls.

Connecting the SAAFPU wirelessly to a PC: o The SAAFPU comes equipped with a set of two wireless adapters (shown on

the left in Figure 3.1). o One adapter in the pair is equipped with a 9-pin connector and connects to

the 9-pin connector on the front facing plate of the SAAFPU. o The other adapter is equipped with a USB plug to connect to a PC. o The communication range of the wireless pair is approximately 20 m.

With either method, a new serial COM port will be installed the first time the SAAFPU is connected to a PC.

Once the PC is connected to the SAAFPU, SAARecorder will automatically power the SAA upon start-up.

3.2 Using SAARecorder to Complete Diagnostic Tests

Once the PC is connected to the SAA, SAARecorder (or SAADroid) will need to be used to quickly do connection and diagnostics test. Go to Appendix C, D, E or F for connecting the SAA to the PC in different ways. The following process is similar no matter how the SAA is connected to a PC, only the ‘Connection to SAA’ changes.

The SAARecorder application is accessible through SAASuite. It can be started by clicking on the ‘SAARecorder’ button in the ‘Main Applications’ window of SAASuite.

1. Start SAARecorder application to collect data.

Once the application starts trying to communicate with the SAA, the red & green lights on the USB will light up.

2. The ‘Startup’ window will appear (Figure 3.2). 3. Click ‘Connect SAA’.


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Figure 3.2: SAARecorder SAA ‘Startup’ window.

4. If wireless (such as SAADroid, Lantronix WiBox or the RF416 wireless serial modem) ensure to check the ‘Wireless’ checkbox under the ‘Connect’ tab.

5. Click the 'SAA Field Power Unit' choice under the 'Connect' tab (or however the SAA is connected to the PC), the window should appear as it is in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3: Ensure the ‘Wireless’ checkbox is checked in the ‘Connect’ window in SAARecorder if connecting wirelessly.

6. Click the Serial Port that the SAA is connected to. 7. Once the SAA is selected in the ‘Connect’ window, go to the ‘Test’ tab.

The ‘Test’ tab runs Basic (Section 3.2.1) and Voltage/Current (Section 3.2.2) test on the devices before starting the SAARecorder application.

The window should look similar to Figure 3.4.

This can also be done later on in the Main window of SAARecorder.

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Figure 3.4: ‘Device Test’ window.

8. Once the desired testing is complete, click ‘Continue’ to go to the Main window of SAARecorder. 9. SAARecorder will ask which mode to use, 3D or 2D.

3D Mode is used for all SAAs in a vertical position.

2D Mode is used for all SAAs in a horizontal position. 10. SAARecorder will now request:

The reference end

The number of samples to average

The use of Averaging 11. Once in the Main window in SAARecorder, click on ‘Diagnostics | Diagnostic Tests’ in the Main

window to access the ‘Diagnostic Tests’ window (Figure 3.5).

Figure 3.5: ‘Diagnostics Tests’ window in SAARecorder.


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For more assistance with SAARecorder please refer to the SAA Software Manual Section 6.1.2 or the SAA Field Power Unit Manual.

Basic Test The basic test performs a ‘ping’ type test on all devices within an SAA.

Voltage / Current Test Typically, the voltage at the SAATop should be greater than 8.5V. If the voltage is too low, then the SAA will not return valid results. A warning will be given if the voltage is too low as seen in Figure 3.7.

It is possible to check the voltage for the SAA in either the initial ‘Connect’ window (Figure 3.6) or by clicking the ‘Voltage / Current Check’ from the ‘Diagnostics | Diagnostic Tests’ menu item of the Main window.

This will return values for voltage, current level, and temperature at the top of the SAA, as shown in Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7. Note that this check is only available for SAAs equipped with a SAATop.

Low voltages are typically a problem for long SAAs with long cables. In those cases it is recommended that the SAA be connected to an SAA232, an SAA232-5, or an SAA Field Power unit with voltage boost which is adjusted automatically through the software (SAAFPU Model 3) or manually using an adjustment potentiometer (SAAFPU Model 2) depending on the Model.

For more information using an SAAFPU, please refer to the SAA Field Power Unit Manual.

Figure 3.6: Voltage / Current Test in the 'Connect' window.

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Figure 3.7: Voltage / Current Check for 7.3 m SAA with 900 m cable length from the Main window ‘Diagnostics’ menu.

Diagnostic Tests When the voltage check has been completed, it is recommended that the total accelerations for the SAA be checked as well. In the ‘Diagnostic Tests’ window, click on ‘Total Acceleration Check’.

A plot showing the total acceleration levels for each segment appears (Figure 3.8). Verify that all values lie between 0.93 G and 1.07 G. If this is not the case, please contact Measurand for further diagnostic support.

Figure 3.8: Graph for Total Acceleration Check in SAARecorder.


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4. Installation

Installation of an SAA is straightforward if approved conduit is used and twist-prevention steps are followed. In order to make sure that the installation goes as smoothly as possible, it is important to be adequately prepared.

This Section outlines the basic safety considerations during installation, the supplies required during installation, the recommended installation methods for vertical and horizontal SAAs, and the steps for reeling an SAA for later re-use.

4.1 Safety Considerations

As with any other job, it is important to think about safety when installing an SAA. The following general safety precautions should be followed:

Study the site carefully to anticipate and remedy any safety issues. For example, take precautions to keep the site free of obstructions or slippery areas.

Take time to make sure everyone participating in the installation is being safe.

Ensure all local codes are met and safety regulations are followed.

In addition to the general safety precautions listed above, it is recommended that the following potential hazards be considered:

Stainless steel braid on SAAs can puncture the skin or damage the eyes.

SAA reels are made of wood and are often sources of splinters.

Facets on the reel are attached with staples. Both splinters and staples from the facets can cause punctures or scratches.

PVC primer and cement are solvents which should be used in well ventilated areas.

Epoxies/polyurethanes used in splice kits should be used in well ventilated areas.

Be careful when working around electrical conductors and batteries. Batteries can explode or cause serious burns if the terminals are shorted.

Do not install SAAs during electrical storms.

Because of the potential hazards listed above, it is recommended that the following Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) be worn when installing SAAs:

Heavy duty leather or puncture-proof gloves when working with the SAA or SAA reel

Safety glasses with side shields

Coveralls

Steel-toed boots

Rubber gloves when working with solvents

Nitrile gloves when working with epoxy/polyurethanes

4.2 Proper Handling of SAA

As with any other instrument, the SAA must be treated with care. Proper handling of the SAA will ensure a long life of the instrument and reliable results. Appendix A contains important details about proper handling of the SAA and SAA reel. These should be reviewed prior to handling the SAA. SAAs

26 August 2015

which are not handled as discussed in the guidelines below and in Appendix A, will not be covered under warranty.

General Guidelines Please heed the following guidelines during the installation or retrieval of an SAA:

Store the SAA on its reel when the SAA is not being used for monitoring.

To minimize any twisting of the SAA, always go from reel to PVC conduit or from PVC conduit to reel, whether the PVC is on the ground or in a borehole.

Keep the joints carefully aligned on the reel; roll it the same way each time. The on-reel dots should line up when properly reeled. Take pictures and notes to ensure this is done properly.

Use a reel stand.

Inspect the SAA for cuts or other damage before inserting it into the conduit.

Remove sharp edges from the conduit before installing the SAA.

Do not rotate the SAA once inside the conduit.

Use the X-mark protractor to record the X-mark azimuth to the desired site datum (Section 4.5.1).

Avoid any motions that will apply torque to a joint. The segment moved may not be the one that gets the torque, so think about the mechanical response along the SAA when applying a force or moment to it.

DO NOT bend the joints beyond 45⁰. The only time bends greater than 45° are acceptable is when the SAA is stored on its reel.

DO NOT pull on the communication cable. Pull on the PEX or the SAA itself.

DO NOT exceed the maximum 320 kg force (700 lb) pull strength of the SAA.

DO NOT exert more than 22 kg force (50 lb) of compressive force on the SAA when it is outside of conduit

DO NOT exert more than 45 kg force (100 lb) on joints in 27 mm ID (1.049”) conduit.

DO NOT expose the protective coverings of the SAA to abrasion by dragging the SAA on the ground or running it over sharp edges.

DO NOT move the joints more frequently than necessary.

4.2.1.1 Proper Handling of the SAAScan SAAScan can be installed using the same methods outlined for the SAAF in this Manual. Some differences do apply though, and they are described herein.

As with any other instrument, the SAAScan must be treated with care. Proper handling of the SAAScan will ensure a long life of the instrument and reliable results. Appendix A contains important details about proper handling of the SAAScan and SAAScan reel. These should be reviewed prior to handling the SAAScan. SAAScans which are not handled as discussed in the guidelines in Appendix A, will not be covered under warranty.

When inserting an SAAScan into a borehole, make sure to avoid the following:

Avoid applying forces that could bend the metal tubes. Do NOT apply more than 10 kg force of lateral force to a segment!


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Avoid abrading the segments and joints on casing. Build a smooth ramp or shoehorn and feed the SAAScan into or out of boreholes with care.

Torsion Control and Joint Care

Note: When unreeling the SAA into the PVC conduit, allow it to turn freely. This will return the SAA to its factory “straight” state. If pulling the SAA into a pre-assembled PVC conduit, use a rope or a connector with a swivel to grab onto the eyebolt at the far (tip) end of the SAA.

As previously discussed in Section 2.1, the composite joint construction of the SAA is designed to minimize twist. Small amounts of twist will generally be recouped when the SAA is laid out on a smooth, flat surface or installed in a borehole, returning the SAA to a neutral or “factory” state. If the SAA is mishandled it is possible to twist the joints beyond their elastic limits. In this case, the SAA will not return to the factory state when the SAA is inserted into its PVC conduit. The best way ensure and verify a twist free installation is to use the SAA+PVC Installation described in Section 4.4.1.

4.2.2.1 SAAScan As previously discussed the joint construction of the SAAScan is designed to be more robust and to minimize twist. The more robust joints of the SAAScan can be bent further than those for an SAA, but make sure not to bend them past 70° (deviation from straight).

The joints in the SAAScan can also withstand more twist than the SAAF. The range of torque for elastic return is ±2.0 N-m per joint. This was determined for SAAScan at 20°C with the X-mark facing a consistent direction. This corresponds to approximately 0.5° twist per joint. Twists within this range will be elastic and return to their factory headings within ±0.01° per joint when the torque is released.

In some cases where there has been some over-torqueing of the joints (≤6.8 N-m per joint), it is possible that the twist can be removed in the field. In order to do this, the SAAScan will need to be laid out horizontally on a smooth concrete floor, and connected to SAARecorder (Section 6 of the SAA Software Manual). For detailed procedure on how to correct the twist, contact Measurand.

Buoyancy Effects during Installation A factor which must be considered during installation is the buoyancy of the PVC conduit. If the conduit is held from the top, buoyancy causes the conduit to bend and form S-curves making it difficult to insert the SAA. In order to avoid the issues associated with buoyancy, it is recommended that the SAA+PVC Installation described in Section 4.4.1 be used, using the weight of the SAA to keep the conduit straight.

If the PVC conduit is installed without the SAA, it is important to weight it down rather than allowing it to float up against a hard stop at the top. It is recommended that the SAA conduit be weighted down using chain. Do not use water to weight down the conduit unless the water is removed before inserting the SAA into the PVC. Though the SAA is built to withstand up to 10 bar of water pressure, it is best not to insert it into a PVC conduit which is full of water. If the conduit is filled with water, pushing the SAA into the water can create hydraulic pressures beyond the limits of the SAA waterproofing.

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Note: Do not use water to weight down the PVC conduit. Inserting the SAA into a small water-filled pipe can generate large hydraulic forces, causing a breach of the waterproof coverings.

Temperatures Effects on SAAs The temperatures in which an SAA can be stored, installed or operated are given in the table below. As shown in the table, the SAA can tolerate temperatures as high as 60 o C during storage, installation or operation. When temperatures fall below 0 o C it is important to consider how the SAA is being handled.

Table 4.1: Handling Temperatures.

State Temperature Range

Storage: -40o C to 60 o C

Installation: -5o C to 60 o C

Operation: -35o C to 60 o C

In temperatures below -5o C, the joints can become stiff and the conduit can become brittle making it difficult to manipulate the SAA. This is not an issue for storage or operation of the SAA where the joints will not need to extend or compress significantly. For installation, when working in temperatures below -5o C it is recommended to keep the SAA warm. This is done by storing the SAA on its reel in a building or vehicle before installation.

4.3 Supplies Needed for Installing SAA

Tools When installing an SAA it recommended that the following tools be on hand:

Hack saw or key hole saw

Box cutter

Tapping tools

Pipe cutter

PEX cutter

PVC cement and primer

Deburring tools for PVC

Screwdrivers

Rope

Measuring tape

Markers

Zip ties

Duct tape

Electrical tape

Wire cutters

Wire strippers

Wire crimpers

Reel Stand Always use a reel stand when reeling or unreeling an SAA. A smooth flow of the SAA into its conduit will ensure minimal twisting and flexing of the SAA joints. If the reel stand is omitted, unreeling and reeling will inevitably be jerky and uncontrolled.


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A reel stand can easily be constructed using saw horses from the hardware store and a long sturdy metal bar. The weight of an SAA and its reel depend on the length of the SAA and the length of the communication cable attached to the SAA. Table 4.2 gives the weights of reeled SAAs for three common SAA lengths. Make sure that the materials used to construct the reel stand are sturdy enough to support the weight of the reel and SAA. Examples of various reel stands used for SAA installation are shown in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2. Typical weights for reeled SAAs

SAA length (m) Width of reel (m) Weight of SAA and reel (kg)

30 0.4 43

65 0.8 77

100 1.1 113

Note: Weights given above do not include the weight for extra cable. Additional cable will increase the weight, make sure to use sturdy materials for the reel stand construction.

Figure 4.1: Examples of reel stands used in SAA installations. Note that the orientation of the reel on the reel stand depends on the type of installation done. For more information refer to Section 4.4.

Note: Ideally, Reel stands should be able to support at least 227 kg (500 lbs) of weight. It is important that the bar supporting the reel is strong and rigid enough that it will not bend under the weight of the SAA, cable and reel. Schedule 80 1” steel pipe is sufficient.

Conduit The SAA is designed to be installed into a 27 mm ID electrical conduit (Figure 4.2). This conduit is widely available throughout North America, and suitable replacements have been located in other regions. Measurand does not sell conduit for SAA installations. It is recommended that the customer select PVC conduit which either has bell ends or is connected using couplers, as shown in Figure 4.2.

Threaded connections are not recommended as they can easily break during installation. The ID for the conduit shall be 27 mm ID +/- 1 mm. If the ID is smaller than 26 mm, the SAA could get stuck. If the ID is larger than 28 mm, the SAA joints may not form a good contact with the conduit leading to reading errors. The recommended OD for the conduit is 32 mm +/- 1 mm.

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The approved conduit is normally used for electrical wiring in North America. In Europe, suitable sizes are more likely to be f